Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although Kazakhstan’s opaque government does not readily provide details about the sources of procurement for its new surveillance systems, media reports assert that Kazakhstan’s video surveillance systems mainly use Chinese products.

1. https://jamestown.org/program/tracking-the-digital-component-of-the-bri-in-central-asia-part-two-developments-in-kazakhstan/

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2009, the two countries signed a new agreement under which Beijing provided $3.7 million to the Uzbek authorities to equip its border crossings with mobile scanning systems. Link This April, Huawei closed a $1 billion deal with Uzbekistan to build a traffic-monitoring system involving approximately 883 cameras. (2019) Link

1. https://jamestown.org/program/military-cooperation-between-china-and-central-asia-breakthrough-limits-and-prospects/
2. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/15/huawei-xinjiang-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-china-surveillance-state-eyes-central-asia/

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In February, Tajikistan’s government announced a new identification system requiring phone users to provide fingerprints and privacy-invasive medical information in order to purchase SIM cards, according to Eurasianet. Huawei, reportedly working closely with the government to develop this system, has so far offered no information on where the data will be stored. Link Dealings with Huawei in Tajikistan go back further. In 2013, the government signed a $22 million deal for the company to install hundreds of CCTV and traffic cameras around the capital, Dushanbe. Link

1. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/15/huawei-xinjiang-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-china-surveillance-state-eyes-central-asia/
2. https://eurasianet.org/china-taking-big-brother-to-central-asia

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Kyrgyzstan, advanced facial recognition technology is being deployed by a Beijing-based military equipment supplier whose technology was used to establish control in Xinjiang, a region of China historically populated by Muslims. China National Electronics Import and Export Corporation (CEIEC) reportedly supplies its products to Kyrgyzstan free of charge.

1. https://russian.eurasianet.org/китай-экспортирует-в-центральную-азию-системы-тотальной-слежки

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Egypt, China partners on $45m grant for EgyptSat-2" Link “On 13/ 8/2018 Egypt and China signed an agreement to implement the project to establish a satellite (EgyptSat2) for remote sensing applications, at a value of 45 million dollars. The agreement was signed by the Egyptian side. Sahar Nasr, Minister of Investment and International Cooperation, and on the Chinese side, Song Aiguo, Chinese Ambassador to Cairo, in the presence of Dr. Khaled Abdel Ghaffar, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and representatives of the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences to complete the $23 million grant for a satellite assembly project in cooperation with the Chinese Space Agency” Link Link CCTV cameras will watch over Egyptians in new high-tech capital.

1. https://bdnews24.com/technology/fj0n4mvxuq
2. https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/93137/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A?lang=ar
3. https://africanews.space/egypt-china-partners-on-45m-grant-for-egyptsat-2/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

" The Belarusian government has acquired surveillance hardware and software from Chinese, Russian, US, and Israeli companies. Huawei has been supplying video surveillance systems to the Lukashenka government since 2011. The Ministry of the Interior also works with Huawei, which in 2018 proposed that the Belarusian government deploy “video surveillance” and “integrated police systems” similar to those that the Chinese government uses. Link"

1. https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-net/2021

Supplementary Notes

"A Chinese telecom-equipment giant has held talks to install a video-surveillance system for Belarus, according to the government of the former Soviet republic, an authoritarian regime with a track record of suppressing public dissent. Link"

1. https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970204058404577110451316470204

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"One of the world’s largest suppliers of CCTV and video surveillance equipment, Chinese company Dahua Technology Co., has deployed a new ITS (intelligent transportation system) solution in Mongolia’s capital and largest city, Ulaanbaatar. Link"

1. https://www.traffictechnologytoday.com/news/its/dahua-deploys-camera-based-its-network-in-mongolias-capital-city.html

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to officials sources, the Mexican National Defense Secretary (SEDENA, in spanish) acquired equipment to surveil people who pass for the mexican-US border. Also, local governents from Mexico City and Ciudad Juarez, have contracted facial system equipment from chinese companies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://contralacorrupcion.mx/contratan-para-vigilar-frontera-a-empresa-ligada-al-gobierno-chino-eu-protesta/
2. https://contralinea.com.mx/interno/semana/en-mexico-operan-tres-sistemas-de-vigilancia-con-reconocimiento-facial/
3. https://aristeguinoticias.com/0706/mexico/cd-juarez-compra-equipo-de-videovigilancia-a-firmas-chinas-vetadas-por-eu/
4. https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/11/08/empresa-ligada-al-gobierno-chino-fue-contratada-para-vigilar-la-frontera-con-eeuu-senalo-hackeo-a-sedena/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, particularly in Colón City through the Colón C2. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/seguridad/nuevo-seguridad-colon-china-respuestas-video_1_1318450.html

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In my country, several municipalities in Costa Rica stand out for having video surveillance systems. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.ipandetec.org/centroamerica/centroamerica-videovigilada-el-caso-de-costa-rica/
2. https://www.grecia.go.cr/files/folder/11fce3f1-3f01-46d7-9ef6-fff9901c6754.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Venezuelan government contracted the PRC company CEIEC to deployed around 30.000 cameras to surveil venezuelan people. This system is operated by the Ministry of Interior Affairs of Venezuela. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1194

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

CGTN reports that chinese cameras are used in several municipalities, in the airforce, by the police and so for. The Santiago Municipality, implemented security booths and vehicles provided by the Lishui city administration. Another example is Coronel, which deployed a securityy system provided by Aisino on march of 2023. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMOG0wPW4Q
2. https://newses.cgtn.com/n/BfIcA-CAA-DIA/CGIHcA/p.html
3. https://www.munistgo.cl/santiago-presenta-modernas-estaciones-barriales-de-seguridad-que-operaran-en-plazas-y-parques-de-la-comuna/
4. https://revistaseguridad360.com/noticias/proveedores-de-camaras-de-seguridad-2/
5. https://www.latercera.com/nacional/noticia/santiago-contara-14-vehiculos-electricos-vigilar-espacios-publicos/645445/
6. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=202224355850368
7. https://interferencia.cl/articulos/prevencion-del-delito-adquiere-mil-camaras-de-televigilancia-cuestionadas-por

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The ECU 911 surveillance system was built by Chinese companies with Chinese technology.

1. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/24/technology/ecuador-surveillance-cameras-police-government.html
2. https://www.planv.com.ec/historias/derechos-humanos/guayaquil-abre-la-puerta-la-videovigilancia-masiva-con-millonario#:~:text=Ahora%20Guayaquil%20ampliar%C3%A1%20su%20red,el%20uso%20de%20inteligencia%20artificia

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

yes

1. http://gm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202306/t20230617_11099234.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Algeria is one of just over a dozen African countries to have deployed Huawei’s surveillance technology. in 2021. Report 2: Chinese-built ASN-209 surveillance drone crash in Algeria in 2022

1. https://www.mei.edu/publications/new-algeria-and-china
2. https://www.military.africa/2022/09/chinese-built-asn-209-surveillance-drone-crash-in-algeria/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Surveillance equipment made by China's controversial companies (Hikvision, Dahua, Nuctech) has been used by Lithuania's Dignitary Protection Service, migration and police departments, State Border Guard Service, Public Security Service, and at least one state-owned enterprise. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1139300/chinese-cameras-banned-in-us-monitor-lithuanian-leaders-lrt-investigation

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It has been revealed that Dahua and Hikvision dominate in the provision of surveillance equipment in Bulgaria and other countries of CEE. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.svobodnaevropa.bg/a/kitayski-kameri-sigurnost-evropa/32939573.html

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to procurement data, the Police and the National Directorate for Disaster Management uses surveillance cameras (by Dahua and Hikvision) and Hyterea radio terminals.ChinaTechMap also lists entries for surveillance technology in Hungary, although from earlier. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://atlatszo.hu/kozugy/2023/08/14/tobb-nyugati-orszag-betiltotta-ukrajna-szabadulna-toluk-magyarorszagon-tovabbra-is-nepszeruek-a-kockazatos-kinai-biztonsagi-rendszerek/
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/f1-Hungary,f6-Surveillance

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2018, the Border Police of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a donation from the PRC in the amount of 9.5 million KM, renewed a part of the specialist equipment for surveillance and border checks. This equipment is still in use.

1. http://www.granpol.gov.ba/data/documents/pdf/Brosura%20za%202019.godinu.pdf

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Hikvision cameras have been used in border patrol, as well as prison monitoring systems.

1. https://dennikn.sk/2149583/problem-hikvision-ako-slovensko-pusta-rizikovu-cinsku-firmu-do-bezpecnostnej-infrastruktury/

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Danish authorities (including the police) have acquired Chinese-produced surveillance cameras from Hikvision and DJI drones. There are currently plans to phase out the use of both drones and surveillance cameras by Danish authorities.

1. https://www.altinget.dk/artikel/minister-om-indkoeb-af-kinesisk-producerede-overvaagningskameraer-vi-er-noedt-til-at-se-realiteterne-i-oejnene
2. https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2023-05-18-politiet-har-indkoebt-130-kinesiske-droner-de-suger-al-den-data-de-kan-komme-i-naerheden-af-advarer-ekspert#:~:text=Dansk%20politi%20har%20p%C3%A5%20seks,p%C3%A5%20baggrund%20af%20en%20aktindsigt

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are reports that Chinese made CCTV system using Chinese video system have been used in police station and in the Dails security system. Thre is no reports of use of internet surveillance systems Hikvision cameras are used in some Irish government buildings, including Garda stations. While there's pressure to remove them, no concrete action has been taken as of the latest available information.

1. https://www.irishtimes.com/politics/2023/02/12/opposition-backs-call-to-remove-chinese-cameras-from-leinster-house/
2. https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/2023/02/15/chinese-cameras-used-in-garda-stations-across-ireland-despite-national-security-concerns/
3. https://www.irishnews.com/magazine/technology/2023/02/15/news/watchdog_warning_over_police_use_of_chinese-made_surveillance_equipment-3061245/
4. https://www.iccl.ie/news/iccl-calls-for-immediate-removal-of-hikvision-cameras-from-oireachtas/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2019, Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs installed Huawei-made facial recognition systems in Belgrade. The systems are still operational. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://n1info.rs/vesti/a472007-share-huawei-vec-postavio-kamere-za-video-nadzor-u-beogradu/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both Dahua and Hikvision are present in Romania, so it is very likely that local authorities may use them for video surveillance. But there is no public information available about such contracts

1. https://www.vonmag.ro/producator/produse/prod/Dahua
2. https://www.vonmag.ro/producator/produse/prod/Hikvision

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Ministry of Defense and several health institutions used Hikvision termovision surveillance systems. As noted above, the Moldovan police is also using PRC equipment for traffic monitoring

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OOv-2Z_FO7w

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there seem to be some cases of deplayed video or internet surveillance sourced from the PRC, it is unclear to what extent these services were continued even after the Draghi government decision to discontinue cooperation with Huawei or closely monitor it. Therefore, the indicator deserves a "Yes" rating, though it is followed by a relatively low confidence rating.

1. https://www.milanofinanza.it/news/tecnologie-huawei-per-l-ecosistema-alert-alla-polizia-su-attivita-illegali-202111231314046829

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are some older reports of the Netherlands' law enforcement having used PRC companies to supply video equipment. Though it is unlikely this practice was perpetuated after the Dutch secret service took a critical position on PRC threat, there are no discernible sources that certify new suppliers of video or internet surveillance systems. Therefore, the indicator deserves a "Yes" rating.

1. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/de-ogen-van-chinees-staatsbedrijf-hikvision-zijn-overal?share=cgWeDAdNFx2aaonU7HPknuek6vNwotXnU7RoSUuC%2B2GkmJU7L%2B6zVFzIm1RhFEY%3D

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes

1. https://ain.capital/2021/05/19/what-is-wrong-with-hikvision/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

So far only in specific spaces.

1. https://www.hikvision.com/es/newsroom/latest-news/2023/hikvision-equipa-el-puerto-de-huelva-con-un-sofisticado-sistema-de-video-que-mejora-la-gestion-y-garantiza-la-seguridad/
2. https://www.mercatdelamerce.cat/es/noticia/el-ayuntamiento-de-barcelona-instala-camaras-cenitales-a-39-mercados-de-la-ciudad-para-gestionar-los-aforos

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to a journalism investigation Bigo Tecnología & Ingeniería is connected to a PRC connected entity Joyy and is providing video surveillance services in Managua.

1. https://www.despacho505.com/investigacion-espionaje-managua-empresa-fantasma/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is a whole program of cooperation and deployment of video surveillance called BOL-110 with cameras and surveillance offices included.

1. https://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/21/c_138325735.htm

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Paraguay uses security and closed circuit cameras from the PRC according to Tender 432277 "ACQUISITION OF CLOSED CIRCUIT FOR INCAN" and Tender 424588 “Acquisition of CCTV for the CEPB-UNA”

1. https://www.contrataciones.gov.py/licitaciones/adjudicacion/contrato/432277-diego-joaquin-rodriguez-barrios-1.html
2. https://www.contrataciones.gov.py/licitaciones/adjudicacion/contrato/432277-diego-joaquin-rodriguez-barrios-1.html#documentos
3. https://www.contrataciones.gov.py/licitaciones/adjudicacion/contrato/424588-vgo-ingenieria-s-a-1.html
4. https://www.contrataciones.gov.py/licitaciones/adjudicacion/contrato/424588-vgo-ingenieria-s-a-1.html#documentos

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan looks to China for CCTV monitoring, Smart Cities, internet monitoring and control -all in the name of safety and security.

1. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2440270/pakistan-china-discuss-smart-city-construction;
2. https://islamabadpost.com.pk/china-pak-coop-constructing-smart-city-through-ai-tech/

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is said in the report titled "China delivered security equipment to Afghanistan" that China provided explosive-detection equipment and security scanners capable of detecting and destroying explosive materials.

1. https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan/2016/07/160710_gn_china_400_military_equipments_to_kabul_police

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At a security gathering in May 2019, the Uzbek government shared its “safe cities” successes with officials from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. Despite adopting new policies in 2017, Turkmenistan, like Tajikistan in 2018, has seen limited impact due to poor enforcement.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/smart-cities-or-surveillance-huawei-in-central-asia/

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no case/story to show that law enforcement has deployed surveillance systems from PRC(such as a contract listed publicly), however Hikvision has the largest market share in India through Prama Hikivision India Private Limited and through Prama India Private Limited and regularly participates in expo's in India showcasing their surveillaince system where law enforcement take part. However, we were unable to find concrete proof that law enforcements have deployed such systems from PRC.

1. https://digitalterminal.in/tech-companies/hikvision-india-unveils-cutting-edge-multilane-anpr-cameras-at-trafficinfratech
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117194211/https://digitalterminal.in/tech-companies/hikvision-india-unveils-cutting-edge-multilane-anpr-cameras-at-trafficinfratech

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2008, the late President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua’s administration awarded a $470m contract to a Chinese company, ZTE, to procure and install CCTV cameras in Lagos and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja. A Chinese company has been awarded a contract to install CCTV cameras for law enforcement. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://techpoint.africa/2020/01/08/cctv-cameras-in-nigeria
2. https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00ZHWQ.pdf
3. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/558676-nigeria-to-sign-agreement-with-chinese-firm-for-electronic-border-surveillance-system.html
4. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/China-looms-large-over-Nigeria-s-presidential-election
5. https://theconversation.com/some-african-governments-are-spending-millions-to-spy-on-their-citizens-stifling-debate-and-damaging-democracy-215554

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Various South African cities have deployed video surveillance systems supplied by China for law and traffic enforcement. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/482273-us-concerned-that-vumacam-uses-china-style-spying-tech-here-are-the-facts.html
2. https://dfrlab.org/2023/05/15/africas-demand-for-and-adoption-of-chinese-surveillance-technology/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2021, it was reported that Ethiopia’s telecommunications infrastructure, which includes surveillance software packages, was largely constructed by Chinese contractors. Notably, ZTE’s ZSmart tracks customers’ phone records while its deep package inspection tool (ZXMT) monitors data traffic.

1. https://www.fdiintelligence.com/content/feature/designed-in-ethiopia-made-in-china-79650

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Kenya National Police Service (NPS) is running a video surveillance centre in Nairobi fitted with CCTV cameras that were provided by the Chinese government. The centre focuses on the Nairobi - Mombasa railway. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.citizen.digital/news/kenya-police-chinese-govt-launch-surveillance-centre-to-monitor-sgr-n293110

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore has used PRC video surveillance systems for law enforcement and crowd control. It is not possible to retrieve past contracts but visual confirmation shows the use of video surveillance equiment with PRC branding such as Dahua and Hikvision. Industry reports point to the past use of Hikvision devices. Singapore Police Force uses DJI drones for aerial surveillance.

1. https://www.intelligenceonline.com/international-dealmaking/2022/06/16/hikvision-s-strategically-sensitive-video-surveillance-contracts-in-singapore-under-threat,109792570-art
2. https://www.caas.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs---upr/list-of-op-holders.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The state government of Bahia implemented a public security pilot project using Huawei's face recognition system. Campinas also has a public security pilot project that uses the same technology from Huawei.

1. http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
2. https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35530

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Several law enforcement forces including military police use the Hikvision cameras.

1. https://www.pssi.cz/download//docs/8096_studie-nejen-huawei.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As mentioned in the military section, Chinese state-owned surveillance equipment manufacturer Hikvision has acquired Baltic States' largest security system vendor BK Group in 2020. Within a year, it was reported that the Estonian police has signed a contract with Hikvision to purchase survillance cameras.

1. https://www.rwradvisory.com/estonia-approves-hikvisions-acquisition-of-bk-group-and-its-significant-regional-sales-network/
2. https://ekspress.delfi.ee/artikkel/92718953/eesti-politsei-suunas-riigihanke-kahtlase-kuulsusega-hiina-firmale
3. https://www.biometricupdate.com/202008/hikvision-biometric-surveillance-equipment-gets-deeper-into-the-baltics

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Vietnam is the country where Hikvision, a Chinese manufacturer of visual surveillance equipment and monitoring systems, has the largest client base, with over 670,000 of its camera networks installed in the country.

1. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2022/08/vietnams-surveillance-state-following-chinas-model-of-digital-authoritarianism/
2. https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2022/5/17/from-vietnam-to-uk-hikvision-sanctions-signal-uncharted-waters?ref=thevietnamese.org
3. https://www.top10vpn.com/research/hikvision-dahua-surveillance-cameras-global-locations/?ref=thevietnamese.org

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, Nepal’s major imports from China in the last fiscal year consisted of electric goods (worth Rs16.70 billion). While there is no report of internet surveillance systems being imported from China in 2023, in 2021 the respected Kathmandu Post reported that China had been partly assisting Nepal Police with surveillance equipment. In 2023, Nepal decided to accept 21 remote-controlled drones from China, which will be used by Nepal's police.

1. https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2019/11/29/smile-you-re-on-camera
2. https://www.recordnepal.com/kathmandus-all-seeing-eyes
3. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/08/10/china-to-provide-21-drones-to-nepal-police
4. https://kathmandupost.com/money/2022/02/05/nepal-s-trade-with-china-going-through-rough-patch

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are reports of concern around NZ police using Hikvision cameras

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405083956/
2. https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/487327/government-needs-coordinated-response-to-chinese-made-cameras-security-expert

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The government Zimbabwe reportedly purchased surveillance systems including face-recognition systems from the PRC. There has been no evidence of the use of the face-recognition surveillance system in Zimbabwe

1. https://adf-magazine.com/2023/01/zimbabwe-turns-to-chinese-technology-to-expand-surveillance-of-citizens/
2. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2022/12/15/china-is-helping-zimbabwe-to-build-a-surveillance-state

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, Nancy Kambudzi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese company Yitu Technology has supplied AI-powered facial recognition wearable cameras to Malaysian law enforcement. The Auxiliary Force, a unit of the Malaysian police, is the first to use these Chinese-made surveillance devices.

1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Chinas-startup-supplies-AI-backed-wearable-cameras-to-Malaysian-police

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Myanmar has implemented a video CCTV surveillance system, constructed by China, which is currently operational for internet surveillance with China's assistance. The system has been installed and is planned for further installations in ten cities, including Mawlamyine, Taunggyi, Myitkyina, Yangon, Naypyitaw, Dawei, and Hpa-an.

1. https://www.asiafinancial.com/myanmar-sets-up-china-made-cctvs-in-more-cities .
2. https://www.dw.com/en/how-myanmars-junta-is-using-chinese-facial-recognition-technology/a-62624413
3. https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_burmese-expert-china-helping-military-establish-cyber-firewall/6201972.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese government has agreed to offer Uganda a comprehensive cyber-security.

1. https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/china-to-help-uganda-fight-internet-abuse-1712478
2. https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-digital-silk-road-in-africa-raises-questions-/6999613.html
3. https://www.ft.com/content/e20580de-c35f-11e9-a8e9-296ca66511c9
4. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1V50QL/
5. https://www.wsj.com/articles/huawei-technicians-helped-african-governments-spy-on-political-opponents-11565793017
6. https://dfrlab.org/2023/05/15/africas-demand-for-and-adoption-of-chinese-surveillance-technology/

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The National Defense Committee of the Korean National Assembly has investigated CCTV made in China which is thought to be able to leak military data information.

1. https://www.cctvnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=214636
2. https://www.edaily.co.kr/news/read?newsId=03250486625969984&mediaCodeNo=257

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is reported that China has undertaken the cyber security of the artificial city that Saudi Arabia will build in the desert.

1. https://www.steelradar.com/en/cybersecurity-of-project-neom-will-be-provided-by-china/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is encouraging the involvement of its digital companies to provide facial recognition-enabled CCTV in Qatar. However, this collaboration is still in the planning stage and will likely be agreed upon in the near future.

1. https://theprint.in/world/china-pushes-its-digital-security-companies-with-qatar-saudi-arabia-report/1322288/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Hikvision surveillance cameras are reportedly installed in 50 Quebec cities and public facilities.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240623062345
2. https://www.theepochtimes.com/world/sanctioned-chinese-companys-cameras-found-across-50-quebec-cities-ministries-hospitals-5550432

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, Cambodia continues to utilize these systems provided by China.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3193045/activists-cambodia-fear-rising-surveillance-chinas-belt

Supplementary Notes

China has installed more than 1,000 CCTV cameras in Phnom Penh as part of a new nationwide surveillance system, local media said.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the United States, more than 92 percent of drones operated by law enforcement are manufactured by Chinese companies that are legally required to work directly with Beijing. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.hstoday.us/featured/perspective-the-threat-to-law-enforcement-and-critical-infrastructure-from-chinese-drones/
2. https://www.fcc.gov/document/fcc-bans-authorizations-devices-pose-national-security-threat
3. https://www.kpbs.org/news/public-safety/2023/06/02/sdpd-publishes-trove-of-details-on-its-inventory-of-surveillance-equipment

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of 2020, more than half of the local councils in London were found to be using surveillance equipment made in the PRC. At least 28 councils were utilizing video surveillance technologies produced by Hikvision, the vendor for the Xinjiang police. Seven councils employed technology from Zhejiang Dahua Technology Co. Ltd., the PRC's second-largest surveillance equipment company. This equipment is deployed in the UK for monitoring public spaces. Furthermore, a majority of law enforcement agencies across England and Wales use camera equipment that is either manufactured in China or contains significant Chinese components. Prime Minister Rishi Sunak has instructed departments to cease the installation of China-linked surveillance cameras in sensitive buildings amid privacy concerns and products linked to human rights abuses in China. Currently, a bill is being considered in the UK Parliament to ban Chinese surveillance technology from government buildings and military bases.

1. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/2022/07/mps-call-on-government-to-ban-chinese-cctv-in-the-uk/
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uks-house-commons-backs-blocking-chinese-cameras-govt-sites-2023-09-13/
3. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/25/tech/uk-chinese-surveillance-cameras-restrictions-intl-hnk/index.html
4. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-tech-china-idUSKBN2AI0QJ
5. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/15/chinese-cameras-leave-british-police-vulnerable-to-spying-says-watchdog
6. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-remove-chinese-made-surveillance-equipment-sensitive-government-sites-2023-06-07/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Previously, more than 900 Chinese-made surveillance cameras, intercoms, electronic entry systems, and video recorders, installed across 250 government deparments and agencies, were found in an audit. Australia has since begun removing the installed equipment.

1. https://theconversation.com/there-are-60-000-chinese-made-surveillance-systems-in-australia-how-concerned-should-we-be-199734

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

For instance, the Chinese company Hikvision has an office in Israel and also supplies products to Israeli government offices.

1. https://www.kan.org.il/content/kan-news/defense/244093/
2. https://www.hikvision.com/il/products/IP-Products/Network-Cameras/

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

"Chinese IT giant Huawei signed an agreement with the Armenian government in December 2017 to implement its “Smart City” technology in Yerevan. A key component of the Huawei Smart City solution “is the ability to identify, monitor and track both people and goods and services,” Adrian Shahbaz, research director for technology and democracy at Freedom House, told Eurasianet. The program requires thousands of security cameras to be installed in public places, which often use facial recognition technology to identify people and license plates"". A separate post on the Huawei Armenia website in April 2018 claimed the project could address a wide array of issues, such as improving transportation, providing access to education, preventing crime and boosting economic development. Link"

1. https://eurasianet.org/armenia-mulls-chinese-surveillance-tech

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. However, it should be noted that companies such as Hikvision have subsidiaries in the country and that some public entities have purchased video surveillance equipment from them, but this is not massive or nationwide.

1. https://www.aecc.com.co/hikvisioncol/
2. https://www.valoraanalitik.com/2023/07/26/gigante-chino-videovigilancia-fortalece-apuesta-colombia/
3. https://www.colombiacompra.gov.co/tienda-virtual-del-estado-colombiano/ordenes-compra/78122
4. https://colombialicita.com/licitacion/240697907

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this is the case.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/mai-admite-abrir-novos-concursos-para-bodycams-de-policias-17297306.html/

Supplementary Notes

Portugal has finished in 2023 the guidelines for the use of body cameras by its Police. The public procurement for suppliers will be reopened in 2024.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Before 2020, there were private properties or public locations with PRC-made CCTV systems installed due to the competitive prices of the products. The well-known case was the Hikvision systems in the underground passages in Taichung City. According to the investigation of National Information and Communication Security Taskforce from January to March 2021, many public sectors and their outsource suppliers use Chinese hardwares. The majority of the Chinese hardwares are the drones and video recording devices from Da-Jiang Innovations; internet and video recording devices from TP-Link; and video recording devices from Hikvision. In 2022, the Public Construction Commission of the Executive Yuan released the letter to further regulate public procurement to exclude PRC citizens, companies and products in the process.

1. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201907180155.aspx
2. https://nicst.ey.gov.tw/Page/8770AD7511CB8DC9/fd432cc0-8dab-4412-8d60-87fa3fd57105
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20220816230442/
4. https://planpe.pcc.gov.tw/prms/explainLetter/readPrmsExplainLetterContentDetail?_csrf=aed93f77-6077-4f5a-8c91-074d1cce1e76

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there isn't explicit evidence of current deployment of PRC surveillance systems, there are ongoing discussions and agreements that could lead to such implementations in the future.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are currently no reported video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement. In May 2022, the Department of the Interior and Local Government of the Philippines said it shelved the P20-billion (USD 350 million) deal with China International Telecommunication Construction Corp. signed in 2018 to install security cameras in Metro Manila and Davao City. Interior Undersecretary Epimaco Densing said there was a delay in the signing of the loan agreement, prompting the agency to recommend the cancellation of the agreement.

1. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1598545/dilg-exec-urges-next-admin-to-pursue-cctv-project-for-ph

Supplementary Notes

In July 2022, Benjamin Abalos Jr., the interior secretary of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.’s administration, was cold in pursuing the Safe PH Project, and instead recommended to interconnect the existing security cameras of Metro Manila’s local government units to save money.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I had included the overseas police station in this but since there is a new indicator for this I would say no here.

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh police have been installing CCTV and Bodycam but we are unable to determine whether they were procured from China.

1. https://www.dailymessenger.net/bangladesh/news/1076
2. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/dmp-bring-capital-under-cctv-coverage-3304471
3. https://www.newagebd.net/article/180659/police-use-bodycam-amid-scepticism

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Nothing found to report. However, considering the China's dominance in this field and Turkey's secretive deals in security sector, we have chosen to skip this question.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly avaialble information to clarify this.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2015, there were talks between Huawei and the Angolan government, but no evidence could be found that these talks led to the involvement of the Chinese company in the provision of security services,

1. https://forumchinaplp.org.mo/pt/economic_trade/view/1155

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.