South Africa
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 10 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 218 / 392 | - |
Sep 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 6 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 67 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 14 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 38 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 56 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 31 % | - |
In 2023, South-Africa had a GDP per capita of US$6,253 and a total population of 62.80 million people.
South-Africa established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1998. South-Africa was ranked 38th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 79/100.
Key Takeaways
- South Africa is increasingly tied to China economically, with China being its largest trading partner and a significant investor in critical sectors such as energy. South Africa has also joined China-led multilateral institutions like the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and engages with China through the BRICS bloc.
- South Africa's ruling party at the time of data collection, the African National Congress (ANC), has significant ties to the Chinese Communist Party, including receiving political training.
- South African media is fairly resilient to Chinese influence in terms of changing content to please China, with the exception of Independent Media Group. The sector is financially vulnerable, but organisationally strong.
- Chinese technology companies, particularly Huawei, have made substantial inroads into South Africa's telecommunications and surveillance infrastructure. Huawei is involved in providing 4G/5G networks, fibre optic cables, and 'smart city' systems to South African entities, potentially raising concerns about data security, privacy and surveillance.
- While South Africa remains largely silent on controversial issues related to China's domestic policies (Xinjiang, Hong Kong, Taiwan), it has shown growing alignment with China's foreign policy positions and initiatives. This is evident in South Africa's participation in joint military exercises with China and Russia, and its membership in China's space program to establish a lunar base. But the local arms and security industries act to provide some protection.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are Chinese media in South Africa, but none that belong to 世界华文媒体.
- https://www.mediachinesegroup.com/en/
- https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/HK/Media_Chinese_International_Limited__Hong_Kong__%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E6%9C%89%E9%99%90%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8_%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF__zh_1600091.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Dr. Iqbal Survé, the executive chairperson of Independent Media, was appointed to the First Council of the Belt and Road News Network (BRNN). He was the only South African representative among 26 countries and 39 media organisations. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. While this appointment was significant in 2019, there is continued active involvement.
Supplementary Notes
The involvement of Dr. Survé and Independent Media in the BRNN was notable in 2019. However, we don't have current evidence of active participation or new memberships within the specified timeframe for this index. The "Few, insignificant" rating reflects the historical involvement while acknowledging the lack of current observable activity. It's possible that connections established in 2019 continue to have some influence, but without current evidence, we cannot rate this higher for the present period.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A limited number of South African journalists have taken part in training programmes that required traveling abroad. Among the participants were representatives from Independent Media, one of the three largest media companies in South Africa. Despite the presence of journalists from such a prominent media outlet, which might warrant a "Significant" rating, the small scale of participation across the industry as a whole, means that this indicator should be classified as "Few."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa journalists have participated in training from PRC state media, this includes of Independent Media, South Africa's third largest media company means that it deserves a "Significant" rating, but the low number of journalists means that this indicator deserves a "Few" rating.
- https://www.iol.co.za/weekend-argus/news/china-welcomes-african-asian-reporters-for-media-co-operation-programme-19542948
- https://english.news.cn/20221220/09dd8df972a14245939da9430c12b39b/c.html
Supplementary Notes
The involvement of Dr. Survé and Independent Media in the BRNN was notable in 2019. However, we don't have current evidence of active participation or new memberships within the specified timeframe for this index. The "Few, insignificant" rating reflects the historical involvement while acknowledging the lack of current observable activity. It's possible that connections established in 2019 continue to have some influence, but without current evidence, we cannot rate this higher for the present period.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://www.iol.co.za/about-iol
- https://mg.co.za/article/2013-08-16-chinese-companies-scoop-shares-in-independent-news/
Supplementary Notes
However, Independent Media, one of South Africa's big media companies, is partly owned (20%) by Chinese state-owned enterprises (China International Television Corporation and the China Africa Development Fund).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The African News Agency (ANA), acts as a funnel for Chinese state-produced content to African media. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. ANA is one of the media offerings of Sekunjalo Group, which includes the Independent Media Group based in South Africa. IOL also carries a lot of Xinhua content. Therefore, this indicator deserves a significant rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Independent Media, one of South Africa‘s big media companies, regularly publish sponsored content from PRC. No other media were found to do so. Therefore this indicator deserves a few, significant rating.
- https://www.iol.co.za/news/partnered/china-vietnam-lift-ties-to-new-stage-aiming-for-shared-future-0d850294-d9ce-4d18-bdda-c9e389a01a0c
- https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/sailing-the-giant-ship-of-china-south-africa-friendship-and-cooperation-toward-greater-success-48c98834-cfaa-47cf-96f9-6275d5546c32
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been cases of pressure exerted on journalists by the PRC in South Africa, though the most prominent example falls outside the recent time frame. While a notable incident occurred prior to 2022, involving a columnist at Independent Media losing his column after writing about Uyghur abuses, no examples within the current timeframe were found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the period under review, no instances were observed of South African media personalities or celebrities echoing PRC talking points or denying human rights abuses. This indicator deserves a "No" rating for the current period.
- https://www.iol.co.za/capetimes/opinion/chinas-xinjiang-autonomous-region-need-to-sift-the-truth-from-the-chaff-5800b797-16fa-47f9-a8f1-2ff088429305
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202105/18/WS60a3064ba31024ad0babf91f.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020, The South African College Principals Organisation (Sacpo) and Huawei signed an MOU to roll out ICT academies in all of South Africa’s 50 technical and vocational education and training (TVET) colleges by 2021 (1). Additionally, the National Research Fund (NRF) of South Africa, in 2022 established a South Africa – China Joint Research Programme, with applications open to all South African Universities (2). Therefore this indicator deserves a more than a few, significant rating.
- https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/sacpohuawei-to-roll-out-ict-academies-across-south-african-tvet-colleges-by-2021-2020-12-09
- https://www.nrf.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/South-Africa-China-Joint-Research-Programme-%E2%80%93-2023-Funding-Framework.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are Confucius institutes at the University of Cape Town,1 Durban's University of Technology, the University of the Western Cape, the University of Johannesburg (2) (and there is a partnership for language lessons with the University of the Witwatersrand) (3), Stellenbosch University (4), Rhodes University (5). These universities include both the more successful universities and represent a significant number of state universities in South Africa.
- https://uct.ac.za/international/confucius-institute
- http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/lxfw/sic3/
- http://chinaplus.cri.cn/south-africa/China-SA/432882
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231204095352/http://www.sun.ac.za/english/confucius-institute/discover-china
- https://www.ru.ac.za/confuciusinstituterhodesuniversity/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese as a foreign language has been available as a subject since 2015. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Centre for Africa-China Studies (CACS) is a research institute established within the University of Johannesburg in 2018. It maintains an international network of scholars and experts in five countries: South Africa, Brazil, Russia, China, Ethiopia and Kenya (1). Both scholarly publications and media appears to be very pro-Chinese/ BRICS (2). The Centre for Chinese Studies (CCS) at Stellenbosch University originated from a joint undertaking between the governments of South Africa and PRC, but now appears to be defunct(3). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a few response since there is only one university. It also does not seem broadly influential, and deserves an insignificant response.
- https://www.cacs.org.za/about/
- https://www.cacs.org.za/category/cacs-policy-briefs/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240000000000*/https://www0.sun.ac.za/ccs/?cat=17
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The National Research Foundation's partnership with the Ministry of Science and Technology in China represents a significant step in the receipt of and the distribution of Chinese funding (1), as research funding is the institutions primary role. Additional programmes exist (2). Therefore, this indicator deserves a few but significant response.
- https://www.nrf.ac.za/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/South-Africa-China-Joint-Research-Programme-%E2%80%93-2023-Funding-Framework.pdf
- https://www.cacs.org.za/about/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020, Huawei has launched a "Thousand Digital Power Talents Programme" to train and upskill over 1,000 solar practitioners across sub-Saharan Africa. The programme aims to expand the solar industry ecosystem and drive growth in Africa's solar sector. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" but “Significant” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Academics from North West University and Stellenbosch University have taken trips to China within the current timeframe. These are two of the are 26 public universities. Stellenbosch University has significant historical and present prestige and influence. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Considering the involvement of multiple institutions and the potential impact on academic collaborations, these trips are significant. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- http://www.sun.ac.za/english/Lists/news/DispForm.aspx?ID=10310
- https://news.nwu.ac.za/unlocking-frontiers-south-african-delegation-explores-chinas-education-landscape
Supplementary Notes
While the current evidence points to trips from two universities (North West University and Stellenbosch University), which justifies a "Few" rating, it‘s worth noting the historical context. In 2019, a larger delegation of twelve senior faculty members from 12 South African universities explored relationships with Chinese universities. This past activity, while outside the current timeframe, suggests a broader pattern of engagement that may continue to influence current academic relationships. The involvement of multiple institutions and the potential for ongoing collaborations makes these trips significant, even if the current evidence shows a smaller scale than in the past. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South African scholar, Prof David Monyae, regularly publishes opinion pieces that echo Chinese talking points, including perspectives on the US as a neo-colonial power, China as an equal partner etc. These appear both in South African and Chinese media (5). There are no other prominent academics that regularly express such viewpoints. He is also often interviewed, providing Chinese state perspectives (6). Therefore this indicator deserves a few, insignificant response.
- https://news.uj.ac.za/news/ujs-dr-david-monyae-on-china-africa-mutual-benefits-2/
- www.iol.co.za/search?q=David+Monyae
- https://www.cacs.org.za/analysis/
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202202/24/WS6216c714a310cdd39bc8886d.html
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/david-monyae-113134230/?originalSubdomain=za
- https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-38395-3
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China became South Africa’s largest trading partner in 2009, and still accounts for the largest share of both imports and exports. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa’s top exports are Gems, precious metals: US$26.9 billion (21.8% of total exports), Mineral fuels including oil: $16.9 billion (13.7%), Ores, slag, ash: $16.4 billion (13.3%). China is the main destination for South African gold (1), diamonds (2), and iron ore (3), but not platinum or coal. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/gold/reporter/zaf
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/diamonds/reporter/zaf
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/iron-ore/reporter/zaf
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/platinum/reporter/zaf
- https://www.africanews.com/2022/08/16/south-africa-eu-imports-of-coal-surge-eight-fold-replacing-russian-fossil-fuels/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa is facing an electricity crisis and China has invested heavily in clean and coal energy. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
- https://solarquarter.com/2023/09/05/south-africas-idc-and-bank-of-china-forge-green-energy-investment-deal/
- https://chinaglobalsouth.com/2023/08/21/chinese-company-expands-footprint-in-south-africas-energy-sector-with-new-solar-project/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa applied to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) as a non-regional founding member. It signed the AIIB Articles of Agreement in 2015 and recently took steps to ratify the agreement before the December 31, 2022 deadline. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa is a member of the Belt and Road Industrial initiative. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
- https://businesstech.co.za/news/industry-news/726022/longyuan-south-africa-reflects-on-a-decade-of-wind-energy-innovation-along-the-belt-and-road-initiative/
- https://eng.yidaiyilu.gov.cn/p/321596.html
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202310/1300007.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Financial institutions in South Africa use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system. UnionPay International and Bank of China, both present in South Africa, make use of the CIPS settlement system. UnionPay is also partnered with First National Bank in South Africa, further enabling the use of CIPS in the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
- https://www.bankofchina.com/za/en/aboutus/ab1/
- https://www.csis.org/analysis/sanctions-swift-and-chinas-cross-border-interbank-payments-system
- https://www.unionpayintl.com/en/aboutUs/partners/##
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are community associations that support these views, but there are also many business-focused organisations. Therefore this Indicator deserves a "more than a few" rating. There has been moves to ensure that the media supplying these organisations keep to the party line and delegates from Chinese media in South Africa at The Chinese Media Forums. The impact of these more broadly in South African society is not evident. Therefore this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202204/t20220424_10672995.htm
- https://africachinareporting.com/the-south-african-chinese-community-an-overview-of-the-major-organisations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South African members are not listed on the UWCA website, but there are membership organisations such as the Chinese Association – Gauteng. Therefore, this Indicator deserves and "Yes" Response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Unions have no direct relationships with ACFTU in South Africa, but the Organization of African Trade Union Unity, to which South African Trade Unions belong does implement projects with the support of ACFTU.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Durban University of Technology and University of Johannesburg‘s Confucius Institutes hold Chinese festivals, funded by China. Chinese diplomatic staff have attended. Such festivals have been held since at least 2018 with Chinese diplomatic support. Therefore this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. South Africa hosted the first International Lunar New Year Festival. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating. Dragon Boat Festival tournaments and Lunar New Year events are widely held, but there is no evidence of current PRC organisational or diplomatic sponsorship.
- https://news.uj.ac.za/news/ujs-chinese-lantern-festival-an-enriching-cultural-experience-2/
- http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/58195.htm
- https://mypr.co.za/2021-international-lunar-new-year-festival/
- https://www.inyourpocket.com/johannesburg/chinese-new-year-in-johannesburg_79028f
- https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/baphumelele-childrens-home-and-youth-centre-celebrate-dragon-boat-festival-b924f993-c2ee-4aaf-92cc-831f053b04de
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2014, the South Africa-China Culture and Art Exchange was established. Other than Artists and Women's associations, relationships are lacking. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" response. As a supporting activity of the China-South African High-Level People-to-People Exchange Mechanism, the All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) and the African National Congress Women's League (ANCWL) have an on-going relationship, with longterm ANCWL president Bathabile Dlamini. who was until recently a parliamentarian. She was replaced by Sisisi Tolashe, who has not yet demonstrated such relationship with the ACWF.
- https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A/13388323
- https://www.afriquesud.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=549:address-by-president-cyril-ramaphosa-on-the-occasion-of-the-international-women-s-day&catid=27&lang=fr&Itemid=899
- https://www.polity.org.za/article/ramaphosa-unveils-albertina-sisulu-school-of-leadership-with-chinese-support-2020-03-09
- https://www.sanews.gov.za/world/women-20-meeting-concludes-china
- https://www.womenofchina.cn/servlet/Node?node=19010911&pos=1
- https://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/ambassadors/1712/4963-1.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese Buddhism in South Africa has been supported by Chinese donations. The funds for temples and childcare have boosted Chinese Buddhism's visibility in the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Viu is a leading pan-regional over-the-top (OTT) video streaming service. It‘s available in 16 markets including: Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and Myanmar in Asia; Bahrain, Egypt, Jordan, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE in the Middle East; as well as South Africa. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "few" rating. The low price point of R69 a month or advertising support makes this offering potentially significant in the South African market.
- https://www.hq.viu.com/
- https://www.itweb.co.za/article/ott-player-viu-targets-low-budget-streamers-in-sa/xnklOqz1dNxM4Ymz
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tiktok is now more popular than instagram in South Africa, putting the app in second place behind Facebook in terms of the number of users. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Cultural events and cultural exchange projects are undertaken both as part of BRICS and the Belt and Road initiative rather than more broadly. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The BRICS Seminar on Governance and Cultural Exchange Forum 2023 was held in Johannesburg, this included other countries eager to join BRICS. It looks as if South Africa is playing a facilitative role in broadening cultural exchange to other African countries. Therefore this indicator deserves a significant rating.
- https://english.news.cn/20230822/41f7ab0bdf2c480090e015d9ef7fd8a3/c.html
- https://english.zufe.edu.cn/info/1051/1557.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa does import arms from China, but there is no evidence that these are supplied to the police or defense forces. However, China has donated generators for use in South African police stations. This was described as 'embarrassing' by the opposition party, suggesting that it was not widely approved. Therefore, this indicator warrants a 'Yes' response.
- https://www.da.org.za/2023/12/chinese-generator-donation-is-a-symbol-of-anc-government-failure-to-end-load-shedding
- https://mybroadband.co.za/news/energy/518089-south-africa-gets-embarrassing-generator-donation-from-china.html
- https://www.da.org.za/2023/12/chinese-generator-donation-is-a-symbol-of-anc-government-failure-to-end-load-shedding
Supplementary Notes
South Africa has its own arms industry, Chinese guns do land in the country, but this seems to be via non-state parties.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no indications that South Africa participated in the the China–Africa Peace and Security Forum, either in 2023 or previously.
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3232607/china-welcomes-dozens-african-states-security-conference-it-seeks-greater-role-continent
- https://english.news.cn/20230829/7854e55907a94d0baf990f5d99b0b384/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Joint military exercises are held with the PRC, so this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Both police and military collaborate in training, with police training in China and joint military exercises and learning, therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sandf-chief-visiting-china-as-pla-delegation-arrives-in-south-africa/
- https://issafrica.org/iss-today/south-africas-military-drills-with-russia-and-china-raise-eyebrows
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa signed an extradition treaty with China in 1962 and it has not been rescinded. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.gov.za/documents/extradition-act-extradition-treaty-between-south-africa-and-china
- https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/china-expands-system-extradition-treaties
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A MOU for training is in force, more recently, joint military exercises have been conducted. The countries are members of BRICS, which has formed BRICS Counter-Terrorism Working Group. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/
- https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/what-we-learned-from-the-russia-china-south-africa-military-drills/
- https://mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/1901504/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Triad has a long history in South Africa and is still currently active. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://kinnu.xyz/kinnuverse/history/secret-societies/chinese-triads/
- https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/wo-shing-wo
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Frontier Services Group operates in South Africa, with Frontier Logistics South Africa as an arm. Given its South African counterpart, it deserves a significant rating. Zhongjun Junhong Group offers an escort service in South Africa's Durban harbour. Given the small overall presence, the rating deserves a "Few"rating.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
- http://www.fsgroup.com/en/news/show-762.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230831101732/https://www.zjjhgroup.com/en/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The former police commissioner received training in 2016, therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating. Since then hundreds have been trained in China and a Chinese policing college opened in South Africa in 2019. Future cooperation was discussed with the current police commissioner in 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating.
- https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/civil-security/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/
- https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-police-receive-chinese-training-/7138933.html
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/minister-bheki-cele-wraps-successful-policing-visit-china-11-jun-2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese criminals have bribed officials in South African businesses, but there is no evidence that they have done so to coerce people critical of the PRC. They are primarily involved in trafficking in migrants and abalone and the importation of counterfeit goods and gold together with narcotics, laundering money, and dealing in prostitution.
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/30/gold-smugglers-use-south-african-banks-bribes-to-launder-money
- https://issafrica.org/iss-today/transnational-crime-in-our-time-exposed-areas-and-red-flags
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257771119_Transnational_activities_of_Chinese_crime_organizations
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South African companies and the government has been repeatedly hacked by Chinese entities to steal trade secrets. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "more than a few" rating, but their impact has been low or if otherwise it has not been reported, so it deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-04-20-empire-of-hacking-south-africa-caught-in-the-middle-of-us-china-spying-spat/
- https://thehackernews.com/2023/04/chinese-hackers-using-pingpull-linux.html
- https://www.securityweek.com/chinas-offensive-cyber-operations-in-africa-support-soft-power-efforts/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
Skip
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no written evidence of this, but there is anecdotal evidence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Various South African cities have deployed video surveillance systems supplied by China for law and traffic enforcement. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/482273-us-concerned-that-vumacam-uses-china-style-spying-tech-here-are-the-facts.html
- https://dfrlab.org/2023/05/15/africas-demand-for-and-adoption-of-chinese-surveillance-technology/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
ZTE and other Chinese companies, including China Telecom are installing undersea cables to provide internet in partnership with MTN. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.itweb.co.za/content/LPwQ5MlbR8VvNgkj
- https://www.mtn.com/mtn-globalconnect-mtn-south-africa-land-2africa-subsea-cable-in-western-cape-to-strengthen-internet-connectivity/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
MTN South Africa, one of the two leading cellular networks in the country have partnered to implement the PowerStar solution from Huawei. Therefore this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Vodacom and MTN control 75% of the market share. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "significant" rating.
- https://www.gsma.com/futurenetworks/wiki/powerstar-and-mtn-south-africa-energy-saving-case-study/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa#:~:text=South%20Africa%20has%20four%20licensed,8ta%2C%20a%20subsidiary%20of%20Telkom
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei has expanded across most African countries, including South Africa. MTN South Africa and Huawei have completed Africa's first scale deployment of an 800G optical network, connecting data centers in Johannesburg, Durban and Cape Town.
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2024/2/huawei-800gopticalnetwork#:~:text=%5BJohannesburg%2C%20South%20Africa%2C%20Feb,and%20sustainable%20development%20of%20Africa
- https://www.voanews.com/a/economy-business_analysts-china-expanding-influence-africa-telecom-network-deals/6209516.html
- https://www.dw.com/en/investing-in-africas-tech-infrastructure-has-china-won-already/a-48540426
- https://www.dw.com/en/africa-embraces-huawei-technology-despite-security-concerns/a-60665700
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Private security companies are supplied by Vumacam, which uses Chinese technology. One of South Africa's biggest security providers uses them as a supplier. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response
- https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/482273-us-concerned-that-vumacam-uses-china-style-spying-tech-here-are-the-facts.html
- https://safecity.community/safecity-2/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa, in attempting to reduce crime has adopted a number of surveilence technologies including facial recognition by police, local municipalities and private security firms. One company, Vumacam has cameras "across Johannesburg" and partnerships with major security companies. Traffic cameras using AI are reportedly installed. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a Few" and “Significant” rating.
- https://mybroadband.co.za/news/security/482273-us-concerned-that-vumacam-uses-china-style-spying-tech-here-are-the-facts.html
- https://censys.com/potential-chinese-influence-on-african-it-infrastructure/
- https://dfrlab.org/2023/05/15/africas-demand-for-and-adoption-of-chinese-surveillance-technology/
- https://safecity.community/safecity-2/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The planned Chinese-owned smart city project is stalled with the investors (M&T) having bought the land in 2014, construction reportedly started in 2015, but nothing further has happened since the company ran into financial trouble in 2018. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Insignificant” rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The the 2Africa subsea cable is delivered partly by China Mobile International Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Mobile and connects South Africa.
- https://www.vodafone.com/news/technology/vodacom-lands-2africa-subsea-cable-south-africas-eastern-cape
- https://www.2africacable.net/partners
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese venture capital investments are apparent in South Africa, but reportage on the fact has been lacking, particularly who is behind the investments for the period. This is likely due to the contraction of the sector in South Africa. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" and “Insignificant” rating.
- https://empowerafrica.com/jumo-the-south-african-fintech-pioneering-the-future-of-financial-services-in-africa/
- https://www.avca.africa/media/m3db4yt0/02175-avca-vc-report-2023_4-final-1.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa has many data centres (including one for Huawei) and has been developing policies to keep data locally with the Draft Data Act granting South Africa ownership of data produced within the country. However, Huawei South Africa officially opened a new Huawei Innovation Centre, which was opened by President Cyril Ramaphosa, describing it as a boost for local innovation. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "few"and “significant” rating.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-23/south-africa-joins-china-s-space-alliance-in-race-against-us#xj4y7vzkg
- https://academic.oup.com/spp/article/50/4/807/7209674
- https://ecdpm.org/application/files/3316/8474/8387/Chapter-1-global-approaches-digital-sovereignty-competing-definitions-contrasting-policy-ECDPM-Discussion-Paper-344-2023.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa has formally joined the China-led ILRS project to establish a permanent moon base. Therefore, this indicator deserves a " Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A partner university has been designated in South Africa to collaborate with a Chinese institution on the Beidou Satellite Navigation System. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Free State, Kwazulu-Natal, and Limpopo provinces in South Africa have agreements signed with China or chinese companies. In total there are 9 provinces in the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves the rating of "More than a Few" and “Significant”.
- https://www.freestateonline.fs.gov.za/free-state-and-the-world/
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/premier-sihle-zikalala-and-mec-nomusa-dube-ncube-agreement-signed-between
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/premier-chupu-mathabatha-limpopo-mission-china-28-oct-2014
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Over 10 cities in South Africa have sister cities in China., but South Africa has over 200 cities. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Twinned cities do, however, include Bloemfontein, and Cape Town which are South Africa's judicial and parliamentary capitals respectively. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_South_Africa
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_South_Africa
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa's ruling party, the African National Congress (ANC) has a long-standing agreement with the Chinese Communist Party to receive political training, including study tours. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating. Evidence of other parties participating was absent, therefore this indicator deserves a "Few" rating"
- https://www.academia.edu/43332149/China_s_Party_Training_Programs_in_South_Africa_A_Quest_for_Political_Alignment
- https://qz.com/africa/1119447/china-is-training-africas-next-generation-of-leaders
- https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/news/2018-07-28-anc-seeks--chinas-help-to--win--votes/
- https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/anc-comrades-to-be-trained-by-the-communist-party-of-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At least two premiers (provincial leaders) have visited the PRC, out of the nine provinces, since 2018. The Gauteng premier visited in 2023.
- http://johannesburg.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/zxxx/202307/t20230710_11110966.htm
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-advisories/visits-foreign-countries/premier-stanley-mathabatha-leads-delegation-people%E2%80%99s
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa's president, Cyril Ramaphosa, has attended a CCP International Department event in 2022. South African political parties, specifically the African National Congress (ANC) and the Economic Freedom Fighters (EFF), have shown close ties with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). ANC and EFF representatives attended the 73rd-anniversary celebration of the People's Republic of China on September 28, 2022, in Johannesburg. The ANC has engaged in ""party-to-party diplomacy"" with the CCP since the 1950s. Therefore, this indicator deserves both a ""significant"" rating, but few as evidence of recent visits from other South African parties is absent.
- https://www.polity.org.za/article/ramaphosa-reaffirms-friendship-with-chinese-communist-party-whose-foreign-policy-posture-anc-admires-2023-03-16
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPC_and_World_Political_Parties_Summit
- https://www.africanews.com/2023/07/18/south-africas-anc-meets-brics-political-parties-ahead-of-summit/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon within the specified timeframe of 2022.
Supplementary Notes
While there is no evidence of this phenomenon in 2022, in 2021, there were reports that the ruling party in South Africa, the African National Congress (ANC), received funding from the United Front Work Department (UFWD) of the Chinese Communist Party. The funding was allegedly channeled through a politician associated with the ANC, Dr. Xiaomei Havard, who continues to serve as a member of the South African Parliament. This past incident, while outside the current timeframe, suggests the potential for ongoing influence and future incidents.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since the last monitoring period, there has been no national stories with UFWD like in the previous, which saw a ruling-party politician with links to the UFWD become an MP, she still maintains this position. There are indications that UFWD provides support to Chinese Community and Police Cooperation Centers, but no clear links. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" Rating, but the fact that a parliamentarian has links means this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
- https://japan-forward.com/china-installs-influence-operators-in-diplomatic-posts-foreign-lawmaking-bodies/
- https://www.pa.org.za/person/xiaomei-havard/
- https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In March 2023, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa praised the Communist Party of China and the non-aligned foreign policy position taken by the Asian country on the Russia-Ukraine war. In August 2023, Secretary General of the ruling ANC expressed support for China's multilateral approach. Broader support has not been expressed, Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. But given the level of the supporters, this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
- https://www.polity.org.za/article/ramaphosa-reaffirms-friendship-with-chinese-communist-party-whose-foreign-policy-posture-anc-admires-2023-03-16
- https://www.news24.com/news24/politics/china-state-visit-mbalula-calls-for-end-to-zimbabwe-north-korea-sanctions-20230818
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://ias.zjnu.edu.cn/iasen/2022/0526/c6454a395865/page.htm
- https://twitter.com/DrHodanOsman/status/1105661197108441088
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202112/20/WS61bfbda8a310cdd39bc7c47e.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon within the current specified timeframe.
Supplementary Notes
While there is no evidence of this phenomenon in the current timeframe, in 2017, the Pretoria mayor was reprimanded by then-president and ANC leader Jacob Zuma for visiting Taiwan. This was described as "a violation of its foreign policy that recognises only the People's Republic of China." This past incident, while outside the current timeframe, demonstrates a historical precedent for political elites attempting to suppress actions that could be seen as criticism of the PRC or support for Taiwan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are several instances of collaboration between South Africa and China on executive (heads of state), parliamentary (government ministers), various levels. These include: 1. Regular interactions at various official levels, including exchanges of State Visits and high-level engagements. 2. Cooperation across different Government Ministries and Parliament. 3. Collaboration between business entities and people-to-people connections is also mentioned in source 1. Source 2. Mentions structured bilateral mechanisms such as the Bi-National Commission (BNC), Strategic Dialogue (S.D.), the Regular Exchange Mechanism (REM) between the National People's Congress of China and the National Assembly of South Africa, and the High-level People-to-People Exchange Mechanism (PPEM). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.gov.za/speeches/international-relations-and-cooperation-south-africa-and-people%E2%80%99s-republic-china
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-08-23/Full-text-Joint-Statement-between-China-and-South-Africa-1muFhhjaTzG/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Aid from China has been low, China has allocated grants amounting to 330 million RMB (R846 million) and 200 million RMB (R512 million), respectively, to development projects in South Africa but a 2023 announcement will see social energy infrastructure donated to keep government offices functioning.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Building on the previous period's response (source 1), PRC training for the South African government dates back to at least 2014. Collaborations around civil servant training continue in the current period. The National School of Government is hosting the China-Africa Institute in June 2023 for a lecture and short courses on topics like economic recovery and governance, attracting officials at influential levels. Though limited in number, these ongoing exchanges demonstrate the significance of the training relationship between the two countries (source 2). 1. The National School of Government is hosting the China-Africa Institute in June 2023 for a lecture and short courses on topics like economic recovery and governance, attracting officials at influential levels. 2. Since 2020, the NSG-CAI relationship has provided training to over 600 South African officials at various levels through virtual platforms. 3. In 2023, the NSG and CAI will deliver two additional short courses for South African public sector officials on green development and social governance. Though limited in number, these ongoing exchanges demonstrate the significance of the training relationship between the two countries. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few”, but “Significant” response.
- https://time.com/3601968/anc-south-africa-china-communist-party/
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-advisories/national-school-government-hosts-china-africa-institute-8-jun-07-jun-2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2015, 10 South Africans were arrested without charge in China, having been part of a 20-strong tour group detained by Chinese officials week (1). This happened at the same time as then-deputy president Cyril Ramaphosa was visiting China. In 2018, 51 South African teachers were detained to 'testify' in a fraud case, but after detention were allowed to give written statements (2,3). In 2020, allegations of torture arose after visa issues (4). Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.news24.com/News24/10-South-Africans-arrested-in-China-remain-in-custody-20150714
- https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-06-22-we-are-ecstatic-south-african-stranded-teachers-in-china-are-coming-home/
- https://www.goodthingsguy.com/people/50-children-stuck-in-china/
- https://dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-09-07-young-south-african-in-five-month-detention-centre-nightmare-in-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa's Director-General of the Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and the Environment, is currently a member of CCICED (1), and South Africa has been represented at both the 2018 and 2019 meetings (2, 3). Therefore this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230817045652/http://en.cciced.net/ABOUTUS/Membership/Membership/
- https://enb.iisd.org/events/2018-annual-general-meeting-agm-china-council-international-cooperation-environment-and-3
- https://cciced.eco/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/cicced-en-2021-annual-report-2019.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In August 2023, South Africa and China agreed 'to strengthen their Comprehensive Strategic Partnership henceforth, actively build a quality China-South Africa community, and play a meaningful, joint role in China-Africa relations and South-South cooperation'. Therefore this Indicator deserves a " Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In a Joint Statement between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa "South Africa pledged continuous support for China on issues concerning its core interests and major concerns. South Africa reaffirmed its commitment to the one-China policy." Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the time, the statement was "South Africa supports the position that the sovereign states that are directly concerned should resolve their relevant disputes through direct consultations and negotiations, on the basis of respecting historical facts and in accordance with international law, as well as to maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea."" The last pronouncement in this regard was "South Africa has noted with concern the recent trend in the global arena to politicise the situation pertaining to the South China Sea... South Africa believes that the international community should support all efforts aimed at safeguarding peace and stability in the region."" This has been interpreted as support by China and has been reported as such without contradiction. But does not explicitly make support clear for either party.
- https://www.gov.za/speeches/international-relations-territorial-dispute-regarding-south-china-sea-22-jun-2016-0000
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2016-06/23/content_25826714.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa has been silent on the issue (1). Given a chance to comment with the release of a UNHCR report in 2022, the country continued to not comment (2).
- https://www.voanews.com/a/why-african-nations-are-mostly-silent-on-china-s-rights-record-/6760590.html
- https://www.aninews.in/news/world/others/chinas-economic-clout-forces-african-countries-to-turn-blind-eye-to-xinjiang20220927144623/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While South Africa under Nelson Mandela and Thabo Mbeki openly welcomed the Dalai Lama, the government's stance has shifted in recent years to one of appeasing China at the expense of standing up for human rights and freedom of association. Under Jacob Zuma's presidency, the Dalai Lama was denied a visa three times in five years, drawing widespread criticism. Furthermore, the Chinese Embassy's strong condemnation of the 2018 visit by the head of the Tibetan government-in-exile, claiming it was met with "furious opposition and rejection from the South African government," suggests South Africa's silent agreement with China's position on Tibet (1, 2). In fact, in 2021 the Dalai Lama did not apply for a visa to attend his friend and co-author, Bishop Desmond Tutu's funeral (3). Although no official pronouncement has been made explicitly supporting China's treatment of Tibet, South Africa's actions in recent years indicate a quiet acquiescence to China's stance.
- https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2018-02-12-tibetsouth-africa-relations-a-tale-of-two-countries-trade-and-the-voiceless/
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-20539844
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
South Africa reaffirmed its position to remain committed to the One China policy, and hoped that the matter regarding Hong Kong and Xinjiang could be resolved in the context of respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China (1). This has not changed since 2021 (2).
- https://www.gov.za/sites/default/files/gcis_document/202110/international-relations-annual-report-202122.pdf
- http://zurich.china-consulate.gov.cn/det/szyw/202308/t20230823_11130511.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.