Singapore
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 3 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 264 / 396 | - |
Sep 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 3 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 68 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 9 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 58 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 3 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 68 % | - |
In 2023, Singapore had a GDP per capita of US$84,734 and a total population of 5.77 million people.
Singapore established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1990. Singapore was ranked 126th in Reporters Without Borders' 2024 World Press Freedom Index, placing it just below Bolivia and Peru and just above Equatorial Guinea and Uganda. Singapore was also rated Partly Free in Freedom House’s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 48/100.
Key Takeaways
- Singapore remains highly exposed to PRC influence in all the segments listed for the China Index. It seems that its military is relatively better shielded. This may be due to a heavy reliance on US and NATO equipment, which restricts what Singapore can reveal to potential US adversaries like the PRC.
- The level of exposure coupled with the relative opacity of Singapore's political system, especially the People's Action Party, may expose Singapore to a higher but publicly difficult to ascertain level of pressure or risk from compromises to its political process. This is despite the presence of a law like the Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act; the lack of public transparency requirements thereof may prove to be a major limitation.
- Singapore society may be particularly susceptible to PRC pressure and disinformation given the limited emphasis on national-level values and principles, coupled with the saturation of PRC-related media and even apparent PRC penetration of Singapore state-owned media.
- The Singapore state appears to shy away from publicly taking positions that the PRC does not like, but it is unclear whether this is due to self-censorship based on awareness of high levels of exposure to potential PRC pressure, or if it is a result of direct PRC pressure. At any rate, such positions may increase the risk for the US and its allies working closely with Singapore on sensitive issues or sharing sensitive technology.
- More and more PRC-related firms appear to be using Singapore as a platform for their commercial activities. This borrows Singapore's generally positive global repuation as well as the access afforded by Singapore's many trade and investment agreements around the world. Other partners may need to scrutinize investment from Singapore more closely for potential PRC-related risks going forward.
- Some of Singapore's economic exposure to the PRC comes from its role as an economic conduit between the PRC and other jurisdictions, this lucrative role for Singapore may grow and exposure increase with more scrutiny over PRC technology and activities in Europe, North America, Northeast Asia (less the PRC), and Oceania. Not all such exposure is nefarious, but they increase the risk of Singapore serving as a proxy for PRC interests.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Information is sourced from the official website of the World Chinese Media Network. The readership of Fortune Times appears to be the primary target of PRC influence, consisting of Chinese-speaking SMEs whose owners often participate in grassroots activities of Singapore's long-ruling People's Action Party.
- https://www.gcmcu.com/web/LMHY/HYGL/index.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123668072923693056.html
- https://www.fortunetimes.sg/cn/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No available evidence.
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
- http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414906/index.html
- http://news.cctv.com/special/sldsgjhzgtt/
- https://www.pressbridge.net/journalism-exchange/organizations-overview
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Journalists of Singapore's state-owned English print outlet, the Straits Times, recently participated in PRC-organised Xinjiang tours. The paper dominates the local English news market. Online influencers have also been on PRC state-sponsored tours.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/xinjiang-doubles-down-on-telling-its-story-countering-narratives-and-courting-trade-tourism
- https://www.youtube.com/@NoelLee89/videos
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024121747.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Broadcast journalists from the PRC have been hired by Singapore's state broadcaster, which dominates the broadcast media landscape. China Communications University conducts training for media workers in collaboration with institutions in Singapore, notably the Nanyang Academy of Fine Arts, PSB Academy, the Singapore Institute of Management, and MDIS.
- https://educen.cuc.edu.cn/2023/0404/c8424a203356/page.htm
- http://lxyk.liuxueban.com/liuxue/cuc/university/907.html
- https://www.mediacorp.sg/business/artistes-personalities/presenters/yang-zhenhua
- https://www.mediacorp.sg/business/artistes-personalities/presenters/zhao-wenbei
- https://www.mediacorp.sg/business/artistes-personalities/presenters/zhang-haijie
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024121747.html
Supplementary Notes
One PRC-trained media personality was involved in advancing the narrative that the Russian invasion of Ukraine was the result of NATO instigation on a state-owned media outlet produced online video. That video was later removed for unclear reasons.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are few media outlets and providers in Singapore. The state-owned Mandarin-langauge broadsheet, Lianhe Zaobao, runs Xinhua wires. It dominates the local Mandarin medai market. The dominant state-owned English-language broadsheet will likewise carry Xinhua wires. PRC state-owned broadcast media is available through the only two cable TV providers.
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/finance/china/story20230918-1434627
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20231110-1449091
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-will-step-up-policy-adjustments-to-support-growth-state-media
- https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/tv/singtel-tv-channels
- https://www.starhub.com/personal/tvplus/passes/channel-listing.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC-connected individuals own local media outlets that the PRC and naturalised PRC communities depend on for local news. Other Singaporeans who prefer Mandarin-langauge content also use these online media services. The owners appear to have significant commercial interests in the PRC. They include VasterNews, Singapore Eye, and others. The PRC embassy in Singapore seeks to cultivate and cooperate with these outlets.
- https://www.facebook.com/AmbChina.sg/posts/pfbid02UauVZUS9wNTUBEWvq4Vbtawv5cDVrgJLkkvpaNS9XJt5fZSgv3gpZtzRG23gw7wHl
- http://vasternews.com
- https://www.52hrtt.com/za/n/w
- https://sgyezi.com
- https://www.facebook.com/nestiasg/
- https://www.yan.sg
- https://www.sgwritings.com
- https://yyangg.wordpress.com/2020/06/10/media-platform-offers-eye-on-singapore-to-chinese-nationals-here/
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05042024110032.html
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024121747.html
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024144422.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are few media outlets and providers in Singapore. The state-owned Mandarin-language broadsheet, Lianhe Zaobao, runs Xinhua wires and dominates the local Mandarin media market. Similarly, the dominant state-owned English-language broadsheet also carries Xinhua wires. PRC state-owned broadcast media is accessible through the country's only two cable TV providers. Singapore's state-owned Straits Times has a formal content-sharing arrangement with China Daily and other non-PRC outlets through the Asian News Network Alliance.
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/finance/china/story20230918-1434627
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20231110-1449091
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-will-step-up-policy-adjustments-to-support-growth-state-media
- https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/tv/singtel-tv-channels
- https://asianews.network/about-us/
- https://www.starhub.com/personal/tvplus/passes/channel-listing.html
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/asia-news-network-alliance-to-begin-new-chapter-as-legal-entity-in-singapore
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are few media outlets and providers in Singapore. The state-owned Mandarin-language broadsheet, Lianhe Zaobao, runs Xinhua wires and dominates the local Mandarin media market. The Washington Post further reported that Lianhe Zaobao regularly publishes pro-PRC content, including articles written by members of the Propaganda Department without identifying their roles. The recent designation of a Singapore citizen as a member of United Front organisations revealed that he is a regular contributor to Lianhe Zaobao. Similarly, the dominant state-owned English-language broadsheet also carries Xinhua wires. PRC state-owned broadcast media is accessible through the country's only two cable TV providers. Singapore's state-owned Straits Times has a formal content-sharing arrangement with China Daily and other non-PRC outlets through the Asian News Network Alliance. There are also independent news sites that regularly amplify PRC news. The last PRC ambassador made it a point to meet with these outlets upon their appointment during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/finance/china/story20230918-1434627
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20231110-1449091
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-will-step-up-policy-adjustments-to-support-growth-state-media
- https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/tv/singtel-tv-channels
- https://asianews.network/about-us/
- https://www.starhub.com/personal/tvplus/passes/channel-listing.html
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/asia-news-network-alliance-to-begin-new-chapter-as-legal-entity-in-singapore
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/singapore-china-news-influence-lianhe-zaobao
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/fica-singaporean-businessman-chan-man-ping-philip-served-notice-2355216
- http://vasternews.com
- https://www.52hrtt.com/za/n/m?infoTypeId=infoTypeClass3
- https://www.yan.sg/
- https://www.sgwritings.com
- https://m.facebook.com/profile.php/?id=100036881215471&name=xhp_nt__fblite__profile__tab_bar
- https://www.nestia.com
- https://www.facebook.com/AmbChina.sg/posts/pfbid0QxFKzkKmpLJbxogCeCfbm7uupmGhzNhNLHiWmPmJjQpRa3xTHwQN8bRVa2BKaxGRl
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Journalists report being told to toe the PRC line in reporting or at least not contradict Beijing's position by way of their media organisations. Journalists also report self-censorship to avoid trouble with editors and PRC authorities.
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/singapore-china-news-influence-lianhe-zaobao/
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024121747.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC-connected individuals own local media outlets that the PRC and naturalised PRC communities depend on for local news. Other Singaporeans who prefer Mandarin-langauge content also use these online media services. The owners appear to have significant commercial interests in the PRC. They include VasterNews, Singapore Eye, and others. The PRC embassy in Singapore seeks to cultivate and develop ties with these outlets. They tend to at times describe the PRC in familial terms, often on ethnic terms.
- https://www.facebook.com/AmbChina.sg/posts/pfbid02UauVZUS9wNTUBEWvq4Vbtawv5cDVrgJLkkvpaNS9XJt5fZSgv3gpZtzRG23gw7wHl
- http://vasternews.com
- https://sgyezi.com
- https://www.facebook.com/nestiasg/
- https://www.yan.sg
- https://www.sgwritings.com
- https://yyangg.wordpress.com/2020/06/10/media-platform-offers-eye-on-singapore-to-chinese-nationals-here/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several key figures repeatedly deny human rights abuses. While their numbers are small, they are highly prominent and influential both within Singapore and internationally. These figures include a former foreign minister and a former permanent secretary of the foreign ministry, among others. One individual, later designated a "politically significant person" under Singapore's Foreign Interference Countermeasures Act, published more than 30 articles in Singapore's state-owned Mandarin-language newspaper, Lianhe Zaobao. Several of these articles echoed pro-PRC talking points, including the whitewashing of human rights issues. Lianhe Zaobao was also the outlet that published the only interview with PRC tennis player Peng Shuai in 2021, where she recanted her initial accusation of coerced sexual encounters with former CCP Politburo Standing Committee member and Vice-Premier Zhang Gaoli. Notably, the person conducting the interview was not a reporter but someone managing Lianhe Zaobao's business operations in the PRC."
- https://mothership.sg/2021/05/george-yeo-xinjiang-genocide/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jea5wBu2glA
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yR1bHHFwb4
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HoFEbBQSwFE
- https://ari.nus.edu.sg/app-essay-walter-woon/
- https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-16-6811-1_27
- https://www.amazon.sg/Has-China-Won-Challenge-American/dp/1541768140
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcAdFKsdweU
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05042024110032.html
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/philip-chan-fica-foreign-interference-china-singapore-analysis-4152431
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/businessman-philip-chan-designated-as-politically-significant-person-under-s-pore-s-foreign-interference-law
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/shishi-hecha/singapore/hc-05062024121747.html
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/china/story20211220-1224718
- https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2021/12/23/457648
- https://theindependent.sg/sg-reporter-credibility-questioned-over-her-scoop-interview-with-chinas-tennis-star-peng-shuai/
- https://web.archive.org/web/20220221234702/https://www.orientaldaily.com.my/news/international/2021/12/23/457648
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are several joint programs with PRC tech firms such as Huawei, DJI, ZTE, and others across universities and other institutes of higher learning across Singapore. Singapore universities also have joint initiatives with municipalities in the PRC, notably Suzhou and Guangzhou.
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2021/12/huawei-nus-talent-cloud-big-data
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2023/1/innovation-challenge-competition-nus
- https://news.nus.edu.sg/nus-and-china-mobile-international-sign-mou-to-collaborate-on-digital-transformation-of-education/
- https://nus.edu.sg/cfg/events/details/3293
- https://www.cio.com/article/222560/ntu-s-computer-science-and-engineering-school-optimises-interdisciplinary-research-with-huawei-stor.html
- https://www.tum-create.edu.sg/news/huawei-and-tumcreate-set-new-joint-innovation-lab-singapore-boost-mobility-simulation-research
- https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/huawei-opens-new-ai-lab-in-singapore-to-train-1000-ai-developers
- https://www.facebook.com/entresoc.ntu/posts/and-the-huawei-seeds-of-the-future-programme-is-a-successthe-programme-is-organi/870943806275905/
- https://www.sutd.edu.sg/FIRST/Sponsors
- https://www.sutd.edu.sg/FIRST/About-Us/FIRST-2019/FIRST-2019-Sponsors
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/startups/huawei-singapore-poly-launch-ai-and-cloud-services-course-train-120
- https://computing.smu.edu.sg/news/2018/may/30/huawei-imda-collaborate-seeds-future-program
- https://www.suss.edu.sg/partnerships/type/industry/huawei
- https://cde.nus.edu.sg/news-detail/chasing-the-robomaster-dream/
- https://cde.nus.edu.sg/edic/projects/competitions/
- https://dr.ntu.edu.sg/handle/10356/173126
- https://enterprise.nus.edu.sg/news/nusgrtii/
- http://en.nusri.cn
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a longstanding presence of a Confucius Institute and Confucius Classrooms in Singapore. The Confucius Institute is located within Nanyang Technological University.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore Ministry of Education hires teachers from the PRC and also sends local teachers for training in the PRC, most of whom specialize in teaching Mandarin. Textbooks are primarily developed in Singapore, although they incorporate input from teachers from the PRC and other countries.
- https://www.moe.gov.sg/careers/teaching-scholarships-sponsorships/moe-teaching-sponsorships/chinese-language-teacher
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/number-of-teachers-from-abroad-has-nearly-halved-since-2011-moe
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Nanyang Technological University, one of Singapore's six universities and one of its two comprehensive universities, is a member of the University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Shangri-La Hotel owned by the Kuok family sponsors parts of the IISS Shangri-La Dialogue, which it also hosts. Several members of the Kuok family are members of the Chinese Communist Party United Front Work Department affiliated Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and/or Chinese Overseas Friendship Association. Kuok Khoon Chen is on the Hong Kong Chief Executive election committee. The Kuok family also own the Kerry Group. IISS is a UK-based think tank. It's Singapore office organises the Shangri-La Dialgoue, which is a premier security dialogue in East Asia. The Kuoks also own Wilmar International, on which former Singapore Foreign Ministry Permanent Secretary and NUS ARI Fellow Kishore Mahbubani serves as a board member. Nanyang Technological University has multiple events related to PRC government entities, the direction of which appears to dovetail will PRC policies, including but not limtied to the Belt and Road.
- https://www.iiss.org/globalassets/media-library---content--migration/files/shangri-la-dialogue/2023/iiss-sld-2023-report.pdf
- http://www.bjzx.gov.cn/wspt/bjzxwycx/202302/t20230220_43334.html
- https://www1.hkej.com/features/article?q=%23港版國安法最新發展%23&suid=2955023383
- http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2023/01/18/ARTI1674005617470226.shtml
- https://ele-committee.hk01.com/2021/candidate/1560/郭孔丞
- https://www.yicai.com/news/100130297.html
- https://news.sina.cn/sx/2023-06-07/detail-imywnfwf0308102.d.html
- https://www.wilmar-international.com/about-us/leadership
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several scholars with key posts are either part of the "Thousand Talents Program" or the "Changjiang Scholars Program."
- http://en.nusri.cn/zhiyingZhou/Steven-Zhiying-Zhou.htm
- https://www1.spms.ntu.edu.sg/~zexiang/
- https://bizfaculty.nus.edu.sg/faculty-details/?profId=451
- https://cde.nus.edu.sg/cee/staff/meng-qiang/
- http://newsweb.nuaa.edu.cn/2017/0914/c738a45056/pagem.htm
- https://wzr.wzu.edu.cn/info/1014/3752.htm
- https://dl.ccf.org.cn/albumList/4140892791474176?_ack=1
- https://nusrichina.nus.edu.sg/meng-qiang/
- https://lixue.henau.edu.cn/a/xinxizhongxin/xueshuxinxi/20230330/1752.html
- https://lixue.henau.edu.cn/a/xinxizhongxin/xueshuxinxi/20230330/1752.html
- http://sg.xinhuanet.com/2014-03/19/c_126287350.htm
- https://www.celap.org.cn/art/2019/3/13/art_129_43282.html
- https://www.ssgkc.com/newsid?id=744
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore universities, especailly the National University of Singapore and Nanyang Technologicl University, have exchanges with the PRC that are at least partially funded by PRC state-affliated entities or universities.
- https://nus.edu.sg/gro/global-programmes/special-global-programmes/outgoing-students-sino-singapore-undergraduate-exchange-(ssue)-programme
- http://en.nusri.cn
- https://nusrichina.nus.edu.sg/nusri-china/nusri-suzhou/
- https://www.nus.edu.sg/gro/financing/awards-scholarships/outgoing-students/chinese-university-study-award
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/archived/ida/press-releases/2002/20061120113659
- https://geo.smu.edu.sg/study-abroad/short-term-study-programme/sino-singapore-undergraduate-exchange-programme
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Chinese Scholar and Student Association (CSSA) operates in Singapore. Compared to similar organizations overseas, it is relatively low-key. Informal reports suggest that the CSSA and/or its affiliates have harassed faculty and others through formal complaint mechanisms at universities. This allegedly occurs when faculty address sensitive issues such as Taiwan, Xinjiang, Tibet, and the South China Sea. In 2019, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) circulated a memo to faculty and staff, instructing them not to refer to Taiwan and Hong Kong in ways that could be construed as recognizing them as countries. No other university in Singapore has issued a similar directive. It is suspected that the change was the result of internal pressure. NTU has yet to rescind or supersede the directive. To err on the side of caution, given the lack of direct evidence, I code this measure as 'Yes (More than a few, insignificant).
- https://www.sgcssa.org
- https://www1.hhlink.com/link/www.sgcssa.org/Chinese-Scholars-and-Students-Association
- https://www.linkedin.com/company/chinese-scholars-and-students-association-in-singapore/about/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no formal reports so far.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Confucius Institute at Nanyang Technological University designs its own curriculum, which mainly target adult learners.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several prominent individuals associated with universities in Singapore and holding an international presence often amplify PRC messaging on human rights. Although few in number, their social prominence gives them outsized influence.
- https://mahbubani.net
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNbYXaE1FxM
- https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/ips/the-independent-singapore_george-yeo-with-us-china-tensions-predicted-to-be-long-term-singapore-must-become-capital-city-of-asean_130122.pdf
- https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202309130023
- https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/136/article/918870
- https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/docs/default-source/ips/the-independent-singapore_george-yeo-with-us-china-tensions-predicted-to-be-long-term-singapore-must-become-capital-city-of-asean_130122.pdf
- https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202309130023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Seen in official trade data.
- https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/singapore-international-trade
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M450101
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M450081
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore entities are the largest holders of Singapore sovereign debt based on official statements.
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M060221
- https://www.gov.sg/article/the-singapore-government-has-no-net-debt-we-have-a-strong-balance-sheet-with-assets-in-excess-of-liabilities#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20the%20Singapore%20Government,the%20Net%20Investment%20Returns%20Contribution.
- https://www.mof.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/news-and-publications/featured-reports/overview-of-singapore-government-borrowings.pdf
- https://ask.gov.sg/mof/questions/clgotv5ya009ri908aqiff6cl
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore does not have extractive industries.
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1100754/singapore-attractions-and-sites-visited-by-international-tourists/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/s-pore-still-attractive-to-chinese-travellers-says-stb-acknowledging-embassy-s-gambling-concern
- https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/ebook/industry/tourism
Supplementary Notes
Note that PRC tourists provide a significant proportion of visitors to Singapore, accounting for a substantial amount of tourist dollars. This despite official PRC discouragement of gambling overseas. That said, tourism is not an extractive industry.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are major investors in Singapore's port facilities, power generation, oil refining, and data centers. Singapore also has substantial biotechnology cooperation with the PRC, including in the food sector. PRC technology firms such as ByteDance/TikTok, SHEIN, Alibaba, and Tencent are expanding their presence in Singapore. A United Front-linked individual, Robert Ng Chee Siong (黄志祥), served on the board of Singapore's sovereign wealth fund, Temasek Holdings, for six years. Fu Chengyu (傅成玉), a former head of a PRC SOE, national-level CPPCC member, and standing committee member, continues to serve on the board. PRC firms and PRC-linked family offices are becoming increasingly integral to Singapore's investment landscape.
- https://www.spc.com.sg/about-us/spc-at-a-glance/
- https://www.globalpsa.com/cosco-shipping-ports-limited-strengthens-partnership-in-singapore/
- https://www.gac.com/hot-port-news/two-new-berths-at-cosco-psa-terminal
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSSP102842/
- https://www.mordorintelligence.com/industry-reports/singapore-data-center-market/companies
- https://www.datacenters.com/china-mobile-international-ltd-singapore
- https://www.datacentermap.com/singapore/singapore/china-mobile-singapore/
- https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1021944/000119312514448028/d839618dex991.htm
- https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/chinese-biotech-companies-strategically-expanding-091000000.html
- https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/48/22714/-biosyngen-to-set-up-china-singapore-translational-medicine-centre.html
- https://www.todayonline.com/world/food-security-tech-singapore-china-2142526
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/singapore-biomedical-professional-services-firms-to-benefit-from-new-collaboration-efforts
- https://www.twobirds.com/en/news-and-deals/2021/china/crossborder-team-advises-china-national-biotech-group
- https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/about-us/our-leadership#content-temasek-corporate-en-about-us-our-leadership-jcr:content-par-tabbed_content_copy-tabbed_content_item-tabpar-gridtabs-item6
- http://tuku26.com/news/901d990214.html
- https://www.temasek.com.sg/en/news-and-resources/news-room/news/2014/temasek-appoints-three-more-board-members
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/temasek-appoints-3-new-board-members
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/retiring-temasek-ceo-ho-ching-to-join-temasek-trust-board-take-over-as-chairman-from-april
- https://www.sino.com/en/about-sino/directors-and-board-committees/sino-land-company-limited/chairman/robert-ng-chee-siong/
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/02/22/companies/china-picking-singapore-over-hong-kong/
- https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/disillusioned-home-super-rich-chinese-set-their-sights-singapore-2023-01-30/
- https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/singapore-chinese-family-office-supervision
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore joined the AIIB in 2015 as one of the founding members.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No information. However, major Singapore business associatons are part of the Belt and Road Forum.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Branches of PRC banks ICBC and China Merchants Bank in Singapore participate in CIPS. DBS, Singapore's largest bank, is part of CIPS.
- http://www.cips.com.cn/cipsen/7068/7047/8340/index.html
- http://www.cips.com.cn/cipsen/7059/7064/17428/index.html
- https://www.dbs.com/NewsPrinter.page?newsId=klc84vtt&locale=en
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong was not invited to the Belt and Road Forum in 2017, although there was lower level representation. The non-invite, along with any loss in commercial opportunities, was allegedly due to the Singapore government's support for the Arbitral Tribunal process in the South China Sea. Singapore allegedly experienced some freezing of economic ties in 2004, due to a visit to Taiwan by then-Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong before he became prime minister.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-belt-and-road-project-could-pose-challenges-to-spore-minister-lawrence-wong
- https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-snubbed-singapore-belt-road-summit
- https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-snubbed-singapore-belt-road-summit
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2004/07/Transcript-of-Questions-and-Answers-with-DPM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-on-His-Visit-to-Taiwan
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/21/content_350412.htm
- https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10SINGAPORE166_a.html
- https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08SINGAPORE1296_a.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore signed a free trade agreement with the PRC in 2009 and upgraded it in 2019. Singapore and the PRC agreed to further upgrades in 2013. Singapore and the PRC are also party to the ASEAN-China FTA. These FTAs are comprehensive in nature.
- https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=356ad203-9906-4b21-9151-26169a743b44
- https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Releases/2023/12/China-and-Singapore-sign-the-China-Singapore-Free-Trade-Agreement-Further-Upgrade-Protocol
- https://www.sgpc.gov.sg/api/file/getfile/For%20Immediate%20Reporting_China%20and%20Singapore%20sign%20CSFTA.pdf?path=%2Fsgpcmedia%2Fmedia_releases%2Fmti%2Fpress_release%2FP-20231207-1%2Fattachment%2FFor+Immediate+Reporting_China+and+Singapore+sign+CSFTA.pdf
- https://investasean.asean.org/free-trade-areas/view/734/newsid/776/aseanchina-free-trade-area.html
- http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/topic/chinaasean.shtml
- https://www.enterprisesg.gov.sg/grow-your-business/go-global/international-agreements/free-trade-agreements/find-an-fta/acfta
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has established industrial parks and other large, city-scale special economic cooperative arrangements in the PRC. These arrangements expose Singapore investment in the PRC, including taxpayer monies given the role of the SIngapore state in these projects. The four sites are Suzhou, Chongqing, Tianjin, and Guangzhou. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, Singapore's central bank, maintained a currency swap agreement with the People's Bank of China, the PRC's central bank, for RMB since 2019. The amount made available for the swap is RMB300 million/SGD65 million. There are also agreements to enable tourists from each country to use electronic RMB as a form of payment (e-CNY) along with the linking of Singapore's PayNow electronic payment system with the PRC's UnionPay for individual transactions.
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/advertorial/27-years-and-counting-suzhou-industrial-park-goes-strength-strength-2381056
- https://www.suzhou.gov.cn/szsenglish/gyyq/202108/7fdbdb71544b401e8713bd03cf5f97ef.shtml
- https://www.mnd.gov.sg/tianjinecocity/who-we-are
- http://www.tianjineco-city.com/static/web/en/about1.html
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/about-imda/international-relations/international-partnerships/china-singapore-demonstration-initiative-on-strategic-connectivity
- https://www.ichongqing.info/business/opening-up-platforms/cci/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/singapore-and-chongqing-deepen-collaboration-in-financial-services-healthcare-and-other-sectors
- https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/the-5th-cci-fs-opened-in-chongqing-and-singapore-advancing-green-and-sustainable-finance-301803790.html
- https://www.allenandgledhill.com/sg/publication/articles/23547/and-seek-to-strengthen-collaboration-in-green-and-transition-finance-and-financial-connectivity
- https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2023/financial-connectivity-between-singapore-and-the-western-region-of-china-strengthens
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/singapore-china-project-in-guangzhou-to-speed-up-expansion
- https://www.ssgkc.com
- https://www.capitaland.com/en/find-a-property/global-property-listing/integrateddevelopment-urbandevelopment/china-singapore-guangzhou-knowledge-city.html
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/ssguangzhoukc.html
- https://www.clc.gov.sg/research-publications/publications/urban-systems-studies/view/sino-singapore-guangzhou-knowledge-city-a-new-paradigm-in-collaboration
- https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2022/monetary-authority-of-singapore-and-peoples-bank-of-china-further-renew-bilateral-currency-swap-arrangement#:~:text=The%20Monetary%20Authority%20of%20Singapore,of%20five%20years%2C%20until%202027.
- http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688241/3688636/3688657/3824339/index.html
- http://www.pbc.gov.cn/en/3688241/3688636/3688657/4607022/index.html
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/upgraded-singapore-china-free-trade-agreement-24-signed-annual-top-level-meeting-3972101
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no groups with these specific names. However, entities such as native place and clan associations publicize PRC positions advocating for or supporting PRC control over Taiwan, Hong Kong, Xinjiang, and Tibet. The leadership of these organizations participates in overseas events that include entities with names like 'Promotion of Peaceful Reunification.' These associations and clans have access to parts of the local ethnic Chinese community, and their leaders often overlap with the grassroots of the long-dominant People's Action Party, providing some access to ministers and members of parliament. The 'few, significant' rating is assigned because these organizations in Singapore function similarly to other 'Promotion of Peaceful Reunification' groups, even if they do not use the same name. The naming convention is likely a way to circumvent Singapore's restrictions on registering politically oriented organizations, particularly those with overseas links. As a result, there is an emphasis on projecting a cultural and community-focused public image.
- http://m.xinhuanet.com/2019-08/22/c_1124904895.htm
- https://www.taimeng.org.cn/dtxw/tmyw/202311/t20231113_341255.htm
- https://huayuanassociation.com/zh/华源会会长王泉成授聘为中国海外交流协会第六届/
- https://www.sohu.com/a/225656008_157267
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgsd/202208/t20220805_10735321.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/zwbd_674895/200703/t20070316_7867948.shtml
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
- http://www.taiwan.cn/fd/asia/hr/201011/t20101102_1585313.htm
- https://foochow.org/main/福州平潭经贸考察团/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are members of UWCA in Singapore. They tend to be owners of small and medium-sized enterprises and people who are active in Chinese cultural activities. A founder of the UWCA was Singaporean.
- http://www.asiacup888.com/md.html
- http://www.uwca.net/member.html
- http://www.uwca.net/ZhuangYanlin.html
- https://www.sgplanking.com/article/633508
- https://teochew.sg/activity/第十届世界华侨华人社团联谊大会/
- https://www.wcecofficial.org/cn/
- http://ddjkw.net/00bc/6f446554970.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are long-standing ties between Singapore's umbrella Natonal Trades Union Congress (NTUC) and the ACFTU. Heads of NTUC are senior PAP members like Ng Chee Meng and senior officials like Minister of State in the Prime Minister's Office, Desmond Tan. Contact between the NTUC occurs with the ACFTU at local as well as central levels. The NTUC was recently designated as a "Politically Significant Person" under Singapore's Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act where it has to report donations from foreign entities as well as income and assets to state authortiies. Such information is, however, not publicly disclosed.
- https://www.ntuc.org.sg/uportal/news/NTUC-and-the-All-China-Federation-of-Trade-Unions-Reaffirm-Warm-Ties/
- https://www.ntuc.org.sg/uportal/news/NTUC-President-Mary-Liew-NTUC-Secretary-General-Ng-Chee-Meng-and-key-delegates-reaffirm-warm-ties-with-China-at-Trade--Union-level/
- https://www.instagram.com/p/CxI4yhzyoLU/?ref=homepage&hl=de
- https://www.linkedin.com/posts/desmond-tankm_ntuc-activity-7107763553058623489-6wiZ/
- https://www.facebook.com/NgCheeMengforSG/photos/a.961380790549321/2792859584068090/?type=3
- https://www.lnszgh.org/news-show-20673.html
- https://www.cdzgh.com/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=17&id=18541
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20240711-4223447
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/ntuc-labour-movement-fica-politically-significant-person-pap-close-links-4472076?cid=internal_sharetool_iphone_11072024_cna
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The PRC embassy and other local community organizations with United Front Work Department links are active in organizing and taking part in cultural activities in Singapore. Often, they seek to leave an imprint of the PRC representing "authenthic" Chinese culture.
- https://www1.hhlink.com/link/www.sgcssa.org/Chinese-Scholars-and-Students-Association
- https://www.linkedin.com/company/chinese-scholars-and-students-association-in-singapore/about/
- https://www.sgcssa.org/2023/11/我们的春晚-快来加入2024全新中国留学生春节联欢晚/
- https://www.sohu.com/a/757206519_120046696
- https://www.sgcssa.org/author/sgcssa/
- https://www.sgcssa.org/2022/09/月下同行庆中秋-留学生的中秋节/
- https://www.sgcssa.org/2022/09/中秋节·教师节-金秋谢师恩，圆月邀桃李/
- https://www.sgcssa.org/2023/06/端午安康-大家记得吃粽子哦！/
- https://toutiaosg.com/新加坡中国学联祝在新留学人员端午安康！
- https://www.iedusg.com/show-54-1695-1.html
- https://www.sohu.com/a/757149936_121107000
- http://cea.org.sg/春满狮城-天涯同心-新加坡中资企业协会2022/
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/zwbd_673032/gzhd_673042/202301/t20230130_11016169.shtml
- https://huayuanassociation.com/zh/华源会新春祝福/
- https://tianfu.org.sg/2023/02/05/新加坡天府会23周年庆：传承家庭价值，共庆元宵佳/
- https://www.kowloonclub.org.sg
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zAtPq9_mBwA
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several Singaporean journalists and media outlets, especially the Singapore state-owned Lianhe Zaobao, appear to have regular interactions with the All-China Journalists Association. Several Singapore-based artists collaborate with the China Artists Association to hold exhibitions in Singapore, the PRC, and elsewhere. Several Singapore-based artists hold leadership positions in the China Artists Association. The same can be said of the China Writers Federation and the Singapore Association of Writers, whose members tend to focus on Mandarin-language text. A numebr of Singapore-based writers appear to have close interactiosn with the Literary Network of the Belt and Raod (“一带一路”文学联盟). The All-China Women's Federation have regular interactions and exchanges with the People's Action Party's Women's Wing and Young PAP, including the leadership of the latter two organizations.
- http://www.zgjx.cn/2019-12/18/c_138639335.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/zgjx/2019-03/19/c_137906461.htm
- http://www.news.cn/zgjx/2022-11/01/c_1310668072.htm
- http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com/2018-10/31/c_137570177.htm
- http://www.singaporewriters.org.sg
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/lifestyle/culture/story20230913-1432851
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/lifestyle/culture/story20230828-1427475
- http://www.singaporewriters.org.sg/tiening.html
- http://brliterature.com/en/singapore-association-of-writers/
- http://brliterature.com/en/the-literary-network-of-the-belt-and-road-formed-in-beijing/
- https://www.chinawriter.com.cn/n1/2023/0918/c404090-40080320.html
- https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/completed-china-cultural-centre-boost-arts-exchange
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/09/WS6139bcf0a310efa1bd66e6d2.html
- http://brliterature.com/members-profile-zh/singapore-zh/
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0703/c90000-20038710.html
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=285004492994003
- https://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/special/belt/1705/795-1.htm
- https://www.sohu.com/a/732082417_121107000
- https://www.cnwomen.com.cn/2023/10/28/99343818.html
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/china/story20231026-1445952
- https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20231028A069X000
- https://www.women.org.cn/art/2014/3/26/art_243_103628.html
- https://www.women.org.cn/art/2014/3/26/art_18_72116.html
- https://www.womenofchina.cn/womenofchina/html1/news/leaders/2401/4012-1.htm
- https://www.instagram.com/simannsg/p/Cy-QH2FSDMm/?img_index=1
- https://www.women.org.cn/col/col243/index.html?uid=184&pageNum=0
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A number of Clan and Native Place Associations have leaderships involved in United Front activities or are part of United Front organisations. The United Front offices or their affiliates host visits by these groups to the PRC and hav ereturn visits. They also sign cultural exchange agreements with local United Front offices or their affiliates. The Meizhou Mazu temple in the PRC conducts regular worship and tour activities with Mazu temples in Singapore. The Meizhou Mazu temple has also donated materiel to Singapore via local Mazu temples during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic. There are allegations that same temple network participates in United Front interference activity in Taiwan. There are similarly interactions and exchanges betweeen the China Buddhist Association and Buddhist organizations in Singapore. As of 2015, the PRC's State Administration for Religious Affairs comes under the jurisdiction of the CCP's United Front Work Department. A United Front-linked individual, Robert Ng of SinoLand, chairs the board for the charity arm of one of SIngapore's sovereign wealth funds, the Temasek Foundation. Local PRC jurisdictions also donate to civic organisations in Singapore.
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/zvideos/news/story20170706-776955
- https://www.8world.com/community/promote-cultural-exchanges-between-the-two-countries-2307261
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D0SHLqf50y4
- http://m.xinhuanet.com/2017-07/07/c_1121277796.htm
- http://www.chinaqw.com/qx/2018/05-11/189297.shtml
- https://www.chinanews.com.cn/m/cul/2018/05-11/8511246.shtml
- http://ydyl.china.com.cn/2019-03/12/content_74562187.htm
- http://sg.xinhuanet.com/2018-03/02/c_129821090.htm
- http://sg.xinhuanet.com/2018-03/02/c_129821090.htm
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/live/?ref=watch_permalink&v=1675958012422508
- https://news.sina.cn/2019-03-17/detail-ihrfqzkc4615071.d.html
- https://www.redants.sg/good-reads/story20170804-90
- https://www.sohu.com/a/155230265_695838
- https://news.sina.cn/2015-11-23/detail-ifxkwaxv2692922.d.html
- https://pt.fjsen.com/xw/2017-07/10/content_19774061_all.htm
- https://www.chinanews.com.cn/m/sh/2020/04-17/9160360.shtml?f=qbapp
- https://news.sina.cn/2018-03-01/detail-ifyrzinh1226970.d.html
- https://xinjiapo.news/news/250360/amp
- https://foochow.org/main/天后圣母妈祖/
- https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/yataibaodao/gangtai/taiwan-xuanju/mz1-01082024161815.html
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/china/story20231130-1453349
- https://www.rfi.fr/cn/台湾/20231221-路透社-中国以-和平女神-妈祖作为对台介选武器
- https://www.dw.com/zh/妈祖交流中共干预台湾大选一大武器/a-67797913
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/china/story20231208-1454911
- https://www.bcs.edu.sg/zh/gallery/拜访中国佛教协会及国家宗教事务局/
- http://www.emsfj.com/news/a/87f179614abbf0afcf33f5305f4bf607b043.html
- https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2021-01/05/content_5577289.htm
- http://tzb.cupl.edu.cn/info/1007/1415.htm
- http://www.dangjian.cn/shouye/dangjianyaolun/202204/t20220428_6351363.shtml
- https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-07/28/content_5703287.htm
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/tell-the-china-story-well-beijing-s-campaign-to-co-opt-chinese-diaspora-gains-urgency-amid-pressures
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/philip-chan-resigns-as-president-of-hk-s-pore-business-association-amid-foreign-interference-notice
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/line-crossed-under-foreign-interference-law-when-people-promote-foreign-political-interests-experts
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law#:~:text=Mr%20Chan%2C%20who%20immigrated%20to,chief%20executive%20at%20C%26H%20Properties.
- http://hainan.org.sg/index.php?m=index&a=history7
- http://chinkang.org.sg/PPUploadFile/CYG%20Booklet_30-12-2014.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC state media, PRC affliated media from Hong Kong, and PRC aligned media from Taiwan are part of the bundle of channels that come with cable television subsription in Singapore or with some package of East Asian channels. PRC media and entertainment products are also easily obtainable for free or a low fee online.
- https://www.starhub.com/personal/tvplus/passes/channel-listing.html
- https://www.starhub.com/business/promotions/tv-packages/asian/basic-packages.html
- https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/tv/singtel-tv-channels
- https://www.singtel.com/business/products-services/tv/packs/basic-pack
- https://www.singtel.com/personal/products-services/tv/packs
- https://www.ondemandchina.com/zh-Hans/category/drama
- https://www.italkbbtv.com/drama/62c670dc1dca2d424404499c
- https://list.iqiyi.com/www/2/----------0---24-1-1-iqiyi--.html
- https://yingshi.tv
- http://www.51zhuiju.cc
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
WeChat, Little Red Book, Weibo, Zhihu, and TikTok are very popular in Singapore. TikTok has a broad base of users, especially among younger people. WeChat, Little Red Book, Weibo, and Zhihu are more popular among those who are more comfortable with Mandarin or have commercial and family ties to the PRC. PRC-related or PRC-produced content on YouTube, Facebook, and Instagram is also widely consumed.
- https://oosga.com/social-media/sgp/
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1378891/singapore-demographics-of-tiktok-users-by-age-group-2022/#:~:text=Introduced%20in%202018%20in%20Singapore,state%2C%20recording%20782.33%20thousand%20downloads
- https://derenmarketing.com.sg/wechat-marketing/#:~:text=WeChat%27s%20presence%20is%20not%20only,over%2010%20times%20per%20day
- https://www.digital38.com/wechat-bridging-singapore/
- https://www.digital38.com/wechat-bridging-singapore/
- https://www.digital38.com/wechat-agency-singapore/
- https://www.yp.sg/despite-its-astounding-success-in-china-why-hasnt-wechat-taken-off-in-singapore/
- https://digitalm.sg/guide-little-red-book-for-singapore-companies/
- https://derenmarketing.com.sg/why-you-must-start-marketing-your-brand-on-xiaohongshu-little-red-book-in-singapore/
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/social-media-mastodon-bereal-douyin-xiaohongshu-twitter-facebook-instagram-tiktok-3074511
- https://dragontrail.com/resources/blog/q2-2023-weibo-rankings-report
- https://insight.rakuten.com/snapshot-of-tiktokdouyin-usage-in-singapore-and-china/
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1077580/china-douyin-post-number-by-type/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are significant numbers of cultural, educational, and sports exchanges involving PRC-connected entities in Singapore. Some prominent examples include activities sponsored by the PRC embassy in Singapore, the China Cultural Centre in Singapore, and the Singapore-China Friendship Association. The board of the Singapore-China Friendship Association includes retired People's Action Party politicians and senior public servants. Top political leaders on both sides endorse and support such interactions. Many cultural events and exchanges also receive support from PRC state agencies, local jurisdictions, or PRC state-linked individuals. There is also participation in PRC public diplomacy organizations. Clan and native place associations in Singapore often sign cultural exchange agreements with local United Front offices or their affiliates.
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/whzc/zxrw/
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/whzc/zxrw/202402/t20240205_11240557.htm
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/whzc/zxrw/202312/t20231215_11203045.htm
- https://cccsingapore.org
- http://www.singapore-china.org/about_ssfa.shtml#03
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2015-11/19/c_128446350.htm
- http://www.news.cn/world/2023-04/01/c_1211963419.htm
- https://news.sina.cn/gn/2018-06-29/detail-iheqpwqy6733308.d.html
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20231022-1444969
- http://www.news.cn/world/2023-11/06/c_1212297979.htm
- http://www.singapore-china.org/profile/board19_22.shtml
- http://chinkang.org.sg/PPUploadFile/CYG%20Booklet_30-12-2014.pdf
- https://www.facebook.com/100068557335252/posts/678208502582952/
- https://www.facebook.com/260347571035716/photos/a.493014107769060/493014237769047/?type=3&paipv=0&eav=AfabMOLxkuIVouvjwS1dqd_twsmZiSCRliQnvIZY7GREeo_BuHa-j5nQoYjqgAN8Rkk&_rdr
- https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?id=260347571035716&story_fbid=493016514435486
- https://sttzb.shantou.gov.cn/sttzb/sxkb/202206/29aa15bd37a24698ae7cc1ea4625b391.shtml
- https://teochew.sg/activity/中国普宁代表团拜访八邑会馆/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has a tightly regualted environment for expression, so freedom of expression issues do not regularly coome up, much less with individuals, groups, and entities overseas. That said, a level of discomfort exists in Singapore regarding growing PRC cultural, economic, and even political influence in Singapore. Some of this is driven by condescencion toward Singapore by people from the PRC A recent point of friction has been unhappiness in Singapore over the popular reference to the country as "Po county“ in the PRC and among people from the PRC. The issue is less a matter of size than a matter of the sense that a county should be subject to some higher political authority.
- https://www.reddit.com/r/askSingapore/comments/10znbl4/does_anyone_notice_a_growing_chinese_influence_in/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/singapore/comments/15f4b24/is_singapore_increasingly_drawn_towards_china_dw/
- https://www.reddit.com/r/singapore/comments/182gc29/forum_singapore_is_not_a_county_its_a_country/
- https://www.whatsonweibo.com/wang-huidi-stop-referring-to-singapore-as-a-chinese-county-坡县/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/forum/letter-of-the-week-singapore-is-not-a-county-it-s-a-country
- https://www.quora.com/How-do-Singaporeans-feel-about-being-called-坡县-County-of-Pore-by-mainlander-Chinese
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20231103-1447669
- https://www.redants.sg/essay/story20231108-7691
- https://news.ifeng.com/c/8TmJD8s9slG
- https://www.sohu.com/a/731409598_120005859
- https://user.guancha.cn/main/content?id=1101222
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Interestingly, a recent poll by the Pew Research Center indicates significant popularity of the PRC among regular respondents. However, repeated State of Southeast Asia polls of elites run by the state-backed Singapore think tank, the Yusof Ishak Institute--Institute of Southeast Asian Studies indicate far more skepticism of the PRC.
- https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2022/09/28/how-global-public-opinion-of-china-has-shifted-in-the-xi-era/
- https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2022/06/29/across-19-countries-more-people-see-the-u-s-than-china-favorably-but-more-see-chinas-influence-growing/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/world/united-states/global-views-of-china-remain-negative-but-singapore-an-exception
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3186192/why-do-singapore-and-malaysia-have-more-favourable-view-china-us
- https://fulcrum.sg/elites-vs-citizens-how-singapore-and-indonesia-are-divided-on-china/
- https://www.iseas.edu.sg/centres/asean-studies-centre/state-of-southeast-asia-survey/the-state-of-southeast-asia-2023-survey-report-2/
- https://www.iseas.edu.sg/category/centres/asean-studies-centre/state-of-southeast-asia-survey/#:~:text=The%20State%20of%20Southeast%20Asia%202023%20Survey%20conducted%20by%20the,%27slow%20and%20ineffective%27%20ASEAN.
- https://fulcrum.sg/state-of-southeast-asia-survey-2023-it-takes-three-to-tango/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore currently purchases military and law enforcement equipment from top-end manufacturers, often paying a premium due to its ability to afford high-quality products.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore is occasionally invited as a guest to the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia events. It is neither a member nor an observer. Singapore regularly participates at a high level in the Bo'ao Forum.
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2022/10/20221009-Visit-to-Kazakhstan
- https://kemlu.go.id/portal/en/read/130/halaman_list_lainnya/conference-on-interaction-and-confidence-building-measures-in-asia-cica#:~:text=The%2028%20members%20of%20CICA,Vietnam%2C%20Jordan%3B%20as%20well%20as
- https://www.s-cica.org/index.php?view=page&t=member_states
- https://www.s-cica.org/index.php?view=page&t=observer_states
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-at-the-Boao-Forum-for-Asia-Annual-Conference-2023
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3215042/boao-forum-singapore-malaysia-showcase-proactive-china-diplomacy-dont-expect-any-fireworks
- https://asean.org/sg-attends-boao-forum-for-asia-annual-conference-2023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None is known, but the Singapore defence and security establishment is highly secretive. The current level of engagement in public appears to be over military education and academic exchanges.
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/20oct19_nr
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-defence-cooperation-ng-eng-hen-wei-fenghe-2737176
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no known PRC requessts for basing in the public domain. However, the People's Liberation Army Navy predically makes port calls in Singapore.
- https://www.iseas.edu.sg/media/commentaries/will-china-establish-military-bases-in-southeast-asia/
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-hold-joint-naval-exercise-amid-routine-port-call-us-submarine-2161261
- https://www.imdexasia.com/imdex/pop-up-pages/newsbyte/media-releases/2023/imdex-asia-2023-returns-with-robust-international-participation
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gXdTSmhqyJ8
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have not been any event requiring such assistance as yet.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no known instances of such rotation at present.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore military personnel have received some level of training and education in the PRC given existing arrangements for military education and academic exchange.
- https://mothership.sg/2020/04/singapore-mindef-covid-19-china-pla/
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/june/09jun22_nr2/!ut/p/z1/rZLJTsMwEIafhUOO7gxOWrfcwiIWEcpSIPEFOamzQGKXxDT07ZkCB5BoERK-WB5_M_PPb4OEGKRRy6pQrrJG1XRO5OhBTA8PTjDgF9PhbBfDu9nsfLh_cXorRnAHEuQiq-aQZEEquBKKCZ_7LEhHKVMYIJvnqHKep9wXfE1nxi1cCUlTmbnOWWaN08Z5WNpGe2h03zFl5kwvKdp5WCunO8daXWvVaQpw5NzDxxdDNE5o5_zBtBzuf9Mq6Ro3rBApX74j06vgeDdAfj6NrodUYTIZz_CS47H4BLbUSEiD2KxBwP2y0j3cGts2ZO_NH907QTh7l7BlSnqy6vH5WYbk9NraVwfxf1tNPXgbHUQFqVeuZJXJLcRrGuI1DfFXmiQXtU0_vlNoUn9Mea3OdavbwUtL4dK5RbfnoYd93w8Ka4taDzLbePhTSmk7muk7CYumGfsr9pRHR34g01WfR26YhDtv0HJ2pg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2022%2FJune%2F09jun22_nr2
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreement-scale-army-navy-exercises-establish-regular
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/20oct19_nr
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-defence-cooperation-ng-eng-hen-wei-fenghe-2737176
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is regular senior-level military and defence contact between Singapore and the PRC.
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/june/09jun22_nr2/!ut/p/z1/rZLJTsMwEIafhUOO7gxOWrfcwiIWEcpSIPEFOamzQGKXxDT07ZkCB5BoERK-WB5_M_PPb4OEGKRRy6pQrrJG1XRO5OhBTA8PTjDgF9PhbBfDu9nsfLh_cXorRnAHEuQiq-aQZEEquBKKCZ_7LEhHKVMYIJvnqHKep9wXfE1nxi1cCUlTmbnOWWaN08Z5WNpGe2h03zFl5kwvKdp5WCunO8daXWvVaQpw5NzDxxdDNE5o5_zBtBzuf9Mq6Ro3rBApX74j06vgeDdAfj6NrodUYTIZz_CS47H4BLbUSEiD2KxBwP2y0j3cGts2ZO_NH907QTh7l7BlSnqy6vH5WYbk9NraVwfxf1tNPXgbHUQFqVeuZJXJLcRrGuI1DfFXmiQXtU0_vlNoUn9Mea3OdavbwUtL4dK5RbfnoYd93w8Ka4taDzLbePhTSmk7muk7CYumGfsr9pRHR34g01WfR26YhDtv0HJ2pg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2022%2FJune%2F09jun22_nr2
- https://mothership.sg/2020/04/singapore-mindef-covid-19-china-pla/
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreement-scale-army-navy-exercises-establish-regular
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/economy-policy/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreements-boost-professional-academic
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/June/01jun23_nr#:~:text=right)%20earlier%20today.-,China%20State%20Councilor%20and%20Minister%20of%20National%20Defense%20General%20(GEN,%2DLa%20Dialogue%20(SLD).
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/October/28oct23_nr
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/October/31oct23_nr
- https://www.facebook.com/oursingaporearmy/posts/earlier-this-afternoon-china-state-councilor-and-minister-of-national-defense-ge/631781942307632/
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/August/05aug19_nr
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/saf-and-peoples-liberation-army-carry-out-bilateral-exercise-in-nanjing
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/navy/pressroom/articles/2023/11sep23_article/!ut/p/z0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8ziDQO9TQxNLIx83M2MLAzMHC1cggLCHI2NnM30C7IdFQGfOb4K/
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/8100173.html
- https://www.ns.sg/nsp/portal/site/news-and-media/detail/2017-q2/singapore-navys-port-call-in-qingdao/!ut/p/z0/fY3bCsIwEES_aNkkxsurqBTEIkqFdF9k8RKDIUnbIPj37hf4Noc5zCChQ0r8CZ5ryImjcE-L6_FkG22VOazUbK7W3fasd51VzcXiHum_IAtmbDetRypcXxDSM6MzSi9hMOimkDyXPD5Afr8TSKxw4xhFhEHKO2csb-p_bPw2Bg!!/
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2021/september/14sep21_nr2/!ut/p/z1/tZFPc4IwEMU_Sw8cM7sEMHKktqPtiPQPKuTiBAhKKwEho_XbNzqdTi_a6aG57ea9zdtfgEMCXIl9tRa6apTYmjrlgxWL7kYTdOks8mIbg0UcT73b2cOcDWABHHibVwWkmZMXjPk-QdvJiZuXNhEFy0iWsYLSAm2POSd1rnSrN5DWlSpkSfJGaam0hZumlhYqeeiJUAWRe9PtLdwKLXtNOrmVopemQZHaFvay1bLOZGeh7ZqC2ivVUVj-Fpiba7xwAjR-fpZEz-7YdpFOo_DFMxN8fxjjE8Ux-xJcmZGaDOxyBgbLfSUPMFdNVxvGr39EOEF4PEe4sqX5t-ptt-OBwX3i-6Eh-Rfe5iHahaNwbVYQekMqVTaQnCyQfFsg-Wlp63roHMl7Gd47Ls-Oh-Dm5hMAuwxx/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2021%2FSeptember%2F14sep21_nr2
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/december/09dec20_nr/!ut/p/z1/tVFNc4IwEP0tPXDM7BJQ4GhtR9sR6Qcq5OIEWJRWgkJG679vdNqZXrTTQ7OX7Oa93bcvICABoeS-WkldNUpuTJ6K_tKL7oZjdPk06sU2DuZxPOndTh9mXh_mIEBs86qAtHBc3_f7NsszlzPXDgImMSOWOZLygFOZB94JnSu91WtI60oVVLK8UZqUtnDd1GShokPHpCoY7U21s3AjNXWatbQh2ZEpcBMWFpRTnVFrIQbmznGpWlj8JleYZ7xwBmj44gyJnt2R7SKfROFLz3QIAj_GJ44j7wtwpUdqNHiXNXiw2Fd0gJlq2to4_PpHA8cIj2cJV7Y0v1a97XZiYMw-ufuhIfkHt80Y3obDcGUWkHrNKlU2kJwIkHwTIPlB2Na17xzZexneO67IjofBzc0nWN5Cgg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2020%2FDecember%2F09dec20_nr
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/search?search=China
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is one person who clearly fits this description who is publicly known at this point--George Yeo, who is a retired general and a former foreign minister. He formerly worked for the Kerry Group/Kuok group. However, senior officers from Singapore are not well-known and the identities of intelligence officials tend not to be public. Tracking their post-retirement activities are more challenging as a result.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/politics/george-yeo-to-retire-as-kerry-logistics-networks-chairman-to-spend-time-with-family-and
- https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/cag/about-us/our-team/george-yeo
- https://www.brunswickgroup.com/george-yeo-i6783/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The most prominent would be George Yeo. He is a highly visible advocate for PRC positions on a vaiety of issues and a former general, in addition to being a former foreign minister.
- https://focustaiwan.tw/cross-strait/202309130023
- https://www.scmp.com/comment/opinion/article/3235207/better-chinese-commonwealth-put-world-risk-war
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3242599/china-not-threat-us-singapores-george-yeo-worlds-shift-multipolar-order-israel-gaza-war-lee-kuan-yew
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/george-yeo-accepts-pro-bejing-label-1975616
- https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9789811259708_0016
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/like-the-monkey-king-hong-kong-cannot-leave-the-buddhas-palm-george-yeo
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yR1bHHFwb4
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jea5wBu2glA
- https://mothership.sg/2021/05/george-yeo-xinjiang-genocide/
- https://mothership.sg/2021/05/george-yeo-xinjiang-genocide/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/20/c_139894396.htm
- https://www.thinkchina.sg/george-yeo-chinas-rise-creating-multipolar-world-could-benefit-us
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore Navy and Army conduct exercises with the People's Liberation Army-Navy and People's Liberation Army. The Republic of Singapore Navy exercises with the PLAN both on a bilateral basis and as part of the ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meeting Plus mechanisms. The notable absence is the Republic of Singapore Air Force, which operates significant numbers of U.S. aircraft. Sales agreeements may prevent the use of U.S. aircraft in military exercises relating to the PRC. Exercising with Singapore may prove useful for the PRC, given that Singapore uses NATO-complaint equiment that are similar to those used by the United States, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/August/28aug23_nr#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Armed%20Forces%20(SAF,to%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-and-china-conduct-10-day-bilateral-army-exercise-0
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-china-joint-military-exercise-exercise-cooperation-2023-3764666
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16248350.html
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/August/05aug19_nr
- https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2023/08/28/singapore-and-china-conduct-10-day-bilateral-army-exercise
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2014/november/2014nov09-news-releases-00834/!ut/p/z1/vVJJUsMwEHwLBx8VjbfY4WaWYilMWJIQ60J5GS9gS8YWMfk9kwQOVBEoLujWo-7W9Iy44EsuZLyqilhXSsY14UiMH73pyfE5ONb11J2ZECxmsyv36Ppi7o35ggsu2rTKeASundro2czysow55jhmSTLOWIKQuplvmojOhp1K3eqSR00lM8xZqqRGqQ0oVYMGSBx6FsuM4YqqvQF1rLHXrMMa4x6pYIHpEE-tsEmw22FCMGFb7SeRAfi2wx9-SyDoGvacAEgvtpTprXNmOmBdTcM7lxwmE38GNxaceR-EHzwi6sHb34PHH1YVDnwuVdfQ0O__ONNz4JfbFn5ISYusnl5eREDz3wz8TfPl_yyAXra68DgsKFOsS1bJXPHlRsOXnx47vN-D4hW1SnYfMpCJ7ZNbhzl22I1eOyqXWrf9oQEGDMMwKpQqahylqjHgO0mpesr_lcnbpvHtNXvOw1PbEcl6yEPtRsHBOyLiZF0!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2014%2Fnovember%2F2014Nov09-News-Releases-00834
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2014/november/2014nov02-news-releases-02275/!ut/p/z1/vVK7UsMwEPwWCpeKLvJDDp0JDI_BhEcIsRpGduQH2FKwRQx_zyWBghkShgZ1e9pd3d6JCjqnQstVVUhbGS1rxIkIHvnkeHwGHrua-NMhRLPp9NI_ujq_5wGdUUHFMqsWNPFSV2ajkUsCP5TE40NGwjzIicslD9JwwcLMW7MzbZe2pElT6YXKSWa0Vdo6UJpGOaBV3xGpF0StsNo5UEurOktaVSvZKSwwGHrIMyvVpKrdYkTAyEb7RSTAGPfpw28JBF7DjhMB6sWGMrnxTocesMtJfOujw2gUTuGawSn_JOzxSLAHvrsHTh9WlerpvTZtg0O_--NMz4BebFrYkxIXWT29vIgI578e-Jul8_9ZAL7M2ngcF5hJ2pJUOjd0vtbQ-ZfHFu_2wHhFbdLth4x06obo1qpctaodvLZYLq1ddocOOND3_aAwpqjVIDONAz9JStNh_u9Mumya0H0nz3l84noife_z2PpJdPABA80Q7A!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2014%2Fnovember%2F2014Nov02-News-Releases-02275
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/saf-and-pla-jointly-conduct-counter-terrorist-urban-raid-to-wrap-up-10-day-exercise
- https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/saf-and-chinas-army-conduct-bilateral-training-exercise
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-looking-boost-military-ties
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/April/28apr23_nr
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/April/24apr23_mq
- https://gbp.com.sg/stories/rsn-plan-conclude-exercise-maritime-cooperation/
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/May/01may23_nr#:~:text=The%20Republic%20of%20Singapore%20Navy,28%20April%20to%201%20May.
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-navy-joint-military-exercise-maritime-cooperation-conclude-3456591
- https://apnews.com/article/china-singapore-navy-russia-ukraine-48955a9633bf37c86658d66c77ecd143
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/May/01may23_nr
- https://cil.nus.edu.sg/publication/why-asean-should-hold-more-maritime-drills-with-china-and-us/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/multilateral-maritime-exercise-to-conclude-at-changi-naval-base-on-monday
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/news-and-events/latest-releases/29aug24_nr#:~:text=Earlier%20today%2C%20the%20Republic%20of,1%20to%205%20September%202024.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not with the PRC directly, but with Hong Kong. Extraditions from Singapore to the PRC have occurred in the past as part of special arrangements.
- https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ExtraditionACTofSingapore.pdf
- https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/EA1968
- https://lkyspp.nus.edu.sg/gia/article/the-long-arm-of-beijing
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/fugitives-can-consent-to-extradition-under-proposed-changes-to-modernise-singapores-law
- https://asl-law.com.sg/what-is-the-extradition-act-and-how-does-it-work-in-singapore-part-1/#:~:text=Singapore%20currently%20has%20bilateral%20extradition,with%2040%20Declared%20Commonwealth%20countries.
- https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/news/parliamentary-speeches/2022-04-04-second-reading-speech-extradition-amendment-bill/
- https://sso.agc.gov.sg/SL/EA1968-N1?DocDate=20000131&ValidDate=20170124
- https://www.agc.gov.sg/our-roles/international-law-advisor/extradition
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1791773/china-repatriates-no-2-sky-net-fugitive-official-who
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0NU0I5/
- https://english.news.cn/20240207/39ca1ecf03bc4d048308f4cb4cf55869/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no publicly known counter-terrorism agreement. However, the Singapore Army and Navy conduct counter-terrorism exercises with the PLA and PLAN. Top leaders also regularly engage in discussions on counter-terrorism.
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/november/18nov22_nr/!ut/p/z0/fY1BD8FAFIR_i8MeN29ttFyLA6J6KVl7kcWjS_tW203x7y2JxMltZjLfDGhQoMl09my8dWTK4Lc63g2z6WQmBnKVRXlfJJs8X0bj1Xw9jGEB-n8hLNhLXesE9MGRx4cHVVk64ol_PHkmClchE4T3lhs6cuxC2jJRGo-t5w2WaFoMgRRShp7rsNpjw0R_FLSUO2reN7JJJ-kZ9M34gls6OVBvANQXAPUD3K56_7wnvRfDqQtj/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf32AP0IuMM
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/August/28aug23_nr
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-08-28/singapore-china-set-to-resume-military-exercise-after-pandemic?embedded-checkout=true
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20230825-1427134
- https://news.ifeng.com/c/8T3F5IZA3Jg
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/MOOTW/CounterTerrorism/News_209173/16251980.html
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/News_213114/TopStories/16251346.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC-origin organised crime appear involved in money laundering in Singapore. A boss of PRC-origin scam syndicate was arrested in Singapore after apparently having lived in the country for some time. Some PRC-origin scam activity appears to be based in Singapore.
- https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/11/02/singapores-biggest-money-laundering-case-has-links-to-chinese-gamblers
- https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/2023/12/money-laundering-universe-who-is-who/index.html?shell
- https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/as-singapore-police-probe-money-laundering-ring-a-private-equity-entrepreneur-disappears
- https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/assets-seized-singapore-money-laundering-case-swell-22-bln-media-2024-01-19/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/money-laundering-accused-on-the-run-from-chinese-authorities-came-to-s-pore-in-2021-dpp
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/businessmen-in-s-pore-placed-on-china-s-wanted-list-weeks-after-money-laundering-raid-in-2023
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/2-men-arrested-after-victims-of-china-official-impersonation-and-kidnap-scam-lost-more-than-445k
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/2-men-arrested-china-official-impersonation-scam-staged-kidnaps-police-4062246
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/cybercrime-covid-relief-botnet-05302024105110.html
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/chinese-national-arrested-in-s-pore-for-creating-malware-that-allowed-criminals-to-steal-billions
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None known. PRC-linked security firms providing maritime security operate in the South China Sea, but they mainly serve PRC clients.
- https://www.counterterrorismgroup.com/post/private-security-companies-pscs-in-southeast-asian-maritime-security
- https://www.mpa.gov.sg/cwp/assets/SRS/issue17/announcement/high_risk_area.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore Ministry of Law and Singapore Press Holdings provide training on PRC commercial law. Conducting the training are PRC-based individuals. The Singapore Police Force has joint training and a cooperative agreement with the Hong Kong Police Force, as does the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants.
- https://www.silecpdcentre.sg/EventDetails/?EventID=4911
- https://www.myskillsfuture.gov.sg/content/portal/en/training-exchange/course-directory/course-detail.html?courseReferenceNumber=TGS-2020513540
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1224/eng/9012.html
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1217/eng/9004.html
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1076/eng/4714.html
- https://www.police.gov.sg/media-room/news/20150714_memo_hong_kong_others
- https://www.police.gov.sg/media-room/news/20150714_memo_hong_kong_others#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Police%20Force%27s%20Commissioner,jurisdictional%20crime%20and%20developing%20police
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1044/eng/2943.html
- https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/hong-kong-police-force-signs-mou-with-isca/?cf-view=
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No publicly known incidents.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Suspected cyberattacks from the PRC have been reported. Private experts and firms, such as Microsoft, have identified cyberattacks on Singapore originating from the PRC, though there has been no official attribution. News reports suggest that PRC state-linked hackers, Volt Typhoon, were responsible for a hack of Singapore’s main telecommunications provider, SingTel, in June 2024.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Suspected-China-cyberhack-on-Singapore-is-a-wake-up-call-for-Asia
- https://www.synergiafoundation.org/insights/analyses-assessments/singapore-s-most-serious-cyberattack
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/vast-cyber-espionage-campaign-linked-china-report
- https://thediplomat.com/tag/singapore-cyberattack/
- https://thediplomat.com/2017/03/singapore-reveals-cyber-attack-on-defense-ministry/
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singhealth-cyberattack-likely-be-state-sponsored-medical-data-goldmine-hackers-say-experts
- https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2156211/singapore-hit-cyberattack-health-data-15-million-people
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/cybersecurity-csa-phishing-ransomware-ai-3578216
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/database-of-securities-investors-association-singapore-hacked-in-2013-csa
- https://sias.org.sg/latest-updates/press-statement-update-on-sias-data-breach/
- https://query.prod.cms.rt.microsoft.com/cms/api/am/binary/RW1aFyW
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-law-firm-shook-lin-bok-hit-by-cyber-attack-allegedly-paid-189-million-in-ransom
- https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/news/marina-bay-sands-singapore-cyberattack/699170/
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/cyberattack-caused-7-hour-internet-outage-hit-public-hospitals-polyclinics-attacks-continuing-synapxe-2297036
- https://www.fca.edu.sg/blog/top-major-cyber-attacks-in-singapore/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/chinese-group-accused-of-hacking-singtel-in-telecom-attacks
- https://www.theregister.com/2024/11/06/chinas_volt_typhoon_breached_singtel/
- https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/china-state-linked-group-accused-hacking-singtel-bloomberg-news-reports-2024-11-05/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None known at present.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No cases known at present. However, a Singaporean activist was jailed in 2019 for organzing a private video conference that involved Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong in 2016.
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/activist-jolovan-wham-chooses-22-days-jail-over-fine-holding-illegal-public-assembly-mrt
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/activist-jolovan-wham-chooses-22-days-jail-over-fine-holding-illegal-public-assembly-mrt
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore state had previously repatriated an individual targeted by the PRC's SkyNet overseas anti-corruption policy. Another suspected fugitive by the family name of Zhou was repatriated to the PRC from Singapore in February 2024. This was despite the fact that there is no extradiction agreement between Singapore and the PRC. There was, however, no protest at the action.
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1791773/china-repatriates-no-2-sky-net-fugitive-official-who
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0NU0I5/
- https://english.news.cn/20240207/39ca1ecf03bc4d048308f4cb4cf55869/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has used PRC video surveillance systems for law enforcement and crowd control. It is not possible to retrieve past contracts but visual confirmation shows the use of video surveillance equiment with PRC branding such as Dahua and Hikvision. Industry reports point to the past use of Hikvision devices. Singapore Police Force uses DJI drones for aerial surveillance.
- https://www.intelligenceonline.com/international-dealmaking/2022/06/16/hikvision-s-strategically-sensitive-video-surveillance-contracts-in-singapore-under-threat,109792570-art
- https://www.caas.gov.sg/docs/default-source/docs---upr/list-of-op-holders.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
All three major PRC telecom providers have a presence in Singapore, however they tend to have fewer individual customers. Most of their customers seem to be corporate customers.
- https://www.cmlink.com/sg/en/get-sim/
- https://www.chinaunicomglobal.com/sg/
- https://www.chinaunicomglobal.com/sg/contact-us.php
- https://www.chinatelecomasiapacific.com
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The main providers for Singapore's 5G network are Ericsson and Nokia. Howver, Huawei continues to maintain a role.
- https://www.frontier-enterprise.com/has-huawei-been-snubbed-in-singapores-5g-race-not-exactly/
- https://www.huawei.com/sg/news/sg/2021/m1-and-huawe-add-5g-touch-to-new-year-festivities
- https://ssia.org.sg/huawei-launches-singapores-first-5g-powered-artificial-intelligence-ai-lab/
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/technology/huawei-loses-out-singapore-5g-bid
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore's two internet service providers, SingTel and Starhub, both have agreements with China Mobile to collaborate on the Internet of Things (IoT). SingTel has an arrangement with China Mobile to connect Singapore with Chongqing.
- https://www.singtel.com/about-us/media-centre/news-releases/singtel-and-china-mobile-international-combine-forces-to-propel-iot-growth-in
- https://www.singtel.com/about-us/media-centre/news-releases/singtel-partners-chinese-telcos-to-establish-data-link-betwen-singapore-and-c
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/imda/files/about/media-releases/2019/annex-c2-fact-sheet-for-singtel-memorandum-of-understanding-in-chongqing.pdf
- https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/starhub-signs-mou-with-china-mobile-for-strategic-collaboration/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
BYD provides an increasing number of buses to Singapore's public transport system.
- https://landtransportguru.net/byd-b12a03/
- https://landtransportguru.net/byd-c6-public-bus/
- https://en.byd.com/news/byd-unveils-singapores-first-blade-battery-powered-bus-at-sitce/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/comfortdelgro-buys-100-byd-electric-taxis
- https://www.chipestimate.com/SMRT-Corporation-Ltd-Discussing-Partnership-with-BYD--and-ndash-the-Largest-Electric-Bus-Manufacturer-in-World-for-the-Rights-to-Sell-Electric-Vehicles-in-Singapore/Semiconductor-IP-Core/news/11255
- https://landtransportguru.net/byd-k9rc/
- https://landtransportguru.net/byd-k9-gemilang/
- https://www.sbstransit.com.sg/Uploads/Sustainability/Sustainability%20Report%202022/SBS%20SR22%20(Final).pdf
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/transport/ultra-fast-ev-chargers-due-in-s-pore-by-2024-under-tie-up-with-huawei-ev-electric
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The main providers for surveillance and biometric equiment in Singapore are Genetec, Idemia, and Reveal. However, some of these systems reportedly have compatibility with PRC equipment. Dahua and Hikvision surveillance equipment have been deployed in publicly run-areas. PRC surveillance provider SenseTime, implicated in surveillance of Uyghurs in Xinjiang, reportedly provides services to Singapore. SenseTime is reportedly used by Nanyang Technological University and allegedly receives investment from the Singapore sovereign wealth fund, Temasek Holdings.
- https://www.genetec.com/press-center/press-releases/2021/02/genetec-lands-multi-year-changi-airport-group-security-upgrade-project
- https://www.idemia.com/press-release/idemia-extends-its-presence-singapore-changi-airport-multi-biometric-frictionless-technology-2022-06-07
- https://www.channelasia.tech/article/707061/idemia-automate-singapore-travel-border-systems-ica/
- https://www.revealmedia.co.uk/int/news/singapore-police-to-deploy-reveal-body-cameras-by-the-end-of-the-month
- https://www.surveillancewatch.io/
- https://discovery.hgdata.com/product/sensetime
- https://www.aspi.org.au/report/mapping-more-chinas-tech-giants
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has been trying to push its smart city developments both locally and overseas. The PRC state and PRC firms are often partners both locally and abroad.
- https://www.zdnet.com/article/singapore-china-renew-smart-city-collaboration-with-digital-economy-initiatives/
- https://www.allenandgledhill.com/sg/publication/articles/22849/new-joint-projects-agreed-under-shenzhen-smart-city-initiative
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2022/eight-mous-signed-at-the-third-singapore-china-shenzhen-smart-city-initiative-joint-implementation-committee-meeting
- https://www.mci.gov.sg/media-centre/speeches/speech-by-ps-joseph-for-the-3rd-singapore-china-smart-city-initiative/
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/News-and-Events/Media-Room/Media-Releases/06/Annex-A-Fact-Sheet.pdf
- https://opengovasia.com/singapore-china-smart-city-initiative-agree-to-accelerate-and-further-digitalisation/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has several major agreements with PRC firms, notably China Telecom, for undersea fiber-optic cables.
- https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/
- https://www.singtel.com/about-us/media-centre/news-releases/singtel-co-leads-consortium-to-build-us-300-million-undersea-fib
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/singtel-co-led-consortium-to-build-us300-million-undersea-fibre-optic-cable-system
- https://w.media/china-to-develop-its-own-version-of-subsea-fiber-optic-cable/
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/china-plans-us500-million-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/mobile-spotlight/singtel-co-led-consortium-build-us300m
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/us-and-china-wage-war-beneath-waves-over-internet-cables-3374896
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As a major financial hub, Singapore services many PRC financial firms and family offices. These entities are active in the start-up environment in Singapore. PRC-related tech firms like TikTok, Alibaba, and SHEIN have established Singapore as headquarters. PRC technology firms have significant statkes in Singapore firms like Shopee and Lazada. Ant Group even has a digital bank. Observers suspect PRC technology firms of using Singapore as a platform to de-emphasize their PRC links and perhaps gain access into markets that require more scrutiny. Terms like "Singapore-washing" or "Singapore-cukooing" describe this phenomenon. The PRC is a major, but not the top, source of FDI and trade partner in services in Singapore through such investments.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/DealStreetAsia/China-s-top-venture-capital-companies-flock-to-Singapore
- https://www.techinasia.com/china-vc-singapore-southeast-asia-startup
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/china-venture-capital-private-equity-funds-rattled-proposed-changes
- https://www.ft.com/content/49134abc-60d0-4a39-9903-361f720c9081
- https://www.rikvin.com/blog/top-22-venture-capital-firms-and-angel-investors-in-singapore/
- https://businesschina.org.sg/en-us/event-highlights/accelerate-china-asean-venture-capital-investment-and-start-up-innovation-beyond-covid-19
- https://www.alibabagroup.com/en-US/about-alibaba-businesses-1492015707334901760
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/shopee-owners-chief-forrest-li-named-businessman-of-the-year
- https://www.techinasia.com/shein-shifts-parent-firm-singapore-sources
- https://fashionunited.uk/news/business/shein-reportedly-expands-singapore-office-relocates-administrative-home/2022021861462
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/property/tiktok-owner-bytedance-moving-to-bigger-singapore-office-at-one-raffles-quay-amid
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2620FO/
- https://vulcanpost.com/758901/tiktok-hiring-600-jobs-singapore/
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/singapore-tallest-building-alibaba-perennial-axa-tower-guoco-2860921
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/chinas-tencent-picks-singapore-as-asia-hub-after-india-us-bans
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/fintech-giant-ant-group-opens-new-office-in-s-pore-set-to-expand-offerings
- https://www.edb.gov.sg/en/about-edb/media-releases-publications/ant-group-expands-singapore-presence-and-launches-ant-international-foundation.html
- https://www.alibabacloud.com/trust-center/singapore
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/business/2024/02/22/companies/china-picking-singapore-over-hong-kong/
- https://www.japantimes.co.jp/commentary/2024/02/22/world/singapore-china-trade/
- https://sg.finance.yahoo.com/news/sequoias-china-units-move-singapore-005912043.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAANSNeB3tdB9OiBjecdqEtVZj5w184mwf3tGL4rsiXTMB6oLGT1f5wW9cU2dLuumdwmqkpvV6_bJDUm0vaLaWPO6M1onH_VfluYLziq7EkPtW7icp2WR8eNrY3NjZdmkw8iantwrIEodD5MwG6H-KG_LLRxi4D6Btl5FRvzd4rO_r
- https://www.thinkchina.sg/big-read-how-chinese-enterprises-de-risk-singapore-washing-amid-china-us-tensions
- https://www.ft.com/content/b66e2f92-1b92-47af-8f4b-f2a1abcedfbd
- https://www.ft.com/content/a0c11e3e-ab72-4b4b-a55c-557191e53938
- https://www.asiasentinel.com/p/singapore-pay-price-china-cuckooing
- https://www.edunion.org.tw/category/chinas-crony-capital-watch/shopee/
- https://www.edunion.org.tw/edutw/【目錄】蝦皮/
- https://www.edunion.org.tw/newsrelease/潘杰賢收購蘋果新聞網-上海合夥人與中國黨政/
- https://watchout.tw/reports/0FAjbPK7iCak1GlkbWGs
- https://tw.news.yahoo.com/蘋果新買家有中資-潘杰賢-張鐘予是新加坡人-非神秘金主-034252917.html
- https://www.singstat.gov.sg/modules/infographics/economy
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M083801
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M083811
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M060261
- https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M060271
- https://asianbankingandfinance.net/news/ant-group-unveils-new-singapore-office-launches-foundation
- https://vulcanpost.com/846006/ant-group-ceo-eric-jing-singapore-expansion-going-global/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore firms and the Singapore state has several arrangements with PRC-connected entities to collaborate on technological development, notably in blockchain technology and other areas of fintech. The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), Singapore's central bank, is testing a treasury management solution with Ant Group. This aims to allow real-time, multi-currency clearance and settlements using tokenized deposits. MAS and Singapore banks are developing digital payment solutions with the People's Bank of China and PRC frims like Ant Group.
- https://www.ledgerinsights.com/digital-yuan-cbdc-chinese-visitors-to-singapore/
- https://www.imda.gov.sg/resources/press-releases-factsheets-and-speeches/press-releases/2023/china-sg-paperless-trade-successfully-piloted
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/international/singapore-based-crypto-mogul-who-riled-china-pushes-envelope-again
- https://www.protocol.com/china/china-crypto-exodus-singapore
- https://www.coindesk.com/policy/2023/07/05/singapore-bank-dbs-starts-e-cny-collection-platform/
- https://fintechnews.sg/78330/blockchain/singapore-china-cambodia-lead-the-pack-in-cbdc-development/
- https://fintech.global/2023/12/08/singapore-and-china-bolster-financial-cooperation-with-new-initiatives/#:~:text=The%20core%20of%20this%20partnership,China%2C%20fostering%20deeper%20economic%20ties.
- https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2023/singapore-and-china-enhance-digital-finance-and-capital-markets-cooperation
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Finance/Singapore-fintech-partners-with-Alipay-to-meet-holiday-demand
- https://www.globalgovernmentfintech.com/singapore-and-china-to-pilot-cross-border-digital-yuan-use-for-tourism-spending/
- https://ibsintelligence.com/ibsi-news/singapore-and-china-enhance-digital-finance-and-capital-markets-co-operation/
- https://sg.alibabacloud.com
- https://www.alibabacloud.com/idc-detail?spm=a3c0i.239203.8102673320.6.6050474abAHb7z
- https://www.alibabacloud.com/trust-center/singapore
- https://vulcanpost.com/846006/ant-group-ceo-eric-jing-singapore-expansion-going-global/
- https://www.mas.gov.sg/news/media-releases/2023/singapore-and-china-enhance-digital-finance-and-capital-markets-cooperation
- https://www.dbs.com.sg/personal/deposits/pay-with-ease/paylah-unionpay
- https://global.alipay.com/docs/ac/antomop/paynow
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/startups/ocbc-enable-qr-payments-china-ant-group-partnership
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has signed several agreements to cooperate on space technology with the PRC.
- https://www.bcsatellite.net/singapore-china-collaborating-on-space-technology/
- https://www.space.org.sg/singapore-partners-chinese-association-to-develop-satnav-tech/
- https://news.nus.edu.sg/singapore-china-to-collaborate-on-space-and-satellite-technology/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore is working with the PRC to develop applications for BeiDou, including the protection of BeiDou signals against jamming.
- http://www.spacetime-tech.com/singapore-and-china-collaborate-beidou-applications
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/china-is-building-beidou-a-12-billion-rival-to-the-american-run-gps
- https://www.gpsworld.com/singapore-joins-with-china-to-develop-apps-protect-beidou-signals/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore is a small, unitary state. There is no sub-national level of government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore is a city-state, so it does not enter into sister-city agreements.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Quasi-official Business China funds visits to the PRC based on fundraising among members. A number include sitting Members of Parliament. Some of its leadership have close ties with PRC United Front Work Department affiliated bodies.
- http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0421/c117005-26881197.html
- http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/hbyw/hbywqb/201504/t20150421_643198.shtml
- https://businesschina.org.sg/en-us/speeches/business-china-awards-2021-opening-remarks-by-business-china-chairman-mr-lee-yi-shyan
- https://www.yes.org.sg
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/tin-pei-ling-takes-over-from-sun-xueling-as-business-china-ceo
- https://businesschina.org.sg/en-us/event-highlights/business-china-ceo-speaks-on-singapores-opportunity-as-a-global-tech-hub
- https://businesschina.org.sg/en-us/event-highlights/working-hand-in-hand-with-youths-to-cultivate-the-next-generation-of-singapore-china-savvy-talents-a-dialogue-session-with-business-china-ceo-ms-tin-pei-ling
- https://businesschina.org.sg/en-us/p/about-us-board-of-directors
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Individuals in Singapore affiliated with the ruling People's Action Party grassroots and also former PAP members of parliament have been on trips to the PRC that have been sponsored at least partially by the United Front Work Department. These individuals have close ties and regular contact with PAP members of parliament and ministers. Some of these individuals from Singapore also belong to CPPCC, COFA, or other United Front Work Department affiliated organisations. Note also relationship between quasi-official Business China (discussed above) from Singapore and various PRC government entities.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/as-china-re-opens-old-friends-from-singapore-get-a-head-start-in-resuming-ties
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
- http://zitongshanghui.com/index.php?m=home&c=View&a=index&aid=69
- https://www.scwsb.gov.cn/xwzx/yw/qwyw/201703/t20170307_7936.html
- https://huayuanassociation.com/zh/category/华源新闻/
- http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/hbyw/hbywqb/201504/t20150421_643198.shtml
- https://ace.edu.sg/advisory-board/
- http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0421/c117005-26881197.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Party-to-party contact beyween the CCP and Singapore's PAP have increased over the years, given the CCP's emphasis on developing party-to-party ties. Several meetings between Singapor and PRC officials have taken place under the label of party-to-party meetings. Singapore's PAP has participated in the World Poltical Parties Summit, the events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party.
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/zxwl/202401/t20240130_11235736.htm
- http://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2023/1028/c64094-40105300.html
- https://www.pap.org.sg/news/remarks-by-deputy-government-whip-and-pap-womens-wing-vice-chairperson-sim-ann-for-the-cpc-and-world-political-parties-summit-on-6-july-2021/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/20240129/60e6f8d9baf84a28bad729e606d93984/c.html
- http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-02/20/c_1129381420.htm
- http://www.news.cn/politics/2023-02/20/c_1129381420.htm
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20240129-1465152
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no such reports. Singapore's Political Donations Act and the subsequent Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act prohibit funding from foreign sources. However, what is less clear is the handling of donations made through local proxies. Designated Politically Significant Persons in Singapore are not required to publicly disclose their income, assets, outgoing donations, or lobbying contacts, even though income, assets, and incoming donations must be reported to the state.
- https://sso.agc.gov.sg//Act/FICA2021
- https://sso.agc.gov.sg//Acts-Supp/20-2000/Published/20011231?DocDate=20000620&ViewType=Advance&Phrase=Political+Donations+Act&WiAl=1
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Individuals holding Singapore citizenship and associated with the United Front have been known to participate in the People's Action Party (PAP) grassroots, which overlap with the official People's Association grassroots. The PAP grassroots frequently donate to the party or are involved in fundraising activities.
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/as-china-re-opens-old-friends-from-singapore-get-a-head-start-in-resuming-ties
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
- http://zitongshanghui.com/index.php?m=home&c=View&a=index&aid=69
- https://www.scwsb.gov.cn/xwzx/yw/qwyw/201703/t20170307_7936.html
- https://huayuanassociation.com/zh/category/华源新闻/
- http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/hbyw/hbywqb/201504/t20150421_643198.shtml
- https://ace.edu.sg/advisory-board/
- http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0421/c117005-26881197.html
- https://www.pa.gov.sg/our-network/grassroots-organisations/grassroots-organisations/
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/pap-opposition-grassroots-ground-campaign-politics-3053346
- https://www.gov.sg/article/what-do-peoples-association-grassroots-leaders-do
- https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singaporescene/pa-explains-why-opposition-mps-cannot-grassroots-advisers-161613082.html
- https://www.straitstimes.com/business/retiring-temasek-ceo-ho-ching-to-join-temasek-trust-board-take-over-as-chairman-from-april
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/tell-the-china-story-well-beijing-s-campaign-to-co-opt-chinese-diaspora-gains-urgency-amid-pressures
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/line-crossed-under-foreign-interference-law-when-people-promote-foreign-political-interests-experts
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/philip-chan-resigns-as-president-of-hk-s-pore-business-association-amid-foreign-interference-notice
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/singapore-citizen-accused-foreign-interference-021050371.html
- http://hainan.org.sg/index.php?m=index&a=history7
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC official and quasi-official media (e.g., Global Times) have in the past criticized Singapore leaders. However, this has become less common following the South China Sea Arbitral Tribunal decision and Singapore's relative quiet after the detention of its armored vehicles in Hong Kong. The most recent criticism was not directed at a politician but at the Singapore government for extending congratulations to Lai Ching-te on his election as the next president of Taiwan. The criticism was made by PRC Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning and carried by media outlets. Additionally, magazines in the PRC have published generated images of container ships armed with missiles attacking what appears to be the Singapore port.
- https://news.sina.cn/2017-07-19/detail-ifyiamif3495815.d.html
- https://interface.sina.cn/pc_to_wap.d.html?ref=http%3A%2F%2Ffinance.sina.com.cn%2Fzl%2Fmanagement%2F2016-08-23%2Fzl-ifxvcsrn8976287.shtml
- https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/world/2013/08/130823_singapore_gn
- https://www.voachinese.com/a/singapore-china-20161007/3541569.html
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/fyrth/202401/t20240115_11224225.htm
- https://world.huanqiu.com/article/4GBPfrGUZfg
- http://sg.china-embassy.gov.cn/zxwl/202401/t20240115_11224353.htm
- https://www.hk01.com/即時中國/981300/新加坡恭賀賴清德和民進黨勝選-中方第一時間提出嚴正交涉
- https://twitter.com/lylegoldstein/status/1668791930308763650?s=61&t=R2USFf4jVHZhZCpmO3bzdg
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Senior Singapore political office holders, including the Prime Minister and the powerful Home Affairs Minister, have publicly supported the actions of the Hong Kong government and police.
- https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/speeches/soc-70th-anniversary-event/
- https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/03/03/k-shanmugam-uses-hong-kong-protests-as-case-study-to-justify-curtailing-singaporeans-freedom-of-assembly/
- https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/parliamentary/committee-of-supply-debate-2020-on-a-strong-home-team-for-a-safe-and-secure-home---speech-by-mr-k-shanmugam-minister-for-home-affairs-and-minister-for-law/
- https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/17/singapore-pm-lee-hsien-loong-on-hong-kong-protests-businesses.html
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3033441/singapores-lee-hsien-loong-social-media-hero-china-hong-kong
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Hong-Kong-protests/Hong-Kong-instability-is-bad-for-us-says-Singapore-PM
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3033279/hong-kong-protesters-five-demands-meant-humiliate-government
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/hong-kong-protest-demands-are-unrealistic-singapore-pm-says
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Dialogue-by-PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-at-the-Atlantic-Council-Front-Page-Online-Event
- https://www.ft.com/content/0d8cba3c-f539-11e9-b018-3ef8794b17c6
- https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2019/10/17/hong-kong-protesters-demands-serve-to-humiliate-and-bring-down-the-government-says-pm-lee/
- https://hongkongfp.com/2019/11/10/singaporeans-dont-back-hong-kong-protests/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Former foreign minister George Yeo served as chairman of the Kuok family owned Kerry Group for several years. Former foreign ministry permanent secretary Kishore Mahbubani serves on the board of Kuok family owned Wilmar International. Several key members of the Kuok family serve on United Front affliates such as the CPPCC and Chinese Overseas Friendship Association. Also on the board of Wilmar is former head og the Singapore civil service, Lim Siong Guan. Former senior ministers of state Lee Yi Shyan and Chan Soo Sen serve on the board of Tianfu Association which is headed by CPPCC and COFA affiliated Tony Du Zhiqiang.
- http://www.bjzx.gov.cn/wspt/bjzxwycx/202302/t20230220_43334.html
- https://www1.hkej.com/features/article?q=%23港版國安法最新發展%23&suid=2955023383
- http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/zxww/2023/01/18/ARTI1674005617470226.shtml
- https://ele-committee.hk01.com/2021/candidate/1560/郭孔丞
- https://www.yicai.com/news/100130297.html
- https://news.sina.cn/sx/2023-06-07/detail-imywnfwf0308102.d.html
- https://www.wilmar-international.com/about-us/leadership
- https://tianfu.org.sg/board-of-directors/
- http://www.sc.chinanews.com.cn/schqhrstdh/2021-06-22/150942.html
- https://www.zytzb.gov.cn/zytzb/2023-12/29/article_2023122908350550481.shtml
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/tell-the-china-story-well-beijing-s-campaign-to-co-opt-chinese-diaspora-gains-urgency-amid-pressures
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore officials claim to seek 'balance,' but the highlighting of overtly pro-PRC positions, whether in Singapore's state-owned media or elsewhere, often invites criticism from both Singapore officials and the state-owned media, sometimes multiple times. Given that state-owned media dominates the Singapore media landscape, such responses are significant. That said, milder criticism of the PRC is permissible. More direct critiques of the PRC and its positions tend to come from designated individuals, such as former Ministry of Foreign Affairs Permanent Secretary and retired Ambassador-at-Large, Bilahari Kausikan.
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/realtime/singapore/story20230725-1417359
- https://www.zaobao.com.sg/news/singapore/story20230726-1417480
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Mission/Washington/Mission-Updates/2023/08/Letter-to-the-Editor---Washington-Post
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no topic-oriented, cross-political party standing parliamentary committees in Singapore; only Government Parliamentary Committees (GPCs) affiliated with the People's Action Party (PAP). However, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has advocated for an upgrade in existing party-to-party ties with Singapore's long-ruling PAP, which dominates Parliament. Such an upgrade occurred in April 2023 as part of the Singapore-PRC 'All-Round High-Quality Future-Oriented Partnership.'
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Joint-Announcement-China-and-Singapore-all-round-high-quality-future-oriented-partnership-Apr-2023
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/singapore-china-reaffirm-close-ties-discuss-cooperation-emerging-areas
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-china-ties-upgraded-relations-pm-lee-hsien-loong-li-qiang-3390376
- https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/politics/pap-ccp-ties-have-greatly-benefited-people-of-spore-china-lee-hsien-loong
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore generally does not seek or receive foreign aid.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The PRC offers training for Singapore public servants. There are also Singapore government scholarships for public officers to receive higher education and training in the PRC. The numbers may be small, but Singapore's elitist system prioritises recipients of government scholarships. Promising officials are also among the groups sent ot the PRC for training.
- https://mpa.fudan.edu.cn/_upload/article/files/f9/2a/c45259574f58bddc75cdb01c318f/53619bdf-f5e0-42cc-8bc1-16ffdbdd34da.pdf
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Career/Scholarship
- http://www.singapore-china.org/profile/events/12010501.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no publicly known reports, although there are reports of Singapore nationals held in the PRC for alleged criminal activity.
- https://www.ricemedia.co/features-the-singaporean-arrested-in-xinjiang/
- https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/24/asia/singapore-china-death-penalty-intl-hnk/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Participation at the senior civil servant level, but events with CCICED participation includes ministers and former officials.
- http://www.news.cn/politics/2022-06/17/c_1128748862.htm
- http://www.brigc.net/xwzx/dtzx/lmdt/202111/t20211116_130134.html
- https://businesschina.org.sg/zh-cn/p/fcgf-programme-2022
- https://yicai.smgbb.cn/live/m/101858140.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore upgraded its relationship with the PRC to a "All-Round High-Quality Future-Oriented Partnership" in 2023. A recent meeting further saw the signing of 24 MOUs. Singapore and the PRC are strategic partners through ASEAN.
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Joint-Announcement-China-and-Singapore-all-round-high-quality-future-oriented-partnership-Apr-2023
- https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/2023-04/01/content_5749659.htm
- https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/singapore-china-reaffirm-close-ties-discuss-cooperation-emerging-areas
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/DPM-Lawrence-Wong-at-the-19th-JCBC-and-Related-Joint-Steering-Council-Meetings
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/pm-lee-hsien-loong-china-xi-jinping-beijing-partnership-3388341
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-free-trade-agreement-negotiations-pm-lee-3389996
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_677076/1207_677088/201511/t20151107_8005152.shtml
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_677076/1207_677088/200011/t20001107_9305822.shtml
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/1179_674909/202211/t20221111_10972996.shtml
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/1179_674909/201811/t20181115_7947869.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore government has become clearer about its own 'one China policy' in recent years, emphasizing that it is distinct from the PRC's 'one China principle.' This distinction was evident in its congratulatory statement to Lai Ching-te on his election. Singapore's 'one China policy' acknowledges Taiwan as part of China and opposes Taiwan independence. However, it remains vague on whether 'China' exclusively refers to the PRC, even though Singapore officially recognizes the PRC.
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/01/20240114taiwanelections
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2023/02/PRCFMV210223
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gjhdq_665435/2675_665437/2777_663548/2779_663552/202004/t20200429_523798.html
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2022/08/20220804-Meeting-with-China-FM
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/vivian-balakrishnan-mfa-china-beijing-us-spy-balloon-3293026
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_677076/1207_677088/200011/t20001107_9305822.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore has remained silent on the claims of all states to the South China Sea, including those of the PRC. However, it accepts the Arbitral Tribunal ruling that features in the South China Sea are not islands capable of possessing Exclusive Economic Zones and supported the Arbitral Tribunal process, which the PRC rejected. Singapore advocates for the peaceful resolution of competing claims in accordance with prevailing international law, including UNCLOS as conventionally interpreted.
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2016/07/MFA-Spokesmans-Comments-on-the-ruling-of-the-Arbitral-Tribunal-in-the-Philippines-v-China-case-under
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2016/07/MFA-Press-Release-Transcript-of-Minister-for-Foreign-Affairs-Vivian-Balakrishnans-reply-to-the-Parli
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2013/01/Transcript-of-Minister-for-Foreign-Affairs-K-Shanmugams-reply-to-Parliamentary-Questions-and-Supplem
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2013/01/Minister-K-Shanmugams-speech-at-the-2013-annual-Turkish-Ambassadors-Conference-Ankara-Turkey-4-Janua
- https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Mission/Ministry-of-Foreign-Affairs---Permanent-Mission-of-the-Republic-of-Singapore/Press-Statements-Speeches/2013/01/press_20130123
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore officials avoid public statements about Xinjiang and the treatment of Uyghurs even when directly asked.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Singapore officials have avoided discussing the human rights situation in Tibet.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Senior Singapore political office holders, including the Prime Minister and the powerful Home Affairs Minister, have publicly supported the actions of the Hong Kong government and police.
- https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/speeches/soc-70th-anniversary-event/
- https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2020/03/03/k-shanmugam-uses-hong-kong-protests-as-case-study-to-justify-curtailing-singaporeans-freedom-of-assembly/
- https://www.mha.gov.sg/mediaroom/parliamentary/committee-of-supply-debate-2020-on-a-strong-home-team-for-a-safe-and-secure-home---speech-by-mr-k-shanmugam-minister-for-home-affairs-and-minister-for-law/
- https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/17/singapore-pm-lee-hsien-loong-on-hong-kong-protests-businesses.html
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3033441/singapores-lee-hsien-loong-social-media-hero-china-hong-kong
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Hong-Kong-protests/Hong-Kong-instability-is-bad-for-us-says-Singapore-PM
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3033279/hong-kong-protesters-five-demands-meant-humiliate-government
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-10-17/hong-kong-protest-demands-are-unrealistic-singapore-pm-says
- https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/Dialogue-by-PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-at-the-Atlantic-Council-Front-Page-Online-Event
- https://www.ft.com/content/0d8cba3c-f539-11e9-b018-3ef8794b17c6
- https://www.theonlinecitizen.com/2019/10/17/hong-kong-protesters-demands-serve-to-humiliate-and-bring-down-the-government-says-pm-lee/
- https://hongkongfp.com/2019/11/10/singaporeans-dont-back-hong-kong-protests/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.