Peru
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 28 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 179 / 396 | - |
Jul 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 24 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 50 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 24 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 47 % | - |
In 2023, Peru had a GDP per capita of US$6,692 and a total population of 34.35 million people.
Peru established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1971. Peru was ranked 125th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Partly Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 66/100.
Key Takeaways
- It is more than evident that China's influence in Peru is strong through foreign policy, economy and society. However, the economic aspect is most critical when it comes to China's influence in Peru.
- In the last 15 years, China has positioned itself economically in Peru via the Free Trade Agreement between both countries. This has allowed China to be the owner of the main copper producing mine in the country, to build the future main port terminal in South America at Chancay, and to own companies in charge of the generation and distribution of electrical energy. All this is due to the positive foreign policy that Peru has towards the PRC.
- Chinese migration to Peru has contributed in cultural, economic and social aspects, earning a reputation as among the most Chinese countries in Latin America, as mentioned by journalist Patricia Castro Obando. This is reflected in the contributions to Peruvian gastronomy through the famous Chifa culinary tradition, and the entrepreneurship of Erasmo Wong Chiang in founding the Metro and Wong supermarkets, the most important in the country.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to World Chinese Media, there is only one media outlet affiliated with it. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. The affiliated media has the name "Peru Pass" and its communication impact in Peru is not visible. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Insignificant” rating.
Supplementary Notes
World Chinese Media indexes a portal called PeruPass, but when accessing the web address it redirects to a portal called "Henan College of Transportation", which claims to be a higher educational institution. Additionally, the web address of said institution is Link, this creates confusion.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
According to the BRNA website, there is no Peruvian media affiliated with them.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Travel by Peruvian journalists to events linked to China is rare. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. These journalists who have traveled later write about events or projects inside and outside China in a positive way and do not show a critical stance, which turns out to be a kind of advertorial. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://larepublica.pe/cultura-asiatica/2023/10/16/china-beijing-realiza-el-3-foro-de-la-nueva-ruta-maritima-y-terrestre-de-la-seda-del-siglo-xxi-1523264
- https://larepublica.pe/politica/judiciales/2023/11/26/china-construye-un-sistema-juridico-propio-1134588
- https://www.instagram.com/reel/Cy0UIH_M1Jy/
- https://www.chinanews.com.cn/sh/2023/11-01/10104256.shtml
Supplementary Notes
"The journalist from Diario La República, Cesar Romero, traveled to China for a period of 5 months. In which he reported on different types of events about China. In his article ""China builds its own legal system"" published on November 26, 2023, a photo is shown whose caption reads ""Professors and students of the Beijing University of Political Science and Law."" In this photo Cesar Romero is present in the center wearing a shirt and a jacket (to the left of the girl with a white sweater). See: Link Furthermore, for some time now Cesar Romero has appeared in videos and news from institutions linked to the Chinese government."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Cesar Romero, journalist from La República, traveled to China with 13 other journalists from Latin America. In one of the events he participated in, it is mentioned that: "The Hebei-Tianjin line Chinese and foreign online media exchange event "Read China" was co-sponsored by the Public Diplomacy Association and China Global Network and was launched in May this year and invited journalists from foreign media to visit various provinces in China to read about China's historical and cultural heritage and the development process of modern science and technology. Vivid Chinese stories spread the true image of China ". It is difficult to determine how many journalists travel to China each year and are financed by the government or related institutions. It should be noted that the case of Cesar Romero, his trip to China, was known in a certain circle of journalists.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese channel CCTV and its other versions are present on clabe or satellite television services in Peru. Therefore, this indicator deserves a rating of “More than a few.” Chinese businesses in Peru are the main observers of this channel, whether in Spanish or Chinese. Likewise, some journalistic notes are broadcast on open news programs. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
Supplementary Notes
CCTV has a group of correspondents in Peru who cover the most important events in China and relevant events happening in Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In Peru there are no television or written press media managed by companies or people of Chinese origin. However, there are magazines like ChinaHoy that are distributed in Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In June 2024, the National Institute of Radio and Television of Peru (IRTP) and the China Media Group (CMG) signed an agreement to strengthen technological cooperation, focusing on innovation and the exchange of television content.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The majority of written, television and digital media have written about the importance of the Peruvian-Chinese brotherhood. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. These media outlets have for years made special publications emphasizing China's cultural contribution to Peru. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The aspect of human rights in China is a complicated and difficult issue to expose in open and written media in Peru. The Peruvian media usually avoids touching on controversial issues linked to China.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"During the last two years (2023), various public and private universities have signed agreements to promote technological development. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. These signed agreements tend to be replicated by other universities that do not have this type of agreement. It is not ruled out that in the coming years, more universities will sign agreements with Chinese technology companies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating."
Supplementary Notes
Currently Huawei is the Chinese technology company that has signed the most agreements with public and private universities in Peru. Among the universities that have established an agreement with Huawei are: National Engineering Universities (UNI), National University of the Altiplano (UNAP), Cesar Vallejo University (UCV), Federico Villarreal University (UFV), San Martín de Porres University (USMP) , Scientific University of the South (UCSUR) and Universidad Mayor de San Marcos (UNMSM).
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"In Peru there are four Confucio Institutes and they are present in prestigious private universities. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. The Confucio Institutes have been promoted by the Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China in private universities. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In the document called "National Basic Education Curriculum" approved by Ministerial Resolution No. 281-2016-MINEDU, it considers English as the only foreign language to be taught in public educational institutions.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is recorded that the Peruvian state and two private universities have had contact with the SiLK Road Think Tank Network (SiLKS). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. Only National Center for Strategic Planning joined the SiLK Road Think Tank Network (SiLKS). Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Trips by basic and higher education teachers to China are rare. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. It is the trips of teachers linked to the Confucius Institutes that have traveled the most to China, whose agenda is varied from meetings to participation in events. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Confucius Institute of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru is a project that came from the Ministry of Education of China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Peruvian academics who study China prefer to write from a geopolitical-economic perspective.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Peru is the main country in South America where Chinese investment exceeds 13 billion dollars. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
China is not on the list of countries that are part of the medium and long-term external debt according to public reports made by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
70.8% of the total copper exported by Peru is destined for China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese company Cosco Shipping Ports is in charge of the construction of the Chancay megaport, which would position Peru as a geostrategic trade point in the Pacific. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
The presence of Chinese companies in different sectors is strong. MMG is the main Chinese mining company that is in charge of the largest copper project in Peru, Cosco is in charge of the construction and management of the largest port in the country, China Southern Power Grid bought the electricity distribution company Enel, dominating the electricity generation and distribution market in Lima.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since March 2022, Peru formally joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank of Beijing. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
Through Legislative Resolution No. 31373, the Congress of the Republic of Peru approved the founding agreement of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Peru is not part of any of the three organizations described in the questions. The Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce's website shows current members.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In Announcement No. 89 of the CIPS it indicates that there are 17 participants from South America. However, the countries or financial/banking institution are not indicated.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since April 2010, the Free Trade Agreement between Peru and China came into effect. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Peru has 4 Special Development Zones located in the departments of Piura in the north and Arequipa, Moquegua and Tacna in the south, which make up the Special Economic Zones of Peru.Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.gob.pe/institucion/mincetur/informes-publicaciones/1102011-zonas-economicas-especiales-del-peru-zee-espanol-e-ingles
- https://elcomercio.pe/economia/peru/empresa-china-invertira-us-300-millones-planta-acero-zed-paita-noticia-nndc-564763-noticia/
- https://apam-peru.com/web/zona-especial-de-paita-logra-atraer-capitales-chinos/
Supplementary Notes
The Special Economic Zones (SEZ) or Economic Development Zones (ZED) that have been developed in Peru aim to attract foreign capital. The main areas currently export raw materials to China and the United States. In these areas there is strong interest from Chinese businessmen, such as the case of the construction of a steel plant in the ZED Paita by Chinese capital.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A group called "Peruvian Association for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China" represented by Mr. Lei Ziming has been known for more than 7 years.Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. This association has held meetings with the Chinese Embassy in Peru and with other associations of the same type in Latin America. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- http://pe.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/sghd/201508/t20150819_4463865.htm
- https://www.52hrtt.com/fj/n/w/info/A1698309706982
Supplementary Notes
The activities of the "Peruvian Association for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China" on social networks and in Spanish-language browser search engines are limited.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://apch.com.pe/
- http://www.scbcperu.com/es/
- https://asociacionchina.net/
- https://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio//handle/20.500.12404/14220
- https://asociacionchina.net/zh/quienes-somos/
Supplementary Notes
In Peru there are Chinese associations. However, they do not indicate being linked to the United World Chinese Association. The most notable associations are the Peruvian Chinese Association, Tung Sing Society, the Association of Chinese Companies in Peru and the Ton Huy Chong Koc Chinese Charity Central Society. The oldest associations are or were in the Chinatown, located in the Historic Center of Lima and a few blocks from the Government Palace and the Congress of the Republic.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found about meetings with the main unions in Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Different Chinese associations celebrate their main festivals in Peru, in which the Peruvian population also participates. There is the case of the Chinese New Year and the activities that take place in the Chinatown of the Historic Center of Lima. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. These events are broadcast by the Peruvian media, they are replicated in some universities where there are Confucius Institutes and there is participation from the Chinese Embassy in Peru. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-01-15/1614516343421587458/index.html
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=491755061242294
Supplementary Notes
In the following video broadcast by CGTN in Spanish in 2018, you can see how activities are carried out in the Chinatown of the Historic Center of Lima for the Chinese New Year.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
"In December 2017, the vice president of the All-China Federation of Women, Song Xiuyan, visited Peru at the invitation of the political party ""Peruanos por el Kambio."" It should be noted that said political party was the party of former president Pedro Pablo Kuczynski (2016-2018), which would later be vacated by the Congress of the Republic. Likewise, Song Xiuyan held meetings with Luis Galarreta, former president of the Congress of the Republic (2017-2018) and Gilbert Violeta, former congressman and main leader of the ""Peruanos por el Kambio"" party."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese social network TikTok is among the top 5 networks used by Peruvians, having strong growth at the time of the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
The consulting company Comscore specialized in marketing and the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism have been the ones that have carried out studies on the interaction of Peruvians with social networks. The National Institute of Statistics and Informatics, a specialized technical agency of the Peruvian government, to date has not prepared a study on the interaction of Peruvians with social networks. It should be noted that Facebook and Instagram are the favorite social networks in Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Diverse public and private institutions promote cultural events and exchanges linked to the PRC. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. The signing of the "Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic of China and the Ministry of Culture of Peru on the Mutual Establishment of Cultural Centers" and similar agreements has strengthened cultural exchange. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2022-12-08/1600717794552610818/index.html
- https://puntoedu.pucp.edu.pe/institucional/consejero-cultural-de-la-embajada-china-visita-la-pucp-para-fortalecer-intercambio-cultural-y-academico/
- https://diariodelcusco.pe/2024/tendencias/baile-del-dragon-para-un-feliz-ano-nuevo-chino-y-flash-mob-del-zodiaco-impresiona-a-peru/
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-09-29/1707612741540556802/index.html
Supplementary Notes
Not only the Peruvian Youth Association of Jiangmen Wuyi receives support from the PRC government. But also universities such as the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru that met with the Chinese ambassador in Peru to promote culture, exchange and relations between both countries. On union with PUCP officials and the Chinese ambassador.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The gaming community in Peru generally does not prefer to discuss external political issues. The most debated thing was the departure of the World of Warcraft game from the Chinese market. An example is the Peruvian Youtuber nicknamed "Dantaes" who published a video about the release of the World of Warcraft game from the Chinese market.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a positive perception and it is considered a friendly and partner country, it is considered a beneficial influence for Peru. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Armed Forces of Peru received a donation of nearly 18 million dollars in equipment from the PRC. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/74573-peru-y-china-fortalecen-relaciones
- https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/china-influence-latin-america-argentina-brazil-venezuela-security-energy-bri
- https://revanellis.com/What%20China%E2%80%99s%20Global%20Security%20Initiative%20Tells%20Us%20About%20Its%20Strategic%20Engagement%20with%20Latin%20America%20%E2%80%93%20R%20Evan%20Ellis.pdf
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the Ministry of Defense of Argentina, Peru and other Latin American countries participated in the V Sino-Latin American Defense Forum (a Subforum of the China-CELAC Forum) that took place in December 2022. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
To date, the media indicate that there is an intention by China to establish a base in Argentine Patagonia. However, the United States government considers that the future port of Chancay in Peru, under construction by the Chinese company Cosco Shipping Ports, could be used as a resupply point for Chinese government warships.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-buque-hospital-chino-atendio-a-2000-pacientes-peruanos-seis-dias-591327.aspx
- https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/553963-china-dona-un-millon-de-dosis-de-vacunas-contra-la-covid-19-al-peru
Supplementary Notes
"In December 2015, the Chinese hospital ship ""Ark of Peace"" treated 2,000 Peruvian patients for six days. In November 2021, the Chinese government donated one million doses of vaccines against Covid-19, there is no indication that this is linked to the PLA."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In June 2023, the Ministry of Defense authorized the travel of Major General (r) Walter Roger Martos Ruiz, General Director of the Center for Higher National Studies - Graduate School to participate in the l Forum of Chiefs of National Defense Academies of China, Latin America and the Caribbean, to be held at the International College of Defense Studies of the National Defense University of the People's Liberation Army of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
Many more authorizations are registered for different officers of the Armed Forces to participate in courses and events held in the People's Republic of China.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Senior Colonel Leng Bingkun, Defense Attaché of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Peru, made a protocol visit to various military institutions in Peru. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
Senior Colonel Leng Bingkun held meetings with Army General Walter Córdova Alemán, General Commander of the Army; General Commander of the Peruvian Air Force, Air General Alfonso Javier Artadi Saletti, Division General (R) Walter Martos Ruiz, General Director of the CAEN-EPG and Doctor Roberto Vizcardo Benavides, Director of the “Gral Div José del Carmen” Research Institute “Marín Arista”.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Retired Admiral Gonzalo Ríos Polastri is the current deputy general director of Cosco Shipping Ports Chancay Perú. It should be noted that Cosco is the Chinese company in charge of the construction of the Chancay Megaport, Lima. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://gestion.pe/economia/eeuu-expresa-preocupacion-a-peru-por-control-chino-de-infraestructura-clave-china-puerto-de-chancay-activos-chinos-estados-unidos-noticia/
- https://pe.linkedin.com/in/gonzalo-rios-polastri-984507178?original_referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F
Supplementary Notes
Retired Admiral Gonzalo Ríos Polastri began working for Cosco as soon as he left the Vice Minister of Resources for the Defense of the Ministry of Defense of Peru, in October 2019. This according to his personal Linkedin profile.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
There are no comments from ex-military personnel at the moment.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The sailing training ship Unión of the Peruvian Navy arrived at the military port of Wusong in Shanghai on its commemorative trip around the world. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2001, Peru has had a treaty in force with the People's Republic of China for extradition. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.Link
Supplementary Notes
Since the signing of the extradition treaty between the People's Republic of China and Peru, there have been numerous cases of Chinese citizens extradited
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In October 2023, members of the criminal gang "The Red Dragon" were arrested for kidnapping 44 people of Asian origin.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
There is no evidence that Chinese security companies contract with the Peruvian state. However, an Infobae portal reports that China Security Technology Group has a memorandum of cooperation with Grand Tai Peru, a company that provides security in the mining sector.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bilateral meetings and training on justice between Peru and the PRC are not very frequent. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. The Public Ministry and the Judicial Branch of Peru are the main justice institutions that have held meetings on justice matters with the PRC. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://www.flickr.com/photos/fiscaliaperu/27450251939
- https://www.pj.gob.pe/wps/wcm/connect/cortesuperiorlimasurpj/s_csj_lima_sur_nuevo/as_inicio/as_imagen_prensa/as_noticias/csjls_nota+de+prensa+015_oip_csjls
Supplementary Notes
In 2018, magistrates of the Peruvian Judiciary Power attended the “Seminar on the development of governance capacity for Peruvian officials” in the city of Beijing, People's Republic of China, organized by the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Ministry of Commerce of that country. The portal of the Judicial Power of Peru reported on this event.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A group of cyber attacks were detected on the system of the Organismo Supervisor de las Contrataciones del Estado (OSCE). A spy entered the platform managed by said entity to provide information on proposals presented to Chinese construction companies. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
There is no official data on the Peruvian government portal. However, according to an article by the UK BBC, it states the existence of overseas police service stations in Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The implementation of the 5G network in Peru has just begun and there is coverage that does not reach 1% of the national territory. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. Claro is one of the main telecommunications companies in Peru and has been working for years on the implementation of Huawei's 5G technology. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating."
- https://hablandoclaro.pe/innovacion/novedades-claro/usuarios-de-claro-ya-pueden-disfrutar-de-la-cobertura-de-internet-movil-5g-en-el-estadio-nacional
- https://www2.claro.com.pe/portal/pe-2020/recursos_contenido/claro-home/a0276aa3-994f-4191-b19d-8b9a6f00804d-NPCLARO5G.pdf
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The main telecommunications companies in Peru use Chinese technology in their "Fixed Internet" and "Mobile Internet" services. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. The modems and routers of the Huawei and ZTE brands are delivered when contracting the Fixed or Mobile Internet service in the case it is via FTTH. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://www.claro.com.pe/personas/hogar/internet-inalambrico/
- https://www.facebook.com/AmericaMovilPeruSAC/videos/nuevo-router-huawei-b612/4407362756004791/?locale=es_LA
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese Ambassador to Peru, Song Yang, stated that 5G technology will be implemented in the Chancay megaport that is being built by the Chinese company Cosco. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In recent years, various municipalities in Peru are incorporating camera technology with facial recognition and vehicle license plate capture. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. However, the purchases of surveillance systems are more linked to prices than to the "Big Brother" surveillance model practiced by China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Insignificant” rating.
Supplementary Notes
Although the surveillance camera market in Peru is being cornered by Chinese technology, this is not due to the influence of China. If not, it responds to a mechanism to prevent crimes against the State, legal entities or natural persons.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The YOFC Network consortium (Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable - YOFC from China and Yachay Telecomunicaciones from Peru) is developing a project with the Peruvian government to build a fiber optic network in the Andes and the Peruvian Amazon. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A great variety of startups have appeared in Peru, with the technological branch being the one that grows slowly due to lack of financing in technological development. Despite this, they participate in technological contests developed by China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. Startups obtain public financing through public contests or are financed by private companies. Peruvian startups that receive financing from Chinese companies are few. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Insignificant” rating.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In June 2023, Peru through the National Council of Science, Technology and Technological Innovation (Concytec) and China through the Ministry of Science and Technology signed a memorandum of understanding for cooperation on common objectives such as the establishment of a bilateral articulation of efforts in science, technology and innovation issues, through calls for projects, exchange of human resources and scientific meetings. However, in Peru the implementation of these types of memorandums are medium or long term, therefore their results would be seen in the following years.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development of the Republic of Peru (CONIDA) and the National Space Administration of the People's Republic of China signed a cooperation agreement for the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Various Chinese companies have current contracts with regional governments to develop infrastructure projects. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. The infrastructure projects that Chinese companies are developing have high social impact, such as roads or hospitals. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://www.gob.pe/institucion/regioncusco/noticias/811947-gobernador-exige-a-empresa-china-celeridad-para-concluir-via-expresa
- https://larepublica.pe/sociedad/2022/07/15/investigan-a-empresas-chinas-que-hacian-hospital-en-puno-lrsd"
Supplementary Notes
There are regions where Chinese companies are being questioned for delays in development or for having submitted false documents. In the Puno region, the State Procurement Supervisory Body (OSCE) opened an investigation into the Manuel Núñez hospital consortium, made up of the companies China Railway No. 10 Engineering Group Co. Ltd Sucursal del Perú and Weihai Construction Group Company Limited for having presented false documentation. Although the contract was terminated by the regional government of Puno, the OSCE investigations aim to sanction the Chinese companies.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are more than 10 provincial and district municipalities in Peru that have established ties of brotherhood with Chinese municipalities. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. These links reinforce the opportunity to obtain future donations and the institutional image of the municipality. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
During 2023, a group of parliamentarians traveled to the PRC to participate in the MWC-Shanghai technology fair. According to different media outlets in Peru, the travel and travel expenses were covered by the Mexican communications company DPL Group.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the last year, municipal councilors, mayors, vice governors and regional governors have traveled to the People's Republic of China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a few” rating. The trips are to participate in forums, congresses and meetings that are promoted by the government and Chinese companies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://busquedas.elperuano.pe/dispositivo/NL/2174581-1
- http://in.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202312/t20231218_11206064.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Trips by political representatives of Peruvian parties to China are rare. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. In 1984, the general secretary of APRA, Alan García Perez, attending the invitation of the Chinese Communist Party. To date, no other relevant meeting is known. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Insignificant” rating.
- https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/101565/1/Mendez_la_conexi_n_china_en_la_Pol_tica_Exterior_del_Per_en_el_Siglo_XXI_published.pdf
- https://cpc.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0212/c64387-29820765.html
Supplementary Notes
"Currently, the political parties of the right and left in Peru do not maintain a relationship with the Chinese Communist Party. In the case of the Peruvian right, their speech indicates that they are against communism and in the case of the left, they do not endorse the violation of human rights, freedom of expression, censorship, among others. It is recorded that the former congressman (2001-2006) and current Andean parliamentarian (2021-2026), Gustavo Pacheco, representing the Institute of International Studies of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, participated in November 2017, in a dialogue of high level between the Communist Party of China and world political parties, at that time Pacheco was affiliated with the ""National Solidarity"" political party. However, Pachecho is not a relevant politician like Alan García, who became president of Peru on two occasions (1985-1990 and 2006-2011)."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In recent years, the legal regulations on financing political parties have mandated that parties be transparent in the reporting of their contributions and campaign expenses. The National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE) is responsible for receiving information on the accountability of political parties.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a group of people benefited from the injection of prototype vaccines from the Chinese pharmaceutical company Sinopharm. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. During the human trial phase, senior Peruvian government officials and people close to these officials were secretly vaccinated. Former President Martín Vizcarra was included in this privileged group. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
Supplementary Notes
A Sinopharm subsidiary sent an additional 3,200 doses to Peru as part of its study, but they were used to inoculate public officials, including former President Vizcarra. Subsequently, it was revealed that diplomatic cables from China confirm an agreement for the arrival of an extra batch of Sinopharm to Peru.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Congress of the Republic of Peru has a Peru-China Parliamentary Friendship League, made up of 31 parliamentarians. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Chinese government has donated everything from money to medical equipment to different sectors of the national government, as well as regional and local governments. Therefore, this indicator deserves a rating of “More than a few.” Since the start of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Chinese government has increased its donations to Peru, positioning it as one of the main allies in Eurasia. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Significant” rating."
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Public officials from different sectors of the state have been trained in the People's Republic of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a rating of “More than a few.” These trainings have been carried out for years. However, they have been strengthened by the development of a ""China-Peru Bilateral Training Program."" Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Significant” rating."
- https://portal.inen.sld.pe/inen-participa-en-capacitacion-sobre-gestion-hospitalaria-desarrollada-en-china/
- https://www.gob.pe/institucion/apci/noticias/768657-delegacion-de-30-medicos-peruanos-viajan-a-china-para-capacitarse-en-gestion-hospitalaria
Supplementary Notes
The doctors who traveled to the PRC within the framework of the “China-Peru Bilateral Training Program for the Year 2023” work in hospitals managed by the Peruvian government. This training is given through the APCI, which is the international cooperation organization of the Peruvian state.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The annual reports of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development show that the main countries with which it maintains relations are European.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since April 2013, Peru achieved the “Comprehensive Strategic Partnership” qualification with China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- http://www.rree.gob.pe/Noticias/Paginas/FL-0134-14.aspx
- https://www.elperuano.pe/noticia/153022-peru-y-china-reafirman-su-asociacion-estrategica-integral
Supplementary Notes
In May 2022, the "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" between Peru and China was reaffirmed. This was highlighted during the meeting held today between Ambassador Liang Yu and the president of the Council of Ministers, Aníbal Torres.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Peru has not recognized Taiwan as a country since 1971. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://en.mofa.gov.tw/AlliesIndex.aspx?n=1294&sms=1007
- https://english.news.cn/20231117/1dab0602f64246ae9529d98487bcc200/c.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
In August 2022, Pakistan on behalf of 72 countries opposed "interference in China's internal affairs", Peru is not listed as a signatory. However, it is known that Peru maintains silence on issues related to human rights and territorial disputes.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
In August 2022, Pakistan on behalf of 72 countries opposed "interference in China's internal affairs", Peru is not listed as a signatory. However, it is known that Peru maintains silence on issues related to human rights and territorial disputes.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
In August 2022, Pakistan on behalf of 72 countries opposed "interference in China's internal affairs", Peru is not listed as a signatory. However, it is known that Peru maintains silence on issues related to human rights and territorial disputes.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
In August 2022, Pakistan on behalf of 72 countries opposed "interference in China's internal affairs", Peru is not listed as a signatory. However, it is known that Peru maintains silence on issues related to human rights and territorial disputes.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.