Venezuela
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 17 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 195 / 396 | - |
Jul 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 18 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 52 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 68 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 0 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 5 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 62 % | - |
In 2023, Venezuela had a GDP per capita of US$2,157 and a total population of 28.84 million people.
Venezuela established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1974. Venezuela was ranked 156th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 15/100.
Key Takeaways
- While in recent years the relationship between Venezuela and the PRC has often been regarded as stangnant due to the slowdown in trade between both countries, China Index data suggests instead that the bilateral model has transitioned from an economic-led one to a more comprehensive model, involving increasing interactions in other fields such as Academia, Domestics Politics and Foreign Policy.
- The most recent visit to Beijing made by the Venezuelan head of state Nicolás Maduro produced plenty of public information, allowing more evidence-backed responses to Indicators. In the last Index exercise in 2021 this was not the case. As a result, bilateral events have lifted Venezuela's score in the China Index.
- New developments on the Media front, new information about the close ties between TV Channel CGTN and the Venezuelan-based Telesur were observed. Recently, TV programs and other contents made by CGTN have been deployed in Venezuela.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I found information in the World Chinese Media website about different venezuelan branch media related to this organization. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During 2023, I just can find information about one trip made by a venezuelan journalist called Aliana Abadi to Tangshan Province. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "few" rating. At the same time, it is a huge probablity this trip was paid by a PRC-connected entity. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "significant" rating.
- http://www.tjbh.com/c/2023-11-01/1262400.shtml
- https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/-travelogue-of-china-media-exchange-activity-concludes-862203529.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://news.ruc.edu.cn/news/focus/76593.html
- https://www.embajadadeangola.com/noticias/noticia-200623-5.html
Supplementary Notes
Despite I could not find information about trainings made by PRC state-owned media or PRC- connected entities to venezuelan journalists or online influencers, I found information about a training made in june 2023 by the Journalism School from Renmin University to 55 journalists from 45 different countries in the world. To this amount, 8 came from Latin America, but I could not confirm wheter one these came from Venezuela.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since several years ago, CGTN have been producing a TV series with venezuelan based channel TelesurTV. So, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. At the same time, Telesur is a very important source of information use by the Venezuelan government like a propaganda tool. For that reason, this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/programas/prisma
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/n/2021-12-03/GBJfAA/cgtn-y-medios-de-comunicacion-latinoamericanos-lanzan-conjuntamente-la-iniciativa-accion-de-medios-china-alc/index.html
- https://comsfuture.cuc.edu.cn/2023/0922/c7794a212008/pagem.htm
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-09-14/1702170808441679873/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The majority of TV owners in Venezuela doesn´t have business in the PRC. Maybe we can consider interests that have some venezuelan public media, but they are managed or controled by the Governent.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As I said in the indicator "5" of this domain, CGTN channel have an agreement with Venezuelan-based TelesurTv to delivered a program called "Prisma" which is focused on create cultural docummentaries. Therefor, this indicator deserves a "few, significant" rating.
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/programas/prisma
- https://comsfuture.cuc.edu.cn/2023/0922/c7794a212008/pagem.htm
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-09-14/1702170808441679873/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the last official visit made by Nicolás Maduro, the Venezuelan Head of State, to the PRC, public TV Media like Telesur and Venezolana de Televisión used to describe the bilateral relationship with words like "brotherhood" "strong and unbreakable brotherhood". Also, they media use some words like "south-south cooperation". Therefroe, this indicator deserves a "More than few, significant" rating.
- https://www.vtv.gob.ve/venezuela-china-escriben-nueva-historia-cooperacion/
- https://mincyt.gob.ve/china-venezuela-hermandad-solida-inquebrantable/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The only reference that could be found was a partnership between Huawei and the Simón Bolívar University during 2015. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. At the same time, this partnership was to build a solar power prototype. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about the existence of only one Confucius Institute in Venezuela located at Bolivarian University of Venezuela. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. For its part, the Bolivarian University is one of the most sponsored and financied by the Venezuelan government. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://cvechina.org/asociacion-estrategica-integral/11865/
- https://www.instagram.com/confucioubv/?hl=en
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Despite there is no evidence about inclusion of chinese language in primary education in Venezuela, it can be confirmed that there's interest to deep cooperation in the education field between both countries after a meeting celebrated between ambassador in Caracas Lan Hu and the Bolivarian University rector, Sandra Oblitas.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about the strong relationship between a Venezuelan think tank based in Beijing called "Centro Venezolano de Estudios sobre China" (Venezuelan Center of Studies on China) and the Communication University of China (CUC). These entities have published in 2023 a book called "China and Venezuela: Toward a share future". Also, this venezuelan research center participated in a recent event sponsored by the CUC. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://cvechina.org/comunidad-de-futuro-compartido/12843/
- https://cvechina.org/comunidad-de-futuro-compartido/12799/
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-10-29/1718429278717112321/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Recently, a venezuelan think tank called "Venezuelan Center of Studies on China" (CVEC, in spanish) was awarded by the Communication University of China (CUC). At the same time, in March 2023, CVEC published a book related to China-Venezuela Relationship. This book was sponsored by CUC. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.Link
- https://cvechina.org/comunidad-de-futuro-compartido/12843/
- https://cvechina.org/comunidad-de-futuro-compartido/11987/
- https://cvechina.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Comunidad-de-Futuro-compartido-China-Venezuela-ebook-format.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since almost 15 years ago, Venezuela and China have an agreement to grant scholarships in the PRC to venezuelan scholars. These trips (and other expenses) was paid by the PRC governement. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://cvechina.org/convocatoria-de-becas/12877/
- http://ve.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/lywj/qian94949/202311/t20231103_11172522.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The only interest to deep cooperation in the education field was a meeting celebrated between ambassador in Caracas Lan Hu and the Ministry of University Education, Sandra Oblitas in october 2023. Beyond that, there is no evidence of this indicator phenomenom.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
After a review throughout some Venezuelan academic institutions and their publications. None of them have written anything about Human Rights abuses (neither in favor nor in opposition) in the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the data publish by the National Statistical Bureau of China, this country had a trade balance with Venezuela above 3 billion USD. Verifying this figure with information show in the World Integrated Trade Solution (WITS) from the World Bank, this Asian country was the Venezuela´s main trading partner in 2022 (there is no data updated for 2023). Therefore, this indicatior deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2022/indexeh.htm
- https://wits.worldbank.org
- http://www.vuce.gob.ve/index.php/2023/06/29/comercio-entre-china-y-venezuela-crecio-en-primer-trimestre-del-ano/
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/noticias/venezuela-%F0%9F%87%BB%F0%9F%87%AA/china-asegura-que-el-intercambio-comercial-con-venezuela-alcanzo-los-usd-1-800-millones-y-aumenta-cada-ano/
- https://oec.world/es/profile/country/ven
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite it is difficult to find information, there are some estimates that show the bilateral debt between China and Venezuela is around 11 and 16 billion US$. Last forecasts made by independent researchers and organizations like Transparencia Venezuela come from 2021 and 2022. For 2023 it was impossible to add new information. But taking into account the existence evidence, we can confirm that the chinese financial entities own more than 25% of Venezuela´s bilateral sovereign debt. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-02/china-venezuela-eye-reset-on-oil-debt-as-the-us-stands-by
- https://thepeoplesmap.net/globalchinapulse/chinese-finance-in-venezuela-a-non-interventionist-lenders-trap/
- https://transparenciave.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Deuda-china-en-Venezuela.pdf
- http://dspaceudual.org/bitstream/Rep-UDUAL/215/1/China%e2%80%99s%20financing%20in%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean%2c%20Red%20ALC-CHINA.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The main customer in 2023 for Venezuela´s extractive industries is the United States. Therefore, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.bloomberglinea.com/latinoamerica/venezuela/exportaciones-petroleras-a-eeuu-desde-venezuela-crecieron-1224-durante-primer-semestre/
- https://www.venamcham.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Intercambio-Comercial-entre-Venezuela-y-Estados-Unido-1er-Semestre-2023.pdf
- https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-11-26/estados-unidos-autoriza-a-chevron-a-operar-en-venezuela-ante-el-dialogo-de-maduro-con-la-oposicion.html
- https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petrochina-aims-resume-venezuelan-oil-imports-after-4-year-pause-2023-11-02/
Supplementary Notes
The main extractive industry in Venezuela is the oil industry. In this sense, it is important to note Venezuela have been increasing its oil exports to the US after the Biden´s Administration eased oil sanctions against this country. So, from the end of 2022 to now its possible to confirm an important grow in american´s purchases of venezuelan oil. At the same time, the US government lifted- in october 2023- restrictions to foreing companies to invest in the Venezuelan oil sector. This could permit chinese company CNPC start new investments or oil purchases (CNPC did not buy venezuelan oil during 2023). Then I confirm the US is the top customer for Venezuela´s extractive industries.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is information on Chinese influence (or control) in two sensitive sectors such as Oil and National Security. In the first case, the PRC and Venezuela have three joint ventures operating in the Orinoco Oil Belt and in the western oil basins of the country, respectively. In the second case, CIEC installed a digital surveillance system in Venezuela. At present, it is known that CIEC maintains its support to the Venezuelan government to manage this surveillance system. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2020/11/30/como-opera-ceiec-la-empresa-estatal-china-que-ayuda-a-la-dictadura-de-nicolas-maduro-a-censurar-medios-digitales/
- https://mppre.gob.ve/comunicado/venezuela-denuncia-medidas-eeuu-empresa-ceiec/
- https://diario16plus.com/el-millonario-contrato-de-maduro-con-la-empresa-china-ceiec-para-monitorizar-a-venezuela/
- https://archive.ph/Eb4Ia
Supplementary Notes
Although relevant information was found on some sensitive sectors managed by PRC companies, the same was not true for critical infrastructures such as ports, etc.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2017 Venezuelan governement approved to apply as a member of this bank. Since then, Venezuela has not been conformed as an official member. Now, acoording to the AIIB´s website Venezuela is a "prospective member". Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
- https://dialogochino.net/en/trade-investment/39049-explainer-latin-america-aiib-the-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-03/24/c_136153072.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://srcic.org/silk-road-members/?page=3
- http://www.cfie.org.cn/index/work/show/id/20.html?aid=1666
- https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20230104A05JGR00
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Information on direct and indirect participants was reviewed on the official website of the China Interbank Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS). Thus, no information was found on any Venezuelan financial institution that is part of this system. Therefore, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://www.cips.com.cn/en/participants/participants_announcement/f49fe99b-1.html
- https://viewpoint.bnpparibas-am.com/the-renminbis-creeping-internationalisation-iv-brics-expansion-and-the-rise-of-africa/
- https://docfinder.bnpparibas-am.com/api/files/5160C628-8F88-4EFA-9277-AB9FA54E7EC9
- https://www.france24.com/es/20170909-maduro-sistema-pagos-venezuela
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/n/2022-07-06/HEdDAA/Crecen-las-expectativas-en-Venezuela-por-adopcion-del-sistema-de-pago-ruso-MIR/index.html
- https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/1941803-caracas-exploring-chinese-russian-payment-systems
- https://www.bcv.org.ve/notas-de-prensa/bancos-centrales-de-venezuela-y-china-firman-convenio-de-cooperacion
- https://www.bancaynegocios.com/gobierno-de-venezuela-y-pdvsa-ofrecen-pagar-en-yuanes-a-sus-proveedores/
Supplementary Notes
Despite Venezuela is not using CIPS system, there are some key factors that let us think this situation could change in the next future. These reasons could be the following: 1) In 2018, presidents from the Venezuelan Central Bank and the People´s Bank of China signed a cooperation agreement, 2) In 2019, president Nicolás Maduro announced his intention to use new international payments systems to bypass the US financial sanctions against his government, 3) Recently, Venezuela announced the adoption of the Russian "MIR" payments system, and 4) Maduro´s government has the serious intention to promote politics that switch the use of the US dollars by other currencies like Russian rubbles or Chinese Renmimbi.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. Instead, the PRC and Venezuelan have the intention to deep their economic cooperation.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the important bilateral cooperation in economic fields between both countries, there is no observation or evidence about any intention to sign a Free Trade Agreement.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In his most recent visit to the PRC, the venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro signed some Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) woth chinese officials to promote cooperation in three Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in Venezuela. Also, Venezuelan government has created a legal framework to attract foreign direct investent to its SEZ. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/480488-maduro-plantea-zonas-economicas-china-venezuela
- https://www.reuters.com/world/china-venezuela-sign-agreements-economy-trade-tourism-2023-09-13/
- http://gb.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202312/t20231222_11209825.htm
- https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/venezuela-econom%C3%ADa_nicol%C3%A1s-maduro-decreta-la-activaci%C3%B3n-de-cuatro--zonas-econ%C3%B3micas-especiales--en-venezuela/48727816
- https://observatorio.gob.ve/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Ley-organica-de-las-zonas-economicas-especiales.pdf
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/08/10/zonas-economicas-especiales-impulsan-economia-real-diversificada/#:~:text=En%20este%20sentido%2C%20se%20crearon,Tortuga%20(Territorio%20Insular%20Miranda)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In may 2023, Venezuela and the PRC had some discussions to reestructurate the Venezuela´s debts. This information was published off-the-record by Reuters, but it was impossible to certificate officially. Beyond this, in 2018 both countries agreed the transfer os 9.9% of Sinovensa Joint venrture stakes in favour of China. In that moment, that transfer was considered as a collateral payment made by Maduro´s government, which recieved a "grace period" to defer service debt payments.
- https://www.bloomberglinea.com/2023/05/02/china-y-venezuela-restablecen-sus-vinculos-tras-anos-de-distancia-y-ante-la-mirada-de-eeuu/
- https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/internacionales/China-promete-mas-credito-a-una-Venezuela-empobrecida-pero-no-le-dice-cuando-20180914-0053.html
- https://www.elmostrador.cl/mercados/2017/11/16/fuerte-espaldarazo-de-china-a-venezuela-tiene-credibilidad-y-ha-convertido-promesas-en-hechos/
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN2581W6/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about an organization called " Asociación para la Promoción de la Reunificación Pacífica de China en Venezuela (Veneuzelan Asociation for the Promotion of Chinese Peaceful Reunification". This organization has been working since at least 2007, but also had a meeting in May 2023 with the current Ambassador in Caracas, Lan Hu. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/zwbd_674895/202305/t20230509_11073807.shtml
- https://www.huaxia.com/c/2023/08/10/1756735.shtml
- http://www.taiwan.cn/zt/szzt/cth/hqxs/200709/t20070921_457981.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about the existence of one organization called "Federación de Chinos de Ultramar en Venezuela" (Federation of Overseas Chinese People in Venezuela). Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.chinaqw.com/huazhu/2023/02-22/352327.shtml
- https://mp.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=35666809
- https://www.chinaqw.com/hqhr/2015/01-19/34378.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
References were found to two meetings held in May and November 2007, respectively, between members of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and Venezuelan trade union leaders. One was held in Beijing and the other in Caracas. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2007-04/24/content_594682.htm
- https://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n105256.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Information was found on the New Moon Party by the Federation of Overseas Chinese in Venezuela. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, but significant" rating.
- https://www.instagram.com/reel/CyYbzhOObVD/?igsh=cDRteXgzMmZ5eWo3
- https://www.admagazine.com/articulos/como-se-celebra-el-ano-nuevo-chino-2023-en-latinoamerica
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about the existence of an organization called "Federación China de Círculos Literarios y Artísticos de Venezuela" (China Federation of Literary and Art Circles of Venezuela). Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://www.chinanews.com.cn/hr/hrst/news/2008/01-14/1133534.shtm
- https://www.chinaqw.com/news/2006/0110/68/12524.shtml
- https://world.people.com.cn/n/2014/0525/c1002-25061255.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
CANTV, the main telecommunications company of Venezuela, has- as a part of its open tv channels offer- CGTN in spanish. Moreover, the State-owned TV channel Telesur produce an entertainment tv program called "Espejo de palabras" (Word´s mirror). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://cooperativa.cl/noticias/corporativo/efecto-china/efecto-china-noticias/cgtn-y-telesur-lanzan-el-programa-espejo-de-palabra/2021-12-06/113634.html?=efectochina
- http://www.conatel.gob.ve/venezuela-garantiza-senal-tda-de-canales-nacionales/
- https://albaciudad.org/2020/07/instrucciones-reactivar-cantv-satelital/comment-page-2/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a poll made by the main newspaper in Venezuela, Últimas Noticias, about 45% of venezuelan people use TikTok. Therefore, this indicator dserves a "Yes" response.
Supplementary Notes
This poll was made online. For this reason its results could not be the most accuracy information, but for this China Index interaction UN poll was the only source that I could find to response this Indicator. In any case, the confidence rating is 60%.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In november 2023, the PRC Embassy in Venezuela coorganized "The Chinese Cultutral week" with the Venezuelan Association of Chinese Studies from Los Andes University (ULA, in spanish). The headquarters of ULA are in Mérida City (western of Venezuela) and the former Minister-Counselor of Chinese Embassy in Caracas, Zhang Yuanwei (张元伟) visited this city during the event. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://avech.org/xxiii-semana-cultural-de-china-en-merida/
- https://drive.google.com/file/d/123xAhGv_pAheedE-gp1qFFEje7kjOwQe/view
- https://www.radiofeyalegrianoticias.com/merida-celebro-la-semana-cultural-de-china/
- http://prensa.ula.ve/2023/11/09/ministro-consejero-de-china-visit%C3%B3-autoridades-de-la-ula
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The 2023 version of Latinobarométro poll revealed about 52,9% of Venezuelan people have favorable views toward the PRC. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The most recent report related to the imports or donations of military equipment made by the PRC to Venezuela shows during 2017-2021 period the Asian country was one of the most important suplliers to Caracas government. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/examinando-las-operaciones-militares-rusas-y-chinas-en-venezuela/
- https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4666030/venezuela-despliegue-recuperacion-capacidades-posibles-adquisiciones
- https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/4683996/latinoamerica-como-punto-neuralgico-expansion-militar-china--occidente-parte-i
- https://www.eurasiantimes.com/chinese-weapon-lands-in-us-backyard-venezuela/
- https://www.zona-militar.com/en/2024/03/16/the-bolivarian-national-armed-forces-of-venezuela-incorporates-new-anti-drone-systems-from-china/
Supplementary Notes
Despite the relevance of some purchases made by Venezuela from the PRC, the most important supplier for this south american country is Russia.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a press release published by the Ministry of Defense of Argentina, a Venezuelan delegation took part of The Fifth Forum China- Latin America and the Carribbean. This event was in december 2022. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.controlciudadano.org/web/wp-content/uploads/FANB-Adquisicio%CC%81n-Armas.pdf
- https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/examinando-las-operaciones-militares-rusas-y-chinas-en-venezuela/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2019/10/15/venezuela-china-acuerdos-transferencia-tecnologica
- https://www.controlciudadano.org/web/wp-content/uploads/FANB-Adquisicio%CC%81n-Armas.pdf
Supplementary Notes
Venezuela has been purchasing chinese miliatry or law enforcement equipment. Despite both countries have signed technology tranfers in this field, none of this agreements had brought vo-developing activities between both countries.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the good military cooperation between China and Venezuela, the PRC authorities have not expressed any intention to establish a miliatry base in Venezuela. For that reason, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/noticias/venezuela-%F0%9F%87%BB%F0%9F%87%AA/china-rusia-e-iran-muestran-su-fuerza-militar-en-venezuela/
- https://www.expedientepublico.org/china-pone-en-la-mira-a-cuba-nicaragua-y-el-salvador
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://depetroleo.com/el-ejercito-chino-llego-a-venezuela
- https://www.elnuevoherald.com/noticias/america-latina/venezuela-es/article228771764.html
- https://rpp.pe/mundo/venezuela/nicolas-maduro-venezuela-recibe-65-toneladas-de-medicinas-e-insumos-de-china-noticia-1188933
Supplementary Notes
In march 2019, the PLA sent toward Venezuela medicines to attend health crisis in the country. Taking into account this is a "case" indicator, I think it deserves a "NO" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence that prove realization of military trainings provided by the PLA to venezuelan military officials. Threfore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Tha last mention related to a High Level meeting between senior military leaders from both countries dated from 2015. In that moment, the venezuelan Defense Minister, Vladimir Padrino López met in Caracas with Liu Yuejun (刘跃军), General from the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of this phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the last official visit made by president Nicolás Maduro to the PRC, Vladimir Padrinio López, current head of the Ministry of Defense appointed his wishes to both China and Venezuela could enhance their bilateral relationship. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2022, Venezuela hosted military games in Caracas. So, in that moment the PLA participated with one delegation. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2024/02/24/la-avanzada-china-sobre-la-seguridad-de-america-latina-y-el-caribe/
- https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220815-venezuela-inaugurada-como-sede-de-juegos-militares-rusos-junto-a-ir%C3%A1n-china-y-otros-pa%C3%ADses
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite both countries have not signed an Extradition Treaty yet, there are a lot a evidence that prove cooperation between China and Venezuela in their Law systems. Recently, in november 2023, the Head of the Venezuelan Supreme Court, Gladys Gutierrez, had a meeting with the Head of Shanghai Court, Jia Yu. In that moment, both Gutierrez and Yu, signed a Memorandum of Understanding in judicial cooperation. After this, Gutierrez also traveled to Fujian city to be part of Maritime Silk Road (Quanzhou) International Forum on Judicial Cooperation. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://english.court.gov.cn/2023-10/31/c_935055.htm
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/noticias/venezuela-%f0%9f%87%bb%f0%9f%87%aa/venezuela-y-china-firman-memorando-para-fortalecer-la-cooperacion-judicial/
- https://albertonews.com/internacionales/gladys-gutierrez-se-reunio-con-el-presidente-del-tribunal-popular-supremo-de-china-detalles/
- https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/venezuela-china_venezuela-y-china-firman-un-memorando-para-fortalecer-la-cooperaci%C3%B3n-en-materia-judicial/48954398
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
According to recent research by Leland Lazarus (Florida International University) and Robert Evan Ellis, a company called Tie Shen Bao Biao is working in Venezuela. Unfortunately, it cannot be confirmed whether this company was contracted by the national government or by the sub-national governments of Venezuela.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese company CEIEC has been providing cyber support and technical assistance to the National Telecommunications Company of Venezuela (CANTV) to surveil venezuelan people. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1194
- https://diario16plus.com/el-millonario-contrato-de-maduro-con-la-empresa-china-ceiec-para-monitorizar-a-venezuela/
- https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/venezuela-pone-en-marcha-sistema-de-camaras-de-seguridad-para-combatir-delito_rk1JkBD8T6dhDQff6Kb0Q/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Venezuelan government contracted the PRC company CEIEC to deployed around 30.000 cameras to surveil venezuelan people. This system is operated by the Ministry of Interior Affairs of Venezuela. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
After reviewing information about agreements signed by China anda Venezuela since 2000 until now, it can be confirmed that none of companies cited in the indicator have presence in Venezuela. Therefore, there is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since last decade the Venezuelan government has signed different agreements with Huawei and ZTE to sell their 4G products. For example, in 2015 Huawei started to offer in the Venezuelan market its router "Multibam 4G LTE". After that, president Nicolás Maduro signed new agreements to establish- through Stated-owned telecom company Molvinet- a 4G technology called "Long Term Evolution" produced by Huawei and ZTE. In 2019, Maduro continued with his intention to engage and promote new investments from Huawei. Finally, in 2023, the president of Movilnet appointed that his company brings back Huwaei cellphones to the Venezuelan market. Therefore this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/internacionales/Maduro-anuncia-inversiones-con-Huawei-para-llevar-el-4G-a-Venezuela--20190524-0037.html
- https://www.america-retail.com/venezuela/movilnet-trae-de-vuelta-a-huawei-y-samsung/
- https://elestimulo.com/tecnologia/2015-05-05/huawei-lanza-en-venezuela-modem-4g-con-descarga-de-hasta-150mbps/
- https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-venezuela-ingresa-sistema-4g-20170123203744.html
- https://cnti.gob.ve/noticias/actualidad/nacionales/5649-venezuela-ingresa-al-sistema-de-tecnologia-4g.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2015 the state-owned company Movilnet provided as part of its portfolio a router called “Multibam 4G LTE”. This router is produced by Huawei Technologies. Recently, during the last visit of President Nicolas Maduro to the People's Republic of China, both countries signed a memorandum of understanding to increase cooperation between Venezuelan public telecommunications companies (Movilnet and CANTV) and Huawei. Unfortunately, there was no further information on the content of these agreements. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://elestimulo.com/tecnologia/2015-05-05/huawei-lanza-en-venezuela-modem-4g-con-descarga-de-hasta-150mbps/
- http://www.mppef.gob.ve/en-claves-china-y-venezuela-suscriben-instrumentos-de-cooperacion-en-el-contexto-de-la-xvii-cman/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No information was found on the use of Chinese technology in ports, airports, public transportation or governmental computer networks in Venezuela. This does not mean the existence of barriers or prohibitions to public companies in the country to buy this type of technology from companies such as Huawei or ZTE. Beyond this, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-58849114
- http://www.mppef.gob.ve/venezuela-participa-en-el-14o-foro-de-inversion-en-infraestructura-y-construccion-de-china/
Supplementary Notes
A link was added regarding Venezuela's participation in the 14th International Infrastructure Investment and Construction Forum. In this meeting, the Venezuelan Minister of Transport, Ramón Velásquez indicated his country's interest in attracting Chinese investments to improve some ports and/or airports in Venezuela.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2017 the PRC firm ZTE signed a contract with the Venezuelan government to build a system that monitors citizen behavior through an identification card called "fatherland card". This card permits collection of personal data and biometric information. At the same time, the Venezuelan government build a camera system to surveil venezuelan people in 16 provinces. This last project was developed between the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Venezuela and CIEC. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/venezuela-zte/
- https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/tecnologia-ciencia_tecnologia-china-ayuda-maduro-controlar-los-venezolanos/6065876.html
- https://globalvoices.org/2021/09/28/is-china-exporting-its-surveillance-state-to-venezuela/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The Chinese Venezuelan relationship have been developed throug a model based on State-Stae relations. So, It is no common the developing of some investments in local technology start-ups.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2008, the National Company os Telecommunications of Venezuela, CANTV, signed a contract with ZTE to collaborate in the development of an IPTV project. According to ZTE´s website this project consists in provide "the Head End, Content Delivery Network (CDN), Middleware, Conditional Access/Digital Rights Management (CA/DRM) System, Set-Top Box (STB), and Network Management System (NMS)". Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2008 and 2012, Venezuelan government launched- with the support of China Great Wall Industry Corporation- two satellites to the space. Also, In 2023, both countries agreed the participation of the Venezuelan side in the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) cooperation project. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/13/joint-statement-between-peoples-republic-china-bolivarian-republic-venezuela-establishment-all-weather-strategic-partnershi/
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3234635/china-will-train-venezuelans-astronauts-join-beijings-moon-project-says-visiting-president-nicolas
- https://www.informador.mx/Tecnologia/Chavez-saluda-llegada-del-Venesat-1-al-espacio-20081029-0077.html
- https://www.infoespacial.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3569988/acuerdo-entre-china-venezuela-construir-satelite-vrss-2
- https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/10/china-launch-venesat
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In October 2022, Venezuela requested to China Siwei Surveying and Mapping Technology Co. Ltd. (a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation) support to identify potential deaths and/or other kind of material losses due to a natural disaster suffered in central localtion of Tejerías. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1746567511743454381&wfr=spider&for=pc
- https://spanish.news.cn/20230420/fbbfd3177d754435ba7ce7848fa5d3cf/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There's information about the signing of some agreements between Venezuelan provinces and the PRC provinces, but in the majority of cases they have been just memorandum of understanding related to friendship relationships. Economic agreements were signed directly between both national governments from the PRC and Venezuela. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, insignificant" rating.
- https://www.academia.edu/7624453/ACUERD_SUSCRITOS_ENTRE_LA_REPUBLICA_BOLIVARIANA_DE_VENEZUELA_Y_LA_REPUBLICA_POPULAR_CHINA_REGISTRADOS_POR_LA_EMBAJADA_EN_BEIJING_AL_25_DE_MARZO_2010
- https://vendata.org/site/acuerdo-venezuela-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence that demonstrates the singing of the bonds of brotherhood between the PRC provinces and the Venezuelan provinces. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, insignificant" rating.
- https://www.ciip.com.ve/formalizan-en-china-convenio-de-hermanamiento-con-carabobo/
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/11/venezuela-desarrollara-proyectos-zee-shenzhen-shanghai-shandong/
- https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/09/11/presidente-de-venezuela-confirma-nuevos-convenios-con-ciudades-chinas
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenom
- https://transparenciave.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/memoria-relaciones-exteriores.pdf
- http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zgtlmjlbgjgx_2/202304/t20230411_11057457.htm
- https://efectococuyo.com/politica/diosdado-cabello-viaja-a-china-donde-se-reune-con-funcionarios-del-partido-comunista/
Supplementary Notes
No information was found related to trips paid by entities linked to the PRC during the last year. Beyond that, evidence was found showing some trips paid by the PRC government to a Venezuelan politician or official.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Recently, Rafael Lacava, head of Carabobo Province in Venezuela, visited Shanghái representing the Venezuelan government. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://elpais.com/america/2023-11-29/un-enviado-de-maduro-a-shanghai-venezuela-esta-en-una-transicion-hacia-el-modelo-economico-chino.html
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/noticias/venezuela-%F0%9F%87%BB%F0%9F%87%AA/gobernador-de-carabobo-rafael-lacava-asegura-en-shanghai-que-venezuela-transita-hacia-un-modelo-economico-chino/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In March 2023, the venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro was invited by the Chinese Comunist Party (CCP) to take part in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-level Meeting. Also, in october a delegation from the venezuelan ruling party visited the PRC and had some meetings with high level officials from CCP. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Mora than a few, significant" rating.
- http://sr.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zyxw/202303/t20230317_11043656.htm
- https://www.idcpc.org.cn/lldt/202304/t20230410_151669.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenom
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although the existence of some UFWD-affiliated groups in Venezuela can be confirmed, it is difficult to confirm whether they have provided any support to Venezuelan officials, politicians or parties. Therefore, the phenomenon of the Indicator has not been observed.
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/zwbd_674895/202305/t20230509_11073807.shtml
- https://www.huaxia.com/c/2023/08/10/1756735.shtml
- http://www.taiwan.cn/zt/szzt/cth/hqxs/200709/t20070921_457981.htm
- https://www.chinaqw.com/huazhu/2023/02-22/352327.shtml
- https://mp.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=35666809
- https://www.chinaqw.com/hqhr/2015/01-19/34378.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenom
- https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1626427724022493338&wfr=spider&for=pc
- https://www.dailymotion.com/video/x5j81vl
Supplementary Notes
It is very difficult to find some kind of critics, harras or threat made by PRC officials agaisnt any politician (including opposition leaders) in Venezuela. PRC officials used to be assertive implementing its foreign policy toward Venezuela. In this sense, PRC officials use the "no interference in internal affairs" principle to maintain some kind of neutrality in venezuelan politial environment.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence about speeches or statements made by some influential politicians in Venezuela related to tha advantages and/or succesful of the PRC model. Among these people are the son of the president Nicolás Maduro and Rafael Lacava, governor from Carabobo province, who is a close ally to Maduro. So, these people have echoed prc talking points. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://www.infobae.com/venezuela/2023/11/29/un-emisario-de-nicolas-maduro-aseguro-en-shanghai-que-venezuela-esta-en-una-transicion-hacia-el-modelo-economico-chino/
- https://www.latercera.com/tendencias/noticia/como-es-el-modelo-economico-inspirado-en-china-que-maduro-quiere-implementar-en-venezuela/BMUFPG3GAFDJLIIOFJIWZYFL7U/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenom
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the last visit made by the Venezuelan president to the PRC, some rulling party officials like Diosdado Cabello made an appointment against former opposition presidential candidate Henrique Capriles due to his critics about Maduro´s travel to Beijing. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://talcualdigital.com/maduro-ataca-a-opositores-por-criticas-de-su-viaje-a-china-que-mezquino-capriles/
- https://www.eluniversal.com/venezuela/164127/diosdado-cabello-asegura-que-gira-de-maduro-por-china-tiene-desesperada-a-la-oposicion
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2022, the Chinese- Venezuelan parliamentary friendship group has been established. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/grupo-de-amistad-parlamentaria-venezuela-china-evalua-balance-de-sus-actividades
- https://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/instalado-oficialmente-grupo-parlamentario-de-amistad-venezuela-china
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/15/jefe-estado-intercambia-experiencias-presidente-asamblea-popular-nacional-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since several years ago, Venezuela have received donations from the PRC. These donations have been directed to Healthy sector (vaccines during Covid pandemic), financial sector or to finance training for public officials. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/noticias/venezuela-%F0%9F%87%BB%F0%9F%87%AA/donaciones-de-insumos-para-la-salud-de-china-a-venezuela/
- http://www.correodelorinoco.gob.ve/venezuela-recibe-mas-de-6-millones-de-reactivos-e-insumos-medicos-provenientes-de-china/
- https://jp.reuters.com/article/salud-coronavirus-venezuela-vacunas-idLTAKCN2AU10H/
- https://www.elimpulso.com/2012/05/25/china-donara-dinero-a-venezuela-para-formacion-de-funcionarios-publicos-de-alto-nivel/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is information about different kind of trainings made by PRC institutions to public officials in Venezuela. For example, during 2009 the PRC National School of Management applied trainings to venezuelan officials belonged to Minister of Planning and Development. Also, during 2014 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs agreed with the PRC government a program to training high level officials. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://www.academia.edu/7624453/ACUERD_SUSCRITOS_ENTRE_LA_REPUBLICA_BOLIVARIANA_DE_VENEZUELA_Y_LA_REPUBLICA_POPULAR_CHINA_REGISTRADOS_POR_LA_EMBAJADA_EN_BEIJING_AL_25_DE_MARZO_2010
- https://transparenciave.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/memoria-relaciones-exteriores.pdf
- https://www.bilibili.com/read/cv20492255/
- https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s__biz=MzA5MjIxMDQyMQ==&mid=2650201618&idx=2&sn=7a89bc849ed59608c114db4b71f87b9f&chksm=8872eb88bf05629e0d14fd46eb22d7f57d42a37e502c1c20fa89b56b51aefcebe71035a4dbf1&scene=27
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon
- https://cciced.eco/
- https://www.gov.cn/ldhd/2013-11/13/content_2526672.htm
- https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1776468398753493481&wfr=spider&for=pc
- https://society.sohu.com/a/716622081_121106902
Supplementary Notes
I reviewed some websites which published information about CCICED recent activities or events. None of these show information about any Venezuelan official who have taken part in any CCICED events.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During his last official visit to the PRC, the venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro agreed with his counterpart to elevate the Strategic Comprehensive Partnership (signed in 2014) to a new "All-Weather Strategic Partnership" (signed in September 2023). Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/15/relacion-venezuela-china-eleva-asociacion-estrategica-toda-prueba/
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/13/declaracion-conjunta-republica-popular-china-republica-bolivariana-venezuela-establecimiento-asociacion-estrategica-prueba-y-todo-tiempo/
- https://www.reuters.com/world/china-venezuela-upgrade-ties-all-weather-strategic-partnership-state-media-2023-09-13/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During his last visit, the venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro appointed publicly his support to the "one China principle". Moreover, in March 2023, Maduro said his country will be in "the front line" to defend the "one China principle". Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/15/relacion-venezuela-china-eleva-asociacion-estrategica-toda-prueba/
- https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/13/declaracion-conjunta-republica-popular-china-republica-bolivariana-venezuela-establecimiento-asociacion-estrategica-prueba-y-todo-tiempo/
- https://www.reuters.com/world/china-venezuela-upgrade-ties-all-weather-strategic-partnership-state-media-2023-09-13/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2016, the former Venezuelan Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Delcy Rodíguez (today she is the vice president of this country) supported the PRC’s claim to the South China Sea. Therefore, the Index country has adhered to the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 4 score.
- http://ve.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/sgxx/201605/t20160516_4542953.htm
- https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/who-supports-china-in-the-south-china-sea-and-why/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2022, Venezuela´s ambassador to the UN supported in the UN Human Rights Council an appointment wrote by the Pakistan delegation which opposed ‘interference in China’s internal affairs, among then the Xinjiang´s policy . Therefore, the Index country has voiced support for the PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population and the Indicator warrants a 4 score.
- https://ishr.ch/latest-updates/one-year-after-un-xinjiang-report-release-pressure-on-china-at-the-un-remains-steady/
- http://un.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/chinaandun/socialhr/3rdcommittee/202310/t20231018_11162597.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2022, Venezuela´s ambassador to the UN supported in the UN Human Rights Council an appointment wrote by the Pakistan delegation which opposed ‘interference in China’s internal affairs, among thwn the chinese policy toward Tibet. Also, during August 2023, Venezuelan diplomatic officials visited Tibet region after chinese Government invited them to know it. Therefore, I can confirm Venezuela has supported the PRC policy toward Tibet. So this indicator warrants a 4 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Venezuela released an official statement supporting the approval of Hong Kong Security Law. Therefore, the Index country has voiced support for the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 4 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.