Kazakhstan
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 31 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 173 / 392 | - |
May 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 26 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 47 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 20 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 50 % | - |
In 2023, Kazakhstan had a GDP per capita of US$13,137 and a total population of 20.20 million people.
Kazakhstan established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1992. Kazakhstan was ranked 142nd in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 23/100.
Key Takeaways
- Diverse levels of military engagement between Kazakhstan and China, encompassing arms imports, participation in multilateral security dialogues, joint military exercises, and cooperation in military education, are observed. While some indicators demonstrate substantial collaboration, others indicate limited or no observed interactions in certain military domains.
- The data indicates significant collaboration between Kazakhstan and China in law enforcement, as evidenced by the existence of extradition treaties, cooperation agreements on combating terrorism, and acceptance of law enforcement and judicial-related training. Additionally, the deployment of video or internet surveillance systems from China underscores a notable aspect of their partnership in the law enforcement domain.
- Kazakhstan exhibits varied degrees of engagement with the People's Republic of China (PRC) in foreign policy. While lacking direct parliamentary sub-organizations, the country showcases involvement through foreign aid, in-kind donations, diplomatic agreements, and alignment on certain international issues, indicating a nuanced approach.
- Significant collaboration and engagement in the academic sphere, with the presence of Confucius Institutes, research partnerships, membership in PRC-affiliated networks, and financial benefits from PRC-connected entities. Active participation of Kazakh students in Chinese state-backed scholarships reinforces deep academic ties.
- A robust and multifaceted economic relationship between Kazakhstan and China, marked by significant Chinese ownership in critical infrastructure projects, active participation in economic initiatives, and utilization of the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) by Kazakh financial institutions. This indicates a substantial and dynamic economic engagement.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan is not listed on the World Chinese Media official website. Additionally, there is no other evidence to suggest otherwise.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
365info and TV 7 are listed as members of the Belt and Road News Alliance.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A group of 22 journalists from 17 countries spoke highly of the development of northwest China's Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region during a nine-day visit recently. At the China-Kazakhstan Horgos International Border Cooperation Center, Yerzhan Bagdatov, director of Toppress.kz news agency in Kazakhstan, was excited. Link Heads of 21 media organizations from Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan have wrapped up a week-long visit organized by Xinjiang authorities. Link "There were huge differences between certain 'stereotypes' of China and the real China when I arrived and looked at the technological development as most of what you heard came from some Western media, sadly," said Rao Abdul Raheem, a journalist from Pakistan. Raheem is one of about 30 foreign journalists from 18 countries, including Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, and the Solomon Islands, who recently made a trip to Shandong to learn about China's economic development and culture. Link On September 13, eight journalists from countries including Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Colombia, Laos, and Kazakhstan visited CCCC. They delved into the achievements of CCCC's ten-year efforts in the Belt and Road Initiative and the company's practices in fulfilling its social responsibilities in the host countries. Link
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-10-02/Journalists-hail-Xinjiang-s-development-and-culture-during-9-day-visit-1nzHEmMSFdC/index.html
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3232838/china-proactively-building-image-central-asian-media-bosses-taken-xinjiang-tour
- https://beta.kpl.gov.la/detail.aspx?id=73672
- https://en.ccccltd.cn/xwzx/ywfb/202310/t20231020_211090.html
Supplementary Notes
The Asian media press tour to Hunan Province was organized by the famous Chinese newspaper China Daily, which is published in English. The tour of industrial and innovative enterprises was very informative. Although Hunan is largely an agricultural region of China, it also has factories producing transport equipment and food industry products. The province has more than 80 industrial zones and parks. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Technological media training from Huawei: journalists delved into the world of ICT
Supplementary Notes
The Asian media press tour to Hunan Province was organized by the famous Chinese newspaper China Daily, which is published in English. The tour of industrial and innovative enterprises turned out to be very informative. In general, Hunan is largely an agricultural region of China. But besides this, there are factories producing transport equipment and food industry products in the region. There are more than 80 industrial zones and parks in the province. Link The Union of Journalists of Kazakhstan took part in the China Forum of Journalistic Organizations. The forum is designed to ensure joint work on the basis of peaceful cooperation, openness, and mutual benefit, through exchanges, seminars, and training. Link The new workshops will be in Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan. Link
- http://kz.china-embassy.gov.cn/rus/zhgx/201311/t20131115_1045333.htm
- https://silkroadnews.org/en/news/union-of-journalists-of-kazakhstan-took-part-in-china-forum-of-journalistic-organizations
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/china-luban-workshops-global-influence/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC or PRC-connected media isn't indicated.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of PRC-connected entities.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is expanding its media footprint in Kazakhstan, as Beijing strives to ensure favorable coverage of its regional economic and diplomatic activities. The Kazakh media holding company Atameken Business recently announced the signing of an information-sharing memorandum with the China Media Group (CMG), a state-controlled entity also known as the Voice of China. Link Kazakhstan: China is expanding its media reach in Kazakhstan. CCTV+, an arm of China’s national broadcaster, signed a cooperation agreement on May 14 with the Business Kazakhstan news agency. Under the pact, CCTV+, which is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, will provide the Kazakh outlet with content for distribution via web platforms and social media, including video and specialized news and information services. The agreement appears designed to burnish China’s image in the Central Asian state, while amplifying pro-Beijing narratives concerning international affairs. Link
- https://eurasianet.org/central-asia-china-expands-image-crafting-initiative
- https://eurasianet.org/central-asia-beijing-making-steady-inroads-in-regional-trade-mass-media
Supplementary Notes
Why is it more profitable for Kazakhstan to be friends with China than vice versa? And is it so scary? Link Chinese media reported how the coronavirus epidemic has accelerated the future. Link
- https://liter.kz/kitaj-i-kazahstan-druzhit-neobhodimo-ili-chto-dumayut-eksperty-o-vliyanii-podnebesnoj/
- https://forbes.kz/news/2020/04/03/newsid_222542
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Along with traditional instruments of soft power, China is helping Central Asia in the fight against COVID-19. Chinese diplomats in Central Asia maintain their Facebook and Telegram pages (sometimes even too actively), and openly pro-Chinese media and experts are appearing in the region. Link The day before the start of his visit to Kazakhstan, the Kazakhstanskaya Pravda newspaper published an article by Xi Jinping. In it, in addition to general statements about friendship, the high-ranking author suggests that Kazakhstan “resolutely oppose attempts at external interference” and “jointly maintain peace and stability in the region” by expanding cooperation between the intelligence services, ministries of defense, and law enforcement agencies of the two countries. Link Kazakh media repeatedly emphasize that the republic was the first to support the concept of “One Belt, One Road,” thus updating the idea of China as a major initiator of cooperation. In addition, the Kazakh media draws attention to the connection between the One Belt, One Road initiative and the Nurly Zhol economic policy in the life of the two countries. Link Everything goes into the supplementary notes because there is a lack of evidence concerning economic support.
- https://carnegie.ru/commentary/83701
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/columns/2022/09/19/941390-kitai-ukreplyaetsya-v-kazahstane
- https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vzglyad-na-kitay-kazahstanskih-smi-skvoz-prizmu-initsiativy-odin-poyas-odin-put
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
“The pressure on Australian journalists from Chinese law enforcement, while not directly affecting us, is nevertheless a cause for concern,” says Mirlan Telebarisov, former director of advertising and PR for the business newspaper Kursiv in Almaty, Kazakhstan. Link Zhanargul Zhumatai, an ethnic Kazakh journalist and artist, was taken away from her mother’s house in Urumqi, Xinjiang. Link
- https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/09/11/feature-02
- https://bitterwinter.org/zhanargul-zhumatai-a-dramatic-interview/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
An article from Kazpravda newspaper reads, "Kazakhstan-China: 30 Years of Friendship, Friendly Neighborhood, and Cooperation." Link Kazakhstan – China: Friendship is the Priceless Wealth of Two Peoples Link Kazakhstan and China: Friendship, Cooperation, and Common Interests Link Kazakhstan and China: Friendship on the Big Screen Link
- https://kazpravda.kz/n/kazahstan-kitay-30-let-druzhby-dobrososedstva-i-sotrudnichestva/
- https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/256865-kazahstan-kitay-druzhba-bescennoe-bogatstvo-dvuh
- https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/309004-kazahstan-i-kitay-druzhba-sotrudnichestvo-i-obshchie
- https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/304189-kazahstan-i-kitay-druzhba-na-bolshom-ekrane
Supplementary Notes
China and Kazakhstan are developing friendship for the benefit of the two peoples Link Nursultan Nazarbayev was awarded the Order of Friendship of the People's Republic of China Link
- https://www.kt.kz/rus/authors_column/kitay_i_kazahstan_razvivayut_druzhbu_na_blago_dvuh_narodov_1377888710.html
- https://www.akorda.kz/ru/events/international_community/foreign_visits/nursultan-nazarbaev-nagrazhden-ordenom-druzhby-kitaiskoi-narodnoi-respubliki
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
After the journey, he wrote a long report recording his findings. 'Using this kind of media activity to show the real Xinjiang to the world is a good way to respond to Western lies,' he said. Korzhumbayev is leading a project to translate a book titled Lies and Truth on Xinjiang from Chinese to Kazakh.
- http://sl.china.com.cn/2021/0526/116764.shtml?mobile
- https://www.bjreview.com/World/202105/t20210521_800247238.html
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A new research facility, the ‘5G Development Centre,’ has opened at Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan, supported by China Mobile, the world’s largest cell carrier by users. Link The Huawei Cloud Computing Laboratory (Cloud Computing of Innogrid) was established on August 9, 2011, in close cooperation with the Chinese company Huawei, the Zerde infocommunication holding, and the International University of Information Technology. Link Al-Farabi Kazakh National University maintains close partnerships with higher education institutions in China. Link During the Alliance of Asian Universities forum at Nazarbayev University, two cooperation agreements were signed with Tsinghua University (China) and the University of Malaya (Malaysia). Link With assistance from the Embassy of Kazakhstan in China, a memorandum of cooperation was signed between East Kazakhstan Technical University and Tianjin Vocational University to establish the “Lu Ban Workshop” in Kazakhstan. Link Al-Farabi Kazakh National University also signed a cooperation agreement with Fudan University of China. Link Kazakh National University,educational activities between the universities.
- https://www.lightreading.com/5g/china-mobile-opens-asia-s-5g-research-center
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Information_Technology_University
- https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/278583-kazahstan-razvivaet-nauchnoe-partnerstvo-s-kitaem
- https://www.inform.kz/ru/studenty-nazarbaev-universiteta-budut-uchit-sya-po-obmenu-v-vuzah-kitaya-i-malayzii_a4066394
- https://www.inform.kz/ru/kazahstan-i-kitay-budut-sovmestno-gotovit-tehnicheskih-specialistov_a4042607
- https://dknews.kz/en/articles-in-english/303780-kazakhstan-and-china-expand-cooperation-in-higher%23:~:text=Al-Farabi
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The youth of Kazakhstan are increasingly choosing to study Mandarin. In 2022, Link In Kazakhstan, the first Confucius Institute (CI) was established at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian University in Nur-Sultan in 2007. By 2021, the number of CIs in Kazakhstan had grown to five. As of 2020, approximately 14,000 Kazakh students are studying Mandarin Chinese at these five Confucius Institutes, while 12,000 Kazakh students study in China each year. Link The five Confucius Institutes in Kazakhstan are: - Confucius Institute at L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian University (Nur-Sultan) - Confucius Institute at Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (Almaty) - Confucius Institute at K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional State University (Aktobe) - Confucius Institute at Karaganda State Technical University (Karaganda) - Confucius Institute at Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages (Almaty) Link
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-09-19/VHJhbnNjcmlwdDY4NDQ2/index.html
- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2021/09/15/the-effectiveness-of-confucius-institutes-in-promoting-chinese-soft-power-in-kazakhstan/
- http://www.ieeip.cn/bbx/1071727-1123792.html?id=27381&newsid=712457
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Atyrau Institute of Oil and Gas, and Caspian University are members of the University Alliance of the Silk Road. Link The members of the University Alliance of the Silk Road include: - Al-Farabi Kazakh National University - Atyrau Institute of Oil and Gas - Caspian University - K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional State University - Kazakh Academy of Transport and Communications - L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian University - Nazarbayev University Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has allocated a quarter of a million grants for the training of students from countries adjacent to the Silk Road project, including South Asia and Southeast Asia. Currently, around 18,000 Kazakh students are studying in China, mainly majoring in Chinese language and commerce. Kaukenova conducted a survey among students at the China Center to explore the perspectives of a generation interested in the Chinese language. Some respondents are motivated and knowledgeable about China and its language, but they face challenges with research skills and access to analytical resources.
Supplementary Notes
The Kurultai of Kazakh Students in China is a joint event organized by the Center for International Programs of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the People's Republic of China. The event aims to foster unity, patriotic education, and self-organization among Kazakh youth in China. The unified student organization, Kazakhstan Students Association in China (KSAC), currently includes about 12,000 Kazakh students studying at universities in China. Link The Center for Chinese Studies, "China Center" Link Strengthening the Kazakhstani-Chinese partnership: University representatives visited KazISS Link
- https://www.inform.kz/ru/bolee-250-kazahstanskih-studentov-sobralis-na-kurultay-v-kitae_a3533015
- https://www.caa-network.org/archives/19807
- https://kisi.kz/en/the-strengthening-of-the-kazakhstani-chinese-partnership-university-representatives-visited-kaziss/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
Kazakh and Kyrgyz students were the top recipients of Chinese state-backed scholarships. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
The Consul General of China commented on the refusal to issue individual visas to Kazakhs. Link Students cannot get a visa to China. Link
- https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/genkonsul-kitaya-prokommentiroval-otkaz-vyidache-300882/
- https://rus.azattyq.org/a/studenty-viza-v-kitay-problemy/28656058.html
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Export yes. Import no.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan’s debt to China was 5.9 percent of its total external debt in April 2021, amounting to USD 9.7 billion, which included government-guaranteed debt of USD 1.39 billion, according to official data. Kazakhstan ranks as China’s fifth-largest recipient of grants and loans, having received USD 39.01 billion from official Chinese institutions from 2000 to 2017. It is among the 10 countries whose hidden debt to China (or loans issued to state-owned enterprises with implicit host government repayment guarantees) exceeds 10 percent of GDP.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The FPRK (the Trade Union Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan) submitted a list of 204 Chinese companies operating in Kazakhstan, of which 24 have local trade unions that are member organizations of sectoral federations affiliated with the FPRK. Trade unions are under significant pressure in the oil and gas industry, where there are many joint ventures with Chinese shareholders. Link Khorgos dry port in Kazakhstan has 50% Chinese ownership. Link The Ministry of Industry and Infrastructure Development (MIIR) of the Republic of Kazakhstan reported on December 6 plans for the construction of a gas-chemical complex for the production of methanol with the participation of Chinese companies CITIC Construction and China Huanqiu Contracting & Engineering. The complex, costing 140 million dollars, will have a productivity of 130 thousand tons, create about 500 jobs during the construction period, and 220 after the start-up. The planned opening date is the end of 2024. After that, the "second stage of the ammonia and carbamide production project," worth 200 million dollars, will begin. Link The Kazakh side of the border was less impressive from afar, but I now knew it hosted a first-of-its-kind free-trade zone, opened on territory shared with China. Link
- https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia.pdf
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/34637a4d32454464776c6d636a4e6e62684a4856/share_p.html
- https://russian.eurasianet.org/влияние-китая-в-центральной-азии-становится-все-заметнее
- https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/29/magazine/china-globalization-kazakhstan.html
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan is listed as a member of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2013, Xi Jinping launched the first half of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) – the “Silk Road Economic Belt” (SREB) – in Kazakhstan. Drawing on the historical legacy of the ancient Silk Roads, the SREB aims to renew cross-continental trade between China and Europe as a driver of growth and connectivity. For more information, visit: Link. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kazakhstan "Silk Road" is a member of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce. For more details, visit: Link
- https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/en/our-projects/germany-and-asia/news/asia-policy-brief-chinas-footprint-in-central-asia
- http://www.srcic.com/silk-road-members/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Altyn Bank, a subsidiary of China CITIC Bank, was registered in the Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) in December 2018. It has since become an indirect participant in the RMB Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS).
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China signed a free trade agreement (FTA) with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) today in Astana, Kazakhstan, as we indicated would occur earlier in the week.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A free trade zone has been proposed by Astana to stimulate development in the region, modeled on the successful Khorgos model. For more information, visit: Link and Link. It is the first trans-border international free trade zone in the world and also China's first special economic zone, being "within the country, but out of the jurisdiction of its customs." It covers 5.6 square kilometers, with 3.43 square kilometers on the Chinese side and 2.17 square kilometers on the Kazakh side. For further details, visit: Link =It's%20the%20first%20trans%2Dborder,kilometers%20on%20the%20Kazakh%20side.
- https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/07/26/an-inside-look-at-icbc-khorgos-china-and-kazakhstans-cross-border-free-trade-zone/
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202302/1285465.shtml#:~:text=It's%20the%20first%20trans%2Dborder,kilometers%20on%20the%20Kazakh%20side.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Federations of Trade Unions of Kazakhstan and China held an online meeting focused on cooperation, the exchange of experience between trade union organizations in both countries, and the transfer of humanitarian aid to Kazakh port workers. During the meeting, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and the Federation of Trade Unions of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region handed over humanitarian aid in the form of personal protective equipment and basic necessities to their Kazakh colleagues working in border areas.
- https://kasipodaq.kz/2022/09/14/the-trade-union-federations-of-kazakhstan-and-china-strengthen-the-foundation-of-friendship-and-mutual-assistance/
- https://kasipodaq.kz/2022/09/14/федерации-профсоюзов-казахстана-и-ки/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese films and TV programs have become increasingly popular in Kazakhstan, offering a window for Kazakh people to understand Chinese culture and daily life. The Chinese TV drama All is Well has particularly captured the audience’s interest during the COVID-19 outbreak, airing weekdays in Kazakh on Astana TV. Despite these successes, the overall influence and market share of Chinese films and TV series in Kazakhstan remain low.
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201805/28/WS5b0b6f6fa31001b82571cad8.html
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/22/c_138905211.htm
- https://amazoniainvestiga.info/index.php/amazonia/article/view/2018/2731
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tiktok is at the top spot.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
The Chinese TV drama All is Well has helped Kazakhs gain a better understanding of Chinese culture and daily life. The series has become popular in Kazakhstan, airing weekdays in Kazakh on Astana TV. However, despite these cultural exchanges, Chinese films and TV series still have a relatively low influence and market share in Kazakhstan. Link Link Link
- http://china-pictorial.com.cn/all-is-well-the-rich-history-and-promising-future--of-china-kazakhstan-relations-1
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202312/1304081.shtml
- https://en.dimashnews.com/bringing-tradition-together-dimash-performed-in-the-culture-and-harmony-project/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Skip
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
In Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Uzbekistan, the most common response regarding China is "somewhat favorable." However, the share of people giving a favorable answer has decreased noticeably in recent years. In Kazakhstan specifically, there has been a noticeable decline in positive sentiment towards China. Survey data over five years from Central Asia Barometer shows a significant decrease in public sentiment toward China, particularly among those who view it as "somewhat favorable." Link =One%20key%20question%20is%20how,dropped%20noticeably%20in%20recent%20years Link Link
- https://civicidea.ge/en/what-central-asian-countries-think-about-china/blog-en/#:~
- https://rus.azattyq.org/a/voshischenie-urovnem-zhizni-chto-uchivshayasya-v-kitae-kazahstanskaya-molodezh-dumaet-ob-etoy-strane-/32082367.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/public-opinion-on-china-waning-in-central-asia/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
In 2015, Beijing presented Kazakhstan with thirty Jiefang J6 heavy-duty trucks and thirty large-load trailers free of charge. The equipment was worth $3.2 million. Link In addition, China is currently a major producer and exporter of military equipment. The arsenals of both Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan include Wing Loong-1 military drones made by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). Kazakhstan has also purchased Wing Loong-1 military drones from the PRC. Link A large share of China’s weapons transfers to Central Asia are labeled as donations, which helps circumvent 2002 legislation that places limits on Chinese arms exports. Link The data for Kazakhstan illustrates a highly diversified list of suppliers. China’s share is the smallest, having supplied only 1.1% of weapons since 1991. Link The main supplier of arms to Kazakhstan is Russia, providing 90 percent of arms imports, followed by Spain (3.2%) and China (2.1%). Link =The%20main%20supplier%20of%20arms,et%20al.%2C%202020%5D
- https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402
- https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-snapshot-project-central-asia-2/
- https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-52-russias-shadow-chinas-rising-security-presence-central-asia
- https://cabar.asia/en/import-of-arms-in-central-asia-trends-and-directions-for-diversification
- https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/global-arms-trade-and-implications-for-the-central-asian-region/#:~
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Sixth CICA Summit, presided over by H.E. Mr. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, was held in Astana on October 12-13, 2022.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
During the sixth meeting of the Chinese-Kazakh Business Council, Tokayev stated that Kazakhstan was strategically interested in the establishment of joint innovation companies, technology parks, and information technology (IT) centers. He highlighted that in the capital, an international technology park for IT start-ups, “Astana Hub,” has been opened. Tokayev emphasized the focus on “big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud technologies, and supercomputers.” Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Between 1990 and 2005, only 15 Kazakh officers were sent to China for training. However, this cooperation has grown significantly. Between 2003 and 2009, 65 members of the Kazakh military took courses in Chinese institutions. Link On the occasion of the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China, the ambassador noted that the two sides have conducted military exchanges, competitions, and training. They have also closely cooperated on the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, and "color revolutions" in the region. Link
- https://jamestown.org/program/military-cooperation-between-china-and-central-asia-breakthrough-limits-and-prospects/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/01/c_139257481.htm
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan participated in the Xiangshan Forum in China. Link A meeting between the defense ministers of Kazakhstan and China took place in New Delhi. Link There was also a meeting between the Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan and Chinese colleagues at a forum in Beijing. Link
- https://www.kt.kz/rus/state/ministr_oborony_kazahstana_prinimaet_uchastie_v_rabote_1377957228.html
- https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mod/press/news/details/546121?lang=ru
- https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/306614-vstrecha-ministra-oborony-kazahstana-s-kitayskimi
Supplementary Notes
Meeting with the Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China, Chang Wanquan. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was not until August 2003, in eastern Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, that the first multilateral military exercises took place, involving thousands of Chinese, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik military personnel. All member states, except Uzbekistan, participated. In 2006, the East anti-Terror exercises in Uzbekistan involved all the security services. In 2010, exercises were held at the Matybulak polygon in the Semirechie region of Kazakhstan, where military experts from China and Russia prepared the simulations. Link Chen Bingde (R), chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, met with Saken Zhasuzakov, first deputy defense minister and chief of the staff of Kazakhstan's Armed Forces, in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on September 9, 2010. Chen visited Almaty to attend the opening ceremony of the "Peace Mission - 2010" anti-terrorism military exercise, which took place in south Kazakhstan from September 9 to 25 under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Link Since 2002, the military and other security forces of Kazakhstan and China have engaged in about two dozen bilateral and multilateral military exercises. Link
- https://jamestown.org/program/military-cooperation-between-china-and-central-asia-breakthrough-limits-and-prospects/
- http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90883/7135744.html
- https://jamestown.org/program/kazakhstan-china-military-exchanges-continue/
Supplementary Notes
Tokayev said Kazakhstan attaches great importance to military cooperation with China and hopes that the two militaries will continue to strengthen practical cooperation in peacekeeping operations, joint exercises, personnel training, military technology, and other fields. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan is in the list.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On the occasion of the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) of China, the ambassador said that the two sides have conducted military exchanges, competitions, and training, and closely cooperated in the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, as well as "color revolutions" in the region. Link Chen Bingde (R), chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, met with Saken Zhasuzakov, first deputy defense minister and chief of the staff of Kazakhstan's Armed Forces, in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on Sept. 9, 2010. Chen visited Almaty to attend the opening ceremony of the "Peace Mission - 2010" anti-terrorism military exercise, launched under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization in south Kazakhstan from Sept. 9 to 25. Link China and Kazakhstan will continue to firmly support each other on issues concerning national sovereignty and are ready to jointly combat the "three evil forces" of terrorism, separatism, and extremism, while resolutely opposing interference by external forces, according to a joint statement issued during Chinese President Xi Jinping's state visit to Kazakhstan on Wednesday, marking the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Kazakhstan. Link
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/01/c_139257481.htm
- http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90883/7135744.html
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202209/1275294.shtml
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I hereby announce the Chinese government’s decision to fund the "Belt and Road Legal Cooperation Research and Training Program" to boost such cooperation. Kazakhstan was also indicated. Link "Fox Hunting-2019" was a joint counter-terrorism drill between China and Kazakhstan, held at a training base in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. Link As Russia takes on 'terrorists' in Kazakhstan, China offers security assistance. Link
- https://yizhiyoudao.kuaizhan.com/48/73/p685517706adfdb
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/MOOTW/CounterTerrorism/News_209173/16015829.html
- https://www.newsweek.com/russia-takes-terrorists-kazakhstan-china-offers-security-assistance-1667615
Supplementary Notes
China is willing to increase "law enforcement and security" cooperation with neighboring Kazakhstan and help oppose interference by "external forces," China's foreign minister said on Monday, after violent protests in the Central Asian country. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
In October 2020, U.S. government officials revealed that suspected Chinese hackers were behind a series of attacks on entities in Russia, India, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Malaysia. Link As part of the campaign, different groups of Chinese hackers have compromised telecom operators in countries including Turkey, Kazakhstan, India, Thailand, and Malaysia, according to four sources. Link Kazakhstan: President pins week-long cyberattacks on foreign-based plotters. Link
- https://www.csis.org/programs/strategic-technologies-program/significant-cyber-incidents
- https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN1VQ1A4/
- https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-president-pins-week-long-cyberattacks-on-foreign-based-plotters
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakh Activist Detained On Eve Of China-Central Asia Summit
Supplementary Notes
Arrest of Activists in Kazakhstan Likely Linked to Criticism of Plan to Deport Chinese Nationals Link ALMATY, Kazakhstan—In early March, Serikzhan Bilash, a Kazakh activist documenting and advocating for Muslims caught up in an immense internment-camp system in China, was taken from his hotel room by security services and arrested. Link Link
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/arrest-12172019163038.html
- https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/china-xinjiang-uighur-kazakhstan/597106/
- https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/03/11/uighur-china-kazakhstan-astana/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
More than 100 asylum seekers were detained in Almaty and escorted back to Xinjiang by officers of the Chinese Consulate and Kazakh police.
Supplementary Notes
Kazakh authorities detained Sayragul Sauytbai, an ethnic Kazakh woman with Chinese citizenship, for "illegal border crossing" and put her on trial. If convicted, she could be deported back to China. She has applied for asylum in Kazakhstan. Link Uighur refugee extradited by Kazakhstan, held in China. Link Case Watch: UN Holds Kazakhstan Accountable in Uighur Extradition Case Link
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/30/kazakhstan-shouldnt-deport-asylum-seeker-china
- https://cpj.org/2011/06/uighur-refugee-extradited-by-kazakhstan-held-in-ch/
- https://www.justiceinitiative.org/voices/case-watch-un-holds-kazakhstan-accountable-uighur-extradition-case
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although Kazakhstan’s opaque government does not readily provide details about the sources of procurement for its new surveillance systems, media reports assert that Kazakhstan’s video surveillance systems mainly use Chinese products.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan national telecommunications operator Kazakhtelecom and China Mobile signed a cooperation memorandum during the Mobile World Congress Shanghai 2019. Link China Telecom signed with a Kazakh telecom firm to deliver a fast, high-capacity route from Hong Kong to Europe, dubbed a new Silk Road. Link Huawei completed the 5G integration process in Kazakhstan in commercial partnership with Beeline, the largest independent mobile phone operator in the country. The Chinese company plans to set up a pilot project in Nur-Sultan in 2021, with coverage expansion to the rest of the country by 2025. Link Kazakhstan unveils 5G plans with support from Chinese tech giants to transform into a regional digital hub. Link
- https://www.telecompaper.com/news/kazakhtelecom-china-mobile-sign-cooperation-memorandum--1298825
- https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/china-telecom-signs-with-kazakh-firm-for-new-link-to-europe/
- https://novastan.org/en/kazakhstan/kazakhstan-huawei-to-launch-5g-network-in-2021/
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202310/1299974.shtml
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
One of the main breakthroughs during this period was the development of the 4G LTE communication standard and the construction of networks of this new standard around the world. In Kazakhstan, we started this project in 2013. At that time, this was a significant achievement for both our company and the telecommunications market. In Kazakhstan, we were the first to implement a project covering the fourth-generation communications network throughout the country. This was a great accomplishment, said Zhang Qingguo, General Director of Huawei Technologies Kazakhstan LLP, in an interview with Kursiv.kz. We are a leader in delivering 5G services. In Kazakhstan, last year (2019), we successfully tested a new generation network with Kazakhtelecom. I anticipate that the deployment of the first commercial zones of the 5G network will begin this year, starting in Nur-Sultan and Almaty, particularly in the special economic zone. Link Tele2 and Kcell, both controlled by Kazakhtelecom, differ regarding 4G availability. Kcell reported that the 4G/5G smartphone share of total subscribers was 72.8% in Q2 2022. Link Since 2017, hardware and software complexes “Sergek” (which means “vigilant” in Kazakh), supplied by Korkem Telecom from Nur-Sultan, have been operating in Kazakhstan's cities. The complexes were first introduced in Nur-Sultan and then in several other cities, including Almaty, Shymkent, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and Semey. The technical partner of Korkem Telecom is the Chinese company Dahua Technology. Link Huawei and the IEEE Kazakhstan Subsection jointly released the HPC Lossless Ethernet and AI Fabric Network Technical White Paper. Link
- https://www.huawei.com/kz/news/kz/2020/huawei-news-article-intervyu-generalnogo-direktora-huawei-v-kazakhstane-kursiv-08042020
- https://www.ookla.com/articles/central-asia-5g-4g-performance-q1-2023
- https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2019/12/11/feature-01
- https://e.huawei.com/ae/news/2023/ae/huawei-and-ieee-kazakhstan-subsection-jointly-release-the-hpc-lossless-ethernet
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
One of the main breakthroughs during this period was the development of the 4G LTE communication standard and the construction of networks based on this new standard around the world. In Kazakhstan, we started this project in 2013. At that time, this was a significant achievement for both our company and the entire telecommunications market. In Kazakhstan, we were the first to implement a project that covered the fourth-generation communications network throughout the country. This was a major accomplishment, said Zhang Qingguo, General Director of Huawei Technologies Kazakhstan LLP, in an interview with Kursiv.kz. We are a leader in delivering 5G services. In Kazakhstan, last year (2019), we successfully tested a new generation network with Kazakhtelecom. I anticipate that the deployment of the first commercial zones of the 5G network will begin this year, starting in Nur-Sultan and Almaty, particularly in the special economic zone. Link Tele2 and Kcell, both controlled by Kazakhtelecom, have different levels of 4G availability. Kcell reported that the 4G/5G smartphone share of total subscribers was 72.8% in Q2 2022. Link Since 2017, hardware and software complexes called “Sergek” (which means “vigilant” in Kazakh) supplied by Korkem Telecom from Nur-Sultan have been operating in Kazakhstan's cities. The complexes were first introduced in Nur-Sultan and then in several other cities, including Almaty, Shymkent, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and Semey. The technical partner of Korkem Telecom is the Chinese company Dahua Technology. Link The 5G Development Center opened in Kazakhstan in collaboration with China Mobile. Link
- https://www.huawei.com/kz/news/kz/2020/huawei-news-article-intervyu-generalnogo-direktora-huawei-v-kazakhstane-kursiv-08042020
- https://www.ookla.com/articles/central-asia-5g-4g-performance-q1-2023
- https://central.asia-news.com/ru/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2019/12/11/feature-01
- https://www.thefastmode.com/technology-solutions/3792-5g-development-center-opens-in-kazakhstan-in-collaboration-with-china-mobile
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A major local provider of the “Sergek” surveillance systems is Korkem Telecom, which partners with the Chinese company Zhejiang Dahua Technology (浙江大华技术, Zhejiang Dahua jishu). Hikvision has also maintained direct sales offices in Kazakhstan since 2015. However, according to its 2020 Annual Report, the company has invested relatively little in developing its subsidiary business there. Although Kazakhstan’s opaque government does not readily provide details about the sources of procurement for its new surveillance systems, media reports assert that Kazakhstan’s video surveillance systems mainly use Chinese products. As in other countries, the adoption of smart technologies for public health surveillance accelerated during the coronavirus pandemic. Link In recent years, facial recognition, biometric identification, artificial intelligence (AI), and video surveillance technologies have rapidly emerged domestically, often in close cooperation with Chinese companies such as Hikvision and Dahua Technology. Link Kazakhstan began testing biometric payment systems called FacePay following a presidential visit to the PRC in 2019, and now PRC surveillance technology is present in many of its major cities. Link The Kazakh capital, Nur-Sultan, has launched the first trials of an app that allows commuters to pay for bus tickets using facial-recognition technology. This system relies on cameras supplied by Hikvision, one of the Chinese companies recently sanctioned by Washington over its alleged role in human rights abuses. Link At a security meeting in May 2019, the Uzbek government shared its “safe cities” successes with officials from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. In Tashkent, a video surveillance system records and analyzes movements while automatically reporting road violations such as speeding. Link
- https://jamestown.org/program/tracking-the-digital-component-of-the-bri-in-central-asia-part-two-developments-in-kazakhstan/
- https://jamestown.org/program/kazakhstan-experiments-with-surveillance-technology-to-battle-coronavirus-pandemic/
- https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-snapshot-project-central-asia-2/
- https://www.rferl.org/a/china-kazakhstan-technology/30223745.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/smart-cities-or-surveillance-huawei-in-central-asia/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A major local provider of the “Sergek” surveillance systems undergirding these developments is Korkem Telecom, which partners with the Chinese company Zhejiang Dahua Technology (浙江大华技术, Zhejiang Dahua jishu). Hikvision has also maintained direct sales offices in Kazakhstan since 2015. However, according to its 2020 Annual Report, the company has invested relatively little in developing its subsidiary business there. Although Kazakhstan’s opaque government does not readily provide details about the sources of procurement for its new surveillance systems, media reports assert that Kazakhstan’s video surveillance systems mainly use Chinese products. As in other countries, the pace of adopting smart technologies for public health surveillance accelerated during the coronavirus pandemic. Link In recent years, facial recognition, biometric identification, artificial intelligence (AI), and video surveillance technologies have rapidly emerged domestically, often in close cooperation with Chinese companies such as Hikvision and Dahua Technology. Link Kazakhstan began testing biometric payment systems called FacePay following a presidential visit to the PRC in 2019, and now PRC surveillance technology is present in many of its major cities. Link The Kazakh capital, Nur-Sultan, has launched the first trials of an app that allows commuters to pay for bus tickets using facial-recognition technology. This system relies on cameras supplied by Hikvision, one of the Chinese companies recently sanctioned by Washington over its alleged role in human rights abuses. Link At a security meeting in May 2019, the Uzbek government shared its “safe cities” successes with officials from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. In Tashkent, a video surveillance system records and analyzes movements while automatically reporting road violations such as speeding. Link
- https://jamestown.org/program/tracking-the-digital-component-of-the-bri-in-central-asia-part-two-developments-in-kazakhstan/
- https://jamestown.org/program/kazakhstan-experiments-with-surveillance-technology-to-battle-coronavirus-pandemic/
- https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-snapshot-project-central-asia-2/
- https://www.rferl.org/a/china-kazakhstan-technology/30223745.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/08/smart-cities-or-surveillance-huawei-in-central-asia/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the Zhetysu region, work will resume on the implementation of the project "Kazakhstan-Chinese International Industrial City" in the free economic zone "Khorgos - Eastern Gate." This project was suspended for nearly two years due to the pandemic, according to the agency Kazakhstan Today. The head of the region, Beybit Isabaev, discussed this issue with investors, including I Faczyun, chairman of the board of the "Chinese-Kazakhstan International Industrial City," and Lin Xiaoovu, chairman of the board of Fujian Dazhuo. The participants of the meeting signed a memorandum "on the resumption of implementation of long-term cooperation," reported the akimat of the Zhetysu region on December 8. "The total volume of investment is over 1 trillion tenge, which is almost a three-year budget of the region," the message states. Investments are expected to lead to the development of "new productions, developed infrastructure, agricultural production processing enterprises, trade and entertainment facilities, food courts, and others" within the project. Link Nur-Sultan’s smart city is currently run by Sergek, a consortium of Kazakh technology companies, but the equipment that makes its work possible is provided by Dahua Technology, a Chinese company sanctioned by the United States. Link
- https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5
- https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/15/huawei-xinjiang-kazakhstan-uzbekistan-china-surveillance-state-eyes-central-asia/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The most well-known Kazakh projects that have succeeded globally are Nommi — the 4G Hotspot with Unlimited Wi-Fi, and Robo Wunderkind — a robotics kit designed for children. Kazakhstan is set to launch a 5G pilot in 2018, with the fifth-generation network expected to be fully operational within the next two years. Link China supports technological start-ups in Kazakhstan. A corresponding memorandum was signed with the Chinese technological and scientific park Zhongguancun (Chinese Silicon Valley) and Astana Hub as part of international cooperation with SCO member countries. Link
- https://techcrunch.com/sponsor/unlisted/why-kazakhstan-could-be-an-interesting-market-for-your-startup/
- https://profit.kz/news/57346/Kitaj-podderzhit-tehnologicheskie-startapi-Kazahstana/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Eurasian Space Ventures (ESV), a private space company from Kazakhstan owned by entrepreneur Shukhrat Ibragimov, has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Chinese company Deep Blue Aerospace, a developer of commercial launch vehicles.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Ma warmly welcomed Musabayev for his visit to Beijing to attend the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC). Both parties engaged in extensive discussions about space cooperation between China and Kazakhstan. Link Kazakhstan and China have agreed to jointly develop space projects. Link
- https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6479213/content.html
- https://bluescreen.kz/kazakhstan-i-kitai-doghovorilis-o-sovmiestnoi-razrabotkie-kosmichieskikh-proiektov/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A global forum on China-Central Asia cooperation regarding China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) was held on Friday in northwest China's Gansu Province. Representatives from China and Central Asian countries, including Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan, as well as international organizations, attended the forum either online or offline.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The presence of trade unions in Chinese oil and gas companies varies significantly by region. In Mangystau province, all four Chinese companies have a trade union. In Kyzyl-Orda province, six out of nine companies have one. In Aktobe province, nine out of fifteen companies do, while only one out of fifteen Chinese enterprises in Atyrau province has a trade union. As part of a new project, the Kazakh joint-stock company "Tsentr razvitiya torgovoi poliki QazTrade" and the Chinese company Alibaba Group signed a memorandum of understanding. This document outlines cooperation for the "Export to China" project. Alibaba Group will purchase Kazakh products directly and distribute them through its channels in China. Initially, the project will involve the purchase of packaged flour and vegetable oil, with plans to include other Kazakh products later.
- https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia.pdf
- https://russian.eurasianet.org/влияние-китая-в-центральной-азии-становится-все-заметнее
- https://qaztrade.org.kz/eng/
Supplementary Notes
As a result of the event, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the representative of SPIC in Kazakhstan signed a memorandum on cooperation in the Vie region. Additionally, a "sectoral research report on the prospects of cooperation between China and Kazakhstan in the field of 'green' energy" was published. Link Kazakh and Chinese business leaders agreed to strengthen bilateral economic relations by signing 16 documents, including five commercial agreements worth $565.4 million. These agreements cover various sectors, including construction, energy, mining, agriculture, food industry, engineering, tourism, and investment. The agreements were finalized during a cross-border cooperation dialogue in Almaty on March 28, 2023. Link
- https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8-%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F-%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B5
- https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/kazakhstan-china-to-bolster-economic-ties-sign-commercial-agreements-worth-565-million/#:~:text=ASTANA%20%E2%80%93%20Kazakh%20and%20Chinese%20business,a%20March%2028%20cross%2Dborder
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Aktau has an official sister city relationship with Karamay in China, Shymkent is paired with Baiyin (China), Nur-Sultan (Astana) is partnered with Beijing (China), and Almaty has a sister city relationship with Urumqi (China). Link Oskemen, Kazakhstan, is twinned with Tacheng, China. Link During Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's state visit to China, agreements were signed to establish sister city relationships between Shymkent and Xi'an, China, and between the North Kazakhstan region and Shaanxi Province of China. Link
- https://tumba.kz/zhizn-regiona/11-zhizn-regiona/43012-Est_li_pobratimy_u_Aktau_i_drugih_gorodov_Kazahstan.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China
- https://en.inform.kz/news/kazakhstan-china-sign-agreements-on-sister-city-relationship-btw-regions_a4068335/
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of funding in the sources.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Most of the visits and meetings are conducted at the national level.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese President Xi Jinping has met with Kazakh Prime Minister and Parliament Speaker in Astana, signed a joint declaration, and held talks in Astana. Link President Xi Jinping visited Kazakhstan's President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev in Nur-Sultan in 2022. Link The President of Kazakhstan is scheduled to pay a state visit to China in 2023. Link In 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev received State Councilor and Minister of Foreign Affairs Wang Yi of China during his official visit to Kazakhstan. Link President Xi Jinping met with Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev at the Great Hall of the People during Tokayev's visit to China for the third Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation. Link
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/special/xjp201309/
- https://www.voanews.com/a/china-xi-kicks-off-central-asia-trip-with-visits-to-kazakhstan-uzbekistan/6747766.html
- https://astanatimes.com/2023/03/president-of-kazakhstan-to-pay-state-visit-to-china-this-year/
- https://www.akorda.kz/en/kazakhstan-president-receives-state-councilor-the-minister-of-foreign-affairs-of-the-peoples-republic-of-china-754345
- http://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202310/t20231017_11162183.htm
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Kazakhstan says China's peace plan for Ukraine is "worthy of support." Link Kazakhstan strongly supports China’s visionary and constructive policy. Link Kazakhstan firmly supports the "one China" principle and considers Taiwan an integral part of Chinese territory, according to the Kazakh Foreign Ministry. Link
- https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-chinese-peace-plan-kazakhtstan-support/32288725.html
- https://astanatimes.com/2023/10/kazakhstan-strongly-supports-chinas-visionary-and-constructive-policy/
- https://www.azernews.az/region/220342.html
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Relatives of Kazakhs missing in Xinjiang have been silenced as China's Xi visits. Link The Xinjiang crackdown was downplayed during the Chinese nationalities representative's visit to Kazakhstan. Link
- https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakhstan-china-xi-visit-xinijang-relatives-silenced/32033833.html
- https://eurasianet.org/xinjiang-crackdown-downplayed-during-chinese-nationalities-reps-visit-to-kazakhstan
Supplementary Notes
Kazakhstan: Researcher on Xinjiang Crimes Banned Link Kazakhstan squeezes China critics as Xinjiang anxieties spread Link
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/09/08/kazakhstan-researcher-xinjiang-crimes-banned
- https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-squeezes-china-critics-as-xinjiang-anxieties-spread
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
China’s Youth Parliamentary Delegation visits the Mazhilis. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Xi also announced an additional aid of 50 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines to Central Asian countries.
Supplementary Notes
To bolster our cooperation and Central Asian development, China will provide Central Asian countries with a total of 26 billion RMB yuan of financing support and grant. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Leaked documents show how China tracked and detained Kazakhs, Uighurs Link Since 2016, China and Kazakhstan have been waging a kind of visa war. The same “public diplomacy” (contacts between students, businessmen, tourists) that politicians like to talk about suffers from it. At the beginning of the year, China unilaterally tightened the requirements for tourist and business visas for citizens of Kazakhstan, while relatives of diplomats accredited in China continued to be issued short-term S2 visas with a stay of only 30 days. Link Kazakh minorities in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
- https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2020/02/19/feature-01
- https://carnegie.ru/commentary/78318
Supplementary Notes
Kazakh minorities in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Link For the ethnic Kazakhs caught up in China’s brutal repression campaign in Xinjiang, their national government, once a source of some hope, offers little support. Link Many men who have been in the camps reported brutal torture, and unexplained deaths occur often, former inmates have said. Link
- https://civicidea.ge/en/kazakh-minorities-in-xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region/blog-en/
- https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/has-kazakhstan-failed-xinjiangs-ethnic-kazakhs
- https://www.rferl.org/a/china-kazakh-muslim-fears-deportation/32586306.html
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Nothing related to the CCICED, however, The 10th meeting of the China-Kazakhstan Environmental Cooperation Committee was held. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Joint Declaration on New Stage of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Going forward, both sides will continue to support each other on issues concerning each other’s core interests, such as sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity. Kazakhstan has affirmed its unwavering support for the one-China principle and opposes all forms of Taiwan independence. Link In the statement, Kazakhstan reaffirms its support for the one-China principle and acknowledges that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing all of China, as recognized by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758. Link
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202209/t20220915_10766522.html
- http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/topnews/2022-09/15/content_78420748.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20statement%2C%20Kazakhstan%20firmly,Nations%20General%20Assembly%20Resolution%202758
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During Xi Jinping’s tenure, control over Xinjiang has sharply increased, and Kazakhstan has notably shown solidarity with the People’s Republic of China (PRC).
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova