Turkmenistan
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 45 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 144 / 392 | - |
Jun 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 42 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 38 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 34 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 42 % | - |
In 2023, Turkmenistan had a GDP per capita of US$9,191 and a total population of 7.30 million.
Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 1992. In 2022, Turkmenistan was ranked 175th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 2/100.
Key Takeaways
- The PRC remains an important foreign partner for Turkmenistan due to the country’s dependence on gas exports.
- However, due to the local regime’s isolationist, closed nature, China has struggled to advance its influence in the past few decades. It has been confined to cooperation in areas acceptable to the local government, for example through providing scholarships to students to study energy-related subjects in China.
- The PRC has also made use of regional platforms to boost overall Central Asian ties to China. While its work remains restricted in Turkmenistan, it remains one of the few foreign countries enjoying governmental willingness for domestic cooperation, alongside Turkey and Azerbaijan.
- China’s main priority in Turkmenistan remains energy-oriented, with the objective to stabilize gas imports from its one of two land-based gas pipelines.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report titled "Belt and Road International Media Cooperation: Refinement Can Be Better" revealed, media outlets from Turkmenistan are part of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB) Media Cooperation Forum. One of the Turkmen media even signed the joint statement of the Forum. The SREB is one half of the Belt and Road Initiative. Given that Turkmenistan has some of the worst-ranked media freedoms in the world, the few state-owned media outlets are authoritative, as the Turkmen public has no access to alternative sources. Since all Turkmen media are state-controlled and have cooperation with the PRC, this can be interpreted as a state-approved decision to work more closely with the PRC in media cooperation. This reflects Chinese influence on Turkmenistan's foreign priorities in the sense that the Turkmen state wants its public to know that the government is working with the PRC. This is significant in terms of the state's messaging, rather than the PRC actually influencing Turkmen media content.
- http://finance.people.com.cn/n/2014/0703/c1004-25233717-9.html
- http://www.scio.gov.cn/m/31773/35507/35510/35524/document/1564897/1564897.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, journalists and media organizations from Turkmenistan have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities. For example, Turkmen journalists have attended forums and media tours in China as part of the PRC's "One Belt, One Road" initiative. These trips have included discussions on cybersecurity, information reliability, and the role of media in promoting Chinese initiatives.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, there are journalists, media organizations, or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities. This is supported by the China-Central Asia News Agency Forum, where media outlets from China and Central Asian countries, including Turkmenistan, agreed to strengthen and expand cooperation.
- https://english.news.cn/20230524/ea435b67b4274c049137e02246a4eca5/c.html
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202208/t20220811_10741702.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In general, the media sector in Turkmenistan is highly controlled. However, since the Xi'an summit in May, there has been increased discussion from the Turkmen side about promoting 'Chinese culture' in Turkmenistan. One of the rare outcomes is an op-ed article by the Orient.tm editor, highlighting the successes of China in his newspaper.
- https://news.cctv.com/2023/12/24/ARTIWJFbVTsaCXAcBEGk9gUc231224.shtml
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-01-05/Walk-hand-in-hand-along-the-road-to-progress-and-prosperity-1glLuBjfe2Q/index.html
- https://www.newscentralasia.net/2022/10/04/turkmenistan-and-china-together-on-the-path-of-progress-and-prosperity/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As an isolated, landlocked dictatorship, Turkmenistan has few foreign partners. The PRC is actively engaging in all sectors, including academia. According to the report, "A researcher from the Turkmen Research Center of Lanzhou University was invited by the Turkmen government to participate in a large-scale international forum on Turkmen culture," Lanzhou University has a dedicated center for Turkmenistan studies, which is the only such center overseas. This center engages extensively with the Turkmen Ministry of Education, regularly participates in events in Ashgabat, and collaborates on joint research with Turkmen sinologists. Other reports, such as "Notice of the Department of International Cooperation of the Ministry of Science and Technology on Organizing a Visit to Turkmenistan to Participate in the 'First China-Turkmenistan Science Innovation Forum'," highlight these collaborations. In the industrial sectors, many PRC entities work with Turkmen universities and research institutions. For instance, the PRC Ministry of Science and Technology and the Turkmen Academy of Sciences signed a memorandum of understanding on scientific and technological innovation cooperation, as detailed in the report, "The Ministry of Science and Technology and the Academy of Sciences of Turkmenistan signed a memorandum of understanding on scientific and technological innovation cooperation." They host joint research and events. In agriculture, the Beijing Botanical Garden and Turkmen Agricultural University signed a cooperation agreement, as mentioned in the report, "Beijing Botanical Garden and Turkmen Agricultural University sign a memorandum of cooperation online," to conduct research in plant science and gardening. While other foreign actors, such as Europeans and Malaysian Petronas, also work in Ashgabat and contribute equipment, the PRC’s outreach in academia is broader in scope and quantity. Therefore, the rating remains a 4.Link
- http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=12991
- http://www.most.gov.cn/kjbgz/202109/t20210907_176743.html
- http://wb.beijing.gov.cn/home/yhcs/qtcs/zxdt/202012/t20201214_2164292.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, there are PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities. The Chinese Center for Language Education and Cooperation (CLEC) has signed cooperation agreements with three higher educational institutions in Turkmenistan to contribute to the professional training of Chinese language teachers. These institutions include the International University for the Humanities and Development, the Magtymguly Turkmen State University, and the D. Azadi Turkmen National Institute of World Languages.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan schools and universities to offer Chinese classes" pointed out, the Turkmen government has been offering Chinese and Japanese language classes to 5th graders since 2015. The Chinese Embassy in Ashgabat confirmed that visiting Chinese teachers sent by Hanban are present in Turkmenistan.
- https://world.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnJPAv7
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202005/t20200527_9490201.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The programs that exist in Turkmenistan are PRC initiatives designed to train Turkmen energy engineers and subsequently integrate them into CNPC operations within Turkmenistan. These programs are not part of broader talent recruitment initiatives aimed at bringing foreign talent to access foreign technology.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities. For example, Sapargeldi Amangeldiyev, a Ph.D. student from Turkmenistan, is pursuing his green energy dream at Peking University through the Belt and Road Initiative education programs.
- https://newsen.pku.edu.cn/news_events/news/people/13323.html
- http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2023/0516/c1002-32687350.html
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202311/t20231123_11186052.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are likely no Chinese students studying in Turkmenistan, as the country has strict rules prohibiting foreigners from living there. According to a 2014 article titled "Professor Minavar Abibra of the Department of Uyghur Language and Literature was awarded the Makhtoum Kuri Feilager Award by the President of Turkmenistan," the PRC only has one expert on the Turkmen language.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan does not allow any space for freedom of speech, meaning there are no scholars who can engage in critical analysis in general.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmen scholars operating in a closed environment strictly adhere to state-friendly positions on the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the "Country (Region) Guide for Foreign Investment and Cooperation," the answer is "Yes" (for the past 10 years).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Gas exports from Turkmenistan to the PRC have experienced consistent growth since operations began in 2012, starting at 21.3 bcm, which accounted for 51.4% of China's total gas imports. The figures gradually increased to 31.7 bcm in 2017, 37.3 bcm in 2020, and 34 bcm in 2021. The situation for 2022 is detailed in the "BP Statistical Review of World Energy" 2022 edition, while the report "January-November: China Imports Turkmen Gas For $8.82 Billion" provides insights into the circumstances of 2023.
- https://business.com.tm/post/11190/januarynovember-china-imports-turkmen-gas-for-882-billion
- https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, as highlighted in the report "Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China" and the document "Country (Region) Guide for Foreign Investment and Cooperation: Turkmenistan," the gas sector—Turkmenistan's most sensitive and lucrative industry—is a key focus.
- http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/dl/gbdqzn/upload/tukumansitan.pdf
- https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/centralasiachinagasp/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan utilizes SWIFT for transactions with China but has shown positive signs of increasing RMB usage for credit transfer payments.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, Turkmenistan has been the target of PRC economic coercion. For example, China placed Turkmenistan on a military arms sales blacklist in January 2019 following a severe drop in Turkmen gas exports to China, which subsequently led to a significant rise in China's domestic natural gas price. This action demonstrates that Turkmenistan faced economic coercion from the PRC due to unfavorable circumstances related to gas exports.
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/what-drives-chinese-arms-sales-in-central-asia/
- https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-turkmenistan-bilateral-relations#_edn19
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) per se, but there is an agreement to trade Turkmen natural gas for Chinese-made military equipment, as detailed in the report "In-depth: How China Becomes Third-Largest Supplier of Weapons Worldwide."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given Turkmenistan's policies prohibiting foreigners from living in the country, it is unlikely that these groups can have an administrative presence in Turkmenistan. The China Central Asia Friendship Association, for example, has members based in the PRC and occasionally co-hosts events with PRC embassies in the region, including in Turkmenistan. However, this should not be considered as an organization actively working within Turkmenistan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese expatriate community in Turkmenistan is small, consisting primarily of embassy staff and employees of the 10 Chinese companies operating in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202201/t20220128_10636281.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202402/t20240207_11242825.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202312/t20231222_11209398.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202212/t20221228_10997549.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202301/t20230118_11011171.htm
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sgdt/202201/t20220127_10634619.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No, in Turkmenistan, there are no PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association, China Artists Association, China Writers Association, or All-China Women Federation, that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The majority of international apps are blocked in Turkmenistan. However, people still use them through VPNs, and these VPN apps are among the most popular downloads for phone users in Turkmenistan. Although TikTok is gaining popularity among young Turkmens, it is still not in the top five most-used apps.
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
This is significant because Turkmenistan, as a generally closed country, typically does not promote the influence of foreign nations. However, it continues to host events promoting China and offers opportunities for citizens to visit China as students or for business. This occurs in the same year that the Turkmen government made it extremely difficult for citizens to travel to Turkey, which is the primary travel destination for most Turkmens.
- http://paper.people.com.cn/rmrbhwb/html/2023-11/13/content_26026517.htm
- https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/bnsj/dwwhllj/202311/t20231102_949495.html
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Entertainment in Turkmenistan is highly controlled by the state. The government closely monitors and regulates the content available to the public, limiting access to foreign media, music, films, and other forms of entertainment.
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Skip
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given that Turkmenistan is an extremely closed-off society, its citizens primarily receive information provided by the state. Since the state has maintained good relations with China over the past 10 years, a consistently positive image of China is presented. As a result, it is likely that the majority of citizens hold favorable views of the PRC government. However, due to the restrictive environment, no research can be conducted on this topic in Turkmenistan.
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
This source indicates that Turkmenistan's military inventory includes equipment from China, Italy, and Turkey. It provides an overview of Turkmenistan's efforts to modernize its military by diversifying its equipment suppliers beyond the traditional Soviet and Russian sources.
- https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkmenistan/#military-and-security
- https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-turkmenistan-bilateral-relations
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan declared its status of permanent neutrality in 1995.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At least not publicly disclosed, but as noted in the report "China Intends to Become an Investment Partner in Turkmenistan's Shipbuilding Industry," Turkmenistan has some warship and submarine capacity, and Chinese companies have expressed interest in working with the shipbuilding sector in Turkmenistan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral state in 1995.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral state in 1995.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bilateral defense ministers met in January 2023 as part of President Berdimuhamedow's visit.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
High-ranking officials from both countries have engaged in discussions aimed at deepening military cooperation, which can be interpreted as public advocacy for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with China by Turkmenistan's high-ranking military officials.
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2022-03-25/China-ready-to-deepen-military-cooperation-with-Turkmenistan-18GHyPZn4WI/index.html
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2022/1013/c90000-10157950.html
- http://www.mod.gov.cn/gfbw/jswj/lf/16198402.html
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/10150581.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral state in 1995.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While China has long had agreements with Central Asian countries under the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Turkmenistan, not being a member, has seen the new "C+C5" (China + 5 Central Asian states) format bring about many new agreements between the two countries. As revealed in the report titled "China + Five Central Asian Countries Data Security Cooperation Initiative," a new agreement was signed in June 2022 on digital security cooperation, with data sharing highlighted as a key area of collaboration to jointly combat transnational crime.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As noted in the report "Joint Statement of the People's Republic of China and Turkmenistan," Turkmenistan signed the "Joint Agreement to Combat Terrorism, Separatism, and Extremism" with the PRC in 2006.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the reports "The First Phase of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Law Enforcement Cooperation Seminar Opens," "2018 New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Transnational Oil and Gas Pipeline Security Seminar," and the document "The Worldwide Web of Chinese and Russian Information Controls" show, Turkmenistan has been participating in various security-related training programs in the PRC. These programs include cybersecurity training (which involved both the Turkmen Ministry of Internal Affairs and the intelligence service) and a dedicated SREB-themed annual program focusing on port security, pipeline security, anti-drug trafficking, and more. Given the closed-off nature of the Turkmen government, it is questionable how these trainings have translated into tangible impact on the ground. Therefore, the rating is 2.
- https://www.jspi.edu.cn/info/1036/7263.htm
- http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0628/c42510-30094150.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At a security gathering in May 2019, the Uzbek government shared its “safe cities” successes with officials from Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. Despite adopting new policies in 2017, Turkmenistan, like Tajikistan in 2018, has seen limited impact due to poor enforcement.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan Approves Purchase of Communications Equipment from Huawei" revealed, Turkmenistan has approved the acquisition of communications equipment from Huawei.
- http://www.news.cn/2021-11/12/c_1128059276.htm
- https://www.cnfin.com/world-xh08/a/20120704/982157.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Turkmenistan Approves Purchase of Communications Equipment from Huawei" shows, this acquisition is likely to enhance Turkmenistan’s authoritarian digital capacity.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"As the reports ""Turkmen Officials Optimistic About Huawei,"" ""Huawei Technologies to Provide Telecommunications Equipment to Turkmenistan; Part of the Project Will Be Opened Soon,"" and ""Huawei Wins $2.5 Million Equipment Order from Turkmenistan's Ministry of Communications"" revealed, Huawei has been working in Turkmenistan since 2002 and is the key provider of both hardware and software to the Turkmen telecommunications sector. Beyond consumer use, Huawei also serves the industrial sector in Turkmenistan, including the railway sector, as highlighted in the report ""Huawei Helps Turkmenistan Railway Build Steel Silk Road."
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-09/18/c_127002965.htm
- https://e.huawei.com/cn/case-studies/cn/2017/201705021506
- http://tm.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/200604/20060401981789.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the article on the website ""Mapping China's TECH GIANTS"" and the image titled ""Meiya Pico Support the Belt And Road to Promote International Cooperation"" show, China’s tech giants are actively involved in promoting international cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative.
- https://archive.fo/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report ""Smart Cities or Surveillance? Huawei in Central Asia"" discusses, Huawei's involvement in Central Asia raises concerns about whether its technology is being used for smart city development or surveillance purposes.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the report "Smart Cities or Surveillance? Huawei in Central Asia" discusses, Huawei's involvement in Central Asia raises concerns about whether its technology is being used for smart city development or surveillance purposes.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, Turkmenistan has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding with PRC-connected entities. As highlighted in the article "Turkmenistan and China Will Cooperate in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space," Turkmenistan has formed mechanisms for space cooperation with China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, Turkmenistan has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system, as highlighted in the report "China-Central Asia Beidou Cooperation Forum Held in Lanzhou, Gansu."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, as reported in "Xi'an City Holds Video Conference with Sister City of Mare, Turkmenistan" and "Rizhao and Turkmennabat Establish Sister City Relationship," sister-city ties are established. However, these relationships are unlikely to influence Ashgabat's policies and its relations with the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is unlikely to find concrete evidence that such trips are "paid for" by PRC-connected entities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks. For example, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan, Myahri Byashimova, met with the Deputy Minister of Education of China, Sun Yao, to discuss cooperation in education.
- https://timesca.com/turkmenistan-and-china-to-expand-cooperation-in-education/
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202311/t20231123_11186052.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, representatives of political parties in Turkmenistan's national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC and attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party. For example, a delegation from the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan, the Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan, and the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs of Turkmenistan, led by Ata Serdarow, leader of the Democratic Party, met with Liu Jianchao, Minister of the International Department of the CPC Central Committee, in Beijing.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Turkmenistan, political campaigns are irrelevant as there are no elections.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Given Turkmenistan's policies prohibiting foreigners from living in the country, it is unlikely that these groups can have an administrative presence there. Although the China Central Asia Friendship Association, which is based in China, occasionally hosts joint events with PRC embassies in the region, including Turkmenistan, this should not be counted as an organization actively working within Turkmenistan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no real opposition in Turkmenistan; the state position is strictly pro-PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Turkmenistan, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points. For example, during a meeting between President Xi Jinping and Turkmen President Serdar Berdymukhamedov, President Berdymukhamedov expressed his conviction that under the wise leadership of President Xi Jinping, the 20th CPC National Congress will draw a blueprint for China’s future development and guide China toward more great achievements. He also stated that Turkmenistan firmly supports the one-China principle and firmly supports China in safeguarding its national sovereignty and territorial integrity. Additionally, Turkmenistan supports a series of major initiatives put forward by China, which are conducive to maintaining international peace and security and achieving the sustainable development goals of the United Nations.
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zy/jj/2022/cxshgsfwhw/202209/t20220915_10766457.html
- http://www.beltandroadforum.org/n101/2023/1019/c132-1252.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"We don’t know everything, but it is clear that major sources of income for the budget are controlled by members of the ruling family. A recent investigation titled ""Investigation: Turkmen president's nephews own 16 apartments in Dubai"" revealed that President Berdimuhamedow’s relatives, through offshore schemes, control the fertilizer production plant “Garabogazkarbamid,” which exports 80% of its production to China. Additionally, there have been reports of corruption involving CNPC in Turkmenistan, as highlighted in the article ""Jennifer Lopez Turkmenistan Gig Shines Light on Chinese Oil Firm."
- https://rus.azathabar.com/a/31513014.html
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324251504578579484286462430
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no real opposition in Turkmenistan; the state position is strictly pro-PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As mentioned in the reports "Han Zheng Holds Video Meeting with Turkmen Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister and Turkmen Chairman of China-Turkmenistan Cooperation Committee" and "Dai Houliang Attended the Fifth Meeting of the China-Turkmenistan Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee," Turkmenistan has four government-to-government cooperation committees (合作委员会) with the PRC. These committees cover areas of security, economics and trade, energy, and culture (refer to the report titled "The Two Chairmen of the Humanities Cooperation Sub-Committee of the China-Turkmenistan Cooperation Committee Held a Video Meeting" below).
- http://tm.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/sbwl/202111/t20211109_10446131.htm
- http://www.gov.cn/guowuyuan/2022-03/30/content_5682525.htm
- https://www.cnpc.com.cn/cnpc/jtxw/202111/964661fa111040f290fabeb9a3b81954.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As highlighted in the reports "The Opening Ceremony of the Belt and Road Eurasian Rule of Law Seminar was Held in Our School" and "Turkmenistan Held the Closing Ceremony of Training Course for Young Diplomats," Turkmenistan is often grouped with Central Asian states and other countries in the Eurasia region within the training programs provided by the PRC. While few training programs are exclusively directed at Turkmenistan, we rated this case a 4 due to the dictatorial nature of the Turkmen government and the role of the PRC in potentially strengthening it. However, it has been observed that few officials in Ashgabat seemed to be aware of these trainings that took place in China, casting doubt on their effectiveness in influencing governance. Despite this, we maintain the rating of 4 because Turkmens have limited choices for foreign training, restricted mainly to Russia and Turkey. The fact that Turkmenistan is grouped with other Central Asian states also reflects the PRC's preference for fostering Central Asian regionalism.
- https://www.shzu.edu.cn/2015/0928/c2a71410/page.htm
- https://www.shupl.edu.cn/2020/0915/c1168a81811/page.htm
- http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=12534
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, Turkmenistan has signed an agreement with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Comprehensive Strategic Partnership." This was announced during a state visit by Turkmen President Serdar Berdimuhamedov to China, where he met with Chinese President Xi Jinping. The two leaders signed a joint statement and witnessed the signing of several cooperation documents in various areas, including energy, digital economy, green development, culture, sports, and media.
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-turkmenistan-elevate-bilateral-ties-to-comprehensive-strategic-partnership/2781695
- https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/news/3557
- https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/news/mediarusources/202301/t20230131_1348601.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Turkmen MFA confirmed in response to the January 2024 election that Turkmenistan unquestionably adheres to the PRC’s "one China principle," which asserts that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than formulating its own "one China policy."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Turkmen government has remained silent about the PRC's territorial claims, including the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016. There is no public record or official statement from the Turkmen government explicitly supporting or opposing the ruling or China's claims in the South China Sea.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the report "Who are the 37 countries that support China's position on Xinjiang? The list is coming," Turkmenistan was among the 37 countries that signed a letter to the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2019, supporting the PRC’s policy in Xinjiang. In 2021, Turkmenistan continued to express support for the PRC during meetings with PRC officials. The report "Turkmenistan Stressed at the Human Rights Council that Issues Related to Hong Kong and Xinjiang Are China's Internal Affairs and Supports the Position of the Chinese Government" indicates that Turkmenistan voiced its support for PRC policy in Xinjiang at the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2021.
- https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-13/doc-ihytcerm3445980.shtml
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-07/15/c_1127656221.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/15/c_1310061760.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan has supported the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population. During a meeting between President Xi Jinping and Turkmen President Serdar Berdimuhamedov, Turkmenistan firmly supported the one-China principle and China's efforts to safeguard its national sovereignty and territorial integrity.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkmenistan has supported the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, including the imposition of the National Security Law. During the 47th session of the UN Human Rights Council, a representative of Turkmenistan stated that Hong Kong-related issues are China's internal affairs and expressed support for the Chinese government's position.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.