Latvia
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Latvia had a GDP per capita of US$20,642 and a total population of 1.88 million people, with the Chinese population comprising 128 people or 0.007% of the total.
Latvia established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1991. Latvia was ranked 22nd in Reporters Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and Free in Freedom House's 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 88/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media15.0% / 30.1%
- Academia17.5% / 34%
- Economy18.2% / 33.6%
- Society11.4% / 23.6%
- Military0.0% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement9.1% / 30.2%
- Technology15.9% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics7.5% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy13.6% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China's Influence in the Nordic-Baltic Information Environment: Latvia and Sweden Link “With the expansion of China's behemoth Belt and Road initiative, Beijing's soft power has reached the Baltic states. Working through the Confucius Institutes found in all the three Baltic capitals, and exerting economic and diplomatic pressure, China's soft power interferes with the inner workings of the Baltics' foreign affairs institutions.” Link
- https://www.worldchinesemedia.com/category/guanyuxiehui/
- https://stratcomcoe.org/publications/chinas-influence-in-the-nordic-baltic-information-environment-latvia-and-sweden/218
- https://www.balticexchange.com/content/dam/balticexchange/consumer/documents/2021_Xinhua_Baltic_ISCDI_EN.pdf
- https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1094318/the-rough-face-of-china-s-soft-power-in-the-baltics-investigation
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2016-2017 with Xinghua CRI Link “Latvia has a stable, active and pragmatic political dialogue with China and an intensive exchange of visits at all levels. Cooperation between Latvia and China takes place both bilaterally and within the framework of EU-China relations and in various multilateral formats, such as the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries and China (17 + 1) cooperation format and the Belt and Road Initiative.” Link.
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
- https://search.news.cn/?lang=en#search/0/Latvia/2/
- https://china-cee.eu/2021/12/01/latvia-economy-briefing-latvian-chinese-relations-in-view-of-the-2021-china-international-import-expo/#:~:text=During%20the%20bilateral%20official%20visit,Century%20Maritime%20Silk%20Road%20Initiative.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Local journalists are asked to publish articles that favor China or maintain blogs and social media pages that propagate cooperation with Beijing. In some cases, the propaganda articles are prepared with the help of the embassy or the news agency Xinhua, and all the recruited journalist is required to do is to “lend” the Chinese his name and status. The keenest of readers will have already noticed that pro-China articles have appeared in Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze and Diena, and occasionally in some pro-Kremlin media outlets as well.” Link "It should be noted that trips to China is the most common way Latvians get recruited to work for Chinese intelligence services. This is usually done according to the same pattern Soviet chekists used to recruit naïve Western travelers – the local Beijing embassy carefully selects the potential “tourists” and offers them to go on a trip to the “misunderstood” and exotic Celestial Empire. These “tourists” are most often asked to participate in an international event, a forum or conference, where Chinese intelligence services then select the most suitable agents of influence from around the world."- the same link.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Local journalists are asked to publish articles that favor China or maintain blogs and social media pages that propagate cooperation with Beijing. In some cases, the propaganda articles are prepared with the help of the embassy or the news agency Xinhua, and all the recruited journalist is required to do is to “lend” the Chinese his name and status. The keenest of readers will have already noticed that pro-China articles have appeared in Neatkarīgā Rīta Avīze and Diena, and occasionally in some pro-Kremlin media outlets as well.” Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Except for the Chinese embassy Facebook page Link
Supplementary Notes
No other evidence found
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
investment screening mechanism Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
YES, according to expert’s knowledge, it happened in 2020, but no public data was found. Therefore, we skipped this question.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The University of Latvia established ties with BGI. “An attractive and dynamic business climate for high value-added products – indeed, that is what we see in Latvia.” BGI, one of the world’s largest genomics organizations, is a striking example of how LIAA attracts foreign investment and successful companies to Latvia.” Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Latvia, there is one institute and several classrooms established, and that institute manages the classrooms as well, Introduction to Confucius Institute at the University of Latvia – Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Hereby, The National K-12 Foreign Language Enrollment Survey Report states that Latvia does not include Chinese as a foreign language in K12, report is available at: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Within in the 16+1 network cooperation, The Fifth High-Level Think Tanks Symposium of China and Central & Eastern European Countries was held on 30 – 31 October 2018, and Una Aleksandra Bērziņa-Čerenkova, as a Head of the New Silk Road Program, was one of the panelists, representing Latvian Institute of International Affairs, Title: The implications of China’s civilization: discourse during the 16 + 1 Riga Summit:Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Latvian National Institute of Science has introduced automated nucleic acid extraction equipment made by MGI" Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Namely, Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program scholarships were not indicated, but there were additional scholarship programs: The Confucius Institute at the University of Latvia was Successfully Held the First Confucius Institute Four-week Scholarship Project in South China Normal University Link The 2013 global online Chinese culture contest came to a successful conclusion, on May 15, and we want to thank each and every of you for your interest and active participation. Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was conducted within the 16+1 cooperation, in the years of 2012-2017. “These “tourists” are most likely to be members of a specific profession – journalists, politicians and scientists. In order to maintain secrecy, Beijing may offer the trip to China not to the person it is interested in, but instead to one of their relatives, be it their spouse, children or parents. Upon returning to their home country, the Chinese embassy asks the “tourists” to repay the generous trip with loyalty. Initially, it may be a simple social media entry that portrays China in a positive light. Then, perhaps an interview with a local media outlet to talk about the prosperity witnessed in China. In special cases, you may have to repay the favor by betraying your country. The latter fate was experienced by the naïve Estonian scientist Kõuts. Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found in that regard.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
According to expert's knowledge, this kind of incident has taken place, but the public record of the fact is not available.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://gyanberry.com/list-of-top-universities-in-latvia-offering-master-of-east-asian-studies-course/
- https://www.rsu.lv/en/china-studies-centre
Supplementary Notes
List Of Top 3 Universities in Latvia Offering Master Of East Asian Studies Course Link “The RSU China Studies Centre was established in 2005 with the aim of providing research on China and the wider East Asian region, offering certified Chinese language training, and promoting RSU academic and teaching excellence internationally.” Link
- https://gyanberry.com/list-of-top-universities-in-latvia-offering-master-of-east-asian-studies-course/
- https://www.rsu.lv/en/china-studies-centre
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to expert's knowledge and public record, such kind of incidents are not indicated.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Unlike Asian countries, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are not reliant on China for trade, meaning they can prioritise universal rights and freedom” Link In 2019, Latvia exported $186M to China. The main products that Latvia exported to China were Rough Wood ($54.8M), Sawn Wood ($35.7M), and Peat ($23.5M). During the last 24 years the exports of Latvia to China have increased at an annualized rate of 11.7%, from $13.2M in 1995 to $186M in 2019. Link; In general, China is Latvia’s 22th most important export and 6th most important import trade partner. In 2019, the trade balance of goods was negative: approx. 350 mln. EUR, but in 2021, it reached a staggering 508 mln. EUR.- Link "According to Boston Consulting Group (2009), China will be the biggest trade market in the coming five years. Latest data of post-economical financial crises of 2014-2016 shows that China’s share in imported products consumption rose to 31.4%, and become the leading market since the beginning of the 2011 (Li and Kambele, 2012). Together, China is becoming the destination for 36.8%, (Zhou and Wang, 2014) of world high end brands. On the background of this scenario, it is extremely vital for Latvian goods producers to know and understand the consumers behaviors of Chinese specially the affluent Chinese, and new consumers of Latvian brands. For decades, branding and marketing research have been based on a concept of consumer behavior that is deeply embedded in a linear notion of marketing activities." - Link
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3141373/why-europes-baltic-states-can-brush-china
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/lva
- https://china-cee.eu/2021/12/01/latvia-economy-briefing-latvian-chinese-relations-in-view-of-the-2021-china-international-import-expo/
- https://www.ersj.eu/dmdocuments/2017-xx-3-a-64.pdf
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
External Dept Link Latvia Government Debt Link Links prove that Latvia does not own more than 50% of sovereign debts from PRC.
- https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/external-debt
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/government-debt--of-nominal-gdp
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On June 28, 2021 H.E. Ambassador Ms Maija Manika visited Wuxi and met with potential Chinese investors in Latvia. Link but no public data states that the PRC is the top customer for Latvia's extractive industries.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such evidence is indicated, additionally, a representative of the Development Agency from China stated that Chinese will invest in Latvia when they begin to trust them - Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvia is not among the listed countries- Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvian Chinese Chamber of Commerce: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No direct evidence found: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found in that regard.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
People's Republic of China-EU Free Trade Agreement (Latvia is one of the members): Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Lativia has signed a MOU with the PRC to establish the Silk Road Economic Zone: Link Link Link
- https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/9789813221819_0001
- http://certusdomnica.lv/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Certus_ZidaCels_2017_EN.pdf
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The existents of such kinds of organizations are not indicated but there have been indicated some incidents: Under alleged pressure from China, Latvian museum cancels Hong Kong exhibition Link; The Symposium on Tibet Today was Held in Riga- Link
- https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1473784/under-alleged-pressure-from-china-latvian-museum-cancels-hong-kong-exhibition
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t1401719.htm
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public evidence was found on the existed cooperation between the ACFTU and Latvian representatives.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese New Year events in Latvia to take place online: Link Celebration held to greet upcoming Chinese Lunar New Year in Latvia:Link "This is not to suggest that the UFWD would not be interested in establishing and deepening relationships between the CCP and Lithuanian political parties, especially considering that it is precisely its original function, and that neighbouring Latvia has already provided a role model since its significant Social Democratic Party “Harmony” (Saskaņa) signed a controversial memorandum of cooperation with the CCP in 2011.":Link
- https://en.imsilkroad.com/p/319541.html
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201802/11/WS5a7fe43ca3106e7dcc13c0bb.html
- https://www.echo-wall.eu/china-through-european-lens/unfulfilled-promises-realized-fears
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvia - China Association of Culture: Link A Delegation of Chinese Writers Association Paid a Visit to Latvia:Link China Writers Association Signed Cooperation Memorandum with LUCI:Link
- https://www.facebook.com/LATVIACHINAASSOCIATIONOFCULTURE/posts/chinese-calligraphy-class-in-modes-muzejs/1911352349148897/
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/whjl/whxw/t827507.htm
- http://www.ci.lu.lv/?p=3048&lang=en
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Latvia- Link, any kind of donation from PRC is not indicated.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
The evidence is not found. In Latvia there are several Chinese Movies and TV Shows available on Netflix (Link), but their direct link to PRC is not indicated.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Here is the link of available TV shows in Latvia and mostly, they portray PRC in a positive manner: Link, but their direct link to PRC is not identified
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Smirnova Anzelika, an internet celebrity from Latvia, experienced Bouyei ethnic culture during the "A Date with China" international media tour to Qingyan Ancient Town in Guiyang, Guizhou province. In the traditional costume, she felt like she was part of the beautiful place: Link; "Anzelika, in the Bouyei traditional costume, said she felt like she was part of the beautiful place. She also learned to sing Red Flower, a folk song of Guizhou, ahead of the trip"- Link
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/26/WS6086773da31024ad0baba797.html
- https://twitter.com/chinadaily/status/1386623593711243265?lang=bn
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Baltic countries received international attention for their snub of China’s February “17+1” online summit, chaired by President Xi Jinping. By sending lower-level ministers instead of heads of state, they signaled a joint Lithuanian, Estonian and Latvian turn away from China’s multilateral formats. This turn, however, has not yet completely found its way into Latvian public opinion.": Link "While Beijing endeavored to expand its foreign relations and economic might with infrastructure projects and investments, the Latvian political elite has expressed an increasing interest in cooperation and building a long-term partnership. However, due to the lack of practical activities for mutual economic benefit, a shadow of suspicion regarding the introduction of 5G, deterioration of EU-China relations and some other negative developments, the political optimism of the Latvian elite has been decreasing. According to opinion polls, the inhabitants of Latvia also look at China with some suspicion regarding its true intentions, thus placing it in a row with other external threats."-Link
- https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/04/go-with-the-devil-you-dont-know-latvians-still-believe-in-economic-cooperation-with-china/
- https://chinaobservers.eu/the-unknown-other-perceptions-of-china-in-latvia/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Latvian respondents overall demonstrate neutral and even positive attitudes towards China, with almost 42.3% viewing China in a very positive or positive light, and 30% having a neutral attitude (Figure 1). Interestingly, China is overall viewed more positively than the USA (Figure 3). Only 28% of the respondents have a negative or a very negative view of China, which is significantly lower than the survey-wide average across 13 countries – 45.3%.” Link "In September and October 2020, the Sinophone Borderlands project at Palacký University Olomouc conducted a wide-scale survey of public opinion on China in 13 European countries.": Link “There is still a belief among Latvian society that Chinese wealth could spill over into the Latvian economy via transit, export and investment. When indicating preferred Latvian foreign policy priorities towards China, 81.1% respondents believe policy should be focused on “promotion of trade and investment”, and 62.1% of respondents share some degree of agreement over China’s capability to help the national transit sector.” Link "According to Security Radar, last year Latvians saw China as one of the top three countries that pose a threat to their country. The first two are Russia and the US. Unlike these two countries, Latvians do not associate China with militarization, but rather with other threats such as economic oppression, potential migration flows, as well as challenges in cyberspace, especially as regards the implementation of 5G. At the same time, many of the respondents who have demonstrated these fears have also manifested a lack of knowledge about China and its intentions. During focus group interviews, part of the respondents who were concerned about China’s influence reflected conspiracy theories translated in Russian state media or other media channels, such as YouTube, for example. And it is not surprising. According to statistics provided by Latvian Research Centre SKDS, a bit more than half of Latvians believe that their life is influenced by various conspiracies."- Link
- https://ceias.eu/survey-europeans-views-of-china-in-the-age-of-covid-19/
- https://ceias.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/LV-poll-report.pdf
- https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/04/go-with-the-devil-you-dont-know-latvians-still-believe-in-economic-cooperation-with-china/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The People’s Republic of China has emerged as a player in the Baltic in recent years. This is partly through its close military links and strategic partnership with Russia, partly through the China and Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CCEEF) mechanism, and partly through its flagship initiative of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB). In turn this economic sway through the CCEEC and SREB frameworks gives China more political leverage over Baltic policies. The Baltic States refers primarily to the three ex-Soviet republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia; with Latvia having particularly embraced China’s Silk Road, but also having accommodated the most to Chinese political pressures.” - Link “Chinese Defense Minister Liang Guanglie here on Monday met his Latvian counterpart Artis Pabriks, with both sides pledging to enhance bilateral military cooperation. During the meeting, Liang said that China attaches great importance to developing defense and military ties with Latvia and is willing to enhance mutual understanding, strengthen mutual trust, deepen friendship, and promote cooperation so as to push the bilateral military ties to a new level. He noted that over the 21 years since the establishment of diplomatic ties, relations between the two countries have maintained a sound momentum of development.”: Link
- https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/jobs-2018-0001
- http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/se/txt/2012-06/26/content_463143.htm
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Military expenditure (% of GDP) - Latvia: Link (
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The evidence of the participation is not found, but there has been a dialogue in this issue- The Chinese Embassy in Latvia Holds A Reception to Mark the 85th Anniversary of PLA Founding: "Zhang also talked about the progress achieved by the PLA in modernization campaign in the new historical era and its active participation in international peace-keeping, joint escort operation and HADR operations in recent years. China will unswervingly stick to the path of peaceful development and pursue a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, Zhang stressed - Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Among the Baltic States, security cooperation has advanced especially in the area of peace–keeping where we have a joint battalion called BALTBAT and in air space control. In these areas, the Baltic States military structures are integrated.": Link The evidence regarding the PLA's deployment is not found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found of conducted military training by PRC.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No Public evidence available.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No direct evidence of the coordination is found but the Chinese embassy annually conducts events regarding the PLA founding: The Chinese Embassy in Latvia Holds A Reception to Mark the 88th Anniversary of PLA Founding- Link PLA Foreign Affairs Delegation Visited Latvia- Link The Chinese Embassy in Latvia Holds A Reception to Mark the 85th Anniversary of PLA Founding- Link Latvian intelligence names China, Russia a threat: Link
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t1284835.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t869386.htm
- https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1177615/latvian-intelligence-names-china-russia-a-threat
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Chinese Defense Minister Liang Guanglie said that China looks forward to enhancing military exchanges and cooperation with Latvia"-Link Dialogue has been conducted in that regard but direct evidence of the military exchange exercises is not available.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"China maintains extradition treaties with 59 nations/jurisdictions while 39 of them are ratified.[3] According to the official website of the People's Procuratorate of Guangdong Province, by October 2018, the countries below have signed extradition treaties with People's Republic of China"" Link Latvia is not among the countries. "Treaty between the Republic of Latvia and the People's Republic of China on Mutual Judicial Assistance in Criminal Matters"- Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
“As a framework for further legislation the Latvian Parliament has adopted a political strategy document - the National Security Concept, and on executive-level, the Government has adopted the National Counterterrorism Plan. Those policy planning documents set out the particular tasks that shall be carried out by national authorities involved in the prevention and suppression of terrorism to decrease the potential endangerment of terrorism or terrorist offenses.” Link Cooperation with PRC is not identified
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No direct evidence is available.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"China, on a par with Russia, was mentioned as the main cyber threat to NATO and the European Union (EU). According to the authors of the report, the number of Beijing’s cyber attacks is gradually increasing and poses a serious problem for the security and interests not only of Latvia but also of other Western countries. SAB analysts estimate that this trend will continue." - Link Remarks by Spokesperson of the Chinese Embassy in Latvia on statement of Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding China-related cyberspace activities: Link Moreover, any direct, targeted espionage acts have not been identified.
- https://warsawinstitute.org/latvias-intelligence-china/
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t1893405.htm
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Latvia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) said July 19 it was concerned by "malicious cyber activities targeting and affecting democracy, security and economies of the EU Member States and our allies and partners, both at the state level and the level of private entities and institutions"."- Link Additionally, attack on Latvian cyber space has not been identified.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Public information is not available regarding the issue.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence is identified.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public data is available.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence can be found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The 110 Taiwanese citizens who were detained in Riga and the Riga region in August for telephone fraud have been deported to their country of origin, Latvijas Avize daily reported on September 27- Link China earlier had asked for extradition of six of the detained Taiwanese citizens, but Latvia rejected the request- Link
- https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/110-taiwanese-citizens-deported-from-latvia.a251597/
- https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/110-taiwanese-citizens-deported-from-latvia.a251597/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"China earlier had asked for extradition of six of the detained Taiwanese citizens, but Latvia rejected the request. The representative of the Tapei mission said that Taiwan is conducting its own investigation and if China has any proof, it is invited to provide it to Taiwanese authorities in line with the mutual agreement on legal assistance. China considers Taiwan its own territory and the majority of the world’s countries have not recognized Taiwan as an independent country."- Link Other cases are not identified.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“The remaining two network operators aside from LMT (namely Tele2 and Bite) followed the ambiguous approach longer, but it is also coming to an end. Bite Latvija, owned by the US private equity investment fund Providence Equity Partners LLC27 through Bite Lietuva, had signed an MoU on cooperation in 5G networks with Huawei in 2018 and had been consistently voicing a pro-Huawei position: “Latvian mobile phone operator Bite Latvija will not suspend its partnership with the company and will go forward with its plans to introduce a 5G network with the help of Huawei.” Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
BITE has initially signed the agreement with HUAWEI but it was not functional. Riga and Washington on Thursday signed a joint declaration on 5G security aimed at limiting the Latvian market to Chinese companies Link Latvia has signed the joint declaration with the United States of America on 5G security Link
- https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1146924/latvia-signs-5g-declaration-with-us-to-sideline-china
- https://2017-2021.state.gov/joint-statement-on-united-states-latvia-joint-declaration-on-5g-security/index.html
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvia has signed with U.S. a declaration on future of 5G communications Link.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Designing the Latvian Speech Recognition Corpus: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Latvia has begun to develop its Smart City strategy since 2018, building an ecosystem between the industry, the government, municipalities and academia.he Smart City ecosystem is a framework that is predominantly composed of ICT and Smart energy to develop, deploy and promote sustainable development practices to address growing urbanization challenges. Smart City looks across every aspect of a city’s operations to use technology to improve outcomes and boost citizen well-being.” Link. Connections to PRC is not indicated.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS)is not used in Latvia: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Latvia and the Government of the People's Republic of China on Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technology Link A Baltic view on transatlantic tech relations towards China - “Cooperation in high-tech has been on the Sino-Baltic agenda since the beginning of China's engagement with the region in the early 2010s. The Baltic states had no need for China's loans, they believed high value-added cooperation could instead be established in cutting edge sectors with complementarity between China's technological development and the Baltics highly educated workforce, low production costs, and digital orientation. This framework was supported, at least at a symbolic level, within all three states, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.”- Link
- https://likumi.lv/ta/lv/starptautiskie-ligumi/id/1784
- https://merics.org/en/short-analysis/baltic-view-transatlantic-tech-relations-towards-china
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"An attractive and dynamic business climate for high value-added products - indeed, that is what we see in Latvia." BGI, one of the world's largest genomics organizations, is a striking example of how LIAA attracts foreign investment and successful companies to Latvia. Link RIGA, Latvia, November 26, 2019 - MGI officially opened a new R&D and manufacturing facility in Riga, Latvia today, aiming to build a bridge between China and Europe for life sciences and health research. - Link
- https://labsoflatvia.com/en/news/bgi-china-meets-europe-in-the-baltics
- https://en.mgi-tech.com/news/109/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Top Communication Free Apps Rankings in Latvia- Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“The LatPos GNSS base station system consists of base stations in the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Lithuania, which operate in a continuous mode, store the received signal data and distribute real-time correction to users via the mobile Internet network. The LatPos system receives signals from the GNSS systems of GPS NAVSTAR (funded by the United States), GLONASS (funded by the Russian Federation), Galileo (funded by the European Union) and BeiDOU (funded by the People's Republic of China).” Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public record exists to state that politicians or government employees in Latvia are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the twin towns/sister cities of Latvia, municipalities of China are not indicated: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Skip
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
According to expert's knowledge, within the network of 16+1 cooperation, some small municipal trips have been organized but the public record is not available of such kind of events.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The visits mostly have taken place in the years between 2012-2017, among them is the visit of the Chinese President Xi Jinping with his Latvian counterpart Raimonds Vejonis in Beijing Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public evidence is found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public evidence is found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No public record is found of such kind of links.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No record found in that regard.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The positive attitude has mostly been expressed in the years between 2012-2013, in terms of economy or opportunities for Latvia but not in the political domain. Such kind of position has not been expressed from the Latvian side since 2018. “Our bilateral relations are good. How China acted in 1991 set the right course. China was one of the first countries to recognize Latvia’s independence when we restored it after fifty years of occupation. And China was clear in its support for Latvia’s demand that Russian troops be removed from Latvian soil. The Latvian people remember who supported our freedom. (2000) Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No direct evidence found. "In relations with China, Latvia is interested in seeing progress with the EU-China negotiations on investment agreements during the Presidency, as well as promotion of cooperation with China in the area of transport and logistics within the framework of the 16+1 format"- Link. Additionally, no direct links have been identified.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of such circumstance.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Vice Foreign Minister Song Tao Meets with Chairman of the Latvian-Chinese Friendship Group of the Latvian Parliament”: Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Premier Li meets with Latvian parliament speaker: Link Vice Foreign Minister Song Tao Meets with Chairman of the Latvian-Chinese Friendship Group of the Latvian Parliament:Link Zhang Dejiang, chairman of the Standing Committee of China's National People's Congress, meets with Latvian President Raimonds Vejonis in Riga, Latvia, April 12, 2017(Zhang paid a three-day official visit to Latvia, which ended on Friday): Link Chinese premier arrives in Latvia for an official visit, at China-CEE summit: Link Premier Li arrives in Latvia for an official visit, China-CEE summit: Link Keqiang Arrives in Riga to Attend 5th Summit of China and Central and Eastern European Countries and Pay Official Visit to Latvia: Link Premier Li Keqiang met with Edgars Rinkevics, Foreign Minister and Representative of Latvian Prime Minister, who was attending the Meeting of Heads of Government of Central and Eastern European Countries and China in Bucharest, Romania: Link
- http://www.china-ceec.org/eng/ldrhw_1/2016lj/201611/t20161105_6828386.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetl//eng/xwdt/t1035809.htm
- http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c2766/201704/db2f7de1a94d4742988db4c59125481f.shtml
- http://www.china-ceec.org/eng/zyxw_4/201611/t20161107_6512666.htm
- http://english.www.gov.cn/premier/news/2016/11/04/content_281475482842187.htm
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/2016zt/lkqfwjejssthskstltwyelsbcxxlgjhy/201611/t20161108_704302.html
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xos_664404/gjlb_664408/3190_664610/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
A delegation of Chinese Tibetologists, currently visiting Latvian capital Riga, had a meeting Monday with Latvian lawmakers, officials, academics, and representatives of the public: Link (seems this meeting was informal for civil servants but it's not fully clear what areas were covered during the training)
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvia's position is mostly in accordance with the EU and the supporting of PRC is not identified. “Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia, Estonia, and Latvia did not send their heads of state to a February 17+1 virtual gathering chaired by Xi Jinping himself. However, even among the 17+1 participants, not all EU member states agree on how to approach China” Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Oppose
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Latvia briefly hosted a consulate of the Republic of China (Taiwan's official designation) in the early 1990s, but closed it down in 1994 after Beijing froze relations with Riga. Since then, Taiwan is represented in Latvia by a Taipei mission.": Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Latvia signed the UN joint statement against mass detention of ethnic Uighurs in the Xinjiang region, “The previous joint statement on China at the HRC was led by the United States in March 2016 with 12 signatories. That nearly double the number of countries have joined the current effort reflects growing international concern over the situation in Xinjiang, Human Rights Watch said. The signatories so far are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Additional states are considering signing on.” Link Please, find the Joint Statement on Xinjiang on the link provided: Link
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses
- https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-xinjiang/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Riga Declaration 7th World Parliamentary Convention on Tibet, 7-10 May 2019, Riga, Latvia: "Reaffirm that Tibet has historically never been part of China, that it was invaded in violation of international law and has since been under illegal occupation by the PRC, and that consequently Tibet has not lost its Statehood under international law;": Link "RIGA- Latvian parliament lawmakers havebanded together to show support for the recent Tibetan demonstrations towards Chineseauthorities. The group of lawmakers, chaired by Silva Bendrate from the New Eraparty, wrote a letter of support to be sent to the highest Chinese and Latvianauthorities condemning the violence inflicted upon unarmed demonstrators in Tibet. The press release stated that the lawmakers invited Chinese authorities to cease the violence and toobserve the fundamental human rights of freedom as well as religious andexpression freedoms in Tibet.": Link
- https://tibetanparliament.org/seventh-wpct-riga-2019/
- https://www.baltictimes.com/news/articles/20107/
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Oppose
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The 44th session of the United Nations Human Rights Council became the site of competing international responses to China’s new national security law in Hong Kong. Two dueling statements were read back to back during the session last week, with Cuba representing a group of 53 states backing the new Chinese law and the United Kingdom speaking on behalf of 27 critical. governments. The countries opposing: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Belize*, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Germany, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Marshall Islands*, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Palau*, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom":Link
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze