Bangladesh
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 59 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 119 / 388 | - |
Sep 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 66 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 30 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 39 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 38 % | - |
In 2023, Bangladesh had a GDP per capita of US$2,529 and a total estimated population of 170.43 million people, with the Chinese population comprising an estimated 100,000 people.
Bangladesh established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1976. Bangladesh was ranked 165th in Reporters Without Borders’ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Partly Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 40/100.
Key Takeaways
- The Chinese embassy in Bangladesh is the source of many activities that exert China's soft power on Bangladeshi society.
- Bangladesh adheres to the “one-China principle” and firmly supports China on issues related to China's stance on its internal affairs such as Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Tibet.
- Visits of politicians, bureaucrats and members of armed forces resumed in 2023 after a ban on foreign visits due to austerity measures.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No news developments. No Bangladeshi media in the list
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No change in this period.
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/world/asia/belt-and-road-news-network-launched-in-beijing-1555998736
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen a few examples in 2023 so it deserves a few rating. These journalists have mostly published articles about their visit, Chinese places and the China-Bangladesh friendship. So its a significant PR outreach program.
- http://en.brnn.com/n3/2023/1020/c415019-20086877.html
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/1020/c90000-20086616.html
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/319409/bangladesh-media-delegation-explores-xinjiang-to
- http://english.ynu.edu.cn/2023-06/21/c_896933.htm
- https://www.thedailystar.net/star-holiday/news/yunnan-province-china-3369296
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A few new examples
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/bangladeshi-experts-walk-guangxi-perceive-ethnic-culture-635642
- https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/chinese-embassy-hosts-reception-for-journalists/118974
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/319409/bangladesh-media-delegation-explores-xinjiang-to
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are a few examples found. The 55th year of broadcasting Bangla programs in China's state media was celebrated in January 2024.
- https://bengali.cri.cn/
- https://chinabanglanews.com/
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/55th-year-of-broadcasting-bangla-programs-in-chinas-state-media-celebrated-in-dhaka/128466
- https://www.bssnews.net/news/166070
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No new change. Bangladesh's media (especially if they have an online outlet - requires government registration). There are some media owners conglomerates who have business with China.
- https://bdmediaowners.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Full-Report_Who-Owns-the-Media-in-Bangladesh.pdf
- https://www.thedailystar.net/business/global-economy/news/chinese-company-opens-22m-factory-3328946
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/energy/chinese-longi-supply-solar-modules-orions-134mw-power-plant-258955
Supplementary Notes
Meghna Group owns Ekattor TV Orion Group owns The Business Standard newspaper
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Media partnerships with UNB and BSS. A July 2023 research elaborated how Media representations of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) formed positive public opinion in Bangladesh.
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13216597.2023.2225169
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/weekend/2017-12/02/content_35167876.htm
- http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2023-09/15/content_116682636.htm
- https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/unb-xinhua-sign-news-exchange-agreement/3046
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Beijing's Global Media Influence 2022 report by Freedom House did not mention Bangladesh.
Supplementary Notes
Chinese Embassy pays for the yearly supplements on newspapers in general advertisement rate
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No report found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes. Many of the reports quoted the Chinese Ambassador in Bangladesh.
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/319409/bangladesh-media-delegation-explores-xinjiang-to
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/326794/china-and-bangladesh-heart-to-heart-future
- https://barta24.com/details/national/198475/china-bangladesh-friendship
- https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/qz9v6tnq3k
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Didn't see any report. There were some protests in Bangladesh - re: Human Rights abuse in Uighur. However, Bangladesh, as member of OIC endorsed the OIC delegation's August 2023 visit to Uighur and accepting PRC's narratives (see link)
- https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/bangladesh-human-rights-council-protests-against-persecution-of-uyghur-muslims-in-china20210505201345/
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/oic-uyghurs-china-policy-08252023144411.html
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/319409/bangladesh-media-delegation-explores-xinjiang-to
Supplementary Notes
Not known; rather statements and protests are seen condemning rights violations in Xinjiang; reporters who visit China, particularly Xinjiang, don't campaign for China upon return expect for writing some stories on the visit.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Only Huawei is building partnership with Bangladeshi Universities and some commercial enterprises in the Fintech and manufacturing sector.
- https://www.aiub.edu/mou-between-aiub-and-huawei-technologies-limited
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/huawei-buet-ict-academy-set-develop-talent-ecosystem-389878
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Shanto Mariam-Honghe Confucius Classroom was launched on Nov 22, 2023. Although it is touted as the first Confucius classroom, the first one was launched in 2006 in collaboration with North South University and the Chinese Yunnan University. The 2nd one started in 2009 with the joint effort of China Radio International (CRI) and Bangladesh's Shanto Mariam Foundation. The 3rd one was established in Dhaka University in 2016.
- https://english.news.cn/20231124/20eaed9b3bd64864a3aded6f534b36c0/c.html
- http://www.china.org.cn/international/2009-02/15/content_17279561.htm
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/52936/bangladesh-is-an-important-friend-of-china-in-south-asia
- https://du.ac.bd/body/about/cist
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such thing observed during the reporting period.
Supplementary Notes
In 2020, the Chinese embassy in Bangladesh, in collaboration with Bangla Academy and China Media Group, installed the pavilion of China Book House at the Ekushey book fair, the national book fair in Bangladesh.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have found only one academic research center and one China center.
- https://beltandroad.daffodilvarsity.edu.bd/
- https://brccbd.com/about-us/
- https://southasiauni.ac.bd/china-center
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Exchange programs and trainings
- https://southasiauni.ac.bd/china-center
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmjw/202310/t20231008_11157222.htm
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/delegation-of-think-tanks-with-foreign-policy-focus-visits-china/123295
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202312/t20231222_11209711.htm
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2023-12/22/content_116897720.htm
Supplementary Notes
Another Think Tank - The Center for Alternatives conducted a survey - "National Image of China in Bangladesh." which was presented to the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh. Over 60 percent of the respondents have a positive impression on China. We couldn't find evidence whether the survey was sponsored by funds from China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not known
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
55 Bangladeshi students have received the 2023-2024 Academic Year Chinese Government Scholarship (CGS)
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmjw/202306/t20230619_11099620.htm
- https://scholarforum.net/15-scholarships-for-bangladesh-students-in-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Coud'nt find
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not known
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not known; but students can take courses at China Centre or Confucius Institutes set up in different universities, i.e. DU, NSU, Brac University, Daffodil International University
- https://southasiauni.ac.bd/china-center
- https://www.du.ac.bd/allPostRecord/187/Latest%20News
- https://www.northsouth.edu/academic/ic/confucius-institute.html
- https://www.bracu.ac.bd/academics/institutes-and-schools/brac-institute-languages/modern-languages/chinese
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I have seen few of such statements praising PRC. But nothing significant like talking about sensitive issues like Xinjiang or Taiwan e.g.
- https://www.ecns.cn/news/cns-wire/2023-07-11/detail-ihcrchef5344300.shtml
- https://govt.chinadaily.com.cn/s/202306/15/WS648a8446498ea274927bf828/bangladesh-student-finds-sense-of-belonging-in-qingdao.html
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202303/1286741.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During 2022-2023, China remained as the top import partner, but export to China remained very low.
- https://www.bangladeshimportsdata.com/blogs/bangladesh-top-leading-imports-products
- https://businessinspection.com.bd/top-trading-partners-of-bangladesh/
- https://wits.worldbank.org/countrysnapshot/en/BGD
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, Bangladesh's sovereign debt to China stood as 6.81%. During 2021-2023 Bangladesh received an additional US$ 3 billion loan from China - 10% of its annual international borrowing, with a repayment range from 10 years to 15 years. Bangladesh's total loan debt is 172 billion as on September 2023. As per AidData, Bangladesh’s debt exposure to China stands at $17.1 billion as of November 2023, accounting for 4.1% of its GDP.
- https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/new-worries-interest-payment-debt-doubles-5-months-3505431
- https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/bangladesh-risk-falling-the-chinese-debt-trap-2224391
- https://www.statista.com/chart/19642/external-loan-debt-to-china-by-country/
- https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/sovereign-debt-bangladesh-where-do-we-stand-698578
- https://en.prothomalo.com/business/local/gpgs2q1tgm
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bangladesh/total-loans
- https://pressxpress.org/2023/11/19/bangladesh-china-partnership-aiddatas-insight-reveals-dynamics-in-20-79b-investment/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh exports to China include jute yarn, tanned equine and bovine hides, textile thread, fish, crab, Asian swamp eel, rawhide and leather goods, vegetables, tea, coffee, oil seeds. Bangladesh exports 98 types of goods to China in total, with readymade garments making up 60% of the total exports.
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/bgd
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202112/06/WS61ad74bea310cdd39bc79900.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Until 2023, Chinese enterprises have built 12 roads and 21 bridges in Bangladesh, with several transportation and power plant projects underway or to be implemented soon. But none of them include critical infrastructure or belong to sensitive sectors.
- https://thepeoplesmap.net/
- https://globalvoices.org/2023/02/28/bangladesh-reassesses-its-belt-and-road-initiative-strategy-with-china-as-the-us-offers-a-new-alternative/
- https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202310/16/WS652c8e23a31090682a5e8ab1.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) will provide $4.5 billion to Bangladesh in the next five years as Bangladesh seeks softer terms and conditions
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/aiib-provide-45-billion-bangladesh-3428871
- https://www.aiib.org/en/projects/details/2023/proposed/Bangladesh-Infrastructure-Development-Financing-Facility.html
- https://www.eurasiareview.com/12022023-aiib-loans-to-bangladesh-a-new-arena-of-economic-diplomacy-oped/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Dhaka Chamber and Commerce Industries Limited (DCCI) is the largest business chamber in Bangladesh. It is part of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce and the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance.
- https://www.beltandroadglobalforum.com/en/member/forumfull
- https://srcic.org/silk-road-members/?page=3
- http://www.cfie.org.cn/index/work/show/id/20.html?aid=1666
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh has decided to make a loan repayment of US$ 300 million for a Russian nuclear plant in China's yuan. Since Russian banks are largely banned from SWIFT, Bangladesh used a bank account at a Chinese bank that transferred yuan to Russia through CIPS.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/dhaka-moscow-agree-settle-rooppur-payments-chinese-yuan-616258
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/bangladesh-to-make-loan-payment-for-russian-nuclear-plant-in-chinas-yuan/2874799
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None observed
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While Bangladesh currently has no bilateral trade agreements active, it is negotiating with a number of countries for finalising the deal, including China. PRC floated the idea of FTA in 2016 and the Ministry of Commerce website placed it under Free Trade Agreements under consideration.
- https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/NTcxMzc1Njcz
- https://bida.gov.bd/details/bangladesh-fta-talks-china-minister
- http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/list/chinabengalen/chinabengalennews/1/encateinfo.html
- https://www.indianarrative.com/world-news/sheikh-hasinas-bangladesh-looks-ahead-begins-free-trade-negotiations-with-11-countries-134801.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) has been awarded to build the "Chinese Economic and Industrial Zone (CEIZ)" on a G2G basis (direct procurement without tender) on 784 acres of land in Anwara upazila of Chattogram. Bangladesh plans to establish 100 green economic zones to lure foreign investment and to generate 10 million jobs by 2041. China is the top investor in three economic zones already setup in different places in Bangladesh.
- https://beza.gov.bd/chinese-economic-industrial-zone/
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/chinese-firm-gets-cabinet-bodys-nod-set-economic-zone-ctg-3396036
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladesh/china-top-investor-in-bangladeshs-economic-zones-1610506680
- https://www.thedailystar.net/business/news/mirsarai-economic-zone-set-open-next-month-1816582
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangla/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF/news-details-164510
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh's debt with China is low and more investment is in the pipeline.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A few such events were organized by the Chinese Embassy, such as The China-Bangladesh Culture & Art Night and the Belt and Road Initiative in Bangladesh Exhibition 2023.
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmjw/202303/t20230305_11035926.htm
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/324862/speakers-bangladesh-now-a-risk-free-place-for
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/324778/huawei-joins-belt-and-road-initiative-in
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/218828/exhibition-marks-friendship-between-bangladesh-china
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmjw/202308/t20230801_11120840.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There were events by the China Bangla Friendship Center. Also, The Silk Road Chinese Music Concert Bangladesh was held in an University in Dhaka, presented by the artists from the "Golden Bell Star" Ensemble of the Chinese Musicians' Association, featured Chinese folk music performances.
- https://www.chinabangladesh.org/
- https://english.news.cn/20230828/0a74b308a4724ab3a5abea7a92ea6486/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese Embassy in Bangladesh distributed Qurbani meat to 720 families in July 2023 during the Eid-ul-Azha religious festival. It also donated smart classrooms to two Bangladeshi colleges. The embassy also donated Dengue Fever Anti-epidemic materials to local hospitals.
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/Off_the_Wire/2023-03/19/content_85177782.htm
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/314704/chinese-embassy-in-bangladesh-distributes-qurbani
- http://www.china.org.cn/world/2023-12/04/content_116855618.htm
- https://www.newsdirectory3.com/chinese-embassy-in-bangladesh-donates-dengue-fever-anti-epidemic-materials-to-combat-historic-epidemic/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Media Group (CMG) organized "China Festival on the TV Screen" in Dhaka. Award winning Chinese TV shows and animation series have also appeared on a TV channel and one OTT platform.
- http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2023-09/08/content_113710024.htm
- https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/award-winning-chinese-drama-now-in-bongo-bd-117548
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202109/01/WS612f13cea310efa1bd66c9b8.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Facebook is the top social media platform in Bangladesh with 43.25 million users. Followed by are YouTube with 34.40 million users, Instagram with 4.45 million users, Facebook Messenger with 20.35 million users and LinkedIn with 5.90 million members. Chinese Platform Tiktok was banned in Bangladesh in 2018, but it can be accessible to many users after 2020. No official TikTok stats about Bangladesh are available.
- https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2023-bangladesh?rq=bangladesh
- https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/tiktok-users-by-country
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese Embassy in Bangladesh donated sports goods to Bangladesh Wushu Federation.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Centre for Alternatives conducted a survey on the "National Image of China in Bangladesh" which was presented in December 2023 in front of the Chinese Ambassador. According to the report, more than 60 percent of the respondents have a positive impression on China. 46 per cent of respondents had a good impression about China and 14 per cent had a ‘very good’ impression.
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/china-has-positive-image-among-majority-of-bangladeshis-survey-1665928520
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202312/t20231222_11209711.htm
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/china-sees-brighter-future-bangladesh-chinese-envoy-dhaka-762162
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh imports over 70% of its weapons from China, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/196761/bangladesh-25th-among-top-arms-importing-nation-sipri
- https://www.sipri.org/databases/armstransfers
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh is a member of the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA). But there was no summit in 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No reports about co-development or co-producing observed.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has said that it will not build any military base in Bangladesh or any other foreign land.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China had provided free vaccines to Bangladesh during the Covid-19 pandemic. In 2023, it provided a US$1.5 million contribution to improve hygiene services of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. It also provided aid to the Bangladesh Red Crescent Society.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/rohingya-crisis/unhcr-welcomes-chinas-support-rohingya-refugee-women-bangladesh-752578
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202311/t20231113_11179198.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We could not get definite information about any military training in 2023 participated by Bangladesh forces. But there were some visits.
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202308/t20230823_11130854.htm
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/armed-forces/news/air-chief-china-3370561
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/319552/bangladesh-air-force-chief-returns-from-china
- https://features.csis.org/snapshots/china-submarine-diplomacy/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2023, Chief of Air Staff of Bangladesh Air Force made a courtesy call to State Councillor and Defence Minister General Li Shangfu, and Air Force Commander General Chang Dingqiu during his visit to China. In September 2023, the Bangladesh army chief visited China to attend 19th Asian Games before his visit to India to attend the Indo-Pacific Armies Chiefs' Conclave (IPACC) where China was absent. In March 2023, Bangladesh Navy Chief Admiral M Shaheen Iqbal visited China and met the Chinese Defence Minister, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy Chief.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/air-chief-returns-home-china-670762
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/army-chief-leaves-for-china-to-attend-19th-asian-games/122373
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/navy-chief-china-state-visit-607510
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh is not on the list
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2016, Bangladesh signed a bilateral agreement on Counter-Terror Cooperation. But no activity in the reporting period.
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/bangladesh-china-10142016170137.html
- https://pressxpress.org/2023/10/19/contemporary-successes-in-antiterrorism-activities-by-the-bangladesh-government/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not observed in 2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not observed in 2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Bangladesh, the financial sector confronts an average of 630 cyberattacks daily, with 24% originating from China, 12% from Russia, and 13% from North Korea. Also, hackers associated with China's Ministry of State Security (MSS) have attacked 17 different countries including Bangladesh from 2021 to 2023.
- https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/digital-transformation-bangladeshs-financial-industry-2023/news/cybersecurity-challenges-bangladeshs-financial-sector-3475851
- https://thehackernews.com/2023/08/china-linked-hackers-strike-worldwide.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Bangladesh, the Nantong PSB operates one overseas police service station at an unknown location.
- https://www.newsweek.com/china-overseas-police-service-center-public-security-bureau-safeguard-defenders-transnational-crime-1764531
- https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/04/26/feature-02
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
here are reports of the arrest of Chinese citizens on criminal charges. But no deportation was reported.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh police have been installing CCTV and Bodycam but we are unable to determine whether they were procured from China.
- https://www.dailymessenger.net/bangladesh/news/1076
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/dmp-bring-capital-under-cctv-coverage-3304471
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/180659/police-use-bodycam-amid-scepticism
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such condition observed
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China's telecommunication giant Huawei has won a contract in November 2023 to upgrade Bangladeshi state-run cellphone operator (BTCL) Teletalk's network to ensure better coverage in rural areas and 5G readiness. Huawei helped Teletalk launch its 5G service in 2021.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/huawei-awarded-btcls-5g-readiness-project-749398
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/development/331225/btcl-5g-vision-huawei-leads-with-cost-effective
- https://english.news.cn/20230417/ba938a6999e948489b985a43a1be92d1/c.html
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2021/12/bangladesh-5g-launch
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Phase III of Bangladesh's network infrastructure project extending high speed broadband internet connectivity to 2,600 unions was built by Chinese companies under the BRI project and completed in 2022. Mobile network Banglalink signed an agreement with Huawei in 2022 to modernise its network infrastructure.
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202211/1280322.shtml
- https://en.prothomalo.com/corporate/banglalink-signs-agreement-with-zte-for-network-modernisation
- https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20220417/d806ff28d6e74686a30b3b041556e2d3/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Dhaka Elevated Expressway, partially opened in September 2023. The 19.73-km expressway was jointly invested and built by two Chinese companies and a Thai company. The Padma Bridge Railway link project, the Cox's Bazar Runway expansion project are also being built by Chinese companies. Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Tunnel, South Asia's first underwater river tunnel built under the BRI project was inaugurated in October 2023.
- https://english.news.cn/20230904/3d0ab5285a8741a6abee4c3cc70bb557/c.html
- https://www.railwaygazette.com/infrastructure/dhaka-bhanga-railway-across-the-padma-bridge-opens/65144.article
- https://blog.flytobd.com/2023/07/23/new-coxs-bazar-airport-runway-will-be-inaugurated-in-december/
- https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/bangabandhu-sheikh-mujibur-rahman-tunnel/news/the-inauguration-south-asias-first-underwater-tunnel-3454781
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Huawei installed 110 “AI based IP Cameras” in Sylhet under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project. In 2023 alone Huawei delivered over 72 solar projects (132 MW in total) all over Bangladesh. The Bangladesh Smart City Development Project in Mirrersharai is being funded by Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/183526/bcc-huawei-join-hands-to-install-high-tech
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/336486/huawei-delivered-72-solar-power-projects-in
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/319465/huawei-commits-to-realizing-bangladesh%E2%80%99s-visions
- https://cdia.asia/project/bangladesh-smart-city-development-project/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Three Bangladeshi private companies have been awarded to connect Bangladesh to its 3rd submarine cable to receive 13,200 Gbps from the third undersea cable, SEA-ME-WE 6, by 2025.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of Chinese firms partnering with small green startups.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bkash, an established FinTech platform partnered with Huawei in 2023 to Deepen Financial Inclusion in Bangladesh. Since 2017, Huawei has been working closely with bKash in digitalizing its MFS. Huawei also signed an MoU with garment manufacturers to install solar power plants in factories.
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/huawei-bkash-strengthen-partnership-deepen-130500940.html
- https://www.huawei.com/en/media-center/transform/10/bkash
- https://www.huawei.com/en/media-center/our-value/bkash-bangladesh
- https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/corporates/huawei-bgmea-collaborate-green-bangladesh-522710
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None observed.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2020, China is discussing with a number South Asian countries, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, over adopting the Beidou satellite (BDS) navigation system.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen a few instances on a national level. But not on a local level.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/health/bangladesh-china-sign-agreement-set-150-bed-burn-unit-ctg-608258
- https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=304723
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is only one sister-city agreement between China's Kunming and Bangladesh's port city Chittagong (2019). China's proposal to name 6 sister cities in Bangladesh is yet to be materialized.
- https://kunming.cn/en/sister_cities/index_2.shtml
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/210360/china-wants-%E2%80%98sister-cities%E2%80%99-in-bangladesh
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/opinion/op-ed/272439/what-prevents-bangladesh-from-implementing
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are a few instances of politicians visiting China on invitation or for conferences during the reporting period. The foreign training of Bangladeshi officials were on hold during 2022- mid 2023 due to austerity measures.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such instance was observed during the period.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2023, top leaders of leftist parties of the ruling 14-party alliance went to China at the invitation of Communist Party of China (CPC).
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/politics/14-party-leftist-alliances-leaders-leave-china-state-visit-670810
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/330289/awami-league-delegation-to-visit-china-on
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Cannot determine
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Could not find any during the period. The former Chinese Ambassador who left in April 2023 was a UFWD member.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None in the reporting period
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen a few such instances
- https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/gzz1m9r65d
- https://socialistchina.org/2023/09/21/china-is-proud-to-be-part-of-the-development-of-bangladesh/
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202303/t20230317_11043453.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Can't confirm but Chinese and Bangladeshi companies with Chinese link may have retired govt officials in board or as consultants.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None in the reporting period
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no such official Parliamentary group in Bangladesh. However, it has been observed that the parliamentary standing committee on housing and the ministry of public works vetted China's proposal to build a smart city in a China-Bangladesh partnership on a 60 square kilometer area on the Bay of Bengal coast.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/china-keen-smart-city-partnership-instead-ctg-metro-rail-constructione
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/offshore-smart-city-self-serving-dubious-initiative-3014621
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Most of the Chinese aid comes in terms of investment secured by soft loan or commercial loans. However, during Covid-19 pandemic, Bangladesh received free vaccines from China.
- https://today.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/first-page/how-chinese-aid-advances-bd-dev-gains-soft-power-1699375363
- https://pressxpress.org/2023/11/19/bangladesh-china-partnership-aiddatas-insight-reveals-dynamics-in-20-79b-investment/
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/foreign-aid-release-hits-10b-first-time-466434
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There were reports of such tarinings earlier. No report of trainings in this period (2023). The foreign trainings of Bangladeshi civil servants are on hold due to austerity measues.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/govt-tighten-belt-further-683006
- https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/pi00rqfj2q
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such thing observed during the reporting period.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such thing observed during the reporting period.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC signed a "Strategic Partnership" agreement with Bangladesh in 2016 to implement BRI projects worth around US $27 billion for 26 projects covering Chinese investment in Bangladesh in sectors such as the Belt and Road Initiative, capacity cooperation, telecommunications, energy, electricity, etc. On December 31, 2023, Yao Wen, Ambassador of China to Bangladesh, mentioned in a statement that "China and Bangladesh have jointly carried forward our Strategic Partnership of Cooperation this year".
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/202401/t20240105_11219041.html
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d4d444d79597a6333566d54/index.html
- https://pressxpress.org/2023/08/19/pillar-of-the-growing-china-bangladesh-relations-chinese-bri-investments/
Supplementary Notes
China has invested close to $26 billion in Bangladesh between 2016 and 2022. In 2023 alone, China spent approximately $800 million in Bangladesh.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China emerged as Bangladesh’s biggest trading partner in 2006. Historically Bangladesh adhered to One China policy and there is no mission of Taiwan in Bangladesh. In 2022, China again reminded Bangladesh to stick to its one China Policy.
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/302417/bangladesh-reassures-chinese-fm-of-one-china
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/326794/china-and-bangladesh-heart-to-heart-future
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202305/t20230531_11086323.html
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/asia/news/bangladesh-committed-one-china-principle-foreign-ministry-3087731
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/291674/bangladesh-asked-to-follow-%E2%80%98one-china-principle%E2%80%99
Supplementary Notes
In 2022, Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming has asked the Bangladesh government to abide by the one-China principle and support China’s position on Taiwan. (Not for publication - internal info - During the first week of January 2024 ahead of the Taiwan election, major media houses in Bangladesh received a message from the Chinese Embassy in Dhaka - quoting a portion- "kindly keep reminded of the One-China Principle, as the official standing of BD government, when covering the news on the election result. Taiwan might be referred to as a region/territory, but not independent, and shall not be called as a nation/country/state."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I didn't see any report during the reporting period. But a 2016 article showed that Bangladesh supported China's claim.
- https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/who-supports-china-in-the-south-china-sea-and-why/
- https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/1/4/bangladesh-elections-mark-a-pro-china-tipping-point-in-south-asia
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh had mostly remained silent officially about the Xinjiang issue. However, in 2023, as a member of OIC it has accepted China's explanation about the situation in XInjiang. Also, there have been civil society protests against the abuses in Uyghur.
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/oic-visit-08242023144700.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/muslim-majority-countries-complicity-in-the-uyghur-genocide/
- https://thediplomat.com/2023/09/betrayal-of-chinas-muslims-undermines-the-organization-of-islamic-cooperations-credibility/
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/326831/protests-in-bangladesh-over-uyghur-violence
- https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/joint-statement-on-human-rights-violations-in-xinjiang-at-the-un-third-committee
Supplementary Notes
Bangladesh did not sign the letter to the UN by 51 countries (in Oct 2023) expressing concerns about Uyghur.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh officially supports China's stance on Tibet. However, we have seen civil society protests demanding Tibet's independence.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/291674/bangladesh-asked-to-follow-%E2%80%98one-china-principle%E2%80%99
- https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/people-in-dhaka-protest-against-china-demand-tibetan-independence20230213225612/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh officially supports China's stance on Hong Kong. However, there were no civil society activity on this.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/291674/bangladesh-asked-to-follow-%E2%80%98one-china-principle%E2%80%99
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.