Bangladesh
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Bangladesh had a GDP per capita of US$2,503.00 and a total estimated population of 166.30 million people, with the Chinese population comprising an estimated 100,000 people.
Bangladesh established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1976. Bangladesh was ranked 162th in Reporters Without Borders’ 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and Partly Free in Freedom House’s 2022 Global Freedom Status with a score of 39/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media13.6% / 30.1%
- Academia13.6% / 34%
- Economy36.4% / 33.6%
- Society27.3% / 23.6%
- Military27.3% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement22.7% / 30.2%
- Technology29.5% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics25.0% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy43.2% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
World Chinese Media Network was founded in Toronto, Canada in 1998. It's the website lists media organizations (URL 1) that belong to the WCM. We could not find any Bangladeshi media's name on this network. We also noticed that some Bangladeshi media are invited by the Chinese Embassy or PRC related entities for different events. But they do not belong to the network. (see below URL 2 & 3)
- https://www-worldchinesemedia-com.translate.goog/benkanjieshao/?_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc
- https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/10/11/china-seeks-bangladesh-medias-cooperation-to-bolster-political-economic-ties
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/chinese-new-year-dcab-and-cmg-usher-in-year-of-the-ox/64831
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
From our research, we found that The Financial Express from Bangladesh was invited to join the Belt and Road News Network (BRNN). From the website of the Belt and Road News Alliance we could not find any Bangladeshi media listed. We can thus say that one or two media may be a p[art of these networks, however, no definitive list was found.
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/world/belt-and-road-news-network-launched-in-beijing-1555998736
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-is-the-belt-and-road-news-network/
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen the start of media tours since 2016. Added a few examples. (see below URLs) However, during the Covid-19 pandemic the tours came to a halt. This has not resumed yet.
- https://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2016/10/11/china-seeks-bangladesh-medias-cooperation-to-bolster-political-economic-ties
- https://theprint.in/opinion/china-is-paying-foreign-journalists-including-from-india-to-report-from-beijing/154013/
- https://www.daily-sun.com/post/341351/Huawei-keen-to-support-Bangladesh%E2%80%99s-ICT-sector-with-innovative-solutions
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been a number of instances where journalists from Bangladeshi media organisations were invited for short and/or long time trainings in the past 5 years. (see below URLs) However, during the pandemic such training did not take place.
- https://www.facebook.com/BelieveInMemes/videos/291769266176050/
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2016-10/17/content_27077588.htm
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-south-asia-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85552
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have identified a couple of media outlets being distributed in Bengali - such as China Radio International and China Bangla News portal. (see below URL 1 & 2) The Facebook page of CGTN (English version) however has a lot higher reach among Bangladeshis. UNB News Bangladesh (first fully digitalized private sector wire service in South Asia since 1988) also has a news exchange agreement with Xinhua. (see below URL 3)
- https://bengali.cri.cn/
- https://chinabanglanews.com/
- https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/unb-xinhua-sign-news-exchange-agreement/3046
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We could not find any evidence that any local media outlets have been wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations. Attaching a report titled "Who Owns the Media in Bangladesh?" by the Center for Governance Studies (CGS) which explored the nature and patterns of media ownership. (see below URLs) The report does not show any Chinese connection.
- https://bdmediaowners.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Full-Report_Who-Owns-the-Media-in-Bangladesh.pdf
- https://www.comminit.com/global/content/who-owns-media-bangladesh
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen instances of publishing China specific contents in Bangladeshi media through the privately owned newswire UNB news or the state owned newswire BSS. (see below URL 1 & 2) It is to be noted that UNB news has a content sharing agreement with Xinhua. (see below URL 3)
- https://www.bssnews.net/business/55297
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Opinion/building-a-china-bangladesh-community-of-public-health-through-solidarity-and-cooperation/52694
- https://www.unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/unb-xinhua-sign-news-exchange-agreement/3046
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen special supplements in some newspaper during Chinese celebrations and some sponsored ad (mostly) in Social media. Some examples are attached in the below URLs. These are a few in numbers and have no significant impact.
- https://www.facebook.com/BanglaSis
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/will-work-push-china-bangladesh-strategic-partnership-new-heights-xi-jinping-2991701?amp
- https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Number-of-stories-on-China-and-India-in-2016-by-newspaper_fig1_342751262
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We haven't seen any example of that. During the pandemic period (2020 April till now) the travel between China and Bangladesh has not normalized. (see below URL)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We haven't seen such examples of censorship. There are instances of criticism of China on the pressure: the human rights violations in Uyghur. (see below URL 2) This is important to Bangladeshis as it is a predominantly Muslim nations and some religious scholars criticize China for its handling of Muslims in Uyghur. Some people also critiqued China for its role during the Bangladesh liberation war. (see below URL 1)
- https://www.bahumatrik.com/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE/92214
- https://en.dhakapost.com/national/1523
- https://www.studyinternational.com/news/chinas-borders-international-students/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We haven't seen such examples of personalities during our research. Also, maltreatment of Uyghurs is a sensitive issue in Bangladesh (given the majority Muslim population) and no one would dare to deny such allegations without repercussions. However, we have seen media personalities (especially those who visited or received training in China) talking about positive things about China. (see below URLs)
- https://theprint.in/world/china-enlists-foreign-vloggers-to-show-happy-uyghurs-in-xinjiang/941214/
- https://www.facebook.com/BelieveInMemes/videos/291769266176050/
- https://www.southasiamonitor.org/open-forum/bangladesh-needs-be-friends-both-us-and-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei has presence in Bangladesh and it has established research partnerships with local universities over the years. But nothing big. Examples are presented with links.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/education/huawei-buet-ict-academy-set-develop-talent-ecosystem-389878
- https://www.aust.edu/news/867
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/huawei-selects-10-bd-students-for-seeds-for-the-future-project-1534484410
- https://en.prothomalo.com/youth/education/seeds-for-the-future-2022-bangladesh-kicks-off-with-roadshows
- https://unb.com.bd/m/category/Tech/seeds-for-the-future-moves-to-3rd-round-with-30-students/94182
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have found three Confucius Institutes/Classrooms - namely in Dhaka University, North South University and Shanto-Mariam University. The the first Confucius Institute in Dhaka was established in 2006 in collaboration with North South University and the Chinese Yunnan University. In 2009 another one was opened in the Shanto-Mariam University. Another Confucius Institute was opened at Dhaka University in 2016. These offer some Chinese language courses.
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/52936/bangladesh-is-an-important-friend-of-china-in-south-asia
- https://m.theindependentbd.com/home/printnews/162455
- http://www.china.org.cn/international/2009-02/15/content_17279561.htm
- https://www.digmandarin.com/confucius-institutes-around-the-world.html
Supplementary Notes
However, The Confucius Institutes Around the World – 2021 map shows only two Confucius Institutes in Bangladesh Link 1. Confucius Institute at North South University 2. Confuicus Institute at University of Dhaka
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some language courses available in a few Universities (also in Confucius classrooms) but none at the K12 level or in primary education as per our knowledge. We could not find any data regarding to this.
- https://bestlistbd.com/listing-category/best-courses/chinese-language-course-in-dhaka/
- http://www.iub.edu.bd/oece/cLanguageC.php
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Bangladesh-China Silk Road Forum was launched in 2019. The chairman of the forum is Dilip Barua, general secretary of the Communist Party of Bangladesh, an ally of the ruling Grand Alliance. Bangladesh Institute of Peace and Security Studies, another think tank is also part of the Belt and Road Studies Network.
- https://www.mizzima.com/article/bangladesh-china-silk-road-forum-launched-bangladesh
- https://www.facebook.com/Bangladesh-China-Silk-Road-Forum-111722670461068/
- http://www.brsn.net/jgcy-Institutions/zhiku_en/detail/20190703/1005000000038251562146671799574651_1.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence but looking at how some think tanks and research centres operate, we can assume that one or more of them have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
- http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90884/6452200.html
- https://cpd.org.bd/china-sees-opportunities-for-trade-and-investment-in-bangladesh/
- https://www.unb.com.bd/video/94/Cosmos-Dialogue:-Bangladesh-China-Relations
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We suspect that there might be one or two cases but during the pandemic probably everything was stopped and we have no data or evidence to support this.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been a number of cases where scholars have taken trips to China all expenses paid. However, during the pandemic there was a pause. Attaching some links from before the pandemic.
- https://blogs.worldbank.org/endpovertyinsouthasia/bangladesh-collaborates-china-strengthening-skills-its-youth
- https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/education/150-bd-students-join-youth-camp-in-china-1536056021
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zmjw/202012/t20201214_1583769.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our country there are no Chinese Students and Scholars Associations. And no data was available to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have found no data as evidence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design in Bangladesh. We did not found any data.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our country teachers or professors would more likely discuss about Uyghur rather avoid them. Although they wouldn't probably talk about Taiwan or Tiananmen Square Massacre. There are no such report as the question indicates.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Over 30% of Bangladesh's annual imports are from China, making it the country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/438384/most-important-import-partners-of-bangladesh/
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bangladesh/total-imports-from-china
- http://bbs.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/bbs.portal.gov.bd/page/8643ec8b_27a3_41cd_bbd9_9be3479f578e/2021-05-16-07-23-44bf174e4067f2379fa65c6b7dbefb52.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the end of fiscal 2020-21, Bangladesh's external debt stood at $60.15 billion. Out of which 38 percent was from the World Bank, 24.5 percent from the Asian Development Bank (ADB), 17 percent from the Japan International Cooperation Agency (Jica), 6.81 percent from China, 6.14 percent from Russia, and 1.3 percent from India. In 2016, Bangladesh government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with China worth over $20 billion for implementing 27 development projects. However the actual amount disbursed was much lower for these projects as only a few of them are being implemented.
- https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/chinas-lending-to-bangladesh-surges-1611975747
- https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/bangladesh-risk-falling-the-chinese-debt-trap-2224391
- https://thediplomat.com/2021/11/the-bri-in-bangladesh-win-win-or-a-debt-trap/
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/bangladesh-not-any-chinese-debt-trap-ambassador-reiterates-3021466?amp
- https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh does not export mining industries products to China. In 2020, Bangladesh exported $785M to China . The main products that Bangladesh exported to China were Jute Yarn ($89.4M), Knit T-shirts ($75.4M), and Non-Knit Men's Suits ($69.5M).
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/bgd
- https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bangladesh/total-exports-to-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Bangladesh, PRC-related entities do not (100%) own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure.
- https://thepeoplesmap.net/
- https://icsin.org/blogs/2020/08/21/chinas-infrastructure-development-projects-in-bangladesh/
- https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Established in 2016, the AIIB has financed $2.6 billion in 13 Bangladeshi projects till 2021. Bangladesh gained membership in March 2016.
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
- https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/infrastructure/streaming-credit-flow-aiib-set-emerge-key-lender-374170
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladesh/aiib-to-review-bangladesh-projects-for-quicker-execution-1630376630
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We found data that Bangladesh China Chamber of Commerce & Industry (BCCCI), Bangladesh Investment Development Authority (BIDA) and Dhaka Chamber of Commerce & Industry (DCCI) are part of Belt and Road Global Forum. Whereas the Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce & Industry is a member of Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce.
- https://srcic.org/news/july-star-fbcci/?page=3
- https://www.beltandroadglobalforum.com/en/member/forumfull
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No data found supporting the question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such incident happened.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh is discussing a free trade agreement (FTA) with China in an effort to boost exports to its massive market (2021 June report). But no such FTA yet.
- https://bida.gov.bd/details/bangladesh-fta-talks-china-minister
- http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/list/chinabengalen/chinabengalennews/1/encateinfo.html
- https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/NTcxMzc1Njcz
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, there are one or two designated economic and industrial zones for China in Bangladesh. Also, China is the top foreign investor in the country's different economic zones (EZ).
- https://www.beza.gov.bd/chinese-economic-industrial-zone/
- https://www.textiletoday.com.bd/mirsarai-economic-zone-work-full-swing/
- https://www.thefinancialexpress.com.bd/economy/bangladesh/china-top-investor-in-bangladeshs-economic-zones-1610506680
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such incident of failure to repay debts happened.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our country there are hardly any talks seen publicly about Taiwan, Hong Kong and Tibet issues. None with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification”. However, there are concerns about Xinjiang/Uyghur Muslims issues. We were unable to gather any data regarding this.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such information found in Bangladesh. We found one Overseas Chinese Association in Bangladesh.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data found. All travel was suspended during the pandemic.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The current Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming has previous ties with the UFWD as reports claim. He regularly hosts Chinese diaspora community events in Bangladesh.
- https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-sends-hardcore-ambassadors-to-south-asia-to-push-bri-and-undermine-india/story-Oz8Aakf28IQJqHB1uJKOQL.html
- https://japan-forward.com/china-installs-influence-operators-in-diplomatic-posts-foreign-lawmaking-bodies/
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/chinese-new-year-dcab-and-cmg-usher-in-year-of-the-ox/64831
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are reports of some events arranged with the collaboration of PRC-connected professional associations. So it is assumed that there are a few instances - but insignificant.
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/87016/group-show-celebrates-bangladesh-china-friendship
- https://m.theindependentbd.com/post/217393
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/chinese-new-year-dcab-and-cmg-usher-in-year-of-the-ox/64831
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some reports about financial support by PRC-connected individuals or entities to religious communities and charities.
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd/eng/dshd/t1443283.htm
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202002/t20200222_1583534.htm
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2017-03/02/content_28411406.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some Chinese TV content aired by some Bangladeshi TV channels (government and private). Although it could not be known whether they received the drama/TV shows freely or at a cheap rate.
- https://www.daily-sun.com/post/379273/Chinese-TV-drama-serial-debuts-in-Bangladesh
- https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/chinese-drama-mu-starts-today-25884
- http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/18/WS5f3b483ca310834817261029.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The number of cultural products produced by Bangladesh that highlight China is very low. So it's hard to form an opinion. However, the contents found by travel bloggers seem to be positive about China.
- http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202008/18/WS5f3b483ca310834817261029.html
- https://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/30th-anniversary-supplements/agents-change/news/has-the-bangladeshi-youth-caught-streaming-2045001
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QILKriKYYh0
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5PxDKOfzv0
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data found. Usually celebrities don't push propaganda narratives - only politicians, businessmen and journalists are seen doing it.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Bangladesh there are newswires that have collaboration with PRC-connected newswire. We have seen some news media sharing propaganda narratives from PRC government or embassies.
- https://www.bssnews.net/news/59545
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/asia/2022/05/30/covid-hit-shanghai-to-end-two-month-lockdown-on-june-1
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/asia/2022/05/30/xi-hails-new-atmosphere-in-hong-kong-welcomes-next-leader
Supplementary Notes
Out of these links only Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha (BSS) is national news agency.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Usually Bangladeshi people do not think of China as much. But as the media is engulfed with Indian news stories - the usual Anti-China stuff trickles down to Bangladesh and people believe them. And the treatment of Uyghur Muslims have bothered many Bangladeshis. They don't probably have positive views of the PRC government - but they don't have extreme negative views either (unlike India).
- https://www.quora.com/How-does-Bangladeshi-people-think-of-China
- https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348060366_Understanding_China's_Relationship_with_Bangladesh
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh has regularly imported arms from China in the past decade. According to SIPRI data, from 2016 to 2020, 17 per cent of China's total arms exports went to Bangladesh.
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
- https://www.southasiamonitor.org/china-watch/china-fast-tracks-key-defence-projects-bangladesh
- https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshs-first-two-submarines-commissioned-1374724
- https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh does not export military or law-enforcement equipment to the PRC.
- https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPRT.KD
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
- https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/arms-exports
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data found among the strategic cooperation of Bangladesh with the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been reports that China is installing a missile maintenance facility in Bangladesh. But the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh confirmed that PRC will not build any military base in Bangladesh.
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/foreign-affairs/2022/03/13/envoy-china-wont-build-military-base-in-bangladesh
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-wary-of-China-setting-up-Bangladesh-missile-maintenance-hub
- https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/china-to-set-up-missile-repair-base-in-bdesh-370800
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes there have been a few such cases seen during the Covid-19 pandemic.
- https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/chinese-pla-provides-covid-19-vaccines-to-bangladesh-armed-forces/78105
- https://www.banglanews24.com/public/politics/news/bd/784533.details
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd/eng/zmjw/t1683594.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No definitive proof has been found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no authentic report that members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC. However, Bangladesh has purchased a lot of arms for the military, navy and airforce. And as per the purchase agreement training comes into the agreement. So sources confirmed that Bangladesh military received some sort of training.
- https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/landwarfareintl/bangladesh-receives-vt5-tanks-plus-other-equipment/
- https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/bangladeshs-new-military-deal-with-china/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/27/c_139910533.htm
- https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/bangladesh-faces-quality-issues-with-chinese-military-equipment-report-431351
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a defence cooperation agreement in force with the PRC. However, we could not get proof that members of Bangladesh military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No credible data available regarding this. We tried to interview other journalists (diplomatic correspondents) in the country but no information was available.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No authentic information was available.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
None in the past four years. There was a joint exercise with India, Bangladesh, China and Myanmar in 2017.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no extradition treaty, legal assistance or mutual arrangement for Bangladesh with the PRC.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extradition_law_in_China
- http://www.gd.jcy.gov.cn/jcyw/sfxz/flfgytyxd/201812/t20181212_2440091.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh signed a counterterrorism agreement with the PRC back in 2016 which is still ongoing.
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/bangladesh-china-10142016170137.html
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/yzs_663350/gjlb_663354/2681_663366/2683_663370/201907/t20190709_510086.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data/report was found in Bangladesh.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no authentic proof. But there are a few reports regarding this.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/tech/espionage-focused-hacking-group-bitter-apt-targets-bangladesh-418138
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-bangladesh-philippines-idUSKCN0X2190
Supplementary Notes
This report suggests that the Bitter APT attackers are likely to be an actor or group operating under a mandate to understand China’s international goals. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are a few reports available regarding this. But they are insignificant.
- https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2021/04/02/cyber-attacks-hit-over-200-organizations-including-bangladesh-bank-btrc
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-bangladesh-philippines-idUSKCN0WP1YQ
- https://eurasiantimes.com/china-spreads-to-india-bangladesh-and-nepal-frauds/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data is available.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project, around 110 Face Recognition and Automatic Number-plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras have been installed in different points of the city. Additionally free Wi-Fi zones were created at 62 locations in Sylhet with a total of 126 access points. China's Huawei Technologies Co Ltd provided the tracking system solutions and the devices required for this project.
- https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/07/29/high-tech-security-cameras-installed-in-sylhet
- https://www.jagonews24.com/en/tech/news/46623
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no joint patrol and no such data was found during our research.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data was found during our research.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh does not recognise Taiwan. And no such instances were found during our research.
- https://www.google.com/search?q=bangladesh+deport+taiwan+national
- https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/new-investigation-exposes-prc-hunting-taiwanese-overseas
- https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/China%27s%20Hunt%20for%20Taiwanese%20overseas_2.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data found during our rersearch.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No. China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom are not present in Bangladesh.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators_of_the_Asia_Pacific_region#Bangladesh
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In my country Huwawei has signed several agreements with different telco providers. The state-owned Teletalk has tied up with Huawei to launch 5G in Bangladesh. The company has also helped providers like Banglalink to modernize its network. Banglalink also has another agreement with ZTE for its network modernisation across the country.
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2021/12/bangladesh-5g-launch
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2022/04/12/banglalink-inks-deal-with-huawei-for-network-modernization
- https://en.prothomalo.com/corporate/banglalink-signs-agreement-with-zte-for-network-modernisation
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2017/6/grameenphone-villaradio
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Besides cellular networks, PRC connected entities are also implementing internet/wifi/telco service infrastructure projects.
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/asia/china/news/china-firm-implement-tk-3975cr-digital-connectivity-project-3009051
- https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20220417/d806ff28d6e74686a30b3b041556e2d3/c.html
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-09/12/content_31886278.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh has procured arms from China. According to SIPRI data, from 2016 to 2020, 17 per cent of China's total arms exports went to Bangladesh. We could not find much evidence but reports alleged that Chinese State-owned Poly Technologies Inc (PTI) supplied infrastructure as a vendor. The PRC is implementing several projects now in Bangladesh (see image) - vendor details unknown.
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
- https://www.defseca.com/military/china-constructing-bangladesh-navys-ultra-modern-submarine-base/
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/ships-arrive-01092020163510.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Under the 'Digital Sylhet City' project, around 110 Face Recognition and Automatic Number-plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras have been installed in different points of the city. Additionally free Wi-Fi zones were created at 62 locations in Sylhet with a total of 126 access points. China's Huawei Technologies Co Ltd provided the tracking system solutions and the devices required for this project.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/China-exports-AI-surveillance-tech-to-over-60-countries-report
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-1626
- https://archive.ph/zpSQt
- https://archive.ph/HLaV1
- https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/nation/2019/07/29/high-tech-security-cameras-installed-in-sylhet
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no smart city in existence in Bangladesh. However, in recent months, four state owned companies from China have proposed building a metro rail line in Chattogram and reclaiming land from the sea to build a 60-square km "smart city" in exchange for a share of the latter. The fate of the proposal is unknown at the moment.
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/transport/news/chinese-proposal-ctg-metro-rail-return-stake-smart-city-2968136
- https://opengovasia.com/china-proposes-to-build-a-smart-city-in-bangladesh/
- https://bangladeshpost.net/posts/china-keen-to-build-smart-city-on-chittagong-coast-80244
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladeshi banks are used to working within SWIFT network with transactions in US dollar. They are yet to use Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) which deals with Chinese banks and yuan-denominated payments around the world. However, there is a strong debate in the country for using the CIPS system.
- https://www.tbsnews.net/economy/banking/bangladeshi-banks-look-chinese-payment-channel-skirt-western-sanctions-386430
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/views/columns/bypassing-swift-messaging-system-1648393282
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been one or two cases where it was reported that a PRC-connected company invested in a Bangladeshi technology startup.
- https://www.finextra.com/pressarticle/73644/ant-financial-invests-in-banladesh-based-bkash
- https://kr-asia.com/2c2p-aims-beyond-southeast-asia-with-ant-group-investment
- https://www.thedailystar.net/business/alibaba-buys-20pc-stake-bkash-1568293
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are reports of one or two of such collaborations. But nothing significant.
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/121571/huawei-to-launch-four-ict-programmes-in-bangladesh
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2022/03/28/huawei-yearning-to-provide-digital-power-solutions-and-advanced-cloud-services-in-bangladesh
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Bangladesh, Tiktok is getting popular. However, in terms of usage, it is yet to climb to the top 5 most used social media platforms. 1) Facebook - 44.70 million users 2) YouTube - 34.50 million users 3) Facebook Messenger - 21.45 million users 4) LinkedIn - 4.60 million users 5) Instagram - 4.45 million users TikTok was once banned in Bangladesh. But it's now available.
- https://gs.statcounter.com/social-media-stats/all/bangladesh
- https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-bangladesh?rq=bangladesh
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/1299807/number-of-monthly-unique-tiktok-users/
- https://www.cruxfinder.com/banned-tiktok/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bangladesh has not yet used Beidou satellite navigation system. However, Bangladesh's Post and Telecommunications Minister Mustafa Jabbar mentioned in June 2020 that the country will consider cooperation with the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are more than a few instances where politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state owned enterprises.
- https://www.newagebd.net/article/72279/onelink.to/article/35972
- https://thedailynewnation.com/news/131913/Water-logging-to-be-resolved--very-shortly-:-CCC-Mayor
- https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/rajshahi-city-signs-friendship-loi-with-chinas-yiyang-city-1540196640
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has expressed its desire to build six sister cities in Bangladesh and promised to make those cities as developed as some Chinese cities. However, such a deal has not been materialised yet. Only Kunming is shown as a sister city of Chittagong in Bangladesh. But no ties with local municipalities.
- https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/chinese-proposal-bangladesh-sister-city-alliance-67725/
- https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2020/05/19/china-wants-sister-cities-in-bangladesh
- https://kunming.cn/en/sister_cities/index_2.shtml
- https://newsmobile.in/articles/2020/07/26/the-red-alert-chinas-sister-city-alliances-are-more-politically-motivated-than-it-appears-heres-the-reality/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Bangladesh
Supplementary Notes
We have skipped this question. "No ties with local municipality" means we have not seen a report mentioning the agreement between local municipalities of these two countries. This report mentions that the Sister city arrangements are not functioning well in Bangladesh. Link Link
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/business/2022/06/13/what-prevents-bangladesh-from-implementing-sister-city-cooperation
- https://newsmobile.in/articles/2020/07/26/the-red-alert-chinas-sister-city-alliances-are-more-politically-motivated-than-it-appears-heres-the-reality/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC - all expenses paid. During the pandemic there was no such trips. Attached are links to some before the pandemic.
- https://cri.org.bd/2016/06/20/cri-facilitates-youth-politicians-tour-of-china/
- http://english.imde.cas.cn/ne/events/201812/t20181211_202183.html
- http://www.crecg.com/english/2691/2743/10074899/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been a few reports on this. However, during the pandemic some meetings were virtual as travel stopped.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/14/c_1310007165.htm
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/china-mou-03212019171549.html
- https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/china/china-respects-and-protects-human-rights-including-xinjiang-people-chinese-ambassador
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The military cooperation between Bangladesh and China in form of arms supply, construction of military infrastructure and trainings have increased in past five years.
- https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/bangladeshs-new-military-deal-with-china
- https://www.cescube.com/vp-china-bangladesh-defence-cooperation-arms-trade-and-military-infrastructure
- http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4476
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
- https://archive.ph/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
- https://web.archive.org/web/20170807103241im_/http://www.meiyapico.com/uploadfiles/image/20170112/20170112083614_61700.jpg
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although there are no concrete proof but China connected parties such as Bangladesh Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist) [Dilip Barua is the general secretary], Workers Party [Rashed Khan Menon is the president] and Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal [Hasanul Haque Inu is the president] receives some sort of assistance from China that is common belief.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/14/c_1310007165.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd//eng/xwdt/t837015.htm
Supplementary Notes
We have skipped the indicator rating as no public available evidence could be added.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no evidence to corroborate that. However, there are reports that the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming has had some exposure the UFWD.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-south-asia-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85552
- https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-sends-hardcore-ambassadors-to-south-asia-to-push-bri-and-undermine-india/story-Oz8Aakf28IQJqHB1uJKOQL.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such incident happened in Bangladesh. No data found. Also the last election was in 2018. The next is in 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, there have been a number of cases where a politician or a government employee have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government. But those are not that impactful or causing international repercussions.
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/foreign-affairs/2022/04/27/fm-momen-no-chance-of-chinese-debt-trap
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-04/02/c_139854675.htm
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/diplomacy/news/china-not-only-offering-basket-money-also-affordable-proposals-2966521
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
Skip
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is perceived that some politicians or government employees, because of their close ties with China, have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly. However, we could not find evidence in support of the claim.
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/14/c_1310007165.htm
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd//eng/xwdt/t837015.htm
Supplementary Notes
We have skipped the indicator rating as no public available evidence could be found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such data have been found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During our research, we haven't found any existence of any parliamentary friendship group between China and Bangladesh. We saw that that the Chinese ambassador visited the speaker of the Bangladesh National Parliament in June 2019. (see below URL 1) During the pandemic there was no parliamentary exchange. However, we saw in April 2022, a parliamentary standing committee recommended the proposal of a smart city on the Bay of Bengal from a consortium of two local and two Chinese companies - China Civil Engineering Construction Corporation (CCECC), China Railway Design Corporation (CRDC). (see below URL 2)
- https://www.risingbd.com/national/news/299607
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/news/offshore-smart-city-self-serving-dubious-initiative-3014621
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have seen that representatives of the ruling Awami League and the opposition Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) met PRC officials before the pandemic.
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/china-mou-03212019171549.html
- https://archive.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/2017/09/18/awami-leagues-courtesy-visit-china-turning-diplomatic-tour
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd/eng/zmjw/t1436843.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has provided a number of training to civil servants of Bangladesh on governance and other issues before the pandemic. All trainings have been suspended during the Covid-19 pandemic. (see below URLs)
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebd/eng/dshd/t1454008.htm
- https://www.bai.gov.cn/en/newlist/detail.aspx?nodeid=574&page=ContentPage&contentid=8554
- https://worldskills.org/media/news/worldskills-china-provides-training-programmes-tvet-teachers-bangladesh/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There hasn't been such interferences before, but in May 2021, China's Ambassador in Bangladesh Li Jiming said at a virtual meeting organised by the Diplomatic Correspondents Association "Obviously it will not be a good idea for Bangladesh to participate in this US Led Quad alliance because it will substantially damage our bilateral relationship." (see below URL 1) Bangladesh's foreign minister Dr AK Abdul reacted on this comment as "very unfortunate" and "aggressive". (see below URLs)
- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-threatens-bangladesh-says-ties-will-be-hit-if-it-joins-quad/articleshow/82544639.cms
- https://thediplomat.com/2021/05/chinas-warning-to-bangladesh-on-the-quad/
- https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-wants-bangladesh-to-align-strategies-promote-belt-and-road-projects/story-hPCBfNQ0hstvBcsSlxcluO.html
Supplementary Notes
In 2016, Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Ma Mingqiang visited a Tibetan art installation at Dhaka Art Summit and demanded that they be removed immediately. Later, he sent the organisers a mail-in protest and requested that the works be taken down. The organisers obliged by covering up the five frames with white sheets with the artists’ consent. Link In 2009, Chinese authorities put pressure to close another Tibet exhibition in Dhaka. Link
- https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/chinese-authorities-pressured-a-bangladesh-art-summit-into-censoring-a-tibet-exhibit/
- https://globalvoices.org/2009/11/01/bangladesh-chinese-pressure-censors-tibet-exhibition-in-dhaka/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We haven't found any data regarding this during our research.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We checked the official records of World Health Assembly and found no evidence of the Prime Minister or the Foreign Minister of Bangladesh talking about it or participating in any vote. (see below URL 2) However, Bangladesh politically supports China's one country policy and does not recognize Taiwan. (see below URL 1 & 3)
- https://www.tbsnews.net/world/taiwan-says-very-difficult-get-who-invite-trying-hard-415934
- https://apps.who.int/gb/or/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have not found evidence that Bangladesh publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency. However, Bangladesh may have supported some of the candidacies. (see below URLs)
- https://www.uscc.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/PRC_Representation_in_International_Organizations_April2020.pdf
- https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/how-china-is-remaking-the-un-in-its-own-image/
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceegy/eng/zxxx/t1674748.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Politically Bangladesh supports all of PRC's territorial claims as described in the links. On April 27, 2016, Foreign Minister Wang Yi met in Beijing with State Minister for Foreign Affairs Mohamed Shahriar Alam of Bangladesh. Mohamed Shahriar Alam expressed that China’s stance and practices regarding the South China Sea issue are in line with the international law, of which Bangladesh has a full understanding. As per a research article on The Diplomat, Bangladesh is among 66 countries who supported China's claims.
- https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:6DUtL6WA67gJ:https://thediplomat.com/2016/07/who-supports-china-in-the-south-china-sea-and-why/+&cd=1&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cebb/eng/zgyw/t1359744.htm
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201031144102/http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/zyxw/t1358968.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although Bangladesh has remained silent on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population, there have been protests by citizens. (see below URL 1 & 3) A recent report shows that although Bangladesh previously defended China's stance it is not defending since 2020. (see below URL 4 & 5)
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/protests-in-bangladesh-over-persecution-of-uyghurs-in-china-342841
- https://www.axios.com/2020/10/08/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang
- https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2021, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Abdul Momen said that Bangladesh always adheres to the one-China principle and firmly supports China on issues related to China's internal affairs such as Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Tibet. (see below URLs)
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://en.prothomalo.com/opinion/op-ed/bangladesh-china-friendship-and-resolving-the-rohingya-crisis
- https://globalvoices.org/2016/02/10/chinese-authorities-pressured-a-bangladesh-art-summit-into-censoring-a-tibet-exhibit/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2021, Bangladesh Foreign Minister Abdul Momen said that Bangladesh always adheres to the one-China principle and firmly supports China on issues related to China's internal affairs such as Xinjiang, Hong Kong and Tibet. (see below URLs)
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
- https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:HSd5W3P6S1cJ:https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/which-countries-support-china-on-hong-kongs-national-security-law/+&cd=13&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=sg
- https://www.axios.com/2020/07/02/countries-supporting-china-hong-kong-law
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.