Belarus
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 54 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 136 / 396 | - |
May 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 42 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 38 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 43 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 36 % | - |
In 2023, Belarus had a GDP per capita of US$7,829 and a total population of 9.15 million people.
Belarus established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1992. Belarus was ranked 167th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 8/100.
Key Takeaways
- Belarus and China engage in significant military cooperation, including equipment imports, joint education programs, and high-level PLA meetings, showcasing a strong defense partnership. However, there's no evidence of PRC intentions to establish basing or participate in humanitarian efforts in Belarus.
- Belarus demonstrates a strategic alignment with China in foreign policy, engaging in joint parliamentary initiatives, financial cooperation, and shared diplomatic positions. Notably, Belarus supports the "one China principle" and shares perspectives on sensitive international issues like Xinjiang, Tibet, and Hong Kong.
- Belarus showcases a strong presence of Chinese engagement in its academic landscape, involving research partnerships, Confucius Institutes, and joint training centers with companies like Huawei. The active exchange of students and faculty with various Chinese institutions contributes to a significant level of academic cooperation.
- Belarus collaborates extensively with China in law enforcement, counter-terrorism efforts, and judicial training. The country deploys PRC-originated surveillance systems, and while there's no reported presence of PRC-connected gangs, cyber attacks suspected to be from China have targeted Belarus.
- Belarus and China maintain a diversified economic relationship, engaging in substantial cooperation and trade, with Belarus participating in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB). Notably, there is no evidence of PRC economic coercion or debt restructuring, indicating a stable economic partnership.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Belarus isn't listed: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Today Belarus Publishing Group is a member of the ""Belt and Road"" New Cooperation Alliance. (see below URL) Link Two years on, the platform is headquartered in Beijing and chaired by the People’s Daily, China’s largest newspaper group and the official outlet of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party. According to the network’s charter, the BRNN’s council consists of 14 members from China and 26 others from Asia, Africa, Europe, Latin America, the Middle East, and Eurasia( including Belarus) Link Over the past two years, the news agency has signed exchange agreements with local counterparts in countries including Australia,39 Italy,40 Bangladesh,41 India,42 Nigeria,43 Egypt,44 Thailand,45 Vietnam,46 Belarus,47 and Laos. 48 Link"
- http://cn.brnn.com/414904/414908/index.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/10/what-is-the-belt-and-road-news-network/
- https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/beijings-global-megaphone
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The official ceremony of concluding the Agreement ""On the exchange of delegations and cooperation in the field of journalism"" was held on April 26 simultaneously in Minsk and Beijing. The document was signed between the Belarusian Union of Journalists (BUJ) and the All-China Association of Journalists (VJA). The agreement provides for the exchange of journalistic experience, organization of press tours and interviews, internships for Belarusian journalists in China and Chinese journalists in Belarus to study and implement the best practices in media development, participation in media forums and seminars. (see below URL) Link "
Supplementary Notes
"Dunhuang is hosting the Media Cooperation Forum on Belt and Road which brought together more than 300 participants from 127 countries. The organizer of the event is Renmin Ribao. The forum features an important meeting of the world media, politicians and international experts. Belarus is represented by the Belarusian news agency BelTA, the publishing house Zvyazda and the Respublika newspaper. Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"The media center will be used primarily for educational purposes. With the number of foreign students growing, the department needs to provide practical training for them. Thanks to the media center project, the department will have a better means to assess student's professional skills. Belarusian students will use the center as well. Link The Belarus International Radio is launching a programme of specialised training jointly with the School of Journalism and Communication of the Luoyang Normal University from Chinese Henan. Young journalists from China will act as Belarus radio presenters in the Chinese language. In addition, joint programmes and radio bridges dedicated to the topic of Belarusian-Chinese co-operation will be organised. Link"
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-china-media-center-to-open-at-bsu-journalism-department-125544-2019/
- https://www.sb.by/en/young-chinese-journalists-to-undergo-training-with-belarus-radio-.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"The target audience of the Belarus radio station are foreigners interested in local events. The radio station airs programs not only in Belarusian and Russian, but also in English, German, Polish, French, Spanish and Chinese. Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Belta regularly shared the opinions of propagandists regarding Belarus and China, expressed in various state media, and transmitted exclusively positive (or at most neutral) news about Sino-Belarusian relations, serving as a relay for China’s political agenda. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"""Official Beijing maintains such an unprecedentedly high level of interaction with only four states on the planet, including our country. The qualitatively new status of the Belarusian-Chinese partnership is reflected in the joint declaration, which was signed today by President Alexander Lukashenko and Chinese President Xi Jinping following a meeting in Beijing"" Link. ""Bilateral relations have made a historical leap forward and become a model of a new type of international relations. Taking into account the high level of cooperation between the states, as well as in order to improve the well-being of the two countries and their peoples, the parties agreed to further develop an all-weather and comprehensive partnership between the two countries in a new era,” the document says"" Link ""Belarus and China - all-weather friendship during the COVID-19 storm"" Link. ""The complete absence of news about Sino-Belarusian relations with a negative connotation"" Link "
- https://www.tvr.by/news/prezident/belarus_i_kitay_vstrecha_liderov_dvukh_stran_v_pekine_/
- https://www.belta.by/president/view/novaja-epoha-partnerstva-belarusi-i-kitaja-chto-lukashenko-i-si-tszinpin-zakrepili-v-sovmestnoj-553198-2023/
- https://www.belta.by/interview/view/belarus-i-kitaj-vsepogodnaja-druzhba-pri-shtorme-covid-19-7279/
- https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belarus/19851-20221220.pdf
Supplementary Notes
"Today Belarus and China are connected not only by partnership, but also by friendly relations: the leaders of the two countries meet regularly and are always happy to see each other" Link "Interestingly, pro-Chinese propaganda was promoted extensively by state actors as diplomats and state television rather than the expected proponents of Russian propaganda. The same narrative has been spread in Belarus as in the other countries of the EaP, namely, the humanitarian aid of China to countries facing COVID-19 outbreaks" Link
- https://sputnik.by/belarus-china/
- https://crpe.ro/eapfakes/countries/belarus/the-path-of-the-dragon-in-belarus-unfolding-pro-chinese-propaganda-in-belarus/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"MINSK, 15 May (BelTA) – Belarus counts on further effective cooperation with Huawei Company. Prime Minister of Belarus Andrei Kobyakov made the statement as he met with Huawei Chairman of the Board of Directors Guo Ping on 15 May, BelTA has learned. Andrei Kobyakov remarked that in addition to selling equipment to Belarus Huawei Company also implements its projects, carries out scientific research projects in Belarus, and trains Belarusian students in the People's Republic of China. Link In September 2016, Huawei signed a “Seeds for the Future” tripartite cooperation agreement with Belarusian Ministry of Communications and Informatization, Ministry of Education of Belarus, and 10 students from the Belarusian State University, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics and the Belarusian State Academy of Telecommunications participated in the program. Link MINSK, 2 May (BelTA) - Huawei and the Belarusian State Academy of Communications will set up a joint training center, Director General of OOO Bel Huawei Technologies Pan Yong told BelTA Link BSU has established new vectors and forms of cooperation with leading universities in China Link More than 80 universities of Belarus and China have joined the association. The plenary session was attended by rectors of universities of both countries. The forum will continue with breakout sessions, university visits and bilateral meetings. Link "
- https://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-counts-on-lasting-effective-cooperation-with-huawei-111699-2018
- https://archive.ph/Zbmkc#selection-2691.0-2691.390
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/huawei-belarusian-state-academy-of-communications-to-set-up-joint-training-center-111365-2018/
- https://bsu.by/en/news/bsu-has-established-new-vectors-and-forms-of-cooperation-with-leading-universities-in-china-d/
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/belarus-china-sign-agreement-to-establish-association-of-universities_i_0000164491.html
Supplementary Notes
Belarus' Education Ministry, Huawei seek cooperation in digital..... plan for the development of the information and communication technology (ICT) sector in. Source: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Confucius Classroom at the Belarusian State Economic University was officially established in 2013 by the decision of the Office of Chinese Language Council International / Confucius Institute Headquarters (Hanban). The plaque with the appropriate name was solemnly presented at the European Forum of Confucius Institutes, held in Minsk on the basis of Belarusian State University on September 11-13, 2013. The Confucius Classroom of BSU RISC at BSEU operates based on the agreement signed in November 2012 between the BSU Republican Institute of Sinology named after Confucius and the Belarusian State Economic University, as well as on the approved Regulations on the Confucius Classroom at BSEU. ( Available at: Link ) “In May 2019, we signed an agreement with Anhui University and the Confucius Institute Headquarters to establish such an institute in our university,” she informed. A Chinese co-director of the Confucius Institute, a teacher from China and two volunteers came to Brest in December. Back then, the first groups of learners were enrolled from among students. This week they are to take their final exam in the elementary spoken Chinese language. The project is financed equally by Pushkin Brest State University and Anhui University, Anzhela Saidi informed. (Link ) Republican Confucius Institute of Sinology (RCIS)is the largest Belarusian centre for the study of the Chinese language and culture- Link Republican Confucius Institute of Sinology at Belarusian Statе University Confucius Institute at Minsk State Linguistic University Science and Technology Confucius Institute at Belarusian National Technical University Confucius Institute at Francisk Skorina Gomel State University Confucius Institute at Brest State named after A.S. Pushkin University Confucius Institute at Belarusian State University of Physical Culture (established confucius intitutions in Belarus, available at: Link) Link Link "
- http://confucius.bseu.by/eng/about-us/
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/confucius-institute-opens-in-brest-134748-2020/
- https://bsu.by/en/structure/faculties/respublikanskiy-institut-kitaevedeniya-imeni-konfutsiya-d/about
- https://www.digmandarin.com/confucius-institutes-around-the-world.html
- http://confucius.bseu.by/eng/about-us/
- http://confucius.bseu.by/Eng/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Two NNU faculty elected to 2016 Chang Jiang Scholars Program ... Maryia Uporava, the Republic of Belarus “You just need to enjoy the process of studying." (see below URL) Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
" 1,000 Belarusians studying in China in 2020 is only a slight increase from about 600 in 2016. Developing networks between both countries’ youths seems to be a pillar of Sino-Belarusian societal relations. For example, the “Belarusian Republican Youth Union” signed a cooperation agreement with the “All-China Youth Federation” in 2011. Link "
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"China’s economic presence in the region has been steadily growing since the late 2000s, with Belarus clearly becoming China’s primary partner. China provided Belarus with an extensive set of economic cooperation tools, including the flagship project of the “Great Stone” Chinese-Belarusian Industrial Park near Minsk, as well as credit lines aimed at developing infrastructure and industry. Belarus has also become a key transit country for rapidly increasing Eurasian railway connections, facilitating 90% of EU-China railway freight trade. (see below URL) Link Since 2020, China has been Belarus’s second-largest trading partner after Russia, with the trade balance being strongly negative. Link The major trading partners are the Russian Federation, Ukraine, China, Germany, Poland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Kazakhstan, Turkey and Italy. Link"
- https://cepa.org/the-belarus-china-iron-brotherhood-begins-to-rust/
- https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belarus/19851-20221220.pdf
- https://president.gov.by/en/belarus/economics/foreign-trade/key-trade-partners
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
trade data: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
MINSK, 18 January (BelTA) – Belarus has joined the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), meeting all the conditions of the resolution of the AIIB Board of Governors, BelTA learned from the Belarusian Finance Ministry. Link Members and Prospective Members of the Bank Link
- https://eng.belta.by/economics/view/belarus-joins-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank-118079-2019/
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Republican Confederation of Entrepreneurship of Belarus (RCEB) Belarus is the member of BRICA. Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Eurasian Economic Union consisting of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan has following free trade agreements with China. Link On October 25, 2019 the Agreement on Economic and Trade cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union and its Member States, of the one part, and the People's Republic of China Source: Link "
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bilateral_free_trade_agreements
- https://mfa.gov.by/en/export/traderegimes/
Supplementary Notes
Belarus and China have agreed to continuously expand mutual investment and promote cooperation with assistance of the private sector and financial institutions. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Belarus and China have agreed to continuously expand mutual investment and promote cooperation with assistance of the private sector and financial institutions. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"According to their official website, Belarusian organizations do not cooperate with UWCA. Link "
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The official ceremony of concluding the Agreement ""On the exchange of delegations and cooperation in the field of journalism"" was held on April 26 simultaneously in Minsk and Beijing. The document was signed between the Belarusian Union of Journalists (BUJ) and the All-China Association of Journalists (VJA). Link Belarusian Union of Journalists and All-China Journalists Association sign co-operative agreement Link Belarusian authors are set to discuss the implementation of joint projects with a delegation of the Shanghai Writers Association Link The Belarusian Women's Union is interested in advancing practical cooperation with the All-China Women's Federation Link Chinese Oversea Association (白俄罗斯华侨协会), which is strongly connected to Chinese diplomats. Link chairperson Liu Yan (刘洋) visted Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts with Chinese delegation and local high education stakeholders for a cultural exchange event in November 2023 Link"
- http://www.dompressy.by/2022/04/26/belorusskie-i-kitajskie-zhurnalisty-podpisali-soglashenie-o-sotrudnichestve/
- https://www.sb.by/en/belarusian-union-of-journalists-and-all-china-journalists-association-sign-co-operative-agreement.html
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/writers-of-belarus-china-to-discuss-joint-projects-in-minsk-105316-2017
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-womens-union-interested-in-practical-cooperation-with-all-china-womens-federation-149872-2022/
- https://ydylmgr.acfic.org.cn/ydyl/gjjl-x/hwgszz/oz/bels/2020040816335529082/
- https://www.sohu.com/a/734117786_121123803
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Belarus-N1 in Top Grossing and N5 in free downloads Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Belarus-China Cultural and Diplomatic Relations: 1. Days of Belarus in China The head of the Chinese department congratulated Belarus on the successful launch of the Days of Belarus in China, running until December 2. Source: Link 2. Chinese Cultural Center in Minsk Announced in 2015 by Presidents Xi Jinping and Alexander Lukashenko. Opened on December 21, 2016, in Minsk. Source: Link 3. "Centenary of the Communist Party of China" Photo Exhibition (2021) Highlighted China’s development with four detailed expositions. Source: Link 4. Cultural Relations Growth Enhanced since 2007, institutionalized in 2013 under a joint declaration. Includes education cooperation protocols. Source: Link
- https://mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/f8973745c5ddd388.html
- https://china.aiddata.org/projects/67296/
- https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belarus/19851-20221220.pdf
- https://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/book_chinas_footprint_09_the_sino_belarusian_relationship.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"""We share a common Soviet background and we came out of communism. Their parents and my parents lived in approximately the same conditions, so they are understandable to me as a nation. It seems to me that we share something in common in mentality. We, Belarusians, are hardworking, and the Chinese are also so hardworking, ready to endure for the sake of some idea, a brighter future"". "" I would say that it is easier for Belarusians to find a common language with the Chinese than for Russians. Belarusians do not impose their point of view, and they communicate well with other people. Therefore, the Chinese see us as friendly and pleasant people. But in general, Belarusians are closer to the European way, the European mentality. We are, after all, a European country."" Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"On June 21, the Belarussian Defense Ministry announced that China would be providing Belarus with new armored vehicles. The move is just the latest sign of a growing partnership between Minsk and Beijing, including in the security realm. Though China and Belarus established relations 25 years ago, ties have been strengthening in recent years. Last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko upgraded relations to the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership, an endeavor first announced in 2013. (see below URL 1) On July 3 Belarus marked 73 years since Minsk was liberated from the Nazis by Soviet forces. The public holiday was accompanied by a requisite military parade. The event served as a reminder of a growing reliance on China as a would-be ally. Another Chinese 4×4 spotted in the July 3 parade is the VN3/VN4. Deliveries of this particular armored car only began in mid-2017 and it’s further proof that internal security is a serious preoccupation for the Lukashenko regime. The VN3/VN4 is designed to carry at least eight passengers behind its cab. A roof hatch supports a turret and in Belarusian service it’s armed with a manually operated 12.7mm NSV machine gun in a cupola. (see below URL 2) Link Link China Gives Belarus New Armored Vehicles Link"
- https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/china-gives-belarus-new-armored-vehicles/
- https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2017/07/09/the-belarusian-army-is-using-a-lot-of-chinese-hardware/
- https://thediplomat.com/tag/china-belarus-military/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Belarus co-produced or received technology of multiple launch rocket system “Polonez” Link Link(multiple_rocket_launcher)"
- https://www.imemo.ru/en/publications/periodical/RNSE/archive/2018/3/international-relations/military-technical-cooperation-between-belarus-and-china-in-rocketry
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonez_(multiple_rocket_launcher)
Supplementary Notes
The sides discussed the next year's Belarusian-Chinese planned military cooperation events. A memorandum on establishing twinning relations between the defense ministries of Belarus and China in the area of international military cooperation was signed.Oleg Voinov and Ci Guowei underlined the presence of good prospects for Belarus-China military cooperation and the importance of further enhancement and development of these prospects. Belarus-China relations of trustful comprehensive strategic partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation were emphasized. Link A big Belarusian military delegation visited China back in April this year. They negotiated with representatives of the air forces and 11 companies. Increase of military and technical cooperation was the subject of these negotiations. They spoke about modernization of system of operation and control over the air forces, as well as about manufacturing of heavy chassis for launchers of rockets of different types. Link Belarus aims to step up defence cooperation with China Link
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-chinese-defense-ministries-sign-military-technical-cooperation-memorandum-145668-2021/
- https://euroradio.fm/en/belarus-and-china-increase-military-cooperation
- https://belarusinfocus.pro/belarus-russia-relations/belarus-stance-syrian-crisis-had-no-impact-bilateral-relations-and/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Around 77 servicemen of the Armed Forces of Belarus received education in the institutions of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. The two countries also hold regular joint army training exercises. For example, “Hunting Falcon” is a regular exercise designed to strengthen the partnership between the two armies in counteracting terrorist threats. This commitment to military cooperation is further evidenced by the amount of high level exchanges between the two countries. From 2013 to 2017 representatives of the Belarusian Defense Ministry visited China seven times while delegations of the Chinese Defense Ministry paid eleven visits to Belarus. Link JINAN, Aug. 7 (ChinaMil) -- Chinese and Belarusian special operations forces commenced the joint training entitled “Eagle Assault 2018” at a comprehensive training base attached to the Northern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in Jinan City of east China's Shandong Province on the morning of August 5, 2018. Link Belarus, China to advance cooperation in military education Link
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-08/07/content_9244657.htm
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/belarus-china-to-advance-cooperation-in-military-education_i_0000128626.html
Supplementary Notes
Belarus, China planning joint military drills for 2024 — media Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Meeting with Minister of National Defense of China Li Shangfu Link On August 14th, 2023, Chinese Minister of Defence Li Shangfu started his official visit to Russia and Belarus after the invitation of the Russian Minister of Defence, Sergei Shoigu, and the Belarusian Minister of Defence, Viktor Khrenin. Link"
- https://president.gov.by/en/events/vstrecha-s-ministrom-oborony-knr-li-shanfu-1692269581
- https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/08/14/defence-cooperation-china-russia/
Supplementary Notes
"China, Belarus seek closer military ties Link China’s defence minister visits Russia and Belarus in show of support Link"
- https://www.dw.com/en/china-belarus-seek-closer-military-ties/a-66562240
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/14/chinas-defence-minister-visits-russia-and-belarus-in-show-of-support
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Belarus, China planning joint military drills for 2024 — media Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"YES- Belarus is identified Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
BEIJING, 16 May (BelTA) – Belarus and China have agreed to set up a working group to fight against color revolutions and terrorism. The matter was discussed at the talks between Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko and his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping in Beijing on 16 May, BelTA has learned. Источник: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Meiya Pico, a Chinese cybersecurity company, was instructed by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security to train countries affiliated with the BRI in digital forensics. Meiya Pico may also be part of establishing a Safety Corridor from China to Europe, aiming to tie security and safety services and products to international development projects. Link Belarus is listed: Link In July 2018, Chief Justice of the Supreme People’s Court Justice Zhou Qiang met with Valery Mitskevich and suggested that “the two countries cooperate, promote judicial reforms, such as“intelligent courts”, provide judges with better quality training, support the idea of justice for people, etc.” Link
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/
- https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdfhttps://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2207
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2207
- https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2020/08/21/china-belarus-judicial-cooperation-under-the-belt-road-initiative/
Supplementary Notes
"Cooperation in law enforcement has recently risen to an unprecedented level. We are not going to stop there, as we see a huge potential for expanding the areas of cooperation with our Chinese counterparts,” Link Belarus, China discuss cooperation in law enforcement Link"
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/minister-cooperation-with-china-in-law-enforcement-has-reached-an-unprecedented-level_i_0000128162.html
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-china-discuss-cooperation-in-law-enforcement-161843-2023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"Belarusian authorities used a bomb scare and scrambled a fighter jet to force a plane flying between two EU member states to land in Minsk on Sunday to arrest a journalist on board. The act was condemned by the United States and Europe as a danger to all civilian flights. Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Since late February, Chinese cyber-actors have been launching cyber-attacks against government and military networks in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus (2022) Link China’s computers hacked to launch cyberattacks on Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (2022) Link"
- https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-60983346
- https://dig.watch/updates/chinas-computers-hacked-to-launch-cyberattacks-on-russia-ukraine-and-belarus
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
" The Belarusian government has acquired surveillance hardware and software from Chinese, Russian, US, and Israeli companies. Huawei has been supplying video surveillance systems to the Lukashenka government since 2011. The Ministry of the Interior also works with Huawei, which in 2018 proposed that the Belarusian government deploy “video surveillance” and “integrated police systems” similar to those that the Chinese government uses. Link"
Supplementary Notes
"A Chinese telecom-equipment giant has held talks to install a video-surveillance system for Belarus, according to the government of the former Soviet republic, an authoritarian regime with a track record of suppressing public dissent. Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
China Telecom Group will build a telecommunication node inside the China-Belarus industrial park Great Stone to provide communication services inside the park, BelTA learned from Kirill Koroteyev, First Deputy Director General of SZAO Industrial Park Development Company. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"BeCloud and two of Belarus’s mobile providers are building 5G networks using equipment produced by Chinese companies: BeCloud and MTS are working with Huawei, and A1 with ZTE. Link MINSK, 30 September (BelTA) – A 5G cellular communication technology test area has been set up in the China-Belarus industrial park Great Stone. Link"
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-net/2021
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/5g-cell-tower-deployed-in-china-belarus-industrial-park-great-stone-133908-2020
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Belarusian government has acquired surveillance hardware and software from Chinese, Russian, US, and Israeli companies. Huawei has been supplying video surveillance systems to the Lukashenka government since 2011. Link The Belarusian Army Is Using A Lot Of Chinese Hardware Link"
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-net/2021
- https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2017/07/09/the-belarusian-army-is-using-a-lot-of-chinese-hardware/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Belarusian government has acquired surveillance hardware and software from Chinese, Russian, US, and Israeli companies. Beltelecom is also working with Huawei on its development of 5G technology, which includes facial recognition for the purpose of creating a “smart mobile checkpoint.” Link The Belarusian Army Is Using A Lot Of Chinese Hardware Link"
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-net/2021
- https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2017/07/09/the-belarusian-army-is-using-a-lot-of-chinese-hardware/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Belarusian government has acquired surveillance hardware and software from Chinese, Russian, US, and Israeli companies. Huawei has been supplying video surveillance systems to the Lukashenka government since 2011 Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Belarusian government is working with Huawei to develop “smart cities” technologies. After launching a pilot smart city project in Orsha in 2019, the government announced in 2020 that it plans to expand the “Smart Cities of Belarus” project to Minsk and 11 more cities. Link Currently, Belarus is actively engaged in the improvement of a plan for the development of a “smart city” concept. In March 2020, the Minsk City Executive Committee made a smart city development blueprint for Minsk until 2025. Link"
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/belarus/freedom-net/2021
- https://elib.bsu.by/bitstream/123456789/294034/1/lu-lipin_sbornik29.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"Beltelecom is also working with Huawei on its development of 5G technology, which includes facial recognition for the purpose of creating a “smart mobile checkpoint.” Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“China has conducted space product and technology cooperation with countries including Belarus” Link "For China, the benefit is more political than technical.” Belarus will help China build a base on the Moon" Link “China Adds Belarus for its IRLS monn bas” Link "
- https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202201/28/content_WS61f35b3dc6d09c94e48a467a.html
- https://nashaniva.com/ru/328897
- https://spacenews.com/china-adds-belarus-as-partner-for-ilrs-moon-base/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"Alesya Abramenko said Belarus is ready to consider the possible realization of promising projects in the area of satellite navigation, introduction of innovative equipment and technologies, the use of the Chinese satellite navigation system Beidou in Belarus' territory, and the organization of joint research in the area of space navigation. Belarus ready to consider new satellite navigation projects Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"BEIJING, 29 September (BelTA) – Belarus and China have signed a package of agreements and memorandums on cooperation in various fields. These documents were signed in the presence of the two heads of state in Beijing on 29 September, BelTA has learned. (see below URL) Link Chinese, Belarusian officials pledge deepened cooperation. After the meeting, Liu and Snopkov witnessed the signing of relevant cooperation documents. Link"
- https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-china-sign-package-of-cooperation-agreements-in-various-fields-94932-2016/
- https://english.www.gov.cn/news/202307/11/content_WS64ad4a64c6d0868f4e8ddb06.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"13 ones in Chinese, and 22 in Belarusian: Link Link"
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Dec 3 - Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko was heading to Beijing on Sunday for talks with Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Belarusian state media reported, the second trip of the close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin to China this year. ""Negotiations between the head of the Belarusian state and president of the People's Republic of China Xi Jinping will take place in Beijing,"" BelTA said, citing Lukashenko's press service. Link China’s Xi welcomes President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus to Beijing Link"
- https://www.reuters.com/world/belarus-president-lukashenko-visit-china-sunday-belta-2023-12-03/
- https://apnews.com/article/china-belarus-russia-ukraine-da1b089345967637a2047099264d36c6
Supplementary Notes
"Li Zhanshu, chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, holds talks with Natalia Kochanova, chairwoman of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of Belarus, and Vladimir Andreichenko, chairman of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of Belarus, via video link at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, June 8, 2021. (see below URL) Link Belarusian Minister of Internal Affairs Ivan Kubrakov met with Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China to Belarus Xie Xiaoyong Link"
- http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202106/bc2aaa4931ed45e28d67c44dc71d23f3.shtml
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/minister-cooperation-with-china-in-law-enforcement-has-reached-an-unprecedented-level_i_0000128162.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"On December 22, 2021, Vice Foreign Minister Le Yucheng and Belarusian Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikolai Borisevich held video consultations between Chinese and Belarusian Foreign Ministries. The two sides exchanged views on bilateral relations, high-level exchanges, practical cooperation, and international and regional issues of common concern. Link On June 24, 2016 local time, President Xi Jinping met in Tashkent with President Alexander Lukashenko of Belarus. Link On May 12, 2022 the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus, Sergei Aleinik, met with the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People’s Republic of China, Xie Xiaoyun. Link He Wei, vice-chairman of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee, met with Valery Mitskevich, deputy chairman of the House of Representatives of Belarus, via video link on April 29 Link Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko visited China and was welcomed by Xi Jinping in September 2016 Link Alexander Lukashenko, the president of Belarus and close ally of Russian leader Vladimir Putin, is due to visit Beijing on Tuesday for a meeting with Xi Jinping, in a high-profile trip symbolising the widening gulf between the US and China over the war in Ukraine. Link President Xi Jinping Meets with Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko Link Xi Jinping Holds Talks with President of Belarus Aleksandr Lukashenko Link Defense industry, severe discipline, new age of Belarus-China relations in President's Chinese Week Link Chinese leader Xi Jinping met on Wednesday with Alexander Lukashenko, the president of Belarus and a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin. Link Li Qiang Meets with Prime Minister of Belarus Roman Golovchenko Link"
- http://en.cppcc.gov.cn/2021-05/01/c_624063.htm
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-2yfkt5lik
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/27/lukashenko-xi-meeting-china-us-russia
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202209/t20220916_10766768.html
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202303/t20230303_11034766.html
- https://eng.belta.by/preside nt/view/defense-industry-severe-discipline-new-age-of-belarus-china-relations-in-presidents-chinese-week-157114-2023/
- https://www.npr.org/2023/03/01/1160309060/china-belarus-xi-jinping-russia-ally-lukashenko-meet
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202311/t20231111_11178521.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"The Belarusian leader also called China's position on the Ukraine crisis ""a testimony to its peaceful foreign policy as well as a new and original step that will have a far-reaching impact all over the world,"" according to Chinese state news agency Xinhua (March, 2023) Link ""Today, not a single issue in the world can be resolved without China,"" Lukashenko said. Link Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko told his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping that his country ""fully supports"" Beijing's proposals for ending the Ukraine war when the two leaders met Wednesday. Link "
- https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/03/01/belarus-leader-fully-supports-chinas-ukraine-plan-a80370
- https://www.cbsnews.com/news/china-belarus-lukashenko-russia-putin-ukraine-war/
- https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2023/03/01/belarus-leader-fully-supports-chinas-ukraine-plan-a80370
Supplementary Notes
"H.E the Ambassador of Belarus in China praised the discipline and cohesion of the Chinese citizens wearing masks everywhere and being responsible about their own health (2020) Link Xi Jinping stressed that the current international and regional situation is complex and changeable. China and Belarus have cooperated effectively on multilateral occasions including the United Nations, and firmly supported each other in safeguarding our core national interests, which has demonstrated the strategic value of China-Belarus cooperation. Link Belarusian authorities attach significant importance to relations with China as an opportunity for economic development and strengthening their state’s international position. Link In an interview with the New China News Agency in October 2010, Lukashenko stated that China was Belarus’ best friend. He explained his rationale: “China’s investment has never had any political strings attached, therefore, we are more than willing to see China speed up its investment in Belarus on a larger scale.” Link In 2005, Lukashenko told Xinhua, China’s official news agency, the reason for his newfound attraction to Beijing: “So long as we [Belarus] develop such relations with China, we cannot be isolated.” Link We really would like to use China's reform experience: Russian, Belarusian officials. Link Link "
- https://crpe.ro/eapfakes/countries/belarus/the-path-of-the-dragon-in-belarus-unfolding-pro-chinese-propaganda-in-belarus/
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202201/t20220111_10480930.html
- https://pism.pl/publications/The_Importance_of_Cooperation_with_China_for_Belarus
- https://harvardpolitics.com/china-and-belarus-a-special-relationship/
- https://carnegiemoscow.org/commentary/82662
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V7HMxt9WWw4
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sb7iJdm9T54
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
"Legitimization of the political course for the domestic audience. China is often mentioned in official conspiracy narratives about the reasons for the large-scale protest movement in 2020–2021, the motives for Western sanctions, and the background of a sharp deterioration in relations with Western countries. In such rhetoric, these events are presented as a consequence of a global conspiracy against Belarus, China, and Russia. (However, no direct evidence of suppression is identified) Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
First Meeting of the Commission on Customs and Quarantine Cooperation between Belarus-China Link First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Belarus S.Aleinik participates in the session of Belarus-China Commission on trade and economic cooperation. Link Minsk and Beijing have mechanisms for regular exchanges of top-level visits, an active ongoing inter-parliamentary dialogue, well-functioning Belarusian-Chinese Intergovernmental Cooperation Committee, dynamically developing inter-agency and inter-regional contacts. Source: Link When using the site materials reference to the source is required. Link “It is pleasant to note that we are making a powerful leap forward in inter-parliamentary cooperation with the People's Republic of China. The agreement provides for the establishment of a high-level committee on cooperation between legislative bodies,” Vladimir Andreichenko said. Link
- https://rocb-europe.org/first-meeting-of-the-commission-on-customs-and-quarantine-cooperation-between-belarus-china
- https://www.mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/d427610dcc22ed91.html
- https://mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral/asia_oceania/
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-china-make-breakthrough-in-inter-parliamentary-cooperation-162338-2023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Belarus secured a $500 million loan from the China Development Bank late last month”Link "Belarus receives little Chinese direct investment with Chinese FDI into Belarus’s economy totaling $368 million between 2010 and 2018. However, Beijing has been generously providing “tied loans” to Minsk. Around $8 billion has so far been allocated to Belarus-based projects out of $15 billion pledged by China in 2009" Link
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Asia-Insight/Belarus-buddies-up-with-China-as-an-alternative-to-Russia
- https://chinaobservers.eu/china-fails-to-deliver-on-its-promises-in-belarus/
Supplementary Notes
The China-Belarus Industrial Park is a landmark cooperation project under the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2013, the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Belarus saw sound and steady growth of their relations, and fruitful results in their practical cooperation in various fields. The two countries established a comprehensive strategic partnership in July. Link The People's Republic of China and Belarus Republic Issued Joint Press Communiqué in Minsk Link
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gjhdq_665435/3265_665445/3140_664302/
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gjhdq_665435/3265_665445/3140_664302/3141_664304/200107/t20010731_555582.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Belarusian side fully adheres to the principle of "One China." In a joint declaration on September 15, 2022, Belarus reaffirmed its commitment to the "One China" principle, expressing support for China's efforts to restore its sovereignty and opposing Taiwan's independence "in all its manifestations."
- http://am.china-embassy.gov.cn/rus/zgxw/202303/t20230302_11033905.htm
- https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belarus/19851-20221220.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Available
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Press Secretary Andrei Popov responds to a media question over the events in Urumqi in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China: ""We carefully watch the events in this region. We took with regret the reports about riots there that entailed human losses and considerable damage. We note that the Chinese authorities undertake needed measures to contain and discontinue this conflict. We express condolences to relatives and next of kin to those perished, as well as our sympathy with those who suffered due to the unrest. We confirm that the Republic of Belarus considers the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as an integral part of China and believe that events happening there are China’s internal affair. We hope that the legal measures taken by the Chinese authorities to break off the conflict will allow to normalize situation in the region in the near future"" Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Belarus firmly supports China's principle position on major issues of Taiwan and of those related to Tibet and Xinjiang. Link two central features of the Sino-Belarusian political cooperation: mutual support of sovereignty and territorial integrity.30 Hence, Belarus supports China’s position on Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Falungong Link"
- http://lv.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng//zgyw/201403/t20140307_9511764.htm
- https://www.bmlv.gv.at/pdf_pool/publikationen/book_chinas_footprint_09_the_sino_belarusian_relationship.pdf"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"During the ongoing 46th session of the UN Human Rights Council, a Belarusian representative delivered a joint speech on Friday on behalf of 70 countries, emphasizing that Hong Kong affairs are China's internal affairs and should not be interfered in by external forces. The Geneva-based senior diplomats also spoke positively of the national security law in Hong Kong. ""Belarus is deeply convinced that sustainable and effective development is impossible without political stability and national unity and integrity; this is why any separatist activity is totally incompatible with achieving prosperity and stability of the nation, and this is why we welcome the new law,"" Ambrazevich said. Khitchadeth said the enforcement of the national security law in Hong Kong ""is very necessary in order to better protect the rights and freedom of Hong Kong residents in a safe environment"". Available at the URL below. Link "
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili