Turkey
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 40 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 147 / 368 | - |
Sep 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 40 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 40 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 34 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 20 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 39 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 38 % | - |
In 2023, Turkey had a GDP per capita of US$12,986 and a total population of 87.17 million people.
Turkey established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1971. Turkey was ranked 158th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 33/100.
Key Takeaways
- PRC influence in Turkey continues to grow steadily in multiple areas, despite problems remaining in bilateral relations – China's handling of its Muslim Uyghur population in particular, who are kin to Anatolian Turks.
- However, this does not stop China's growing role, especially in the Turkish economy and technology sector, where the PRC is investing in large Turkish companies via partnerships, loans and acquisitions.
- That said, PRC influence remains limited in Turkish media and society – among only certain political and ideological groups; China and its political and foreign policy agendas remain highly suspicious and alien to Turkish society in general.
- However, as long as Turkey’s democratic backsliding and distancing from the West continues under President Erdogan’s rule, China is expected to be more influential over the Ankara government in many areas.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Unlike previous years, the number and variety of journalists, media organisations and online influencers is reduced. Aydinlik, which is an anti-West and pro-China daily of the Turkish Homeland Party, attended a paid visit. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The visit did not produce any or very little impact despite positive coverage of China's policies in te Uyghur region. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignifacnt" rating.
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/aydinlik-sinciang-uygur-ozerk-bolgesinde-1-cinde-uygur-olmak-varmis-423663
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/koseyazisi/akli-olan-uygur-bolgesinde-is-yapmaya-gelir-378594
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/aydinlik-sinciang-uygur-ozerk-bolgesinde-3-uyumun-kenti-firsatin-kapisi-424224
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Xinhua News Agency publishes news and reports in the Turkish language through a website branded as Lotus News. In addition to this, CRJ Turkish radio station broadcasts in every Turkish city in the Turkish language. Additionally, CGTN, international English language Chinese state-run TV channel, covers Turkey with a bureau in the country. Finally, CGTN has an active YouTube Channel and produces news and content in the Turkish language. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "more than a few" rating. Given the variety and extent of the work of the above mentioned media activities, this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.criturk.com/radyo-canli-yayin/
- https://www.youtube.com/@cgtnturk/featured
- https://ajanslotus.com/
- https://newsaf.cgtn.com/news/2021-10-12/Turkish-lira-touches-record-low-level-against-dollar-14hFFQWRu7u/index.html
- https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/458306
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Aydinlik media house which is knows for its pro-Chinese coverage signed a protocol with the Beijing Media Network for creating joint reports on Turkey and China. In addition to this, Kirmizi Kedi Publishing House publishes a quarterly magazine called Modern Silk Road which is funded by Chinese state funds. A Turkish radio station called Yon Radio, also create programmes and podcasts in cooperation with China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Above mentioned media organisations have strong political affiliations and are followed by a small group of people who share the similar ideologies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://yonradyo.com.tr/
- https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Ungor_China_Turkey__TURKISH.pdf
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/turk-cin-medyasi-arasinda-stratejik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-198656
- http://www.gercekhayat.com.tr/medya/turk-medyasinda-cin-orgutlenmesi/
- https://odatv4.com/kultur-sanat/kirmizi-kediden-cin-atilimi--20081940-167104
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese Government has often paid for advertisements in Turkish media which are affiliated with the Turkish government and some other media houses. The advertisements usually focus on Chinese economic successes and how PRC treats its Uyghur community. State-owned China tech companies also started to be promoted by Turkish state news agencies as well as Turkish government websites. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Those advertisements reached a large readership and were criticized by the public as well as media experts. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.btk.gov.tr/haberler/gelecek-icin-tohumlar-projesi-nin-acilis-toplantisi-yapildi
- https://serbestiyet.com/haberler/ozel-haber-gazetelerin-yeni-favori-reklamvereni-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-61693/
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/sirkethaberleri/teknoloji/huawei-gelecek-icin-tohumlar-programi-basladi/667357
- https://farukbildirici.com/hurriyet-parayla-cin-in-propagandasini-yapti/
- https://www.tamgaturk.com/cin-buyukelciligi-havuz-medyasini-fonlamaya-devam-ediyor/35589/
- https://www.trhaber.com/gundem/cin-dogu-turkistan-daki-iskenceleri-reklamla-ortme-cabasinda-h12124.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Dogu Perincek, the leader of the Homeland Party and a journalist and TV commentator often denies the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC, especially regarding the Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Several reports and columns at Aydinlik media also denied human rights abuses in China’s Uyghur region. These reports suggest that Uyghurs live a prosperous and happy life in China and define human rights abuses and genocide claims as Western propaganda. Also, during the COVID-19 pandemic, a few socialist and left leaning media houses and journalists praised China's extreme measures that were accused of violating human rights. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Few" rating. Such comments met large critisim and reactions from politicians and public. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/video/dogu-perinceki-kizdiran-ajanlik-sorusu-bunlari-yayinlamazsaniz-siz-namuslu-degilsiniz-1766831
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/haber/aydinlik-sinciang-uygur-ozerk-bolgesinde-1-cinde-uygur-olmak-varmis-423663
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tjJdvlimN0w
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/yazarlar/mehmet-ali-guller/karantina-uretim-celiskisi-1734030
- https://qha.com.tr/haberler/uygur-akademisyenden-cin-sozculugu-tgb-ve-aydinlik-a-tokat-gibi-yanit-videosu/245289/
- https://t24.com.tr/haber/aydinlik-gazetesinin-sincan-eki-uygurlar-ramazan-i-tum-guzellikleriyle-yasiyorlar,950565
- https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/koseyazisi/emperyalist-10-yalan-ve-uygur-gercegi-232705
- https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/cff/2023/09/15/renewed-momentum-in-turkey-china-relations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese companies, Huawei in particular and state owned scientific institutes, signed several agreements with Turkish universities as well as the Turkish higher educational council for research partnerships, trainings and academic exchange schemes. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. When the scope and the scale of these partnerships is evaluated this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.uludag.edu.tr/haber/view/10871/bursa-uludag-universitesi-dunya-devi-ile-akademik-ortaklik-yapacak
- http://www.karsmanset.com/haber/ataturk-universitesi-ve-huawei-arasinda-ict-akademik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-yapildi-503868.htm
- https://www.yalova.edu.tr/tr/Page/Icerik/yalova-universitesi-ile-huawei-ucretsiz-egitim-ve-sertifika-icin-anlasti
- https://www.cnnturk.com/kesfet/clabs/dijital-donusumde-ilham-veren-ornek-biruni-universitesinin-basari-hikayesi
- https://www.timeturk.com/ekonomi/cinli-sirketlerden-turkiye-ye-yogun-ilgi/haber-1701243
- https://tto.ozyegin.edu.tr/tr/blog/tubitak-cin-bilimler-akademisi-cas-ikili-isbirligi-programi
- https://www.igdir.edu.tr/duyuru/2566-cin-ulusal-dogal-bilimler-vakfi-nsfc-ile-ikili-isbirligi-programi
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are four Confucius Institutes and two Confucius Classrooms at Turkey’s most prestigious universities and schools. Middle East Technical University, Bosporus University, Yeditepe University and Okan University have institutes while Okan College and Jale Tezer College have classrooms.Therefore, this indicator desrves a "More than a few" rating. There is a growing number of students who attend and show interest in the Chinese language. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.facebook.com/metuconfucius/posts/459806724188911/
- http://www.confucius.boun.edu.tr/
- https://www.okan.edu.tr/ci/
- https://yeditepe.edu.tr/tr/yeditepe-universitesi-konfucyus-enstitusu-acildi
- https://ci.metu.edu.tr/
- https://m.facebook.com/okankoleji/photos/a.391404237553451.115082.354610647899477/2007522102608315/?type=3
- https://www.digmandarin.com/confucius-institutes-around-the-world.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are a few examples of cooperation with Chinese authorities i.e. China’s Embassy or Confucius Insitutes introduce Chinese classes in primary, secondary and high school education. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- http://turkish.cri.cn/882/2009/06/24/1s116243.htm
- https://www.trthaber.com/haber/turkiye/lisede-cince-dersi-basliyor-86382.html
- https://www.egitimhane.com/ilk-defa-bir-okulda-cince-dersi-k1023-0.html
- https://kavaklidereortaokulu06.meb.k12.tr/icerikler/cince-egitim-veren-tek-ortaokuluz_13394498.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Hacettepe University and Sabanci University are the members of University Alliance of the Silk Road(The UASR). Isik University and Istanbul Arel University and are the members of the Belt and Road Architectural University International Consortium (BRAUIC). Therefore, this Indicator deserves ""More than a few"" rating. However, the number of examples are still not much. Therefore, this indicator deserves an ""Insignificant"" rating
- http://uasr.xjtu.edu.cn/About_UASR/Members.htm
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/About/Introduction/index.htm
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/Members/4e7e22ebf5aa4522a656b38e865c43ff.htm
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/Members/e54933e6993b4e26af8ce0a5ae21c2ce.htm
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While we have not been able to find any evidence for this, we believe that such financial support probably does exist. Therefore, we have decided to skip this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While we have not been able to find any evidence for this, but we are fairly certain that such financial support does exist, hence we have decided to skip this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Prior to 2022, there were a few instances of Turkish academics who were denied entry to the PRC due to their opinions. In 2016, an academic group affiliated with a Turkish nationalist association was denied entry to China while they were planning to visit China’s Uyghur region.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC-connected entities, Confucius Insitutes in particular, actively support Asian studies graduate programs in Turkey. They support universities in circuciulum design and teaching stuff from China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://asn.metu.edu.tr/
- https://bogazici.edu.tr/tr_TR/Content/Akademik/Lisansustu_Katalogu/II_Ogretim_Tezsiz_Yuksek_Lisans_Programlari/Asya_Calismalari_Yuksek_Lisans_Programi
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/TUR
- https://www.worldstopexports.com/turkeys-top-import-partners/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is Turkey's top customer in extractive industries. Turkey's mineral export was 6.5 billion US dollars in 2022 and China was the top buyer with 1.4 billion US dollars. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/maden-sektorunden-2022de-6-5-milyar-dolarlik-ihracat/2781125
- https://www.egedesonsoz.com/haber/Turk-dogal-tas-sektorunun-hedefi-Cin/1146267
- https://imib.org.tr/veri-merkezi/ihracat-istatistikleri/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC-related entities own several ports including a 1 billion US dollar investment in the Kumport project, coal mines and coal-fired power plants in Turkey including a 1.2 billion US dollar investment in Adana Turfanbeyli Coal Plant. China Merchants Group also got the tender for the management of Istanbul’s third bridge and northern motorway project for nearly 700 million US dollars but later in 2021 the company declared its plans to leave the project. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/1825679-cinden-turkiyeye-dev-yatirim
- https://www.dw.com/tr/%C3%A7inin-t%C3%BCrkiyedeki-ayak-izi-ne-kadar-b%C3%BCy%C3%BCk/a-63589752
- https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/ekonomi/ucuncu-koprude-satis-bilmecesi-suruyor-cinli-grup-cekildi-6607486/
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/dunyadaki-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/2199351
- https://www.iklimhaber.org/yeni-calisma-tum-dunyada-yeni-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/
- https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/cinliler-1-2-milyar-dolarlik-termik-santral-ihalesi-aldi-20679533
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey is one of the members of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, AIIB. Turkey invested 2.6 billion US dollars and it is the 11th biggest stakeholder of the bank. AIIB and Industrial Development Bank of Turkey signed a new deal equal to 200 million US dollars in 2022 and the AIIB gave a 250 million US dollars loan to Turkish Exim Bank in 2021. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://eximbank.gov.tr/tr/hakkimizda/basin-odasi/basinda-cikan-haberler/yazili-basin/turk-eximbank-asya-altyapi-yatirim-bankasi-ndan-250-milyon-abd-dolari-kredi-sagladi
- https://www.tskb.com.tr/hakkimizda/bizi-taniyin/haberler/tskb-asya-altyapi-yatirim-bankasi-ile-200-milyon-dolarlik-kredi-anlasmasina-imza-atti
- https://tr.euronews.com/2016/01/17/turkiye-nin-ortagi-oldugu-asya-altyapi-yatirim-bankasi-resmen-faaliyete-basladi
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey’s largest business association, the Turkish Industry and Business Association (TÜSİAD) is a member of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance (BRICA). The Union of Chambers and Commodity Exchanges of Turkey is a member of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce and its president Rifar Hisarciklioglu is the honorary president of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.bricaistanbul.com/overview/brica-members/
- http://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=25240&lst=MansetListesi
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has invested in several organised industrial sites in Turkey and they are looking for investing more. For instance, China’s tech giant Vivo has invested 25 million US dollars in Gebze Organized Industrial Site. Chinese companies and government plan to use Turkish industrial sites for reaching European markets more easily. In 2010, the Chinese government announced that it may invest 5 billion US dollars in Turkish industrial sites. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://beyazgazete.com/haber/2020/12/2/cin-den-turkiye-hamlesi-dev-yatirimla-geliyorlar-5862494.html
- https://www.sabah.com.tr/ekonomi/2020/12/02/cinliler-160-fabrikalik-arsa-istiyor
- http://yenierdekgazetesi.com/haber/balikesire_cinden_dev_yat-6540.html
- https://www.webtekno.com/vivo-turkiye-uretimlerine-basliyor-h109311.html
- https://www.mersinhaberci.com/haber/46602/cinliler-mersin-tarsus-osbyi-inceledi.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several events hosted by PRC diplomats for the Chinese diaspora, such as those relating to the New Year or Warm Spring Festival, have been identified. Therefore, this indicator deserves a few rating. However, they have not had much impact beyond a very narrow group of people and seem to have been small in attendance. Thereofre, this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- http://tr.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202301/t20230110_11005387.htm
- http://tr.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/202301/t20230131_11016521.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The National Art Museum of China and 21 art museums or major fine arts institutions from 18 countries including Turkey jointly founded the Silk Road International Alliance of Art Museums and Galleries. In addition to this, the Turkish Journalists’ Confederation and All-China Journalists Association signed a protocol for deepening cooperation in media relations between the two countries. Furthermore, Turkish and Chinese female artists organised several meetings funded by Turkish and Chinese municipalities. China Media Group also organised a meeting with Turkish journalist about Road and Belt project. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, this cooperation did not translate a major trend. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "insignificant" rating.
- http://www.beltandroadforum.org/english/n100/2019/0427/c36-1312.html
- https://www.tgk.org.tr/tgkdan-uluslararasi-atak/
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fO2nxwuhnxw
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/dunya/cinin-kusak-ve-yol-inisiyatifi-10-yilinda-diplomasi-ve-medya-dunyasini-istanbulda-bulusturdu-2085812
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, TikTok was Turkey’s second most popular social media platform based on usage – 14 hours monthly. In 2022, TikTok had more than 32 million users in the country right after Youtube, Facebook and Instagram. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://journo.com.tr/turkiye-mobil-uygulama-2021-veriler
- https://www.inbusiness.com.tr/sektorler/is-dunyasi/2023/08/16/iste-turkiyede-bu-yil-kullanici-sayisini-en-fazla-artiran-sosyal-medya-platformu
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are several cultural support and exchange programs between Turkey and China. Turkey and China signed a cultural cooperation agreement in 1993 and a cultural exchange programme in 2007. The Chinese Embassy also supports several art contests, galeries and other events. In another instance, Chinese Embassy and a Chinese Businnes NGO signed a memorandum to support young Turkish table tennis players. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These agreements did not translate into a major trend and remained limited. Therefore, this trend deserves an "insignificant" rating.
- https://disiliskiler.ktb.gov.tr/TR-22139/yururlukte-olan-kultur-anlasmalari-kulturel-degisim-programlari-ve-mutabakat-zaptlari.html
- http://tr.china-embassy.gov.cn/tur/sgxw/202308/t20230810_11125258.htm
- https://www.darussafaka.org/bagislariniz/destekcilerimiz/cin-konsoloslugu-ve-icbia-dan-darussafaka-ya-destek
- http://tr.china-embassy.gov.cn/tur/sgxw/202308/t20230810_11125258.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.gmfus.org/news/relations-china-0
- https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/12/05/attitudes-toward-china-2019/
Supplementary Notes
China has become an important economic partner for Tukey over the last decades. However, China’s revisionist policies, historical issues between Turkey and China and most importantly China’s policies towards Turkic Uyghur population created a negative China image amongs Turkish people.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkish government representatives regularly attend several conferences on security and cooperation. Turkish Foreign Ministry defines Turkey in the Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building measures in Asia as one of the most active members. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/china-propaganda-02172023124429.html
- https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/cinli-arama-kurtarma-ekipleri-ulkelerine-dondu-747142.html
Supplementary Notes
China's People's Liberation Army has not participated in any humanitarian relief mission in Turkey but in Turkey's worst eartqhuake disaster in February 2023, dozens of China's civil rescue teams came to Turkey to help search and rescue missions.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Traditionally, Turkey has sent its officers to the US and other Western allies for education at military academies. However, since 2014, the Turkish Armed Forces have been sending their officers to China for military education. For this purpose, Chinese language instructors were hired by Turkish military high schools and academies.
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turk-askeri-artik-cinde-egitim-alacak-50897
- https://www.trmilitary.org/viewtopic.php?t=4336
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.msb.gov.tr/SlaytHaber/2162019-11714
- https://ictmedia.com.tr/haber/afad-heyeti-cinde-huawei-ar-ge-merkezini-ziyaret-etti
- https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-ve-cin-afet-yonetiminde-isbirligini-guclendiriyor
Supplementary Notes
No meeting found on open sources after 2022. However, prior to this date, there were meetings between high ranking general including Air Force Commanders. Turkey's state agency for civil defence also signed an agreement with China to increase civil defence cooperation with China in 2019.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Only one military exercise organised by China and Turkey found. In 2010, PLA and Turkish Armed Forces held a joint commando exercise in China. The exercise was critisized by Turkey's Western allies. Therefore, Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-cin-ortak-tatbikati,110237
- https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/us-questions-turkeys-military-exercise-with-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On 26 December 2020, the Turkish and Chinese governments ratified a treaty creating a route to extradite individuals from Turkey to the People’s Republic of China. The treaty was initially signed in 2017, and, after three years, it comes into force as another measure purportedly to prevent terrorism. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/womens-day-uighur-turkey-int-idUSKBN2B01E2
- https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20201228-china-announces-ratification-of-extradition-treaty-with-turkey
- https://thediplomat.com/2021/01/uyghurs-wary-of-turkeys-pending-extradition-deal-with-china/
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3115592/china-ratifies-turkey-extradition-deal-push-combat-terrorism
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey and China signed an agreement in December, 2021 on terrorism financing and money laundering. According to the agreement, Turkish and Chinese authorities will share intelligence. There are also several visits between China and Turkey officials in field of counter terrorism but the content of meetings are not known by the public. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.diken.com.tr/turkiye-ile-cin-arasinda-terorizmin-finansmani-anlasmasi/
- https://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.490077711117226.1073741895.165657003559300&type=3&paipv=0&eav=AfbwEmULr8OryKo8ftVrdajLcyd_8GSEbVwTjmZkVSCQROjwkqlGIhM-RJ-HkxdVTSc&_rdr
- https://www.akparti.org.tr/haberler/terorle-mucadelede-cin-ve-turkiye-mutlaka-is-birligi-yapmalidir/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In recent years, China offered a few trainings and language courses for Turkish judiciary and law enforcement officials. During the trainings, police cadets, academics and administrators from police academy and police departments as well as Turkish judges and prosecutors received trainings on Chinese judicial and governance systems as well as Chinese language and culture. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These meetings carry utmost imporant when it comes to Turkish authorities leaning to the East and autocratic policies. These training were also criticised and questioned by the public. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri
- https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
- https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/09/21/hakimler-ve-savcilar-cine-gidip-cince-ogrenecek
- https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese hackers several times targeted websites of the Turkish Embassy in China, Turkish Foreign Ministry, other ministries, private enterprises and Turkish Uyghur groups and individuals. The reason for most of the attacks are related to China’s treatment of its Uyghur population which has close cultural, linguistic and religious links with Turkey. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few, significant" rating.
- https://www.chip.com.tr/haber/cin-den-turkiye-ye-hacker-saldirisi_13971.html
- https://siberbulten.com/sektorel/trky/cinli-hacker-grubunun-turk-devlet-kurumlarina-saldirdigi-ortaya-cikti/
- https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/teknoloji/turkiyeye-cirkin-saldiri-12073764
- https://www.dw.com/tr/yemeksepeti-hackerlar%C4%B1-konu%C5%9Ftu-20-milyondan-fazla-ki%C5%9Finin-verileri-elimizde/a-59893203
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
While there is no evidence of 'extra-legal physical premises' or overseas police service stations in Turkiye, a report by Safeguard Defenders provides some stark evidence of how Chinese authorities exercise represson in Turkiye.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Media reports and international rights groups say that houses of many Uyghurs have been raided, Chinese citizens of Uyghur ethnicity are detained and sent to extradition centres. Furthermore, Uyghur protestors and others who organised public protests in front of Chinese diplomatic missions in Turkey were detained several times based on Chinese Embassy’s requests. Rights groups warn about the increasing number arrests in Turkey against people who engage with political activism against China's policies especially towards its Uyghur population. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/01/22/dogu-turkistanl-lardan-turkiye-deki-ev-bask-nlar-na-kars-ac-klama-endiseliyiz
- https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/turkiyede-uygurlarin-evleri-neden-basiliyor-haber-1510914
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/02/10/istanbul-da-cin-buyukelciliginin-onundeki-uygur-eylemcilere-gozalt
- https://www.npr.org/2020/03/13/800118582/i-thought-it-would-be-safe-uighurs-in-turkey-now-fear-china-s-long-arm
- https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkish-polices-detention-questioning-of-uyghurs-signal-extradition-deal-expert-says-news-55948
- https://www.qha.com.tr/turk-dunyasi/bir-uygur-turku-daha-istanbul-da-gozaltina-alindi-482290
- https://www.voaturkce.com/a/akvisitlere-gore-turkiye-baglantili-uygurlar-hedef-alan-tutuklamalar-artti/7227452.html
- https://www.amnesty.org.tr/icerik/turkiye-dis-politikasinda-cin-ve-uygurlar
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. In December 2022, amid wide critisism, Turkish Interior Minister had to apologise after he said that Uyghur protestors in front of China diplomatic missions would be extradited to China
- https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uighurs-china-turkey-accused-deporting-third-countries
- https://artigercek.com/guncel/uygur-turklerine-sinirdisi-tehdidi-suleyman-soyluya-ozur-diletti-231222h#google_vignette
- https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_analysts-extradition-treaty-between-turkey-china-endangers-uighur-refugees/6200467.html
- https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-uighurs/turkey-repatriating-uighurs-china-third-countries-telegraph
- https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-turkey-extradition-treaty-implications-uyghurs/
- https://www.axios.com/documents-chinas-secret-extradition-request-uighur-turkey-6d5ba886-c22c-47e8-b970-804fae274e2d.html
- https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20201231-turkey-dismisses-fears-that-new-deal-will-result-in-mass-deportation-of-uighurs-to-china
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/29/pressure-on-turkey-to-protect-uighurs-as-china-ratifies-extradition-treaty
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
- https://www.milligazete.com.tr/haber/5055968/flas-iddia-turkiye-uygur-turklerini-sinir-disi-ediyor
- https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-56661759
- https://tr.euronews.com/2021/03/03/iyi-parti-dogu-turkistan-da-yasananlar-n-soyk-r-m-olarak-tan-nmas-icin-tbmm-ye-dilekce-ver
- https://www.indyturk.com/node/55671/haber/g%C3%B6%C3%A7-idaresi-m%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC-uygurlar%C4%B1n-iadesi-s%C3%B6z-konusu-de%C4%9Fil
Supplementary Notes
For several years, despite the fact that the Turkish government denies that it extradited Uyghurs to China based on a recent extradition treaty signed by Ankara and Beijing media reports and civil society groups suggested that Uyghurs were extradited to China via third countries such as Tajikistan. However, after 2022, no incident has been reported despite the existing deportation fear among Turkey's Uyghurs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Nothing found to report. However, considering the China's dominance in this field and Turkey's secretive deals in security sector, we have chosen to skip this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey’s state-owned telecom company, Turk Telekom and Huawei are cooperating to build the nation’s 5G network as well as the country’s largest private telecommunication company Turkcell. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Huawei defines Turkey as a central and regional leader country for its 5G and other operations. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.btgunlugu.com/huawei-5g-konusunda-turkiyede-neler-yapiyor/
- https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turk-telekom-signs-mou-for-5g-deal-with-huawei-171961
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/11/turk-telekom-huawei-broke-world-single-user-5g-speed-record
- https://www.lightreading.com/turkcell-and-huawei-complete-the-worlds-leading-800g-trial-on-the-live-carrier-network/d/d-id/757917
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/2/turkcell-5g-oriented-all-cloud-core-network
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/01/29/huawei-turkiye-bizim-icin-merkez-ulke-ve-bolge-lideri-5g
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In addition to 5G, Huawei also cooperates with local companies regarding wifi and cloud services. Huawei also has the biggest R&D centre in the world in Turkey outside of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Huawei also signed a contract with Turkey’s Orbit Energy Company for producing batteries. In addition to Huawei, Xiaomi opened a mobile phone factory in Istanbul valued at 30 million US dollars. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://kisadalga.net/haber/detay/teknoloji-sirketi-xiaomi-30-milyon-dolarlik-yatirimla-turkiyede-uretime-basliyor_2117
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/sirkethaberleri/teknoloji/huawei-ve-orbit-enerji-yerli-lityum-pil-uretimi-icin-birlikte-calisacak/671304
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=119118856875353
- https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-turkiye-ar-ge-merkezine-10-yilda-520-milyon-tl-yatirim-yapildi
- https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-den-turkiye-ye-yeni-yatirim-bulut-servislerini-baslatti
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese private security service and technology companies entered the Turkish market eyeing large tenders. Especially, Nuchtech’s scanners, x-ray devices and camera systems are reportedly being used in Turkish airports and ports. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" rating.
- https://www.voanews.com/a/security-scanners-across-europe-tied-to-china-government-military/6404710.html
- https://www.airporthaber2.com/havacilik-haberleri/iga-xray-cihazlari-icin-anlasma-imzaladi.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Nothing found to confirm state of play on this indicator in public sources. However, this question is skipped because Turkey is using biometric surveillence tools increasingly popular and China is one of the biggest players in this field. Therefore we lack the information to give the correct answer.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Nothing found to report. However, this question is skipped because smart city projects are getting popular in Turkey and China is one of the biggest players in this field.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In late 2022 and 2023, few companies announced that they signed agreements with PRC-related entities or they announced that they plan to sign agreements in data and digital infrustructure. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These announcement carries possibility to lead more investment in critical sectors. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://e-data.com.tr/e-data-teknoloji-cinin-teknolojik-altyapi-devi-h3c-ile-distributorluk-anlasmasi-imzaladi/
- https://www.palandokengazetesi.net/etu-ile-cin-firmasi-isbirligi-yapti_48255.html
- https://www.bloomberght.com/kontrolmatik-cinli-bozhon-ile-is-birligi-anlasmasi-imzaladi-2321551
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Many Chinese and Turkish delegations often visit each other. These include governor offices, municipalities, chambers, ministerial departments, public banks and other similar state and government institutions for signing cooperation agreements. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Turkish top states people also called on PRC government and state-owned enterprises to invest in Turkey. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "significant" rating.
- https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
- http://www.kayseri.gov.tr/cin-ile-turkiye-arasinda-e-ticaret-anlasmasi-kayseride-imzalandi
- https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-pekcandan-cinli-firmalara-turkiyede-yatirim-cagrisi
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgtur/tur/xwdt/t1652364.htm
- https://www.emlakhaberi.com/emlak-ekonomi/6-cinli-sirket-kopru-ve-otoyolun-yuzde-51ini-satin-aliyor-h55346.html
- https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/turkiye-cin-iliskilerinde-izmir-donemi/40850/156
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ziraat-bankasi-cin-exim-banktan-400-milyon-dolarlik-kredi-temin-etti/2193820
- https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkish cities and towns have many sister cities in China - Ankara and Beijing; Istanbul and Shanghai. Furthermore, Turkish cities and unions of municipalities visited China in state sponsored events. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, having sister cities did not produce a significant deeper cooperation between Turkish and Chinese cities. Therefore, this indicator deserved an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki_%C5%9Fehirlerin_karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirleri_listesi
- https://www.ibb.istanbul/icerik/kardes-sehirler
- https://marmara.gov.tr/kardes-sehirler-cinde-bulustu/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While no evidence could be found to confirm that such trips have taken place, but it seems likely that they have, yet the information regarding who financed them has not been made public.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Many Turkish state and government officials at local levels - including mayors, governors, trade unions and businesses organisations - visited the PRC for meetings with PRC officials and institutes. Several joint panels, visits and conferences were also organised. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Given the fact that these meetings included high level local officials and were very fruqent, this indicator deserved an "significant" rating.
- https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/cinin-lobi-gucu-expodaki-kozumuz-olacak/3252/156
- https://www.gso.org.tr/tr/haberler/gsodan-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-yurt-disi-is-gezisi-organizasyonu-1755.html
- https://www.yaylahaber.com.tr/vali-baskoy-ve-eker-cine-gitti
- https://antalyaningundemi.com/cinle-dostluk-protokolu
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Meetings with the representatives of the PRC are being held very often both in Turkey and China and bureaucrats and civil society representatives often attend these meetings. In addition to these, one far-right political party entitled Homeland Party has its office in China for improving their relations with the PRC. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. China’s Embassy in Ankara also said in a statement that the cooperation between Turkish political parties and Chinese Communist Party were improved significantly. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/gundem/daire-baskani-rapor-alip-akpli-vekille-cini-gezmis-6497330/
- http://www.sanliurfa.gov.tr/sanliurfa-cinde-tanitildi
- https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/yerel-orgutler/vatan-partisi-yurtdisi-temsilcilikleri-19687
- https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/haberler/cin-komunist-partisi-nden-vatan-partisi-ne-ziyaret-25719
- http://oncugenclik.org.tr/vatan-partisi-cin-ziyaretini-tamamladi/
- https://www.mfa.gov.tr/ocak2022.tr.mfa
- https://twitter.com/avhamzadag/status/1198524418512838656?s=20&t=he6Z5h7gKCVFJVgnVG1zkg
- https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cetur//tur/xwdt/t985298.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/cin-buyukelciliginden-mansur-yavas-ve-meral-aksenere-tehdit-gibi-tweet-1826082
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/03/01/cin-den-turkiye-ye-uygur-turkleri-tehdidi-ekonomik-iliskileri-tehlikeye-atarsiniz
Supplementary Notes
There were no open critisim or threats against Turkish officials and politicians after 2022 however in previous years Chineese Embassy and officials threathened Turkish government and politicians due to their remarks on China's handling of Uyghurs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkish politicians and government employees have publicly expressed their positive views about China on many occasions. These include Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, his ministers and politicians from other parties. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few rating". China officials also praised Turkey's role in international and regional issues in many occosations and these statements often followed by state visits and agreements. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/cin-disisleri-bakanindan-ilk-ziyaret-ankaraya-cumhurbaskani-erdogan-ile-gorustu,FEcV9Eu4oUWmUF2XKmPS7Q
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/cin-disisleri-bakani-vang-turkiyenin-bolgesel-ve-uluslararasi-rolunu-desteklediklerini-soyledi/2955381
- https://vatanpartisi.org.tr/genel-merkez/rota-yazilari/dogu-perincek-cin-devriminin-yarattigi-cin-mucizesi-28592
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_NQz1-nu9vE
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ticaret-bakani-mus-cin-e-e-ihracatimizi-artirmak-icin-cevrim-ici-magazalar-kuracagiz/2631395
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey and China have had parliamentary friendship groups for some time. The last parliamentary friendship group was established following the general elections in 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A few trainings on Chinese governance and language were organised for judges, prosecutors, academics, students and administrators at Turkish police academy and for Turkish diplomats in China. These trainings were organised under the cooperation agreements signed by Turkish and Chinese governments. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few rating". However, this never translated a major trend and remained limited. Therefore, this Indicator deserves " insignificant" rating.
- http://diab.mfa.gov.tr/akademimizin-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-ziyareti.tr.mfa
- https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/hakim-ve-savcilara-cin-ve-rusyada-dil-egitimi/1227246
- https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey has one of the largest Uyghur diaspora groups in the world and many of them obtained Turkish citizenship during their stay in Turkey. According to media reports, dozens of Turkish nationals of Uyghur ethnicity have been arrested, tortured and transferred to camps. In addition to that, the Chinese government also uses relatives of Turkish nationals as hostages to stop Turkish Uyghur citizens and activists from campaigning in Turkey and abroad. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://tr.euronews.com/2022/03/02/turkiye-cin-i-protesto-eden-uygur-turklerinin-vatandasl-k-basvurular-n-reddediyor-iddias
- https://www.qha.com.tr/ozel-haber-roportaj/cin-in-turkiye-de-yasayan-uygur-turkleri-uzerindeki-baskisi-nasil-isliyor-477189
- https://www.mepanews.com/cinin-eli-buraya-kadar-uzandi-turkiyede-yasayan-uygurlar-birbirlerini-ifsaya-zorlaniy-59545h.htm
- https://akademiye.org/tr/?p=7358
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Turkey and China increased their cooperation to a strategic partnership in 2010. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
President Recep Tayyip Erdogan adhered to one China principle in a meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on July 27, 2023 on the contrary to Ankara's previous stance on the issue. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found from Turkey taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Turkey has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
This indicator is skipped because Turkey has a quite unique and mixed stance over the issue. Turkey has joined several UN statements and calls which condemn human rights violations in the Uyghur region. Turkey had earlier remained silent and tried to maintain a separate stance in order to not anger its public opinion, its own Uyghur diaspora and Chinese government. Turkey also signed an agreement with China for extradition of Chinese nationals which targets Uyghur community members. Even though the Turkish government denies any extradition of Uyghurs, media and civil society reports show that Turkey extradites Uyghurs to China via third countries. Turkey also remains not very vocal about Uyghur issue despite demands from its own public, opposition groups, international organisations and Turkey’s Uyghur diaspora. However, Turkish officials including Turkish Foreign Minister spoke against China's mistreatment of Uyghurs in several occasions.
- https://www.qha.com.tr/turk-dunyasi/cavusoglu-cin-dogu-turkistan-konusunda-yine-sozunde-durmadi-464665
- https://tr.euronews.com/2022/10/31/turkiyenin-oldugu-50-ulke-cinden-uygurlarin-serbest-birakilmasini-istedi
- https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-the-xinjiang
- https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
- https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
- https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/13/turkiye-deki-uygurlarda-cin-e-sinir-disi-edilme-korkusu-artiyor
- https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55474893
- https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-%C3%A7inin-uygurlara-bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1na-neden-sessiz-kal%C4%B1yor/a-51549785
- https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
- https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/china-buys-turkeys-silence-on-uyghur-oppression/
- https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_turkish-opposition-challenge-erdogan-over-uighur-silence/6201354.html
- https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/718388-dunya-uygur-kongresinden-turkiyeye-cagri/
- https://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/uygur-turklerinden-turkiyeye-cagri-2022-cin-olimpiyatlarini-boykot-edin-1622093
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found from Turkey taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Turkey has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found from Turkey taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Turkey has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.