Thailand
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 5 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 242 / 392 | - |
Oct 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 2 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 70 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 42 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 13 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 12 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 58 % | - |
In 2023, Thailand had a GDP per capita of US$7,172 and a total population of 71.72 million people.
Thailand established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1975. Thailand was ranked 87th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Partly Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 36/100.
Key Takeaways
- The multifaceted influence of China reflects the fears by some Thais that Thailand is in the process of turning into a satellite state of PRC.
- At the same time, there are many Thais who also see China as a necessary balancing superpower to that of the USA.
- The Thai press largely have close ties with Chinese entities to the point where they could be compromised, are inadequately critical of, or even serve (knowingly or not) as comprador press for the PRC.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a "completely influenced" level of 100%. The percentages express the country's score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Xinhua news agency is well-established in Bangkok with both Thai and Chinese staff. They also have Thai-language page on Facebook.
- https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0zJv2pKwwqMPjhHqvjfKL1FYTAw4DS8p92Gmb7gq67nuJpxt2zSZdSBZY1MCqqxmRl&id=100064771566435&mibextid=Nif5oz
- https://nbt2hd.prd.go.th/th/content/category/detail/id/2153/iid/224972
Supplementary Notes
In October 2023, the Thai Prime Minister's Office signed an MOU with the China Media Group (CMG) to enhance Thai-Chinese media collaboration related to radio, television, online media, and event coordination, including the sharing of news and information. This coverd news articles and programs distributed through radio, television, and online media. Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
National Broadcasting Services of Thailand is one of B&R (Belt and Road) TV Networks.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thai Journalists Assocation. the country's leading journalists association has active ties with the Chinese government. They have also been invited on trips top China over the years.
- https://www.dailynews.co.th/news/846975/
- https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000068349
- https://tja.or.th/view/news/1448116
- https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/73534
Supplementary Notes
In July 2023, Thai Journalists Association with 25 Thai media members visited Kunming, Yunnan Province, China, to study media work, including the economic and social development of modern China, and cooperation between China and Thailand. Link: Link In June 2023, the advisor and former president of the Thai Journalists Association, along with members of the Thai Journalists Association visited the office of the Beijing Daily in Beijing. Link: Link In October 2023, Ms.Puangpetch Chunla-ead Minister Attached to Prime Minister's Office with other Thai media visited China International Television Station (China Global Television Network or CGTN), which is a media unit under China Media Group (CMG). Link: Link
- https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9660000068349
- https://tja.or.th/view/news/1448116
- https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/73534
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thai Journalists Assocation. the country's leading journalists association has active ties with the Chinese government. They have also been invited on trips top China over the years.
Supplementary Notes
In Jan 2023, China Cultural Centre in Bangkok conducted Advanced Chinese language training for Thai Journalists Association: Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC state-owned media outlets, including Xinhua Thailand and China Radio International (CRI), have become actively engaged in circulating news and producing Chinese cultural content in Thai, specifically targeting the local Thai audience.
- https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0ezxybCnFF4h2pbudFgMPkoABJdahs4NWLn6c1rotoW7NDcwPwuyJwRMC1ry8hwZzl&id=100064771566435&mibextid=Nif5oz
- https://www.xinhuathai.com/
- https://thai.cri.cn/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Xinhua news agency has signed MOU with some Thai media organizations to provide free news about China. Thai media finds it convenient.
- https://www.businesstoday.co/bt-news/30/10/2019/10739/
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/My-Personal-History/Dhanin-Chearavanont/Dhanin-Chearavanont-1-The-Thai-company-with-Chinese-roots-and-a-global-vision2
Supplementary Notes
Leading Thai conglomerates including Thailand's Charoen Pokphand (CP), owner of Thai News Network (TNN); a Thai satellite, cable and digital terrestrial 24-hour news channel owned by Thai News Network (TNN) Co., Ltd., a unit of TrueVisions, a subsidiary of True Corporation, part of the Charoen Pokphand Group, were actively pursuing businesses in China. CP Group is known in China as "Zhèng Dà" (正大 - "positive" or "upright"). When China opened up its economy in 1978, the CP Group was the first foreign investor in the country and became the first foreign company registered in the special economic zone of Shenzhen, Guangdong. The company is the single largest investor in Mainland China today commanding over a fifth of China's entire feed meal market LINK
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, China's official Xinhua News Agency signed more than a dozen content-sharing agreements with news outlets, ranging from government-run public broadcasting services to traditionally independent publications, including news organizations and websites such as Voice Online, Manager Online, Sanook, INN, Thailand Today, state broadcaster NBT, and Matichon Group, which owns Khaosod English.
- https://www.khaosod.co.th/chinawatch/news_2742185
- https://www.thaienquirer.com/7301/thai-media-is-outsourcing-much-of-its-coronavirus-coverage-to-beijing-and-thats-just-the-start/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC state-owned media offers economic incentives to Thai media outlets through advertising payments, funding for Thai journalist associations, sponsorship of pro-Chinese coverage, and financing trips for Thai journalists to China. Between 2015 and 2019, at least 13 content-sharing agreements were formed between Chinese and Thai media companies, enabling Thai outlets to republish Chinese content for free. This arrangement provides economic value by supplying Thai media with free content while simultaneously promoting pro-Chinese narratives. Chinese companies have established a strong economic presence in Thai media. Global CAMG Group, a subsidiary of China Radio International, owns Bangkok’s 103 Like FM radio station, while Tencent acquired Sanook, a major Thai media outlet with over 40 million monthly visitors. Chinese firms also navigate foreign ownership restrictions by setting up local subsidiaries led by Thai nationals.
- https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3606690/characterizing-chinese-influence-in-thailand/
- https://media.defense.gov/2023/Dec/05/2003352250/-1/-1/1/JIPA%20-%20SKAGGS,%20CHUKAEW,%20STEPHENS.PDF
- https://www.cna.org/reports/2020/09/IIM-2020-U-026099-Final.pdf
- https://sg.news.yahoo.com/tencent-buys-full-control-thailand-sanook-fuel-southeast-010529395.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is only one known case so far. A Thai-Chinese journalist by the name of Sanguan Khumrungroj.
Supplementary Notes
Addtional: Thai Broadcaster Removes Taiwan Interview: Thai Public Broadcasting Service, or Thai PBS, aired the interview with Taiwan Foreign Minister Joseph Wu on November 3, 2023. The interview, in which Wu criticized Chinese pressure to reunify Taiwan with the mainland, was subsequently posted on the Thai PBS YouTube channel. On November 11, 2023 China's embassy in Bangkok issued a statement on social media criticizing the interview. Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai saying, Thai and Chinese are no strangers but like brothers and sisters is an old Thai saying. The Thai media often reproduce the narrative. BEC, Thailand's leading content and entertainment platform, joined the seminar "China and Thailand are Brotherhood" to exchange entertainment culture in November 2022. TOP NEWS reported on how PRC and Thailand are brotherhood.
- https://www.thairath.co.th/money/economics/thailand_econ/2602935
- https://www.kaohoon.com/pr/572016
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yh05ISdMxK4
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In addition to partnerships, some private Thai universities, such as Krirk University, have been acquired by Chinese investors and are now Chinese-owned. Furthermore, Huawei ICT Academy Thailand has established a strong presence, partnering with at least 10 Thai universities, including Chiang Mai University, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), and Srinakharinwirot University (SWU). Khon Kaen University, through its Faculty of Computer Science, also signed a memorandum of understanding with Huawei Technologies (Thailand) Co., Ltd. These developments reflect China's growing influence in Thailand’s education sector through both direct ownership and strategic partnerships.
- https://www.techtalkthai.com/utcc-alibaba-thailand/
- https://www.huawei.com/th/news/th/2022/huawei-powering-thailand-education-development
- https://computing.kku.ac.th/content/news/kku-mou-huawei-2022-03-24
Supplementary Notes
"Huawei ICT Academy Thailand has established in Thailand and partnerships with at least 10 Thai universities including Chiang Mai University, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang (KMITL), and Srinakharinwirot University (SWU). Link: Link Khon Kaen University, represented by the Faculty of Computer Science, held a memorandum of understanding between Khon Kaen University and Huawei Technologies (Thailand) Co., Ltd. Link:Link
- https://www.huawei.com/th/news/th/2022/huawei-powering-thailand-education-development
- https://computing.kku.ac.th/content/news/kku-mou-huawei-2022-03-24
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Confucius Institute at Chulalongkorn University, Thailand’s leading public university, is part of a broader network, with Thailand hosting 15 Confucius Institutes across the country. On June 6, 2023, Mahidol University, in cooperation with Beijing Language and Culture University in China, held an opening ceremony for a new Confucius Institute at Mahidol. According to the research titled Cultural Diplomacy of China towards Thailand through the Confucius Institutes (2023), since the establishment of these institutes in 2006, China’s use of soft power through language and cultural education has significantly benefited Thai society. The key impacts include the enhancement of Chinese language teaching in Thailand, the creation of learning opportunities, and strengthened cooperation between Thai and Chinese agencies. Currently, both countries have further elevated their educational cooperation to enhance the quality of Chinese language and culture instruction in Thailand.
- https://www.chula.ac.th/academic/confucius-institute/
- https://www.dpu.ac.th/msrci/index.php
- https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/MFUconnexion/article/view/265345
- https://www.dpu.ac.th/msrci/index.php
- https://la.mahidol.ac.th/th/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A5-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1/
- https://so05.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/MFUconnexion/article/view/265345
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It's now common to find both public and private schools offering Chinese language class. Some are part of a cooperation between the two countries.
- https://satitmo.kku.ac.th/contents/516
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/pr/2641277/thailand-welcomes-first-chinese-curriculum-school
- https://www.lingoace.com/blog/how-important-is-chinese-in-thai-language-education-en/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chiang Mai University and Mae Fah Luang University are members of the University Alliance of the Silk Road, while Chulalongkorn University is part of the University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road. Additionally, the Asian Institute of Technology (AIT), along with the Belt & Road Research Center, serves as an international hub for collaborative and innovative research aimed at fostering robust economic growth and sustainable development in the Belt and Road region. On July 3, 2023, following the 3rd Think Tank Forum at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), a signing ceremony was held to establish the CASS-NRCT Centre of China Studies at the office of the National Research Council of Thailand (NRCT). This center will enhance cooperation between China and Thailand in academic and research fields.
- http://uasr.xjtu.edu.cn/About_UASR/Members.htm
- http://www.ucmsr.com/route
- https://ait.ac.th/centre/belt-road-research-center-brrc/
- https://www.mcot.net/view/Ol9SjXjH
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A formal memorandum of understanding was signed between the Academy of Contemporary China and World Studies (ACCWS) and Thailand’s Belt and Road Cooperation Research Center, encouraging joint research and facilitating exchange activities between the two think tanks. Chinese entities have made substantial financial investments in Thai academia, securing majority stakes in three private universities: Krirk University, which brought in Chinese investors to resolve financial challenges; Stamford International University, acquired by China YuHua Education Investment Limited; and Metharath University, 51% owned by Faith Star (Thailand) Co. Ltd., led primarily by Chinese stakeholders. Chinese-funded education programs in Thailand aim to promote specific narratives about China’s history, society, and politics. However, concerns arise over the transparency of funding sources and the potential prioritization of Beijing’s interests over local Thai academic goals.
- http://www.cicgcorp.com/2022-12/02/content_42192221.html
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/thai/thailand-universities-chinese-stakes-02172023103935.html
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2478099/co-owned-colleges-are-thai-entities
- https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/3606690/characterizing-chinese-influence-in-thailand/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Program Management Unit for Human Resources & Institutional Development, Research and Innovation (PMU-B), under Thailand's Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation, and the China Science and Technology Exchange Center (CSTEC), under China's Ministry of Science and Technology, have been designated as working groups under a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). This MoU includes several key areas of collaboration: 1. People-to-People Exchange Program for young scientists. 2. Collaborative Partnerships between research institutes. 3. Workshops, Academic Seminars, Knowledge Exchange, and other related activities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It's now a common occurrence for Chinese institutions to invite universities from Thailand, including less prestigious provincial universities. For instance, in 2023, Rajabhat University Lampang was invited by Guiyang Preschool Education College. Several Thai universities and academics participate in visiting programs in the PRC, often facilitated through Confucius Institutes at their respective universities, such as Suan Dusit University. These programs contribute to the growing academic exchanges between Thailand and China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2018, Krirk University, located in the Bang Khen District of Bangkok, was taken over by a Chinese property business group. This marked one of the early instances of Chinese investment in private Thai universities, a trend that has raised some concerns by 2023. Chinese investment in Thai private universities continues to grow, with notable developments such as the China International School (Thailand), which celebrated its official opening on August 17, 2023. Led by Dr. Qi Bin, Chairman of the Board of Directors, the school plays a significant role in facilitating Thai-Chinese cultural exchanges. It is the first modern international school in Thailand to adopt the Chinese curriculum, offering a comprehensive Chinese language education for elementary, middle, and high school students. The school employs teaching materials sourced directly from China, further strengthening educational ties between the two nations.
- https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/275128
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/thai/thailand-universities-chinese-stakes-02172023103935.html
- https://www.thinkchina.sg/chinese-investment-thai-private-universities-need-keep-standards
- https://bangkokpost.com/thailand/pr/2641277/thailand-welcomes-first-chinese-curriculum-school
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A research article in Thailand’s "Connexion: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences" reflects perspectives aligned with Chinese government views on Xinjiang. It frames Chinese policies in Xinjiang as prioritizing "people-centered" governance, describing them as focused on "protecting human rights" for ethnic groups and promoting local well-being and development.
Supplementary Notes
Since its launch in 2017, Sam Yan Press has focused on China-related topics, publishing books on issues considered highly sensitive by the Chinese regime, such as the Hong Kong protests, Taiwan's status, and the policies toward Uyghurs in Xinjiang. Link In July 2022, Netiwit Chotiphatphaisal, the founder of Sam Yan Press, was approached by a Chinese businessman who offered to pay him to shut down the publishing house in an attempt to strengthen his ties with Beijing, following the Chinese Communist Party congress. When Netiwit did not respond, the businessman followed up by phone, offering a significant sum of $55,000 (2 million Thai baht) if the press agreed to close down. Link
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/publisher-10282022153419.html
- https://southeastasiaglobe.com/keep-fighting-the-thai-student-publishing-house-that-stared-down-chinese-intimidation/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In terms of economic and trade relations, China is Thailand’s largest trading partner within ASEAN, while Thailand ranks as China’s third largest trading partner. By 2023, China had also become Thailand's leading partner in cross-border and transit trade, surpassing Malaysia. This shift was largely due to more convenient land routes, which led Thai exports to China transitioning from sea to land transport. Major export products include fresh fruits, rubber, computers, wood, and electronics. According to Narongsak Puttapornmongkol, president of the Thai Chamber of Commerce, China has held the position of Thailand's No. 1 trading partner for 11 consecutive years.
- http://th.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/ztgx/gxgk/#:~:text=In%20terms%20of%20economic%20and,%2Dyear%20increase%20of%203%25.
- https://www.kasikornresearch.com/en/analysis/k-econ/economy/Pages/China-Bordertrade-CIS3463-05-03-2024.aspx
- https://www.nationthailand.com/business/trading-investment/40032776
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Thailand's Public Debt Management Office details the country's external debt classified by currency for the fiscal year ending in September 2023. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand has become a competitive battlefield for data center providers from multiple countries, including China, the US, Japan, Singapore, Malaysia, Australia, and India. 1. Alibaba recently opened a data center in Bangkok, joining Tencent in establishing a presence in Thailand. Alibaba Cloud, the cloud computing arm of the Chinese e-commerce giant, launched its first data center in Thailand to capitalize on the country’s cloud market and support Thailand's 20-year strategic development plan. In addition to its digital expansion, Chinese infrastructure projects in Thailand are making significant contributions: 1. A China-built power plant on Koh Sichang has helped resolve power shortages on the island. With a 3 megawatt capacity, the plant has been safely operating since March 2019. 2. A Thai port is set to be expanded with the involvement of a Chinese Belt and Road builder, further solidifying the infrastructure ties between the two countries.
- https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/alibaba-opens-data-center-in-bangkok-thailand/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/tech/2309162/alibabas-first-thailand-data-centre-goes-live
- https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20240412/836d8045bd4b42769677ce662e3ffda5/c.html#:~:text=The%20Koh%20Sichang%20Power%20Plant,into%20operation%20in%20March%202019
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Construction/Thai-port-to-be-expanded-with-Chinese-Belt-and-Road-builder
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Date joined: June 20, 2016.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
International Chamber of Commerce Thailand (ICC Thailand) is a member of Silk Road Chamber of Commercial Alliance.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some banks in Thailand have joined China's Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) as indirect members. In practice, payment transactions for indirect members must still route through the SWIFT system to commercial banks that are direct members of CIPS. However, CIPS is gaining attention as a potential competitor to SWIFT due to the continuous growth in both transaction volume and the number of banks joining the system. Its increasing usage highlights its potential to challenge SWIFT's dominance in cross-border financial transactions.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand, as part of the ASEAN region, has and ASEAN-Thai FTA in 2005 and this year it seeks to elevate the agreement details further. For bilateral, the China-Thailand FTA was signed in June 2003. Thailand has been stepping up trade cooperation with China by expanding mini-FTAs with Chinese cities and provinces, including a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with China's southern economic powerhouse Shenzhen to boost economic cooperation with the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA).
- https://www.dtn.go.th/th/content/category/detail/id/1887/iid/12209
- https://www.china-briefing.com/doing-business-guide/china/why-china/china-s-international-free-trade-and-tax-agreements
- https://english.news.cn/20230302/71253e069aad46a8ad3511b3730e3975/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese capital is increasingly flowing into Thailand's Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), and the Thai government is actively seeking to attract more Chinese investment. The EEC is a strategic initiative aimed at promoting Thailand's development across multiple industries in its eastern coastal regions by enhancing links with international markets. The project aligns closely with China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), creating a strong foundation for bilateral cooperation. Chinese investments, particularly in the electric vehicle (EV) sector, have played a key role in boosting Thailand's economy and supporting its green development goals in recent years, according to the head of the EEC. These investments are crucial for Thailand's efforts to advance its industrial capabilities and sustainable growth.
- https://mgronline.com/stockmarket/detail/9620000086366
- https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10225706.2024.2308901#:~:text=The%20Eastern%20Economic%20Corridor%20(EEC,and%20Road%20Initiative%20(BRI)
- https://www.eeco.or.th/en/news-release-pr/623
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand is part of the Unity of Businessman Division within the United World Chinese Association, an organization aimed at fostering cooperation and connections among Chinese businesspeople globally. This division helps strengthen economic ties and collaboration between Thailand and the global Chinese business community.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, the Chinese Embassy in Bangkok jointly organized a Chinese New Year celebration in Chinatown.
- https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/27797
- https://www.osa.uni.lodz.pl/en/briefs-papers/details/beyond-patriotic-education-mobilizing-chinese-diaspora-in-thailand
- https://www.tycc.org/index.php?langtype=cn&pageid=cn_10&add=view&id=1370
Supplementary Notes
The Thai Chinese Youth Chamber of Commerce is a Thai Chinese association established on July 1, 2000. It is the first youth-focused Chinese organization in Thailand, representing new overseas Chinese and new immigrants in the country. Link The document titled "Beyond Patriotic Education: Mobilizing Chinese Diaspora in Thailand" explores how the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) seeks to engage and mobilize the Chinese diaspora in Thailand. This community is one of the largest and oldest overseas Chinese communities globally, comprising 11-14% of Thailand’s population, with some estimates suggesting that up to 40% of Thais may have Chinese ancestry. Link
- https://www.tycc.org/index.php?langtype=cn&pageid=cn_10&add=view&id=1370
- https://www.osa.uni.lodz.pl/en/briefs-papers/details/beyond-patriotic-education-mobilizing-chinese-diaspora-in-thailand
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2023, a delegation from the Thai Journalists Association visited the China Journalists Association in Beijing. This visit marked the 24th year of their bilateral relationship. On 1 July 2023, the advisor and former president of the Thai Journalists Association, along with the association's team, visited the All-China Journalists Association (ACJA) in Beijing, at the invitation of Mr. Liu Siyang, the first vice president of ACJA. The connection between Thai and Chinese women’s associations has also been active through Thailand’s National Council of Women. In 2016, Thailand’s National Council of Women, under the Royal Patronage of Her Majesty The Queen, was invited by the All-China Women's Federation to attend meetings, vocational training, and build stronger relationships between the two organizations. In 2018, the National Council of Women of Thailand coordinated with the Guangxi Women's Federation to develop a joint women's strategy aligned with the One Belt One Road initiative. In June 2022, the National Council of Women of Thailand hosted the event 'Thai-Chinese Women's Relations' to commemorate the 35th anniversary of Thai-Chinese women’s relations. On International Women’s Day (March 8, 2023), Madam Wang Huan, the wife of Mr. Han Zhiqiang, Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Thailand, led a group in a discussion about gender equality, career development for women, and education for children and youth. As of August 27, 2023, Dr. Wang Xiaojun, Dean of the School of Music at Nanjing University of the Arts, visited Krirk University in Thailand with a nine-member delegation. This visit led to the establishment of the China-Thai Art and Culture Exchange Centre, aimed at fostering future cultural and academic exchanges between the two nations.
- https://www.dailynews.co.th/news/2493911/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/pr/2640009/harmony-across-borders-thai-china-cultural-exchange
- https://www.thairath.co.th/lifestyle/2646041
- https://tna.mcot.net/social-1125677
- https://www.thaiwomen.or.th/th/news/detail/1500/๙๐.-สมาคมสตรีสัมพันธ์-องค์กรสมาชิกสภาสตรีแห่งชาติ-จัดงาน“-สตรีไทย-จีน
- https://www.thaiwomen.or.th/th/news/detail/396/สภาสมาคมสตรีแห่งชาติฯ-จับมือสหพันธ์สตรีมณฑลกวางซี-ร่วมกันพัฒนาศักยภาพสตรี-ไทย-จีนตามยุทธศาสตร์-One
- https://thaiwomen.or.th/th/news/detail/102/สภาสตรีแห่งชาติฯ-ได้รับเชิญจากสหพันธ์สตรีแห่งประเทศจีน-All-China-Women’s-Federation
- https://tja.or.th/view/activities/media-movements/1448134
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Chinese software businessman donated 30 million baht to a Buddhist temple in Phuket in 2014. In 2013, the Thai-Chinese Business and Trade Association invited Chinese businessmen to donate 100,000 baht to a temple in Bangkok. The People's Republic of China (PRC) has consistently provided support to Thailand, both financially and in other forms. For instance, China was the first foreign nation to offer help to flood victims in Thailand in 2011. In June 2020, China donated medical equipment to Thailand to help stem the spread of COVID-19. In August 2021, China donated 8,000 relief packs to assist Bangkok residents during the pandemic.
- https://mgronline.com/south/detail/9570000106512
- https://variety.kachon.com/360716
- https://reliefweb.int/report/thailand/china-offers-aid-thailand
- http://english.scio.gov.cn/internationalexchanges/2020-06/30/content_76217872.htm
- http://th.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/gdxw/202006/t20200629_10148703.htm
- https://web.facebook.com/TheNationThailand/posts/10158156222501937/?paipv=0&eav=AfaykSac1VqOqKMgPabmWRTShAC3q6scDbJyOGJi7BXKkImJqdETzxkyC1spAG7RukM&_rdc=1&_rdr
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the website of BEC World, Thailand's leading content and entertainment platform, the company’s global content licensing business started in early 2018 with the licensing of the drama "The Crown Princess" to Tencent Video (an OTT platform and video streaming service owned by Tencent). This marked BEC's first successful simulcast licensing internationally. Kanokporn Prachayaset, WeTV Thailand Country Manager at Tencent Thailand, highlighted the growing interest in Chinese content within Thailand’s OTT TV industry. She noted that the COVID-19 pandemic over the past 2–3 years provided significant growth opportunities for OTT service providers in Thailand, including WeTV, which saw a 160% growth in 2020 and 150% in 2021. WeTV is targeting a growth rate of 150-200% in 2023. Looking ahead to 2024, Kanokporn emphasized the launch of CHUANG ASIA’s Thai edition as the company’s mega project for the year.
- https://www.becworld.com/en/bec-group/businesses/business-overview/global-content-licensing
- https://asianews.network/wetv-unfolds-plan-to-bring-original-thai-content-to-the-world/
- https://www.dataxet.co/media-landscape/2023-en/thai-media-trends/wetv
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
TikTok is among the top 5 social media platforms in Thailand, and according to Reuters, Thai users follow news on TikTok more than any other nation, with 30 percent of Thai TikTok users using the platform to stay updated on current events.
Supplementary Notes
Thailand ranks ninth globally for TikTok advertising reach, with 44.3 million users on the short-video app. Link According to DataReportal, as of early 2024, TikTok users in Thailand aged 18 and above reached 44.38 million, based on data from ByteDance. Link's%20advertising,at%20the%20start%20of%202024
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/general/2734744/thais-among-top-social-media-users
- https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2024-thailand#:~:text=Figures%20published%20in%20ByteDance
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, Chinese films were featured at the ASEAN Film Festival in Bangkok, highlighting cultural exchanges between China and Thailand. In October 2023, Thailand and the People’s Republic of China signed three key cultural cooperation agreements: 1. Action Plan on Cultural Cooperation (2023 - 2027) between the Ministry of Culture of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People’s Republic of China. 2. Memorandum of Understanding on Film Cooperation between the Ministry of Culture of Thailand and the State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television of China. 3. Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in Mass Media and Information between Thailand’s Public Relations Department and China’s State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television.
- https://cccbkk.org/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99-%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88/
- https://www.thaigov.go.th/news/contents/details/73718
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Polling data and opinion surveys indicate that a significant portion of Thai citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government. Here are some key findings: 1. Economic Influence: A survey by the ISEAS-Yusof Ishak Institute found that 70.6% of Thai people believe China has the most economic influence on ASEAN, surpassing other major powers like the US and Japan. 2. Strategic Alignment: In a poll by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 50.5% of respondents in ASEAN countries, including Thailand, preferred aligning with China over the US if forced to choose a strategic partner. 3. General Favorability: According to Pew Research, Thailand is among the countries with high favorable views of China, with 80% of Thais viewing China positively. 4. Perception of Friendliness: An Asia Foundation survey found that 52% of Thais view China as friendly to Thailand, compared to 33% who see it as exploitative. These surveys suggest a generally positive perception of China among Thais, influenced by economic ties and strategic considerations.
- https://www.nationthailand.com/news/general/40038135
- https://www.statista.com/chart/32058/preference-for-us-china-as-ally-among-asean-countries/
- https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2024/07/09/views-of-china-and-xi-jinping/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2821221/thais-favour-proactive-foreign-policy
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2015, the Thai junta government allocated nearly 50 billion baht to purchase tanks and submarines from China, a trend that has continued in the years since. Recently, Defense Minister Sutin Klungsang announced that the Thai Navy will now order a Chinese frigate instead of the previously planned submarine. The submarine deal, signed in 2017 with the state-owned China Shipbuilding & Offshore International, sparked controversy as it bypassed approval from both the military-backed legislature and the Office of the Auditor General. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Thailand’s arms imports from China since 2014 have included high-cost items such as submarines (now replaced by a frigate), anti-ship missiles, air defense systems, and armored vehicles. Chinese weapons are known to be more affordable than their U.S. equivalents, allowing Thailand to enhance its defense capabilities while managing costs efficiently.
- https://www.thairath.co.th/news/politic/1307027
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2668348/navy-to-buy-frigate-instead-of-chinese-sub
- https://thediplomat.com/2023/12/is-china-replacing-the-us-as-thailands-main-security-partner/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China and Thailand are set to expand their military ties in response to growing Asia-Pacific security challenges. Chinese Defence Minister Li Shangfu announced plans for multiple joint exercises between the two countries this year, including "Assault 2023" and "Peace and Friendship 2023". These exercises aim to strengthen military cooperation and enhance the capabilities of both nations in addressing regional security concerns.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A joint defense facility was established in Khon Kaen, Thailand, through a partnership between Thailand's Defence Technology Institute (DTI) and China North Industries Corporation (Norinco). This facility focuses on assembling, producing, and maintaining Chinese land weapon systems for domestic Thai military use, with potential to support other ASEAN nations. A joint maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility is being developed to support Thailand’s expanding Chinese military equipment fleet. It will focus on military vehicles like VT4 main battle tanks and VN-1 armored vehicles, offer component production capabilities, and include technology transfer and training from Chinese personnel. This cooperation is part of a broader military-technical relationship that includes annual defense talks to coordinate military efforts, joint research and development, and an increasing reliance on Chinese military imports, now comprising 44% of Thailand's total imports. It also involves technical support from Chinese military professionals, especially in submarine technology.
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1361683/thailand-plans-joint-arms-factory-with-china
- https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/thailand-china-progress-plan-to-establish-joint-mro-facility
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/2162944/chinese-shipbuilder-starts-work-us411-million-submarine-thai
- https://jamestown.org/program/china-and-thailand-enhancing-military-security-ties-in-the-21st-century/
- https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/whats-behind-the-china-thailand-strike-2024-exercise/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The U.S. Department of Defense and intelligence reports list Thailand as a potential site for Chinese military facilities, noted in the Pentagon’s October report and the February intelligence assessment. This aligns with China’s regional expansion, such as its presence at Cambodia’s Ream base, and its plan for five overseas bases and ten support sites by 2030 under "Project 141," aimed at safeguarding economic interests and extending military reach in Southeast Asia.
- https://breakingdefense.com/2024/07/chinas-newest-military-base-is-up-and-running-and-us-officials-see-more-of-them-on-the-horizon/
- https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF
Supplementary Notes
Reports of China's presence at the Ream Naval Base on the Gulf of Thailand could significantly expand its military footprint in the Indo-Pacific region. Such a presence would mark a notable extension of China’s military access in the region, as the base lies approximately 200 kilometers off Thailand’s east coast. This development raises strategic concerns for neighboring countries, including Thailand, as it could shift the regional balance of power. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, Thai and China held a joint military exercise for humanitarian purposes in Chonburi province.
Supplementary Notes
Updated in 2024: PLA to participate in humanitarian assistance exercise in Thailand. Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2015, Thailand and China have strengthened military cooperation, including joint exercises and training. However, there is no evidence of a permanent or rotational PLA presence in Thailand; interactions are limited to scheduled exercises, diplomatic visits, and technical cooperation. The planned joint maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility in Khon Kaen would support maintenance rather than serve as a military deployment.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thai military participated in shared destiny exercise in 2021 in China's Henan.
Supplementary Notes
Falcon Strike-2023 in Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base. Link Joint Strike-2023 in Lop Buri Province, Thailand, focus on joint counter-terrorism operations. Link
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/News_213114/TopStories/16236106.html
- https://smninewschannel.com/thailand-china-to-hold-more-joint-drills/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, Thai Army Chief Gen Narongphat NJitkaewthae met with Chinese Defence Minister in Beijing. In September 2023, China-Thailand Blue Strike-2023 joint naval training exercise concluded, marking the fifth edition of the Blue Strike bilateral naval exercises held since 2010.
- https://mgronline.com/china/detail/9660000053542
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/Exchanges/News_209188/16251351.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
Skip
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No concrete evidence exists documenting high-ranking Thai military or intelligence officers receiving direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected entities through board positions, consultancies, or other financial arrangements.
Answered by , and has been reviewed by
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
n 2023, Thai Army Chief General Charoenchai Hintao welcomed his Chinese counterpart in Bangkok, expressing a desire to promote cooperation in "all dimensions" between the two nations. In November 2023, the Royal Thai Army (RTA) held discussions with China's People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on future military study exchange programs and enhancing cooperation for mutual benefit, particularly in the ASEAN region. The discussions took place during the official visit of General Li Qiaoming, Commander of the PLA, as a guest of the RTA. The two sides also explored hosting joint military exercises between their forces and partner nations, and advancing cooperation in military intelligence, cybersecurity, and national security technology.
- https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/bangkok/2739477
- https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40032716
Supplementary Notes
In November 2023, The Royal Thai Army (RTA) discussed future military study exchange programmes with its Chinese counterparts as well as strengthening cooperation for the mutual benefit of the two nations and in the ASEAN region. This happened during General Li Qiaoming, Commander of China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA), his official visit to Thailand as RTA’s guest. The two parties also discussed cooperation in hosting military exercises between the two nations and with partner countries, as well as the development of military intelligence in cyber security and national security technology. Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In June 2023, Thailand, China, and four other ASEAN members participated in a joint military exercise held in Guangzhou, China. In August 2023, Chinese troops arrived in Thailand for a joint army exercise focusing on counter-terrorism. Analysts noted that the frequent military exchanges between China and Thailand reflect a high level of development in their security cooperation, with both nations actively enhancing their defense ties through consecutive military engagements.
Supplementary Notes
Additionally, China and Thailand launched air combat drills, further strengthening Beijing's military ties in Southeast Asia. The China-Thailand joint air exercise Falcon Strike-2023 kicked off in Thailand, enhancing the military capabilities of both nations. Link Link In February 2024, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) participated in the tabletop exercise of the Cobra Gold 2024 multinational exercise in Thailand, further cementing their military cooperation in the region. Link
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3227189/china-and-thailand-launch-air-combat-drills-beijing-shores-military-ties-southeast-asia
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/News_213114/TopStories/16236106.html
- https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/china-joins-cobra-gold-2024-military-exercise-thailand
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand has an extradition treaty with China since 1998.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in Thailand, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) to combat terrorism. For instance, following the 2015 Erawan Shrine bombing in Bangkok, which revealed links between transnational human smuggling networks and militant Uyghur groups, Thailand increased its counterterrorism cooperation with China, focusing on training and capacity building . Additionally, Thailand and China have been collaborating on transnational crime information exchange to strengthen their counterterrorism efforts . In 2019, both countries co-chaired counter-terrorism training exercises under the ASEAN Defense Ministers' Meeting-Plus Expert Working Group on Counter-Terrorism (EWG on CT), involving table-top, simulation, and field training exercises . These initiatives demonstrate a deepening of bilateral counterterrorism cooperation between Thailand and the PRC.
- https://asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/ASEAN-Documents-on-Combating-Transnational-Crime-and-Terrorism-1.pdf
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/06/28/china-s-counterterrorism-involvement-in-southeast-asia-under-global-security-initiative-pub-90066
- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyYQWiwKWNk
- https://www.un.org/en/ga/sixth/75/int_terrorism/thailand_e.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In November last year, Thai National Police Chief Pol Gen Torsak Sukmimol ordered a crackdown on Chinese criminals and gangsters in Thailand, commonly referred to as "grey Chinese" due to their involvement in the grey areas of Thai business. There have been growing concerns over the influence of China’s triads and corrupt officials in Thailand, which are seen as a threat to national security. In response, authorities have intensified efforts to dismantle these criminal networks, with the recent arrest of another alleged Chinese triad boss. Super-rich Chinese gangsters, who are linked to luxury lifestyles involving jets, drugs, and fast cars, have also established a significant presence in the country. The growing Chinese mafia footprint in Thailand has raised serious questions about the effectiveness of law enforcement and the impact on national security.
- https://www.bbc.com/thai/articles/czv42zl78djo
- https://www.thaipbsworld.com/chinas-triads-and-corrupt-thai-cops-undermined-national-security/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2449930/another-alleged-chinese-triad-boss-arrested
- https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3202709/jets-drugs-and-fast-cars-super-rich-chinese-gangsters-who-call-thailand-home
- https://www.thailand-business-news.com/opinion/95139-chinese-mafia-footprint-in-thailand-raises-questions
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
In November 2023, Thailand rolled back plans for joint patrols with Chinese police in popular tourist spots following public backlash. The idea, proposed by tourism officials, aimed to have Chinese and Thai police patrol heavily visited areas to boost confidence among tourists, particularly Chinese nationals. However, the plan sparked widespread criticism online, with many arguing that it compromised Thailand’s national sovereignty. The proposal also drew a strong rebuke from the country’s police chief, leading to its cancellation. Link(Reuters),among%20tourists%2C%20including%20Chinese%20nationals
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2017, the Thai government deported about a hundred Uighurs to China, despite facing strong criticism from human rights organizations both in Thailand and abroad. In 2023, more than 60 self-exiled members of a Chinese Christian church who had been briefly detained in Thailand were released after paying fines, amid fears of deportation to China. In a separate case, in 2015, Gui Minhai, a Hong Kong bookseller, disappeared in Thailand, only to reappear in China without his passport.
- https://www.bbc.com/thai/thailand-42054147
- https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-03-31/thai-authorities-detain-chinese-church-members/102174572
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/25/gui-minhai-detained-hong-kong-bookseller-jailed-for-10-years-in-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2017, the Thai government deported about a hundred Uighurs to China, despite strong criticism from human rights groups both within Thailand and internationally. In 2022, local NGO People Empowerment Foundation and Human Rights Watch (HRW) senior Thai researcher Sunai Phasuk urged the government to stop extraditing Uighurs back to China, citing human rights concerns. Over 200 Uighurs were detained in Thailand in 2014, and around a hundred of them were estimated to have been deported to China. The death of a second Uighur man who spent years in a Bangkok detention center highlights the urgent need for Thai authorities to end the indefinite detention of asylum seekers, according to Human Rights Watch.
- https://www.voathai.com/a/rights-groups-urge-thailand-not-to-force-captive-uyghurs-back-to-china-/6638680.html
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/08/thailand-should-free-detained-uyghur-asylum-seekers
- https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/uyghur-thailand-escape-xinjiang-jail/
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2558526/second-uyghur-dies-in-detention-says-rights-group
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2014, China Mobile purchased an 18 percent stake in True Corporation, a major Thai telecommunications company. However, in March 2023, China Mobile sold off a portion of its shares, leaving it with a 7.8% stake in the company. According to True Corporation’s 2023 Annual Report, the company’s "unique position with China Mobile as strategic investors/shareholders facilitates access to new innovative technology and solutions, such as 5G." This strategic relationship places True Corporation at the forefront of driving digital transformation for businesses. Additionally, True Business leverages collaborations with major global partners like Telenor, China Mobile, and CP Group to achieve economies of scale in purchasing network equipment, benefiting from the synergies and scale offered by these partnerships.
- https://www.kaohooninternational.com/markets/524454
- https://investor.truecorp.co.th/misc/AR/20240307-true-ar2023-en.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
All major mobile operators in Thailand have partnered with ZTE Corporation and Huawei, particularly in advancing 5G innovation and solutions. - True Corporation has been collaborating closely with ZTE. In 2022, True Group and ZTE signed a 5G innovation cooperation agreement, further cementing their partnership. In 2023, they launched a joint innovation center to drive Thailand's digital transformation. This center focuses on areas such as ultra-high-capacity optical networks, 5G wireless coverage, AI technology, Smart Factories, and various other 5G applications. - AIS (Advanced Info Service) has also teamed up with ZTE for a 5G center, continuing the push for technological advancement in Thailand. - In September 2020, Thailand's Ministry of Digital Economy and Society, the Digital Economy Promotion Agency, and Huawei opened the Thailand 5G Ecosystem Innovation Centre (5G EIC). The center, established with an investment of 475 million baht (approximately USD 12.45 million) by Huawei Thailand, focuses on researching 5G use cases. It aims to create new business opportunities for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), start-ups, and educational institutions. Over the next three years, the 5G EIC plans to incubate 100 local SMEs and start-ups, fostering growth in Thailand's digital ecosystem.
- https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/20221014e1.html
- https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/true-and-zte-launch-joint-innovation-center-to-inject-new-vitality-into-thailands-digital-transformation.html
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2401845/ais-and-chinas-zte-team-up-for-5g-centre
- https://consumer.huawei.com/ae-en/community/details/Huawei-will-invest-475-million-baht-15-million-U-S-dollars-to-support-new-5G-EIC-in-Thailand/topicId_118765/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In December 2022, True Online and ZTE Corporation launched Thailand’s first 50G PON prototype, aimed at upgrading the country’s fixed-network broadband infrastructure. As Thailand's largest fixed-network broadband operator, True Online has been committed to researching new technologies to improve the quality of life for Thai citizens. The partnership with ZTE will continue to focus on technological advancements, home interconnection, and industrial applications. Additionally, True Corporation and ZTE Corporation collaborated to create an industry-leading all-optical Wi-Fi solution for the Wyndham Royal Lee Phuket community, marking Thailand's first FTTR (Fiber to the Room) community.
- https://developingtelecoms.com/telecom-technology/optical-fixed-networks/14368-true-zte-release-thailand-s-first-50g-pon-prototype.html
- https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/zte-teams-up-with-true-to-build-thailands-first-fttr-community.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Hong Kong media outlet reported in 2018 that China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) was selling submarines to the Thai Navy, equipped with Chinese technology. However, as of 2024, Thailand is still awaiting the delivery of its Chinese-made submarines, which has been subject to delays. In addition to the defense cooperation, China has agreed to transfer some of its high-speed railway know-how to Thailand, allowing the Southeast Asian nation to develop its own high-speed rail network, according to Chinese engineers involved in the negotiations.
- https://www.posttoday.com/international-news/547312
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3220383/china-will-transfer-high-speed-railway-tech-thailand-engineers-say
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2023, Thai Digital Minister Prasert Chantararuangthong attended the APAC National ICT Roundtable in Shanghai, where he sought to attract investments from Chinese tech companies into Thailand. Earlier, in October 2020, the Thai Cabinet approved a draft Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between Thailand's Institute of Forensic Science, under the Ministry of Justice, and China's Institute of Forensic Science, under the Ministry of Public Security. This MoU aimed to promote the exchange of academic knowledge and cooperation in forensic science, with a focus on biometric identification. In March 2021, the two forensic institutes officially signed the MoU during a Virtual Signing Ceremony. The agreement is valid for five years and will be renewed for another five years upon expiration.
- https://www.opt-news.com/news/37413
- https://www.thairath.co.th/news/local/bangkok/2049325
- https://www.ryt9.com/s/iq01/3170543%20.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai government is actively seeking investment from Chinese tech companies, particularly those involved with artificial intelligence (AI), to support development in the country’s industrial estates. Regarding the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), in March 2024, the EEC welcomed leading Chinese clean energy companies to explore investment opportunities in the area. In June 2017, Huawei opened its OpenLab in Bangkok, focusing on providing innovative solutions for sectors such as Smart City, Public Safety, Smart Grid, Finance, Education, Transport, and Internet Service Providers. However, in August 2020, Huawei OpenLab Bangkok was added to the US Entity List. Despite these challenges, Huawei has continued to work closely with local partners in developing the ecosystem for smart cities. According to Sheldon Wang, Senior Vice President of Huawei Thailand’s Enterprise Department, Huawei remains committed to these initiatives, as he shared in an interview with Xinhua.
- https://www.thaipost.net/economy-news/365367/
- https://www.eeco.or.th/en/news/1760
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2017/6/openlab-bangkok-thailand4#:~:text=The%20OpenLab%20Bangkok%20will%20facilitate,and%20Internet%20Ser-vice%20Providers.
- https://english.news.cn/20231123/e5837fe66efa4f679f1dbfd0398da779/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
These projects reflect substantial Chinese involvement in Thailand's digital infrastructure, with both Chinese state-owned enterprises and private companies engaged in constructing and operating these cable systems. The SJC2 (Southeast Asia-Japan Cable 2) submarine cable system features China Mobile International as a key consortium member. It includes a 10,500-kilometer cable linking Thailand to several Asian locations, including direct connections to Hong Kong and mainland China. The Asia Direct Cable (ADC) system enhances PRC connectivity by linking Thailand directly to China and other Asian nations. Spanning 9,400 kilometers, it provides direct routes between Thailand and Hong Kong, with a budget of 2,000 million baht.
- https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30342391
- https://southeastasiainfra.com/enhancing-connectivity-the-critical-role-and-future-of-subsea-cables-in-sea/
- https://www.thailand.go.th/issue-focus-detail/001_06_003
Supplementary Notes
In 2023, China Telecom landed the Asia Direct Cable at the SUNeVision cable landing station in Hong Kong. The 9,400-kilometer undersea cable connects Singapore to Japan, passing through Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and mainland China, enhancing regional connectivity and data transmission capabilities across Asia. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2023, during the Huawei Connect 2023 forum in Shanghai, the newly appointed Minister of Digital Economy and Society (MDES) met with representatives from over 20 Chinese technology companies. He extended invitations for these companies to open offices in Thailand, aiming to boost investment and foster cooperation in emerging technologies within the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2023, Huawei signed an agreement to develop AI and cloud professionals in Thailand. The goal of the initiative is to train 10,000 Thai AI personnel annually, supporting the country’s growth in these key technological sectors.
Supplementary Notes
On 19 November 2022, China and Thailand signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) on e-commerce cooperation. Under this agreement, both countries committed to establishing an e-commerce cooperation mechanism and promoting the trade of high-quality products between them. Link Additionally, on 29 September 2022, China, Thailand, Hong Kong, and the United Arab Emirates completed a central bank digital currency (CBDC) trial focused on cross-border transactions using China’s digital Yuan. In 2023, Thailand, in partnership with Alibaba, launched its first digital free trade hub in the Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC). This hub is part of Alibaba’s Electronic World Trade Platform (eWTP) and aims to promote digital trade and connectivity in the region. Link Also in 2023, Huawei signed a memorandum with Thailand's Ministry of Digital Economy and Society during the Huawei Cloud AI Summit Thailand 2023 in Bangkok. The memorandum focuses on assisting Thailand in AI development, industry applications, ecosystem building, and talent cultivation. Link
- http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/article/newsrelease/significantnews/202211/20221103370739.shtml
- https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/thailand-opens-first-digital-free-trade-hub-partnership-alibaba/
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202312/19/WS6580f550a31040ac301a8696.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2023, Thai-China Joint-Research and Development on Lunar-based Station and Deep Space Exploration. The National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHESI), has partnered with the Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL) of the China National Space Administration (CNSA). They have entered into an agreement to jointly conduct research and space technology, ultimately propelling the nation's space technology endeavors to new heights. In April 2024, Thailand's Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI) signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the China National Space Administration (CNSA) to develop the capabilities.
- https://www.narit.or.th/index.php/en-news/3552-en20231005-01
- https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2772628/govt-china-sign-space-deal
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand has become the first overseas user of China's Beidou satellite navigation system, which is China's counterpart to the American GPS system.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The famous resort city of Pattaya signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) establishing special relations with Qingdao, China, in January 2023. As of March 25, 2022, according to the latest update from Thailand's Ministry of Interior, 34 Thai provinces have sister-city ties with cities in the People's Republic of China (PRC). In May 2023, Bangkok governor Chadchart Sittipunt welcomed an official delegation from Bangkok's sister city, Chaozhou, China, further strengthening the ties between the two regions.
- https://mgronline.com/local/detail/9560000008725
- https://www.nationthailand.com/thailand/general/40027985
- http://www.fad.moi.go.th/images/Sister_City/Sister_City_SIGNED.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Visits by Thai officials to China and vice versa are frequent. It includes top brass visits from Thailand to China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2023, a senior Thai police delegation visited China to discuss strategies with their Chinese counterparts on addressing the issue of Chinese criminals fleeing to Thailand. Additionally, 69 members from the Provincial Office for Local Administration in Chanthaburi traveled to China to attend the China-ASEAN Expo (CAEXPO) held at the Nanning International Convention & Exhibition Center.
- https://www.thairath.co.th/news/crime/2723291
- https://www.dla.go.th/upload/templateWebMenu/attachFile/2566/10/1697084784305.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some Thai police officers receive Chinese language training from teachers at the Confucius Institute. In November 2023, during discussions between the Communist Party of China (CPC) and political parties from Southeast and South Asia on Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cooperation, Pirapan Salirathavibhaga, leader of the United Thai Nation Party and Thailand’s deputy prime minister, expressed Thailand's ambitions to develop high-speed rail. He stated, "Thailand is also trying to develop high-speed rail, and the government will provide strong support. We hope that Thailand can finance construction by itself, and we also hope to obtain technical support from China."
- https://thai.cri.cn/247/2012/11/09/230s204052.htm
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-11-11/CPC-and-Southeast-South-Asian-political-parties-discuss-BRI--1oDPFvLEHnO/index.html
Supplementary Notes
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Chinese embassy condemns Thai politician's meeting with Hong Kong activist.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In April 2015, junta-leader-cum-PM Gen Prayut Chan-ocha recomends his Cabinert to read Xi Jinping's book. The book is entitled "Xi Jinping: The Governance of China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It’s no secret, and it’s widely reported by the press, including Thai Parliament TV and radio, as shown in the link.
- https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid02nvxWVcpp6urAQjCMXPjivx41PwVCKaTzXm3yyhr6YVfcK9yHh5vqikgr2oddETLql&id=208411252633908&mibextid=Nif5oz
- https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/dfm091123-2?page=5d5bd3da15e39c306002aaf9&menu=5d5bd3cb15e39c306002a9b0
Supplementary Notes
On 9 October 2023, Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the National People’s Congress of China paid a courtesy call on the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand. They also commended the long-standing parliamentary ties and friendship and agreed to continue promoting more exchanges between their respective legislative bodies, including at the Committee level. Furthermore, both sides emphasized the importance of sharing experiences on national development, in particular poverty alleviation, digital economy, as well as science, technology, and innovation development. Link: Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In April 2022, the Pheu Thai Party met with the Chinese Ambassador. Later, in late 2023, newly appointed Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin also held a meeting with the Ambassador. China's Foreign Aid to Southeast Asian Countries During the COVID-19 Pandemic.
- https://www.banmuang.co.th/mobile/news/politic/277403
- https://jurnal.peneliti.net/index.php/IJEIT/article/download/1771/1398/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thai officials are regularly sent to China for Chinese language training, which is a common practice in Thailand. On August 20, 2023, Thai-Chinese Cultural and Economic Association organized an event where certificates were awarded to Thai civil servants who received scholarships (18th batch) and graduated with a degree in Chinese studies in 2022. During this event, the president of the Thai-Chinese Cultural and Economic Association also spoke about the success of providing scholarships to Thai civil servants, currently the 19th generation, who were going to study Chinese at Huachiew University in Xiamen City People's Republic of China. To date approximately 900 Thai civil servants have received scholarships to study Chinese since the first generation, which are distributed among various government agencies. Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council collaborated with King Prajadhipok’s Institute to provide many training programmes in Chinese study and the Chinese language for Thai Civil Servants at Beijing Chinese Language and Culture College.
- https://www.tcjapress.com/2017/08/23/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0/
- https://www.thaizhong.org/th/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AF-%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-18-%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5-2565.html
- https://kpi.ac.th/uploads/pdf/HqyTKuQsmPwC1dsEqPBixisNXNCnV4VPxsMeqBhB.pdf
Supplementary Notes
On August 20, 2023, Thai-Chinese Cultural and Economic Association organized an event where certificates were awarded to Thai civil servants who received scholarships (18th batch) and graduated with a degree in Chinese studies in 2022. During this event, the president of the Thai-Chinese Cultural and Economic Association also spoke about the success of providing scholarships to Thai civil servants, currently the 19th generation, who were going to study Chinese at Huachiew University in Xiamen City People's Republic of China. To date approximately 900 Thai civil servants have received scholarships to study Chinese since the first generation, which are distributed among various government agencies. Link: Link Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the State Council collaborated with King Prajadhipok’s Institute to provide many training programmes in Chinese study and the Chinese language for Thai Civil Servants at Beijing Chinese Language and Culture College. Link: Link
- https://www.tcjapress.com/2017/08/23/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A0/
- https://kpi.ac.th/uploads/pdf/HqyTKuQsmPwC1dsEqPBixisNXNCnV4VPxsMeqBhB.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
No supporting evidence found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Thailand is seeking to deepen its relationship with China beyond their existing strategic partnership. Starting in March 2024, Thai passport holders will no longer need a visa to visit China, and the same applies to Chinese citizens visiting Thailand. On 19 October 2023, Joint Press Communiqué between the Government of the Kingdom of Thailand and the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite longstanding relations with Taiwan, Thailand adheres to the One-China Policy, which faces no opposition within the country. According to the Joint Press Communiqué, both Thailand and China pledge mutual support on issues related to each other’s core interests and major concerns. The statement affirms that China respects Thailand's national independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, while Thailand firmly upholds the One-China Policy, recognizing the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government representing all of China, with Taiwan being an inseparable part of it. Thailand also supports China’s “One Country, Two Systems” principle.
- https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content/jointpresscommuniquethailandandchina-2?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683d
- https://english.news.cn/20240130/e156fc4ac75145a3aae0a12d16208a67/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai government has remained silent on the matter.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai government has remained silent on the matter.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai government has remained silent on the matter.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Thai government has remained silent on the matter.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.