Egypt
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 18 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 192 / 396 | - |
May 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 15 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 55 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 68 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 0 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 18 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 52 % | - |
In 2023, Egypt had a GDP per capita of US$3,513 and a total population of 113.49 million people.
Egypt established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1956. Egypt was ranked 170th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 18/100.
Key Takeaways
- The People's Republic of China is actively engaging in military cooperation and arms deals with Egypt. There are negotiations for major arms deals, co-development of military equipment, and participation in joint military exercises.
- China's influence extends beyond military matters to cultural and educational exchanges. Initiatives like the Confucius Institute and China Cultural Center promote Chinese language and culture in Egypt, contributing to soft power projection and enhancing bilateral relations.
- The PRC's influence is evident in economic domains, including donations, investments, and trade agreements. Chinese companies donate to local charities and engage in economic partnerships, while the PRC provides financial aid, vaccines, and support during crises like the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Sino-Egyptian relations underscored by increased Chinese media presence in Egypt, mutual cooperation efforts, such as journalist training courses and media exchange programs, and divergent perspectives on human rights issues, particularly concerning China's treatment of the Uyghur Muslim community.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The website is checked and according to the website, Egypt is not a member.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The website is checked and Egypt is not a member. Link The website is also checked and Egypt’s Al-Ahram newspaper is a member.
Supplementary Notes
2 sources from Al-Ahram to promote Belt and Road Initiative: 2019: Link 2024: Link (Egypt also reaffirmed one-China policy)
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/44/0/330982/Analysis/Egypts-astute-move-towards-Chinas-Belt-and-Road-In.aspx
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/515892/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Egypt-and-China-Strategic-partnership.aspx
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The Egyptian journalist tells his story, how he learnt Chinese and how his dream came true: he with other media representatives from Egypt went to China as the first Egyptian media delegation visiting China after the pandemic. So, he says that he got an invitation from the embassy of China in Egypt to go to China. Link China's Xinjiang TV broadcast a report about a visit made by a group of Egyptian journalists to the region, where the delegation visited important economic and agricultural companies.
- https://arabic.cgtn.com/news/2023-09-19/1704030636568965121/index.html
- https://www.elbalad.news/5881028
Supplementary Notes
Link (Egyptian journalists met Chinese media outlets/representatives in China). Link (Egyptian journalist, Adel Ali writes about his experiences (mainly positive) regarding the media mission to China. According to the article, in 2019 he participated in the events organized for journalists in Beijing. During the mission, he visited places where Uyghurs live and study (e. i educational camps).)
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2023/08/08/chinese-media-outlets-look-forward-to-cooperating-with-egypts-counterparts/
- http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctarabic/2018/wmdslzdf/202212/t20221207_800315478.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link (Training course for journalists in Beijing, including Egyptian journalists - Training Course of the China International Media Exchange Center Opens). The host of this training center was organized by the Chinese Society for Public Diplomacy, supervised by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC: Link
- https://blnews.net/2022/08/training_course_of_the_china_international_media_exchange_center_opens/
- https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A
Supplementary Notes
“Dr. Ahmed Salam, the former media advisor to Egypt in China, speaks about the success of the Chinese President’s visit to Cairo, the activation of media agreements in more than one media institution in Egypt and China, and the increase in media training courses.” Link Link There are a number of meetings between media representatives of two countries during which they discussed how to develop ways of media cooperation through trainings and other measures. Link “Another area of influence is China’s effort to engage Egypt’s next generation of leaders and administrators, primarily through large-scale training programs offered to government and executive leadership across Egypt. Link (10 months media training for journalists opens in Beijing) Link 40 journalists, technicians undergo training in Beijing Link Two-week Training Program For Arab Journalists Concluded In Beijing
- https://arabic.cgtn.com/n/BfJAA-DAA-HcA/FAHBcA/index.html
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/232357/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86?lang=ar
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general/10-months-media-training-for-journalists-opens-in-beijing/2019/
- https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/40-journalists-technicians-undergo-training-in-beijing/
- https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/two-week-training-program-for-arab-journalist-145112.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Xinhua Middle East Regional Bureau is providing the cheapest subscriptions. “New office building of Xinhua News Agency's Middle East Regional Bureau opened on Nov.26, in Cairo” – 2005 Link. Link “Establishing representative offices for media institutions in the two countries(Egypt-China): including the Xinhua News Agency, the People’s Daily, China Radio International, and China Central Television, while there is a resident representation of the Middle East News Agency in China, and “China Today” magazine opened its Middle East regional office in Cairo in 2004.” Link Link Arabic CGTN – Chinese media broadcasted in Arabic. Link Xinhua in Arabic. Link China Today in Arabic. Link China News in Arabic. Link List of the Chinese media outlets that are broadcasted in Arabic too.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20081120215855/
- http://eg.china-embassy.org/eng/zaigx/t223569.htm
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/92487/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A?lang=ar
- https://arabic.cgtn.com/about
- https://arabic.news.cn/index.htm
- http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctarabic/
- http://arabic.china.org.cn/
- http://eg.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zymt/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Egypt Today delivering the content of Xinhua News Agency Link Link (The Chinese government has funded the building of a new media platform, allowing for Chinese content to be broadcast to Egypt and vice versa. )
- https://www.egypttoday.com/Tag/8531/Xinhua
- https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/memory-74th-chinese-national-day-sino-egyptian-ahmed-moustafa
Supplementary Notes
Link Daily News Egypt signs content, images sharing agreement with Xinhua. Within the framework of the distinguished and strategic relations between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the People’s Republic of China, Daily News Egypt signed an agreement with Xinhua, the Chinese news agency, to benefit from its news and photo services, aiming to enhance media and press exchange between the two institutions. Link (China's Xinhua Winshare Publishing and Media Company and Egypt's Dar Al-Shorouk Publishing House Group signed on Tuesday a protocol and a cooperation contract in the field of publishing and translation at the headquarters of the Chinese Cultural Center in Cairo.) Link (Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published a signed article written by the President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping.) Link (Ambassador Abdel Sadek highlighted at the meeting that the SIS is about to add the Chinese language to be used in the SIS Internet Website together with other languages including English, French and Spanish.)
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2019/10/19/daily-news-egypt-signs-content-images-sharing-agreement-with-xinhua/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-02/13/c_137816663.htm
- https://arabic.news.cn/2016-01/19/c_135024890.htm
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/90842/SIS-chairman-Egypt-seeks-boosting-media-cooperation-with-China-to-be-up-to-level-of-strategic-partnership?lang=en-us
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Egypt Today delivering the content of Xinhua News Agency Link Many media outlets—notably government ones—have become megaphones for Chinese Communist Party (CCP) propaganda. At a time when some media sources rely on reproducing material about U.S. violations of human rights in Guantanamo or Abu Ghraib, for example, talk of China’s violations against the Uyghur Muslim community has been avoided Link Xinhua is the official state press agency of the People's Republic of China. Link Link (Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram published a signed article written by the President of the People's Republic of China, Xi Jinping.) Link Xinhua (the official state press agency of PRC)’s articles on Egypt’s news organization website. Link Xinhua articles in Daily News Egypt. Link Xinhua article on the State Information Service (of Egypt) website. Link A Chinese influencer and bot in Cairo that spread pro-Chinese narratives to Egypt's Arabic-speaking population.
- https://www.egypttoday.com/Tag/8531/Xinhua
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency
- https://arabic.news.cn/2016-01/19/c_135024890.htm
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/WriterArticles/Xinhua/1883/0.aspx
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/?s=Xinhua
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/170564/Xinhua-Egypt-implements-clear-strategy-for-turning-into-regional-hub-for-green-energy-production?lang=en-us
- https://ar.globalvoices.org/2021/10/15/72280/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link 1. We read in the news which was published by "Daily News Egypt" the following sentence: The latter (Chinese representative) conveyed the greetings of Chinese President Xi Jinping to President El-Sisi, with whom he has a relationship of friendship, considering that mutual trust between the two leaders is the basis of the strategic relationship between the two countries. (Source: Link ). 2. The news is about the meeting of Sisi and Xi Jinping and beyond that. The news emphasizes the strategic partnership and quotes the Egyptian expert: “During these visits, they forged a close personal relationship and found in each other a reliable friend,” (Source: Link ) 3. We have another news published by Al-Ahram with the headline: "The Chinese ambassador confirms the depth of friendship between Egypt and his country... and reveals the secret of Beijing’s success and progress" (Source: Link ). 4. The news published by an Arabic media, with a headline which emphasizes Egypt-China friendship (Source: Link ) 5. News with a headline of the Chinese ambassador's quote about Chinese and Egyptian friendship. The news was published by Al-Ahram. (Source: Link ). Media outlet Aldiplomasy published in 2023 - The Governor of Cairo added that Egyptian-Chinese relations during the era of President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi are witnessing a stage of prosperity and joint cooperation, which is based on the historical friendship relations between the two ancient civilizations. Link State information service: the article is about the forum of the China-Egypt friendship association during which speakers outlined the afore-mentioned rhetoric: friendship, mutual trust etc. (2022) Link Ahram Online - Egypt and China: ‘Profound’ relations: The Chinese foreign minister’s tour of Africa, which concluded in Egypt, aimed to consolidate China’s African presence and promote its strategic partnership with Cairo. (2023) Link According to daily news Egypt - Al-Sisi congratulated Xi Jinping on his recent re-election, looking forward to working with him during the coming period to improve relations between the two sides. This is especially in light of the historical and extended ties of friendship that unite the two countries and the Egyptian and Chinese peoples.
- https://www.aldiplomasy.com/131505/
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2024/01/17/china-supports-egypts-efforts-in-economic-and-social-development-ambassador/
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/50/1201/460787/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt/Egypt-and-China-A-strategic-partnership.aspx
- https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/4791800.aspx?__cf_chl_tk=FM5pMKuFbgCycDKcdpb4k7Qasb6L5Jupx.JXVQhsvAw-1716286589-0.0.1.1-1386
- https://www.youm7.com/story/2023/9/11/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D9%81%D9%89/6301014
- https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/4791864.aspx
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/248924?lang=ar
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContentP/50/484447/AlAhram-Weekly/Egypt-and-China-%E2%80%98Profound%E2%80%99-relations.aspx
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/12/14/opinion-prospects-of-egyptian-chinese-relations-and-the-multipolar-world/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The article published on the website of Daily News Egypt underlines “double standards” of the US and says: “Certainly, the statements of the US Secretary of State express the directions of the current US administration, which emphasizes on all occasions its focus on protecting human rights and restoring American leadership in this field. But at the same time, there are many indications that these statements are directly related to the hostile policies of the US against China and its desire to find convincing pretexts to impose more sanctions on China to undermine its global economic supremacy.” Abu Ghraib, for example, talks of China’s violations against the Uyghur Muslim community has been avoided. Despite the silence on the Uyghur cause, Egyptian security officials have arrested several Uyghur students in Egypt, sparking international human rights appeals not to hand them over to the Chinese authorities. Link
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/09/09/opinionantony-blinken-defends-muslims-of-china-and-ignores-muslims-of-america/
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
Supplementary Notes
Link (Egyptian journalist, Adel Ali writes about his experiences (mainly positive) regarding the media mission to China. According to the article, in 2019 he participated in the events organized for journalists in Beijing. During the mission, he visited places where Uyghurs live and study (e. educational camps). He says that he visited Xinjiang and saw how China seeks to invest in the region’s development (education, working conditions etc..)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The two sides also reviewed what has been achieved of the cooperation agreement between Ain Shams University and Huawei to establish the Huawei ICT Academy in Egypt. Link Last year, the Ministry of International Cooperation also organized several programs for Egyptians to earn masters and doctoral degrees from Chinese universities and educational institutions. Over the last four years, more than 1,100 training programs were held in cooperation with China, benefitting more than 4,000 Egyptian government officials. Link Link Based on the agreement, Huawei will send global senior experts to train students at the University of Egypt and promote the implementation of professional technical certification. At the same time, Huawei will provide internships for outstanding students and promote (ICT), an Egyptian and North African region, to recruit graduates from the talent pool project. The training project aims to provide high-quality information communication (ICT) technical talent for Egypt and the region to meet the changing market requirements and challenges of the information communication (ICT) technology industry. Link MIU Alumni & Career Development Center announces the signing of a memorandum with Huawei ICT Academy-Egypt to help students and alumni develop their professional and academic skills. The memorandum also aims at enabling them to find rewarding jobs and careers. Link Huawei Technologies and King Salman International University sign a cooperation protocol to establish the “Huawei Academy” in the first private university.
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2020-02/27/content_75749310.htm
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/6/75816/Huawei-signed-a-MOU-with-the-Ministry-of-Higher-Education
- https://www.zawya.com/ar/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83-%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-bbktpjw5
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“There are two Confucius Institutes in Egypt, one at the Suez Canal University and the other at Cairo University, with branches in other provinces.” Link CONFUCIUS INSTITUTE AT AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY CONGRATULATES THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE TRAINING COURSE FOR LOCAL CHINESE LANGUAGE TEACHERS Link Link Confucius institute in Ain Shams University. Link In Egypt, there are three Confucius Institutes, one of which is at Cairo University and was founded in 2007, the second is at Suez Canal University and was founded in 2008, and the third is at Ain Shams University. The institute opened branches in many other universities, including Pharos University in Alexandria, Benha University, Fayoum University, in addition to other branches in many secondary, middle and primary schools.
- http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201809/26/WS5baacd81a310c4cc775e8125_1.html
- https://www.asu.edu.eg/4518/news/confucius-institute-at-ain-shams-university-congratulates-the-participants-in-the-training-course-for-local-chinese-language-teachers
- https://www.asu.edu.eg/ar/announcement/52
- http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctarabic/2018/wmdslzdf/202207/t20220711_800300620.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Egyptian schools to add Chinese language “China is growing its ties to Egypt with a deal with the government for Egyptian schools to offer the Chinese language… In an interview with Al-Monitor, Deputy Minister of Education Mohamed Mujahid said that under the agreement, Chinese specialists and volunteers with the Confucius Institute, a center for exchange and cooperation affiliated with the Chinese Ministry of Education, will be sent to train Egyptian teachers who speak the language on teaching it to middle, high school and technical school students.” Link Launching the pilot project for teaching the Chinese language in Egyptian schools Link Link China cultural center donates books to Egypt's Alexandria library. The donation includes 952 copies of books and audio-visual products in the fields of politics, culture, tourism, and art, among others. Link The Chinese side agreed to assist Egypt in preparing and comprehensive training in the Chinese language, writing curricula, and preparing textbooks for its programs using advanced educational technology. Link China presented an Egyptian school with computers, TV sets and other teaching equipment worth US$78,000 on Monday, to help improve conditions of the China-Egypt Friendship School in Cairo.
- https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/09/egypt-china-agreement-teach-language-relations-region-role.html
- http://arabic.news.cn/20220926/1c0e2045a83a425ab162306010d67440/c.html
- http://english.news.cn/20220928/1e3c82c9421143eb8625ff9ba1b0b075/c.html
- http://www.china.org.cn/learning_chinese/news/2011-10/12/content_23604255.htm
- https://www.alqabas.com/article/137405-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9%D8%8C%D8%8C-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5%D8%A9
Supplementary Notes
Link Egypt to begin teaching Chinese as second language in middle schools in upcoming academic year.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the link, the representatives of the The Egyptian Council for Foreign Affairs (ECFA) (which is a non-governmental, non-profit organization) visited China at the invitation of Chinese Friendship Association. It means that most possibly there was financial assistance for Egyptian delegation to conduct this visit. ( Link ) there was established a research center in Egyptian university within the framework of cooperation between Chinese and Egyptian universities. "China's Renmin University and Egypt's Ain Shams University on Sunday inaugurated the Belt and Road Cooperation Research Center in the Egyptian capital Cairo." the news shows that the operation of the organization will be assisted by Renmin University. (Source: Link )
- https://ecfa-egypt.org/2018/05/11/the-development-of-relations-between-egypt-and-china-in-a-visit-of-a-delegation-from-the-council-to-china/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/14/c_137741043.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"In March last year, China's Tianjin Light Industry Vocational Technical College, Tianjin Transportation Vocational College, and Egypt's Ain Shams University signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) for the Egypt Luban Workshop in Cairo. Luban workshop is the first project of international cooperation on vocational training supported by China's Tianjin Municipality, which aims at improving academic education of top technical talents and serving the local economy and society via vocational training." Link Egyptian Higher Education Minister Khaled Abdel-Ghaffar met with CEO of Huawei Egypt Sun Luocheng in Cairo on Tuesday night where they discussed the implementation of a memorandum of understanding (MoU) signed by both sides to boost ICT talents in Egyptian universities. The MoU aims to establish a long-term partnership between the Egyptian ministry and Huawei to develop university infrastructure and train young ICT talents. Link “the China-Africa Partnership for Science and Technology Program to enhance bilateral cooperation, including the two sides’ participation in building scientific laboratories, model bases for appropriate and advanced technology, technology transfer frameworks, and activating academic and technical exchange and other forms of creative and diverse cooperation, In addition to working to strengthen communication between scientists from the two countries, especially young scientists.” Link
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2020-09/08/c_139350124.htm
- http://www.china.org.cn/business/2020-02/27/content_75749310.htm
- http://arabic.people.com.cn/n3/2016/0122/c31660-9008088.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link Egyptian scientist finds advantageous life in Xinjiang. Link Wan Gang, Minister of Science and Technology of China met with an Egyptian delegation. He hoped the two sides could push for practical cooperation in areas such as joint research, joint laboratories, science parks, innovation and entrepreneurship and short-term working visits of outstanding Egyptian young scientists to China. Link Islamic scholars visit China's Xinjiang, praise measures taken to 'combat terrorism'. Islamic scholars from 14 countries visit Xinjiang region, praise efforts on countering terrorism, extremism. Islamic scholars from 14 countries visit Xinjiang region, A delegation consisting of more than 30 Islamic figures and scholars from 14 countries, including the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Syria, Bahrain, Tunisia and Bosnia and Herzegovina begin their Xinjiang visit on Sunday. Link
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/25/c_1310028064.htm
- https://en.most.gov.cn/pressroom/201612/t20161221_129694.htm
- https://new.thecradle.co/articles-id/1665
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202301/1283507.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link The Chinese side agreed to assist Egypt in preparing comprehensive training in the Chinese language, writing curricula, and preparing textbooks for its programs using advanced educational technology.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link 2023, the article (China’s rejection of Muslim Brotherhood and the support for the June 30 revolution in Egypt) by DR. NADIA HELMY: The author considers Xinjiang region as a security threat for China (typical extremism narrative about Uyghurs) and reviews this in relation to Muslim brotherhood.
Supplementary Notes
Supplementary note (because the article is written by Xinhua news agency, but the article is about the Egyptian scientist who lives in Xinjiang): Link Across China: Egyptian scientist finds advantageous life in Xinjiang: So he didn't believe all the Western news on Xinjiang, and he still does not believe it, he said. "It is fake." Despite ethnic differences, Osama feels that "all these people are united together to work for a better life." He said life in Xinjiang is changing for the better as the central and local governments try their best to facilitate good conditions for local people. Supplementary note (because the article includes different Arab experts’ (mainly positive) perspectives about Xinjiang, and it is not written by an Egyptian scholar): Link Sonbol, former deputy editor-in-chief of the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram Weekly, touched on his experience, saying, “The truth is that before I traveled (to the region) I saw terrible pictures of Xinjiang and read reports that the entire region was in ruins. But when I arrived in the capital of Xinjiang in fact, the view (there) is completely different from what I thought” On this level, Kamal Gaballah, an Egyptian expert on Chinese affairs who visited Xinjiang twice, shared his opinion, describing the anti-China propaganda that talks about persecution of Muslims, closing mosques, preventing prayer and fasting, etc., as “tendentious propaganda.” Supplementary note (because it is an interview of an Egyptian expert with Xinhua news agency and not the article) Link Egyptian expert: Real development in the Xinjiang region refutes the lies of some Western forces hostile to China (2021)
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/25/c_1310028064.htm
- http://arabic.people.com.cn/n3/2021/0901/c31660-9890842.html
- http://www.chinaarabcf.org/ara/zagx/rwjl/202102/t20210217_10133195.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link (China was ranked as the second largest trading partner of Egypt after the United Arab Emirates, while the United States came in third place during the same period.) Link The most important exporters to Egypt in the first half of this year were China’s exports, which amounted to $5.7 billion. Meanwhile, the largest supplier from Egypt during the first half of 2023 was Turkey with notable imports of $2.3 billion, totaling $1.6 billion. Link Top trading partners (import sources) of Egypt in 2022: China with a share of 14.2% (11.3 billion US$) Saudi Arabia with a share of 8.88% (7.08 billion US$) USA with a share of 7.15% (5.7 billion US$). Top export destinations of commodities from Egypt in 2022: Turkey with a share of 7.85% (3.78 billion US$). Top trading partners (import sources) of Egypt in 2022: China with a share of 14.2% (11.3 billion US$). Link The Central Bank of Egypt (CBE) reported that the volume of Egypt’s foreign trade during the fiscal year 2022/2023 was about $110.407bn. According to a recent report by the CBE, Egypt’s main trading partners were 14 countries. The report ranked the United Arab Emirates (UAE) as the top trading partner of Egypt during that period. China was the third largest trading partner of Egypt.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/Egypt/TOTAL
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2023/11/07/egypts-foreign-trade-reaches-110-407bn-in-2022-23-cbe/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link (China is Egypt’s fourth largest creditor, with outstanding debts amounting to nearly $8 billion)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The main destinations of Crude Petroleum exports from Egypt are India ($1.34B), Greece ($1.24B), Italy ($297M), Spain ($288M), and Germany ($188M). Link Exports The top exports of Egypt are Refined Petroleum ($4.77B), Crude Petroleum ($3.69B), Petroleum Gas ($3.5B), Nitrogenous Fertilizers ($1.7B), and Gold ($1.16B), exporting mostly to United States ($3.7B), Turkey ($3.09B), Greece ($2.97B), Italy ($2.58B), and India ($2.51B).
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/crude-petroleum/reporter/egy
- https://oec.world/en/profile/country/egy
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“A new contract has recently been initiated and signed between the Egyptian government and China Gezhouba Group company. As part of this collaboration, the Chinese company will build several wind power plants in Egypt, with a total capacity of 500 MW. The deal was made public on January 3, 2020, by the holding company, China Energy Engineering Corporation. It will run for three years for an amount of 261.3 million euros. The contract covers the design, construction, equipment procurement, installation, commissioning, and maintenance of all the solar power plants that will be built as part of the deal.” Link "In March of 2019, Chinese PV manufacturer and system integrator TBEA Sunoasis completed construction of three solar power stations at the Benban Solar Energy Park in the southern governorate of Aswan.[21] The same year, Yingli Solar forged an alliance with Misr Asset Management (MAM) aimed at establishing a solar plant to sell electricity to the Building Materials Industries Company (BMIC).[22] In January of 2020, China Gezhouba Group (CGGC), a subsidiary of the state-owned energy conglomerate China Energy Engineering Corporation (CEEC), secured a contract to build distributed solar power generation facilities across the country with a combined capacity of 500MW.[23] Looking to extend cooperation in this field, the two countries have established a joint renewable energy research facility." Link “Early last month, the Egyptian government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Hutchison Ports – a subsidiary of CK Hutchison, the Hong Kong‑listed port operator/developer – about the construction of a container terminal at the port of Abu Qir on the country's Mediterranean coast.” Link Link The Egyptian government has signed a framework agreement with a subsidiary of state-owned China Energy Engineering Group, also known as Energy China, for a green hydrogen and ammonia plant in the Suez Canal Economic Zone worth $6.75bn. Link The Egyptian government has approved China Energy’s application to build a $5.1 billion (£4.2bn) in the country. China Energy signed an agreement to investigate green hydrogen production in the Suez Canal Economic Zone – and will now develop the project in two stages. Link In recent years, China's presence in Egypt's strategic ports has grown noticeably. This includes the involvement of both private and state-owned Chinese companies in the partial acquisition, development, and operation of Egyptian seaports and terminals, with concessions of up to 38 years. Link At the beginning of 2023, the joint venture formed by Energy China International Group and Zhejiang Thermal Power signed an EPC contract with the Egyptian Ministry of Defense for the national data center project, achieving a new breakthrough in the field of new infrastructure in Egypt. The project is a strategic project launched by Egypt to build a digital Egypt and realize the 2030 vision. It is the first national artificial intelligence data center project in Egypt and the first large-scale national cloud data center project implemented by a Chinese-funded enterprise in North Africa. Link Though infrastructure and construction are major areas of investment, telecommunications is another area where China has made inroads into Egypt. Beyond the 5G AFCON announcement, China has financed Egypt’s telecoms sector and, according to a researcher with Egypt’s Foreign Trade and Industry Ministry, the 82 Chinese telecoms firms operating in Egypt as of 2019 represent $14 million USD in FDI.
- https://www.afrik21.africa/en/egypt-china-gezhouba-group-to-build-500-mw-of-solar-power-plants/
- https://www.mei.edu/publications/towering-ambitions-egypt-and-china-building-future
- https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzIwNjQxMDU4
- https://www.hydrogeninsight.com/production/egypt-signs-deal-with-chinese-developer-for-7bn-green-hydrogen-and-ammonia-project/2-1-1544225
- https://www.energylivenews.com/2023/03/16/china-energy-building-5bn-hydrogen-plant-in-egypt/
- https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-growing-maritime-presence-egypts-ports-and-suez-canal
- https://cqbluejay.com/china-energy-construction-international-group-signed-the-egyptian-national-data-center-project/
- https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/+E22+F22+G22
Supplementary Notes
Link Cosco Shipping Ports, the Chinese operator of Greece's Port of Piraeus and the CSP Abu Dhabi Terminal, intends to buy a 25 percent stake in a new container terminal in Sokhna, Egypt, to improve trade links between China and Africa.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Egypt as a non-regional member state since 2016, the 4 of August.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Federation of Egyptian Chambers of Commerce (FEDCOC) is a member of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“By March 1995, the two countries signed an economic and trade agreement to replace the 1985 trade agreement which smoothed and improved the development of bilateral trade between the two countries.” Link
Supplementary Notes
"In 2014 Egypt and China signed a “comprehensive strategic partnership” agreement." Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“While Egyptians sank into ever-greater poverty over the past five years, Sisi has poured resources into vanity megaprojects such as building a new administrative capital in the desert 30 miles east of Cairo at an estimated cost of $58 billion. Not only did Egypt not need a new capital, but the site made it inaccessible to most citizens as well as extremely problematic from a water consumption point of view. The city is being built by a military company with significant Chinese investment. As of spring 2019, the Egyptian general in charge of the project said that some $9 billion had already been spent on the city’s infrastructure.” Link Link "The Chinese business presence in Egypt is concentrated in industrial zones, free trade zones, and financial centers. Since the late 2000s, Chinese firms have shown interest in Egypt serving as a regional manufacturing hub." Link “The two deals will bring more to the SCZone, where the Chinese industrial zone TEDA in Ain Sokhna has already yielded fruitful results and is "a model to learn from," said Gaballah...He stressed that the success of the projects will encourage other economies to invest in the SCZone, which will push the development of the area swiftly, noting that the progress of the Chinese industrial zone in Ain Sokhna has encouraged more cooperation between Egypt and China.” Link Link "China's economic incursion into the Suez Canal industrial zone may seem to be a commonplace foreign investment, but the issue has a worrisome strategic dimension, Egyptian waterways specialist Rifaat al-Arab told Al-Mashareq." Link COSCO was granted a 30-year concession and a 25% stake in Ain Sokhna's upcoming terminal. Located near that terminal is the Suez Canal Economic Zone, expanded in 2016 with significant Chinese investment. The Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), another Chinese state-owned enterprise, constructed an industrial park inside the zone that accommodates more than 140 companies. In recent months, Egypt has secured investment deals with Chinese companies worth over $8 billion for the Suez Canal Economic Zone. Link Since its establishment, SCZone has already attracted several investors. For instance, China’s Tianjin Economic-Technical Development Area (TEDA) Corporation, a Chinese state-owned entity that specializes in developing free zones in China, agreed with the SCZone Authority. In addition, the Chinese company Jushi signed a contract for planned expansions by the company in Ain Sokhna zone with an investment of US$60 million in an area of 90,000 square meters. Link Over $3 billion in Chinese investments in Suez Canal Economic Zone. Link Chinese company Xinxing Ductile Iron Pipes (000778.SZ) intends to invest $2 billion in iron and steel plants in the Suez Canal Economic Zone. The plants are planned in an industrial zone at the Egyptian Red Sea port of Ain Sokhna developed by China's Tianjin TEDA, and will manufacture iron pipes and steel products including for export.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/09/09/egypt-trends-in-politics-economics-and-human-rights-pub-82677
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/3/15/the-competition-for-egypt-china-the-west-and-mega-projects
- https://www.mei.edu/publications/towering-ambitions-egypt-and-china-building-future
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-08/04/c_1310105703.htm
- http://www.news.cn/english/2021-09/29/c_1310217649.htm
- https://www.mei.edu/publications/chinas-growing-maritime-presence-egypts-ports-and-suez-canal
- https://www.tamimi.com/law-update-articles/egypts-special-economic-zones-an-attractive-investment-opportunity/
- https://www.seatrade-maritime.com/ports/over-3-billion-chinese-investments-suez-canal-economic-zone
- https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/chinas-xinxing-invest-2-bln-suez-canal-economic-zone-egyptian-cabinet-2023-03-23/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link “The Chinese side has concerns about whether [Egypt] is capable of reimbursing the loan and through what means, in addition to the debt schedule. Nevertheless, negotiations are underway with the Chinese side to address these unjustified concerns and ease the loan disbursement measures, which the consortium of Chinese banks funding the project has imposed.”
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2021 “On October 14th, the Egyptian China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association and the overseas Chinese community in Egypt held a symposium in Cairo to commemorate the 110th anniversary of the 1911 Revolution and learn the spirit of General Secretary Xi Jinping's speech. Chang Ding Yong presided over the symposium.” Link 2020 “Egypt-China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association Strongly Condemns U.S. Appointment of So-called "Special Coordinator for Tibet Affairs" Link 2020 "Egypt-China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association warns Tsai Ing-wen: Going against the trend of history will surely be cast aside by Chinese all over the world" Link 2019 "Egypt China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association & Egyptian Chinese Friendship Council held a symposium to study the spirit of the National Two Sessions Conference." Link
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/202110/t20211018_12385088.html
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/202010/t20201022_12302476.html
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/202005/t20200520_12276081.html
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/201903/t20190325_12151108.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
2018 - The foreign trade union organizations, including Egyptian Trade Union and Lebanese Federation of Trade Unions, have sent congratulatory letters on the convening of the 17th National Congress of the Chinese Trade Union. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Afro-Asian Media Union in Cairo, Egypt is a member of the All-China Journalists Association Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link More than 30 Chinese companies in Egypt have taken the chance of a Ramadan charity event in Cairo to donate 1 million Egyptian pounds (about 54,245 U.S. dollars) to help local families in need.
Supplementary Notes
Link For seven years, Chinese companies in Egypt have partnered with an Egyptian charity group to donate about 11,000 boxes of food to needy Egyptians during the Islamic holy month of Ramadan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the state council information office of the PRC, "The launch of the Arabic version of "Parents Love" in Egypt coincides with the state visit of Chinese President Xi Jinping to Egypt. With the warming of China-Egypt-friendly relations, the Egyptian people are eager to learn about China. Egypt's national TV station seized the opportunity and launched the Chinese TV series "Parents Love" at the right time, which attracted unprecedented attention from the Egyptian people as soon as it was broadcast. At the same time, the China Radio International Film and Television Dubbing Center carried out extensive publicity: the premiere ceremony was held in Cairo, and news was released through local mainstream media...In 2015, at the China-Arab States Radio and Television Cooperation Forum, China Radio International and the Egyptian National Radio and Television Union signed an agreement to jointly launch a fixed program "China Theater" on the Egyptian National Television." Link Link
- http://www.scio.gov.cn/32621/32629/32754/Document/1476204/1476204.htm
- http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2020/1026/c1002-31905156.html
Supplementary Notes
Link Egyptian state television will air a popular Chinese soap opera for the first time in Egypt, according to Chinese Ambassador to Egypt Song Aiguo. Link Egyptian and Chinese media officials on Sunday celebrated the upcoming broadcast of a dubbed Arabic version of popular Chinese TV series "Ode to Joy" on Egyptian state TV.
- http://en.chinaculture.org/info/2013-12/26/content_502244.htm
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/3d3d774d316b6a4e30457a6333566d54/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE are the most three important markets for TikTok. Link Facebook came in first place as the favourite social media platform in Egypt, followed by Instagram and TikTok. On the other hand, a mere 3.5% said they did not use Facebook at all, and 0.6% did not specify whether they used the platform. In second place came Instagram with 54.6% of respondents saying they use the popular social media platform. While TikTok secured the third spot with 45.7%.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Confucius Institute at Cairo University is intended to teach Egyptian scholars the Chinese language and share Chinese culture Link Link China Cultural Center in Cairo exists in Egypt, created and funded by the Chinese government.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202309/1299136.shtml
- http://en.cccweb.org/aboutccc/worldwide/Cairo
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link (The results of a recent Washington Institute poll show that a majority of Egyptians view relations with China as more important than relations with the United States. Strikingly, these results correspond with those of an earlier telephone study carried out by the Egyptian Center for Public Opinion Research (Baseera) in 2015, which reported that China was ranked as Egypt’s greatest friend among non-Arab countries. In the same study, Israel and the United States were ranked as Egypt’s greatest enemies according to those polled.) Link A stronger economic relationship with China was most favored by Jordanians (70 percent), Libyans (63 percent) and Sudanese (62 percent). Among the countries surveyed, only in Algeria (36 percent) and Egypt (30 percent) did fewer than four in ten citizens favor strengthening economic ties with China. Support for stronger relations with China tends to be higher among elites. Those who have a university degree or above are at least ten percentage points more likely to favor strong ties with China in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Iraq, and Egypt, for example.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egyptians-value-united-states-and-china-equally-dislike-both-iran-and-israel
Supplementary Notes
Link "Such activities make us know more about the Chinese culture and love the Chinese language more," the Egyptian student told Xinhua during the event. “Egyptians feel more comfortable to cooperate with China and regard China as an equal and trustworthy brother. China treats the Egyptian counterparts equally,” “Money will change hands, things will move and people will have changed opinions about China as a result.”
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link China is reportedly in talks with Saudi Arabia and Egypt for major arms deals as the countries seek to diversify their weapons supplies to become less reliant on the United States and Russia.
Supplementary Notes
"The more hyperbolic statements of China’s growing market share all have an important but largely unreported caveat: They pertain only to Sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the whole continent. With a few exceptions, the major arms markets on the continent are in North Africa: Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco accounted for 57 percent of transfers in the past two decades." Link "We cooperate with the Egyptian army in providing light and heavy weapons as well as ammunition and modernizing old military equipment for the Egyptian armed forces," Wang told Xinhua at the exhibition." Link "China 'bids to sell two submarines to Egypt' as it tries to expand its markets for weaponry" Link China is in talks to sell arms to Saudi Arabia and Egypt - Link Link Defence Minister Sedky Sobhi returned to Egypt, Saturday, after striking deals for new weapons and military equipment with his Chinese counterpart, Chang Wanquan. Link With a few exceptions, the major arms markets on the continent are in North Africa: Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco accounted for 57 percent of transfers in the past two decades, and Sub-Saharan African countries received just 25 percent of total arms transfers during the most recent period (2014–18).
- https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/arms-and-influence-chinese-arms-transfers-africa-context
- http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-12/06/content_9369081.htm
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1858647/china-bids-sell-two-submarines-egypt-it-tries-expand
- https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/China-is-in-talks-to-sell-arms-to-Saudi-Arabia-and-Egypt/
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2015/05/02/egypt-china-sign-new-weapons-deal/
- https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/arms-and-influence-chinese-arms-transfers-africa-context
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"In addition to expanding the Saudi fleet, the new facility can operate as a hub for manufacturing and servicing for other CH-4 operators in the Middle East, including Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan." Link Link The China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) and the Egyptian Navy have put in place plans to collaborate on potential defense trade and industrial and technological collaboration. Link
- https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/03/28/china-to-open-a-drone-factory-in-saudi-arabia/
- https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-middle-east-an-emerging-market-for-chinese-arms-exports/
- https://www.military.africa/2019/05/csic-egyptian-navy-to-collaborate-on-the-technology-industry-and-defense-trade/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Contrary to the U.S. dependency on multiple overseas naval bases, China has just one military base in Djibouti. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
“The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has delivered a batch of COVID-19 vaccines to the Egyptian side on September 1, 2021.” Link Link China has so far donated four batches of COVID-19 vaccines to Egypt and also localized the production of the Sinovac vaccines in Egypt, which fully demonstrates the depth of the bilateral strategic partnership. Link Egypt receives 2nd shipment of vaccine as gift from China. Link Egypt Enhances Medical Capabilities Through Chinese Aid
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2021-09/02/content_4893833.htm
- http://news.cn/english/2021-11/05/c_1310291142.htm
- https://apnews.com/article/health-care-reform-cairo-coronavirus-pandemic-health-covid-19-pandemic-62e56e073391f206479d4724693d53d0
- https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/2288346/egypt-enhances-medical-capabilities-through-chinese-aid
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The Army Engineering University of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) hosted the third International Army Forum on Military Education via video link. Experts from 21 military academies in 10 countries, including China, Pakistan, Greece, Egypt, and Argentina, participated in the event and exchanged views on the cultivation of junior army officers, the training mode and path for junior army officers, as well as the core competence of the new-type military talents. “China has trained more than 1,800 peacekeepers from other countries, provided demining equipment to Cambodia, Laos, Egypt, and the ASEAN, and trained more than 200 demining personnel” Link The article states that: "military ties between the two countries have been further strengthened through joint military exercises and training programs.". (Source: Link )
- https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-strategic-partnership-with-china-opportunities-and-implications/
- https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/china-peacekeeping-ministerial.pdf
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/10198402.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link 2016: Lieutenant General Sedki Sobhi, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production, met with Lieutenant General Wu Shengli, Commander of the Naval Forces of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and his accompanying delegation in Egypt.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link China relies a lot on the Egyptian role and the role of the Egyptian General Intelligence Service as an active and original party in resolving the problem of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and China is following very carefully the meetings that took place in the Palestinian Gaza Strip between Major General Abbas Kamel, head of the Egyptian General Intelligence, with the various factions, parties and rival Palestinian forces. Link In an official statement, Egyptian armed forces spokesman Tamer El-Refaie said the Egyptian army’s chief of staff will hold several important talks with a number of military officials in China to bolster the exchange of military experience and strength aspects of bilateral cooperation between both countries’ armed forces. Link Technical Research Department (TRD), the Egyptian intelligence unit that received much recognition from western intelligence services is all set to join hands with the Chinese surveillance industry. Link The minister expressed his appreciation for the long-established partnership and fruitful cooperation between Cairo and Beijing, particularly at the military level.
- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/03/22/a-common-vision-for-china-with-the-egyptian-general-intelligence-service/
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/316482/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Armed-Forces-Chief-of-Staff-heads-to-China-.aspx
- https://mahdiabbastech.medium.com/chinas-cyber-giants-join-trd-for-enhancing-egypt-s-intelligence-capabilities-e6474935fb3
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/142249/Defense-Minister-back-home-after-China-visit?lang=+aaaa
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2021 "Ground, air and naval teams of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) that are scheduled to participate in the annual International Army Games starting on August 22. Venues in Korla, Northwest China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region that will host several contests are eagerly preparing for the event, with Chinese observers saying on Monday that the Chinese teams will exchange valuable experience with their foreign counterparts and that they will achieve good results with the deployment of advanced new equipment. Military participants from six foreign countries including Russia, Belarus, and Egypt have arrived in Korla. The PLA Army will host and participate in three contests, involving infantry fighting vehicles, man-portable anti-aircraft missiles, and nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Sunday." Link 2019 - “Egypt, China Hold Naval Drills in the Mediterranean Sea” Link Link. Egyptian and Chinese naval forces carried out joint military drills off Egypt's Mediterranean Coast. Link Link Joint military exercise with Chinese and Egyptian navies.
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2019/08/22/egypt-and-china-launch-joint-military-drills/
- https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2019/august/7400-joint-military-exercice-with-chinese-and-egyptian-navies.html
- https://see.news/egypt-china-hold-naval-drills/
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/344171/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt,-China-naval-forces-carryout-joint-military.aspx.
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231623.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Consumer Protection Agency's cooperation with the PRC on enhancing cooperation in preventing commercial fraud and enhancing consumer rights protection. Link “In March 2019, the Director of Egypt's Information and Communication Bureau outlined possible future training cooperation between Egyptian law enforcement and Meiya Pico.” Link Link Link The Ministry of Interior signed a technical cooperation document with the Chinese Ministry of Security. Link the two sides signed a security cooperation agreement between the Egyptian Ministry of Interior and the Chinese Ministry of Public Security.
- https://roayahnews.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%AF-%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A-%D9%85/
- https://www.shorouknews.com/news/view.aspx?cdate=21092016&id=215e3f2a-5381-4185-9baf-aea7fcae2f98
- https://www.meiyapico.com/the-assistant-minister-of-interior-and-the-director-of-information-and-communication-bureau-of-egypt-mr-ahmed-mostafa-visited-meiya-pico_n11
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/
- https://www.cpa.gov.eg/ar-eg/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2/ArtMID/655/ArticleID/4878/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%80%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%80%D8%A9
Supplementary Notes
Link Egypt’s minister of internal affairs praised the level of bilateral security relations between the two countries, stressing his keenness to advance them to broader horizons. He also pointed out that the ministry’s policy aims to be open and communicate with all security agencies in friendly countries in light of the challenges and threats imposed by the current regional situation, which have become dangerous for most countries.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Al-Sisi emphasized China's unwavering support for Egypt in its efforts toward comprehensive development, combating terrorism, and achieving regional security and stability. Link Egypt and China have established a bilateral comprehensive strategic partnership, signing agreements in a range of fields including defense, technology, economy, counter-terrorism, and fighting cyber crimes. Link Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi revealed after his talks with his Chinese counterpart Xi Jinping in Cairo, that they agreed on the need to redouble joint efforts to combat the threat of terrorism and extremism.
- https://english.aawsat.com/home/article/4100676/egypt-china-agree-develop-strategic-partnership
- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/china-egypt-sign-strategic-partnership-agreement/articleshow/45629765.cms
- https://arabic.rt.com/news/808256-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
“Chinese PSCs (Private Security Companies), however, are already extending feelers in the continent to establish profitable business partnerships, especially in Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Tanzania.” Link “The Egyptian Minister of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Dr. Mohamed Shaker, discussed with Michael Lee, the regional head of the corporate sector for the Chinese company Huawei, ways to gradually shift to the smart grid system... Michael Lee praised the rapid and remarkable development in the projects implemented by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy and the building of a strong infrastructure and smart network that supports the digital transformation adopted by the Egyptian government.” Link Link Huawei showcased its latest E2E cyber security assurance system, and discussed the strategies in the field of cyber security to secure the digital transformation strategy in Egypt, at CSIS Egypt 2022, held in Cairo, Egypt. Link Prepared or not, Chinese companies are extending feelers in African countries to establish security business partnerships. This has been seen in Mali, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa and Tanzania.
- https://africa.isp.msu.edu/files/6816/3616/1649/PB_42_Arduino_Chinese_Private_Security_Companies.pdf
- https://bawabaa.org/news/sustain/514158/
- https://securitymea.com/2022/03/30/huawei-proposes-cyber-security-practices-at-csis-egypt-2022/
- https://globalbar.se/2022/08/africa-bright-business-for-chinese-security-firms/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Another area of influence is China’s effort to engage Egypt’s next generation of leaders and administrators, primarily through large-scale training programs offered to government and executive leadership across Egypt. By its own account, the Egyptian Ministry of International Cooperation worked with China—represented by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce—on approximately 55 virtual trainings in 2021 to build competencies in the fields of healthcare, technical education, e-commerce, farming and modern irrigation technology, city planning, and green energy transformation. Link Link From South Africa to the North African nations of Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt, China has signed public security and law enforcement agreements with some 40 African nations, according to a report by Africa-China security expert Paul Nantulya.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3222215/how-china-expanding-its-law-enforcement-activities-across-africa
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link 2019: 'Nightmare' as Egypt aided China to detain Uighurs Link 2021 - Five relatives of a Uyghur trader who died after being freed from an internment camp in northwest China’s Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR) are in prison, according to officials, while one other is believed to have died in a camp after being ordered home from Egypt. Link 2017: Egyptian authorities detained dozens of students from China's minority Muslim Uighur community living in Egypt.
- https://www.france24.com/en/20190818-nightmare-as-egypt-aided-china-to-detain-uighurs
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/egypt-03052021184200.html
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-china-uighur-idUSKBN19S2IB/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link Link Link Link Link Egypt: Don’t Deport Uyghurs to China. Link Al-Azhar University has denied reports about the detention of Uyghur students studying in Egypt. El-Shehab Organization for Human Rights, a Cairo-based NGO, estimates that there are more than 300 Uyghur students enrolled at Al-Azhar University. Human rights organizations, activists, and analysts have said that Uyghur has been subject to religious, cultural, and language restrictions, which have led them to flee China and helped fuel their demands for a separate state. Link Arbitrary detention and attempted deportation of Uyghur asylum-seekers condemned by rights organizations.
- https://www.france24.com/en/20190818-nightmare-as-egypt-aided-china-to-detain-uighurs
- https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/world/asia/egypt-muslims-uighurs-deportations-xinjiang-china.html
- https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-repression-uyghurs-xinjiang
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/08/egypt-dont-deport-uyghurs-china
- https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/08/egypt-dont-deport-uyghurs-china
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/azhar-denies-detention-of-uyghur-students-in-egypt/856936
- https://egyptianfront.org/2023/04/egypt-arbitrary-detention-and-attempted-deportation-of-uyghur-asylum-seekers-condemned-by-rights-organizations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Egypt, China partners on $45m grant for EgyptSat-2" Link “On 13/ 8/2018 Egypt and China signed an agreement to implement the project to establish a satellite (EgyptSat2) for remote sensing applications, at a value of 45 million dollars. The agreement was signed by the Egyptian side. Sahar Nasr, Minister of Investment and International Cooperation, and on the Chinese side, Song Aiguo, Chinese Ambassador to Cairo, in the presence of Dr. Khaled Abdel Ghaffar, Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and representatives of the National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences to complete the $23 million grant for a satellite assembly project in cooperation with the Chinese Space Agency” Link Link CCTV cameras will watch over Egyptians in new high-tech capital.
- https://bdnews24.com/technology/fj0n4mvxuq
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/93137/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A?lang=ar
- https://africanews.space/egypt-china-partners-on-45m-grant-for-egyptsat-2/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Beyond the 5G AFCON announcement, China has financed Egypt’s telecoms sector and, according to a researcher with Egypt’s Foreign Trade and Industry Ministry, the 82 Chinese telecoms firms operating in Egypt as of 2019 represent $14 million USD in FDI." Link “Telecom Egypt signs new deal with Huawei, ZTE and China Telecom” Link Link Telecom Egypt has signed a long-term financing agreement with several Chinese financial institutions, including the Bank of China and China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation. Link Telecom Egypt signed on August 8, 2019, on the sidelines of the BRICS Future Network Innovation forum (from 5 to 9 August 2019 in China), an agreement with Chinese technology company Huawei. Link ZTE becomes the largest CDMA vendor of Telecom Egypt.
- https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/
- https://archive.is/DsXJZ#selection-933.6-933.69
- https://developingtelecoms.com/business/operator-news/7841-telecom-egypt-secures-200m-of-chinese-financing.html
- https://www.ecofinagency.com/telecom/0908-40385-telecom-egypt-signs-new-deal-with-huawei-zte-and-china-telecom
- https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/350255.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Telecom Egypt has signed a long-term financing agreement with several Chinese financial institutions, including Bank of China and China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation. The deal will see the incumbent fixed-line provider receive $200 million in financing to support the deployment of its 4G network. Chinese vendor Huawei helped to bring about the deal by offering Telecom Egypt competitive financing conditions for deploying its core, transmission, and 4G networks." Link “Telecom Egypt signs new deal with Huawei, ZTE, and China Telecom” Link Link Telecom Egypt secures $200m 4G funding from Chinese firms Link According to the Ericsson Mobility Report issued in November 2022, 5G subscriptions in the MENA region are expected to reach around 270 million in 2028, representing 30.7 percent of total mobile subscriptions. As a result, Ericsson is committed to supporting countries in the MENA region, including Egypt, to expedite the integration process of 5G networks. Link Telecom Egypt and Huawei announced the signing of a US$200 million long-term financing with Chinese financial institutions including the Bank of China and China Export & Credit Insurance Corporation (Sinosure). Huawei facilitated providing competitive financing conditions to Telecom Egypt to finance the roll-out of the 4G network and the deployment of transmission and core networks. “In 2005, ZTE signed a partnership with France Telecom (Orange) and became its global supplier of asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) equipment. ZTE played a key role in a 100,000-line CDMA telecom project in Egypt for the CDMA upgrade for Cairo and the Nile Delta.” Link Link
- https://developingtelecoms.com/business/operator-news/7841-telecom-egypt-secures-200m-of-chinese-financing.html
- https://archive.is/DsXJZ#selection-933.6-933.69
- https://totaltele.com/telecom-egypt-secures-200m-4g-funding-from-chinese-firms/
- https://egyptian-gazette.com/technology/ericsson-egypt-we-are-excited-to-increase-cooperation-with-4-telecom-operators-in-preparation-for-5g-technology-2/
- https://www.telecomreview.com/articles/telecom-operators/2337-telecom-egypt-obtains-financing-facilities-for-4g-network-rollout
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-3907
- https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Manualreport/cia_09.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the website link Link, certain type of content is blocked by Huawei’s technology in Egypt, which means that Egypt has adopted internet/wifi/telecommunication services by HUAWEI. an area of particular concern and growth is that of the telecommunications sector. Egypt has welcomed in two controversial Chinese companies, Dahua and Hikvision, which not only have ties to the CCP but have been implicated in a recent report on the worldwide expansion of surveillance networks that pose a grave threat to the privacy and security of civilians. Although Vietnam and the United States have the lion’s share of cameras from Dahua and Hikvision, Egypt ranks 54th worldwide, with approximately 25,000 surveillance camera systems using Dahua or Hikvision equipment. In addition, the vast majority of routers in Egypt are of Chinese manufacture. For example, Telecom Egypt issues its employees USB modems and G4 routers, all of which are made in China by the companies ZTE and Huawei. Link Link The signing of an agreement between Telecom Egypt and Huawei to establish its first storage Point of Presence (PoP) for Internet content in Egypt, in the regional data center of Telecom Egypt in Smart Village in Cairo. Link Telecom Egypt, in cooperation with Huawei Technologies, announced the implementation of the first eco-friendly, integrated solution to provide mobile networks via utilizing an environmentally friendly tower made of Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP), with wireless availability. Link Telecom Egypt and Huawei North Africa announce the signing of a MoU that sets the ground for a strategic partnership to provide public cloud services in Egypt and the surrounding region. Link Telecom Egypt signs agreements with Huawei, Ericsson, Cisco
- https://www.top10vpn.com/assets/2021/08/Huawei-Map_updated_full-size.png
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Media_Center/Press_Room/Press_Releases/66041
- https://theazb.com/telecom-egypt-partners-with-huawei-technologies-to-implement-africas-first-green-tower/
- https://ir.te.eg/en/CorporateNews/PressRelease/97/Telecom-Egypt-and-Huawei-North-Africa-sign-MoU-to-provide-public-cloud-services
- https://enterprise.press/stories/2019/02/26/telecom-egypt-signs-agreements-with-huawei-ericsson-cisco/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“According to local media, in February 2019, Egypt’s Minister of Telecommunications signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Huawei to establish cloud computing and AI centers in the country” Link In August 2002, ZTE completed the Egyptian Remote Education System using its ZTE EduStation. The project was implemented over five years and received two extensions. In 2004, the program reportedly provided technology to more than 4,000 Egyptian teachers. Link Link Under the agreement, Huawei Technologies will provide the Egyptian oil and gas giant with consultancy services as well as cutting-edge tech solutions for upgrading the company’s fuel stations as part of digital transformation efforts in Egypt. Link Egypt’s Minister of Telecommunications Amr Talaat signed on Tuesday a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Chinese telecommunications company Huawei for establishing cloud computing and artificial intelligence (AI) centers.
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-4104
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-892
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/488159.aspx
- https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-huawei-sign-mou-for-cloud-computing-ai-networks/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
To secure effective security and management for its fleet of public service buses, the Suez Governorate in Egypt is now operating innovative mobile CCTV systems, supplied by Hikvision, the world’s leading supplier of innovative video surveillance products and solutions.” Link The Chinese firm Hikvision is already providing CCTV cameras for buses in Egypt’s Suez governorate Link “According to local media, in February 2019, Egypt’s Minister of Telecommunications signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Huawei to establish cloud computing and AI centers in the country” Link “Hikvision supplies CCTV systems for the Suez Governorate in Egypt through Caesar Security Services, which is a Hikvision Silver Value Added Solutions Partner. In the first phase of the project, Hikvision surveillance products were installed on 15 buses. As of June 2018, the second phase planned to install the same Hikvision mobile CCTV system on 50 more buses and a Hikvision LCD video wall at the Suez Governorate central control room. The surveillance system allows for local recording and remote viewing.” Link Link According to the Egyptian Minister of Communication and Information Technology Amr Talaat, the agreement allows Huawei to develop its cloud computing system via Telecom Egypt’s data centers. Link On July 22, 2020, via video conference, Chinese speech recognition and AI provider iFlytek inked a deal with the Egyptian Ministry of Communication and Information Technology. Link Suez Governorate Officials agree with Hikvision to provide effective surveillance coverage on-board its bus fleet.
- https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-4104
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2401
- https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2019/01/10/huawei-partners-with-talaat-moustafa-group-to-apply-smart-cities-services-in-egypt/
- https://slator.com/egypt-inks-machine-translation-nlp-deal-with-chinas-iflytek/
- https://www.asmag.com/rankings/m/content.aspx?id=25569
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2019 - “Egyptian Minister of Higher Education Khaled Abdel-Ghaffar on Friday met with Huawei Egypt CEO Vincent Sun, and his accompanying delegation in Cairo to discuss Egypt’s transition towards smart universities.” Link In the span of only a few years, China has exported smart-city technology to ... users in the UAE, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Oman, Bahrain, and Lebanon. Link Link Talaat Mostafa Group (TMG) Holding has signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the international telecommunication giant Huawei Technologies to provide new smart solutions in the security and privacy field, aiming to bring about the digital transformation of living in Egypt and the Middle East, Invest-Gate reports. Link OpenLab, situated in the Smart Village office of Cairo, has been operating as a Research and Development facility for about a year and now is officially open to customers and partners.
- https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-in-talks-with-huawei-for-smart-university-transition/
- https://www.china-mena-connections.org/blog/from-gallons-to-gigabytesnbspchinas-digital-silk-road-and-the-arab-worldnbspnbsp
- https://web.archive.org/web/20190313233443/https://invest-gate.me/news/tmg-holding-inks-mou-with-huawei-for-smart-cities-services/
- https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2017/12/huawei-new-openlab-cairo
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link 2023 - Chinese state-owned telecom firms are developing a $500 million undersea fiber-optic internet cable network that would link Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Known as EMA (Europe-Middle East-Asia), the proposed cable would link Hong Kong to China’s island province of Hainan, before snaking its way to Singapore, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and France.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"China’s MSA Capital Explores Egypt Further, Backs 20-minute Delivery Startup, Rabbit, In $11m Pre-seed" Link Link China’s MSA Capital Again Leads $33m Funding Round In Egyptian Ecommerce Startup, Capiter. Link After previously investing in Egyptian startups Homzmart, SWVL, Flextock, Nowpay, Cassbana, and Capiter, the China-based venture capital firm is part of the latest $11m pre-seed investment in Cairo-based 20-minute grocery delivery startup, Rabbit.
- https://afrikanheroes.com/2021/11/10/chinas-msa-capital-explores-egypt-further-backs-20-minute-delivery-startup-rabbit-in-11m-pre-seed/
- https://afrikanheroes.com/2021/09/13/chinas-msa-capital-again-leads-33m-funding-round-in-egyptian-ecommerce-startup-capiter/
- https://afrikanheroes.com/2021/11/10/chinas-msa-capital-explores-egypt-further-backs-20-minute-delivery-startup-rabbit-in-11m-pre-seed/
- https://afrikanheroes.com/2021/11/10/chinas-msa-capital-explores-egypt-further-backs-20-minute-delivery-startup-rabbit-in-11m-pre-seed/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
“Huawei has maintained an “OpenLab” for tech collaboration in Cairo since December 2017, and in June 2019 Egpyt’s Minister of Higher Education met with Huawei representatives to discuss the development of “smart” technology in the Egyptian university system. According to a February 2019 agreement, Huawei is projected to debut North Africa’s first cloud computing network in Egypt during the first quarter of 2020” Link "Egypt, Huawei sign MoU for cloud computing, AI networks" Link According to local media, in February 2019, Egypt’s Minister of Telecommunications signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Huawei to establish cloud computing and AI centers in the country Link Huawei, ITIDA ink MoU to support tech startups in Egypt Link Link Based on friendship and mutual benefit, the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt and the Ministry of Information Industry of the People’s Republic of China signed today a memorandum of understanding aiming at the development of the CIT industry in both countries. Link Egypt and China inked on Jan 16 a memorandum of understanding (MoU) to develop digital, trade, and industrial projects between the two countries. Link Egypt's Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) has announced that the country has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China (NDRC) for cooperation and the exchange of experiences in the ICT sector. Link Huawei Technologies signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the Information Technology Industry Development Agency (ITIDA) to launch Huawei's Spark program.
- https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/
- https://egyptindependent.com/egypt-huawei-sign-mou-for-cloud-computing-ai-networks/
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-4104
- https://www.zawya.com/en/projects/bri/huawei-itida-ink-mou-to-support-tech-startups-in-egypt-q2yz7f6c
- https://mcit.gov.eg/en/Media_Center/Press_Room/Press_Releases/989
- http://english.www.gov.cn/news/international_exchanges/2017/01/17/content_281475543920228.htm
- https://itweb.africa/content/KBpdg7pzWWGqLEew
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/3/1239/472816/Business/Tech/Egypt%E2%80%99s-ITIDA,-Huawei-Technologies-ink-MoU-to-laun.aspx
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link 2023 Zhang Kejian, director of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), and Sherif Sedky, Chief Executive Officer of the Egyptian Space Agency (EGSA), signed a memorandum of understanding in Beijing on space cooperation and the peaceful use of outer space.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2019- “To show the performance and feature advantages of BDS, China, and Arab co-organized the testing and experience activity of BDS and jointly issued the test evaluation result of BDS in Arab during the forum. This activity is mainly based on the China-Arab BDS/GNSS Center and carries out static and dynamic state tests and comments in Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Kuwait, Algeria, and other Arab states. The joint processing analysis result indicates that it could be used for Arab states to provide excellent navigation services under these circumstances including more than 8 average-visible satellites over Arab states, 10 meters or better positional accuracy, and more than 95% availability.” Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Egypt and China have signed an agreement on establishing friendly relationship between north Egypt's Alexandria Governorate and southwest China's Guizhou Province.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Alexandria - Shanghai, Cairo - Beijing, Faiyum - Haikou, Ismailia - Suzhou, Luxor - Shenzhen and Yangzhou; Aswan - Chongqing Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
They travel to China within the frames of FOCAC which is supported by the Secretariat of the Chinese Follow-up Committee of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation. The Office of the Secretariat of the Chinese FOCAC Follow-up Committee is set up in the Department of African Affairs of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the PRC. Link “Exchanges and cooperation in health, culture, education, and journalism between the two countries continued to grow. The Ministry of Health, Ministry of Higher Education, and Ministry of State for Antiquities of Egypt sent representatives to participate in activities such as the China-Africa Ministerial Conference on Health Cooperation and Development, the Second China-Arab States University Presidents' Forum and the China-Arab States National Museum Curators' Forum. China and Egypt signed some cooperation agreements on the development of an agricultural information network, high-quality hybrid rice, and the prevention and treatment of schistosomiasis. China Taoist Orchestra was invited to the sixth International Festival for Choir and Spiritual Music in Egypt. Egyptian news media delegations and non-governmental diplomatic delegations visited China, which further strengthened media cooperation and people-to-people exchanges between the two countries.” Link THE FIFTH MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE OF THE FORUM ON CHINA-AFRICA COOPERATION BEIJING ACTION PLAN (2013-2015) Link Report by State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi At the Eighth Ministerial Conference of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation Link Link (BRF2023) Egyptian PM arrives in Beijing for 3rd Belt and Road Forum for Int'l Cooperation. Link Notable attendees include Russian President Vladimir Putin, Indonesian President Joko Widodo, Serbian President Aleksandar Vucic, and Egyptian Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouly,…. Link An Egyptian veteran of them says they are hardly rigorous; she likened the experience to a “paid vacation”.
- http://www.focac.org/eng/ltjj_3/zfhxxdwyh/
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/gjlb_663594/2813_663616/
- http://www.focac.org/eng/zywx_1/zywj/201207/t20120723_8079762.htm
- http://losangeles.china-consulate.org/eng/topnews/202112/t20211203_10461918.htm
- https://english.news.cn/20231016/b0223fdbe8424f7daadaefba9c5c5be7/c.html
- https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/world-leaders-converging-on-china-for-belt-and-road-forum/3022199
- https://www.economist.com/china/2020/12/10/how-chinas-communist-party-trains-foreign-politicians
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link The foreign ministers of Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Egypt, and Indonesia and the self-governing organizations visited China Link President Abdel Fatah Al-Sisi of Egypt paid a three-day visit (February 3 to February 5, 2022) to China.
- https://www.avapress.com/en/news/280710/the-foreign-ministers-of-saudi-arabia-jordan-egypt-indonesia-and-the-self-governing-organizations-visited-china
- https://www.icwa.in/show_content.php?lang=1&level=3&ls_id=7183&lid=4856
- https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/510564.aspx
Supplementary Notes
"Since President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi took office as president in 2014, he has visited China six times and met with President Xi Jinping seven times. His first trip took place in December 2014, when he signed twenty-five bilateral agreements, mainly on energy and transport issues. He also pledged to cooperate on what has come to be known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s sweeping strategy to build a new Silk Road by investing in roads, rail, energy production, transit, and other infrastructure projects across some sixty countries." Link Link President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi held a meeting on Tuesday 23/12/2014 with presidents of Chinese universities. Link Egyptian Health Minister Hala Zayed departed from Cairo on Sunday evening for the Chinese capital Beijing to convey Egypt's solidarity with China in combating the novel coronavirus. The indicator requires case-based evidence, however there could be noted a supplementary note about the meeting of Chinese (he city of Yangshuo) and Egyptian (Luxor governorate) local level representatives and discussing the cooperation prospects in 2017. (Source: Link )
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypt-takes-another-step-toward-china
- http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgxss/ca00/201412/t20141225_7688768.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-03/02/c_138833203.htm
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/232357/%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86?lang=ar
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link El-Sisi noted that China is a great country and its development is unstoppable. The Egypt-China friendship has been historically "unbreakable". Egypt will continue its firm adherence to the one-China principle and resolutely oppose any external forces to interfere in China's internal affairs. Link President El-Sisi noted that Egypt is glad to have a great friend like China and looks forward to further enhancing the Egypt-China comprehensive strategic partnership and promoting bilateral cooperation in various fields to deliver more good results. The Egyptian side firmly adheres to the one-China policy, firmly supports China’s position on Hong Kong, Xinjiang, and other issues concerning China’s core interests, and firmly opposes interference by any force in China’s internal affairs. Link President El-Sisi lauded China’s outstanding development experience, underscoring the numerous opportunities available to achieve the two countries’ mutual benefit. Link Egypt sees China as a role model for emerging economies and developing countries. He expressed gratitude for China's long-term, valuable support to Egypt, and noted that the Belt and Road cooperation has greatly improved Egypt's transportation and logistics capabilities and given a strong boost to its economic development.
- http://jm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202301/t20230116_11008677.htm
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/2913_665441/2813_663616/2815_663620/202212/t20221209_10987741.html
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/186968/President-El-Sisi-Receives-High-Level-Chinese-Delegation?lang=en-us
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202310/t20231019_11164182.html
Supplementary Notes
"Since President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi took office as president in 2014, he has visited China six times and met with President Xi Jinping seven times. His first trip took place in December 2014, when he signed twenty-five bilateral agreements, mainly on energy and transport issues. He also pledged to cooperate on what has come to be known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s sweeping strategy to build a new Silk Road by investing in roads, rail, energy production, transit, and other infrastructure projects across some sixty countries." Link Sisi praises historic ties with China as ‘comprehensive strategic partnership’ - Link Link Egypt's Ismailia province eager to attract more Chinese investments; "The China-Egypt relations are balanced and distinguished and there is a real mutual desire to create a state of integration that is supported by the officials of both sides," Taher told Xinhua following the meeting at Ismailia Governorate's headquarter. Link China's Belt and Road Initiative is a "great" proposal, "aiming to bring common prosperity and peace to the world," the chairman of Egyptian State Information Services told Xinhua in an interview in Beijing. Link Egypt’s president: "The Chinese experience is very fruitful and wonderful. It is not only us but I believe the whole world looks at China with respect and pride," the president added. "You proved to the world that a Chinese person can accomplish what's impossible."
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypt-takes-another-step-toward-china
- https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/134963/Sisi-praises-historic-ties-with-China-as-%E2%80%98comprehensive-strategic-partnership%E2%80%99?lang=en-us
- http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/znjl/201805/t20180504_6168942.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2016-09/23/c_135708899.htm
- http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgxss/zywx/201412/t20141223_7682452.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
2021 "During his visit to Egypt, Wang also held talks with Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry, signed an agreement on the establishment of an intergovernmental cooperation committee between China and Egypt." Link “The National People’s Congress of China has established mechanisms for regular exchanges with parliaments in Egypt, South Africa, and Kenya, and bilateral friendship groups with parliaments in 35 African countries.” Link Link According to the website of Egypt’s parliament, they have a foreign relations committee and there is no friendship committee. Link Egypt-China Friendship Association held a seminar on Sunday here to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The seminar was attended by Egyptian experts on Chinese affairs, writers, diplomats, and professors of Chinese studies at Egyptian universities. According to Egypt’s parliament (Link), there is no friendship committee with the PRC under their foreign relations committee. However, based on other supporting evidence, it's sufficient to prove that the PRC organization including the National People’s Congress of China, has established mechanisms for regular exchanges with parliament in Egypt. 1. Supplementary note: according to news, the Egyptian official states that there is a necessity of establishing a joint parliamentary friendship group (headline says: Activating parliamentary friendship societies is a necessity to deepen Egyptian-Chinese relations). (Source: Link ). 2. The same news but in a different source stating that Dr. Samaa Soliman, Undersecretary of the Foreign, Arab, and African Affairs Committee in the Senate, called for the formation of an Egyptian-Chinese Parliamentary Friendship Association to consolidate relations between the two countries. (Source: Link ). 3. News of China Daily with a headline: prospects of cooperation between Chinese and Egyptian parliamentary. (Source: Link ).
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202107/1229002.shtml
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/202111/t20211126_10453904.html
- http://www.parliament.gov.eg/QualitativeCommittees.aspx
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-04/06/c_139861267.htm
- https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/7199269
- https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/3/10/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%B5-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%A8%D8%B0%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B9-%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1/6506306
- http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctarabic/se/2017-04/01/content_738363.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link 2023 - China donated a batch of energy-saving public facilities to Egypt on Sunday to help promote the green transformation and climate adaptation of the country. The donation, included solar LED street lights, LED bulbs, solar home systems, and energy-efficient air conditioners. Link 2021 - The second batch of 300,000 doses of the Sinopharm vaccine donated by China arrived at Cairo's international airport. Link 2021 - Egypt received on Monday a new shipment of donated Chinese Sinovac COVID-19 vaccine. Egypt has so far received more than 74 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines, including AstraZeneca, Sputnik V, Johnson & Johnson, Pfizer, and Moderna vaccines in addition to China's Sinopharm and Sinovac
- https://english.news.cn/20230619/c7b061ce56064dbc93d04508b1cec4ba/c.html
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-03-24/Egypt-receives-second-batch-of-donated-Chinese-COVID-19-vaccines--YT1eNkdgyc/index.html
- http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/02/c_1310284350.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Another area of influence is China’s effort to engage Egypt’s next generation of leaders and administrators, primarily through large-scale training programs offered to government and executive leadership across Egypt. By its own account, the Egyptian Ministry of International Cooperation worked with China—represented by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce—on approximately 55 virtual trainings in 2021 to build competencies in the fields of healthcare, technical education, e-commerce, farming and modern irrigation technology, city planning, and green energy transformation. Link
Supplementary Notes
Egypt-China Friendship Association held a seminar on Sunday here to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The seminar was attended by Egyptian experts on Chinese affairs, writers, diplomats, and professors of Chinese studies at Egyptian universities. (Link - this is the Facebook account of the association).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link (The link is about a meeting held in Egypt by the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development, however the participation of Egyptian side can not be confirmed.)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link the article, 2023: Thus, in December 2014, shortly after taking office, President Sisi made an official visit to China, where he met with President Xi Jinping and signed a comprehensive strategic partnership (CSP) agreement.
Supplementary Notes
Link 2021- Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi on Sunday held a meeting here with visiting China's State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi, during which both sides reaffirmed their commitment to strengthen the China-Egypt comprehensive strategic partnership.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Egypt affirms its permanent commitment to the one-China principle, its support for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory. In addition to supporting the Chinese position regarding “Hong Kong” within the framework of the “one country, two systems” principle. Link 2023 - President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi of Egypt Meets with Qin Gang: "Egypt will continue its firm adherence to the one-China principle and resolutely oppose any external forces to interfere in China's internal affairs." "Abdel Fattah El-Sisi reiterated that Egypt will always adhere to the one-China principle and oppose any interference in China's internal affairs." (Link ) 2. And here is a piece of evidence from the Arabic source which states that Sisi in one of his important speeches mentioned that he supports the "One China principle". (Source: Link )
- https://acpss.ahram.org.eg/News/17581.aspx
- http://jm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202401/t20240126_11234144.htm
- http://jm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202301/t20230116_11008677.htm
- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/09/28/the-role-of-egypt-in-the-xi-jinping-initiative-of-democratization-of-international-relations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Link Egypt supports the stance of a number of Arab nations concerning China's position on the South China Sea issue, Abu Zaid said in an interview with Xinhua. Link the Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Counselor Ahmed Abu Zeid affirmed Egypt’s support for the Arab position as expressed in the Doha Declaration issued, on May 12, 2016, which stated: “The Arab countries support the efforts of China and the countries concerned to find a peaceful solution to the disputes over territories and territorial waters through friendly consultations and negotiations, in accordance with bilateral agreements and relevant regional consensus, and stresses the need to respect the right enjoyed by sovereign states and states parties to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea to choose ways to settle disputes of their own independent will.” Link The Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs about supporting China’s stance regarding South China Sea.
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/990339.shtml
- https://acpss.ahram.org.eg/News/5638.aspx
- http://arabic.news.cn/2016-06/23/c_135461296.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Support
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There was the case of Uyghur Muslim-Chinese students arrested and deported from Egypt to China. “Uyghur students in Egypt face arrest, deportation to China” Link "For its part, Cairo has helped identify and detain Uighur Chinese citizens in Egypt for interrogation and repatriation to China, where they may face enrollment into brutal “re-education” facilities likened to concentration camps. Egypt has allowed Chinese officials to interrogate Uighurs in Egyptian prisons, a rare exception to usual Egyptian practice." Link Abu Ghraib, for example, talks of China’s violations against the Uyghur Muslim community has been avoided. Despite the silence on the Uyghur cause, Egyptian security officials have arrested several Uyghur students in Egypt, sparking international human rights appeals not to hand them over to the Chinese authorities. Link Egypt has given both tacit and explicit support for China’s brutal policy against its Muslim Uyghur minority. In 2017, Egypt detained nearly 30 Uyghurs and deported 12 of them to China, despite international appeals and condemnation from human rights organizations. Link Egypt, an ally of China, has backed a Belarus text that praises Beijing for “remarkable achievements in the field of human rights” despite increasing condemnation for its treatment of the Uyghurs in the northwest region of Xinjiang where thousands are being held in internment camps. Link The repatriations of Uyghurs from Egypt seemed to be in support of the Chinese government’s deepening effort to stifle resistance among Uighurs in Xinjiang, which neighbors Central Asia. Link Ambassadors of 37 countries (including Egypt) sent a joint letter to the President of the UN Human Rights Council and the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to show their support for China on its "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights". Link At least six governments in the Arab world—Egypt, Morocco, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the UAE—have detained or extradited Uighurs at China’s behest.
- https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/09/egypt-china-uighur-students-detained-trade-relations-ethnic.html
- https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/
- https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-strategic-partnership-with-china-opportunities-and-implications/
- https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20191031-egypt-praises-chinas-remarkable-rights-achievements-despite-uyghur-crackdown/
- https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/world/asia/egypt-muslims-uighurs-deportations-xinjiang-china.html
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-07/13/c_138222183.htm
- https://time.com/6160282/arab-world-complicit-china-repression-uighurs/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Support
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"During his visit to Egypt, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and held talks with Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry... The Egyptian side said it firmly opposes foreign interference in China's internal affairs under the pretext of issues relating to Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and Tibet." Link Link Link Egyptian Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry in El Alamein: Egypt adheres to the one-China principle, firmly supports China's efforts to safeguard its sovereignty and security, and resolutely opposes external forces interfering in China's internal affairs under the pretext of issues involving Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and Tibet. El-Sisi says that Egypt has a consistent policy towards China and it supports the “One China policy”.
- http://ge.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/202107/t20210719_8907620.htm
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/2913_665441/2813_663616/2815_663620/202107/t20210719_9168899.html
- http://sa.china-embassy.gov.cn/ara/zgyw/202107/t20210721_8934536.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Support
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"During his visit to Egypt, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and held talks with Foreign Minister Sameh Shoukry... The Egyptian side said it firmly opposes foreign interference in China's internal affairs under the pretext of issues relating to Hong Kong, Xinjiang, Taiwan, and Tibet." Link Egypt affirms its permanent commitment to the one-China principle, its support for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory. In addition to supporting the Chinese position regarding “Hong Kong” within the framework of the “one country, two systems” principle.
- http://ge.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/202107/t20210719_8907620.htm
- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/09/28/the-role-of-egypt-in-the-xi-jinping-initiative-of-democratization-of-international-relations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova