Colombia
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 82 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 78 / 376 | - |
Jul 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 80 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 23 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 68 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 0 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 79 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 19 % | - |
In 2023, Colombia had a GDP per capita of US$6,979 and a total population of 52.09 million people.
Colombia established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1980. Colombia was ranked 119th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 70/100.
Key Takeaways
- This update of the China Index Colombia has shown variations in the results of Domains such as: media, foreign policy, economy, academia and technology; which suggest the influence of the People's Republic of China in the country has increased.
- Under the current government of President Gustavo Petro and after the state visit to China in October 2023, the foreign policy Domain has shown a slight strengthening after the classification of bilateral relations under the category of "Strategic Partnership", as well as the signing of several cooperation instruments on issues such as investment and trade, rural development, education, technology and culture.
- In the Economy Domain, there is a more significant variation due to the increase in investments and the development of infrastructure projects by companies from the People's Republic of China.
- Although the size of the Chinese diaspora in Colombia is small compared to other countries in the region, it is worth mentioning that in recent years there has been a greater openness and receptiveness on the part of the local population to attend cultural events organized by the embassy, Confucius Institutes, businesses and the Chinese community. In addition, although there is no explicit evidence on activities developed by the UFWD, it is important to deepen research in this regard.
- Finally, in the Military Domain there is no variation, which can be explained by the strong ties between Colombia and the United States, particularly in this field. However, in the research to cover the Indicators in the law enforcement Domain, doubts remain regarding the use of technology from China for the development of video surveillance activities by local and national governments, as well as the existence of an overseas PRC police base in the city of Bogota, according to a report published by Safeguard Defenders. Both elements require further investigation at the local level.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
Colombia is not a member of the BRI. There had been talk of the possibility of joining the initiative during President Gustavo Petro's state visit to China in October 2023 but there was no confirmation. It is unclear whether Colombia would join the BRI in the future and whether that would result in membership in the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance or the Belt and Road News Network, or similar organizations, which would impact the media landscape in Colombia.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese media outlets do publish content in Spanish, including content on events in the country, regional news, international relations between Colombia and China, and cultural issues. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Nevertheless their number is limited and they are not at all consulted widely in the country, neither do they have a wide audience. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- http://search.news.cn/?lang=es#search/0/colombia/1/
- https://espanol.cgtn.com/search?keyword=colombia
- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCd94YCD7yp6d-YZSRYWyeFA
- https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRHU5z9y6ILmaLjvN1vlu-A
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the President Gustavo Petro's most recent visit to China, a cooperation instrument was signed between the China Media Group (CMG) and the Colombian Public Media System (Rtvc) for the exchange and joint production of content. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, although audience estimates are not publicly available, it is likely that its audience and impact in the country remain low. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/281150:Gobiernos-de-Colombia-y-China-firman-acuerdos-para-fortalecer-la-economia-digital-y-los-medios-publicos
- https://www.canalinstitucional.tv/noticias/colombia-china-presidente-petro-acuerdos
- https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2023/10/26/programas-de-la-television-publica-de-china-se-retransmitiran-en-colombia-por-acuerdo-de-los-dos-gobiernos/
Supplementary Notes
Chinese media content is also available to Spanish-speaking audiences in Colombia through online platforms and, until recently, on pay satellite television, but its impact is very low.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. The Communications Regulation Commission supervises communications networks and services. Law 1507 of 2012 and Law 29 of 1944 both require companies to notify the CRC of any ownership changes, and all information regarding these changes is publicly available. Law 29 also bars Colombian newspapers and publishing companies from receiving subsidies from foreign governments or companies without the national government’s permission.
- https://freedomhouse.org/country/colombia/beijings-global-media-influence/2022
- https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Leyes/1585447
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
The coverage of the China-Colombia relationship by the local media tends to have a rather neutral tone.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence that public personalities, celebrities or media commentators deny the existence of human rights abuses in the People's Republic of China. In fact, several Colombian media outlets report on these issues.
- https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/asia/onu-publica-informe-de-violaciones-de-derechos-contra-uigures-en-xinjiang-698939
- https://www.elespectador.com/mundo/mas-paises/china-trabajos-forzados-y-posible-esclavitud-de-minorias-segun-la-onu-noticias-hoy/
- https://www.semana.com/mundo/articulo/alerta-de-la-onu-por-graves-represiones-contra-ninos-uigures-en-china-los-separan-de-sus-familias-y-los-tratan-como-huerfanos/202318/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In recent years, the signing of cooperation agreements between Colombian universities/research institutes and Chinese entities, including research centers, universities and state-owned enterprises, has intensified. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a « More than a few » rating. However, the impact is still limited, since some of the agreements do not have a long duration in time and the number of universities participating in them is not a large majority. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an « Insignificant » rating.
- https://www.alertatolima.com/noticias/tolima/la-ut-firmo-convenio-con-la-universidad-agricola-del-sur-de-china
- https://e.huawei.com/en/talent/#/organization/search?type=Academy
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are three Confucius Institutes in Colombia, two in the capital Bogotá and one in Medellín. A fourth institute is expected to open in Cali. There are also four Confucius Classrooms in the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a « More than a few » rating. Although they tend to be very proactive in promoting their activities, their reach and level of influence is rather limited due to the comparative volume of students and their progress beyond the initial levels of language study. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an «Insignificant » rating.
- https://fundacionandresbello.org/institutos-confucio-alc/
- https://confucio.uniandes.edu.co/es/aulas-confucio
- https://www.utadeo.edu.co/es/micrositio/instituto-confucio
- https://www.institutoconfuciomedellin.org/Paginas/inicio.aspx
- https://humanidades.univalle.edu.co/noticias/item/668-el-instituto-confucio-mas-cerca-de-univalle
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In November 2022 a Colombian public schooling institution began offering Mandarin lessons. As part of a pilot program carried alongside the Confucious Institute at the local Jorge Tadeo Lozano University, a public school in Bogotá has offered Mandarin lessons to 78 secondary students across two schools. However, it is a very small scale pilot project so the efficiency and impact of the programme remains to be seen. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.educacionbogota.edu.co/portal_institucional/noticia/por-primera-vez-estudiantes-de-colegios-oficiales-de-bogota-aprenden-el-idioma-chino
- https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2022/11/09/ninos-bogotanos-podran-aprender-gratis-chino-mandarin-se-ensenara-el-idioma-en-los-colegios-publicos/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of any Colombian think tanks or associations forming part of any such PRC-affiliated networks. There may be at least three reasons for this. One, Colombia does not belong to the BRI currently, though is exploring the option of joining in 2024. Two, there are no research centers specialized in studying China. Three, there are few experts in Colombia dedicated to studying China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China's educational cooperation mechanisms in Colombia have increased and strengthened in recent years. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More tan a few” raiting. There is a wide variety of scholarships granted directly by the government through the Embassy or through cooperation mechanisms with government entities and educational institutions in Colombia. Therefore, this indicator deserves an « Significant » raiting.
- https://web.icetex.gov.co/es/-/china-abre-convocatoria-a-traves-de-icetex-para-que-profesionales-colombianos-estudien-con-becas-completas-en-ese-pais
- https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/abierta-convocatoria-obtener-becas-maestria-china
- https://confucio.uniandes.edu.co/es/becas
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of any participation from Colombian experts, academics or similar in any of the aforementioned programs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some China researchers have been known to participate in academic programs that pay their expenses to the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" raiting. These programs, however, are not well publicized or have a big impact in the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" raiting.
- https://www.uninorte.edu.co/es/web/grupo-prensa/w/lisette-cervantes-beca-china-2023
- http://english.ts.cn/system/2023/11/13/036881983.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no CSSA’s or CSSA-like entities in Colombian universities or in Colombian society, most likely given extremely low numbers of Chinese students and scholars in Colombia. Therefore no evidence can be found to support this claim.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. The Colombian education system has not seen itsefl influenced by PRC's interests or educational agenda. Colombia has a rich history of academic independence and intereference in curriculum design from foreign entities would be almost unthinkeable due to the backlash that would receive in the academic world.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. Most academics dedicated to the study of China try to maintain a neutral position on such issues and tend to focus on other areas for the development of their research, even if they have connections with Chinese organizations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the last two years, the United States has maintained its place as Colombia's main trading partner in terms of exports, followed by China in second place. However, in terms of imports, the first place has been disputed by both countries: China closing the year 2022 as the main import market for Colombia and the United States closing it in first place for the year 2023.
- https://www.dane.gov.co/files/operaciones/IMP/bol-IMP-oct2023.pdf
- https://www.dane.gov.co/files/operaciones/EXPORTACIONES/bol-EXPORTACIONES-nov2023.pdf
- https://www.analdex.org/2023/10/09/relaciones-comerciales-entre-colombia-y-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
Skip
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to data from the Central Bank of Colombia, in the year 2023, 51% of the sovereign debt corresponds to bonds issued in international markets. As the report by Colombia Risk Analysis "Local perceptions of Chinese investment in Colombia" points out, although the Colombian government knows in whose hands these bonds are in, it is difficult to know who is the final beneficiary of these bonds.
- https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf
- https://mcusercontent.com/ec9dfe3030795aea9dd7ee1b6/files/02f19f81-7139-9807-8902-391b4727f372/Special_Report_Local_perceptions_of_Chinese_investment_in_Colombia_FINAL_ENG.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://oec.world/es/profile/bilateral-product/crude-petroleum/reporter/col
- https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/boletin_exportaciones_dic22.pdf
Supplementary Notes
"China is not the principal export market of any of Colombia’s extractive industry products. In crude petroleum, it is second to the United States. "
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are several projects in critical infrastructure areas that are built, developed and/or operated by Chinese companies in Colombia. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.larepublica.co/economia/los-proyectos-de-infraestructura-clave-que-tienen-cuota-de-empresas-chinas-3734798
- https://consejoderedaccion.org/sello-cdr/investigacion/el-poder-de-china-en-la-infraestructura-colombiana
- https://puertosoldeoriente.com/
- https://www.chinaenamericalatina.info/actua-en-colombia-con-la-filial-cah-colombia-s-a-por-medio-de-la-sociedad-operadora-de-aeropuertos-centro-norte-s-a-y-la-marca-airplan/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
Colombian is not a member of the aforementioned institutions and there has been no public intention of joining such groups in the past, likely due to the fact that Colombia is not currently a BRI member.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/reglamentacion/archivos/CEOS_DCIP-78_ASUNTO_4_jun_30_2022.pdf
- https://bank-codes.es/swift-code/colombia/
Supplementary Notes
Colombia uses only the SWIFT/BIC system
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
Colombia does not currently have a FTA signed with China. It has a bilateral agreement for the protection of investments, yet the countries have no FTA as such in place.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
"This has not occurred. There is no economic decentralization that would allow local governments to make such moves, nor have there been any zones created by the national Colombian government for these purposes. "
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator Phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
There is no evidence of this type of organization in Colombia. There are other types of organizations such as the one that brings together the Chinese colony in Colombia; the Association of Colombian-Chinese Friendship and others dedicated to trade and investment issues such as the Colombian-Chinese Chamber of Commerce and Integration; the Association of Chinese investment companies in Colombia and the Colombian-Chinese Chamber of Investment and Commerce.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator Phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator Phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia there are cultural celebrations organized by the Embassy, the most significant being the celebration of the lunar new year between the months of January and February of each year. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a « Few » rating. These celebrations, in which the Chinese community also actively participates, are supported by municipal entities, educational institutions and binational cultural and business organizations and are held in the main cities of the country. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an « Significant » rating.
- http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zgtlmjlbgjgx_2/202301/t20230131_11016837.htm
- http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zgtlmjlbgjgx_2/202302/t20230214_11024926.htm
- https://bogota.gov.co/internacional/actividades-culturales-programacion-celebracion-del-ano-nuevo-chino
- https://biblored.gov.co/noticias/ano-nuevo-chino-2023
- https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/ano-nuevo-chino-programacion-del-festival-de-los-faroles-en-parque-de-la-93-858251
- https://redmas.com.co/elmicrofono/Llega-el-dragon-dorado-a-Bogota-tendra-su-propia-conmemoracion-del-ano-nuevo-asiatico-20240222-0049.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator Phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator Phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is an agreement between Colombia's state-owned television channel, RTVC, and Chinese Media Group to broadcast some of its audiovisual content through its local channels in Colombia. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” response. Additionally, the number of Chinese audiovisual pieces is not very high and neither is the volume of its audience. Therefore, this indicator deserves an « Insignificant » rating.
- https://www.rtvc.gov.co/noticia/rtvc-y-el-gobierno-de-china-buscan-intercambiar-contenidos-de-radio-y-television
- https://www.bluradio.com/nacion/colombia-firma-acuerdo-con-china-para-intercambio-de-contenidos-audiovisuales-para-la-tv-publica-rg10
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia, the TikTok platform ranks fifth in the most used social network applications during the year 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2023-06/Digital_News_Report_2023.pdf
- https://www.larepublica.co/ocio/tik-tok-se-posiciona-en-colombia-con-20-1-millones-de-usuarios-activos-en-2023-3557570#:~:text=TikTok%20lleg%C3%B3%20a%2020%2C1,app%20m%C3%A1s%20usada%20en%20Colombia
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia there are cultural exchange projects between the governments of both countries, such is the case of the Executive Program for Cultural Cooperation 2023-2027 between the Ministries of Culture of Colombia and China agreed during the state visit of President Gustavo Petro to China in October 2023. Similarly, some associations program cultural activities and have the support of the Chinese embassy in Colombia. Therefore, this indicator deserves a « Few » rating. Due to the nature of the cultural exchange agreements signed between the two governments and the wide presence of cultural activities organized in different spaces by these organizations, This indicator deserves an « Significant » rating.
- https://www.mincultura.gov.co/prensa/noticias/Paginas/colombia-y-china-firman-un-acuerdo-para-fortalecer-intercambios-artisticos-y-de-saberes.aspx
- https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/colombia-china-suscribieron-12-instrumentos-cooperacion
- https://colombochina.org.co/new/eventos/
- http://co.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/sghd/202403/t20240319_11262247.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Skip
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are few opinion polls and studies in Colombia that can give a clear picture of the perception that citizens have of the Chinese government. The few that exist refer to perceptions about Chinese investments in the country or a general perception of China. It is therefore difficult to rate this indicator.
- https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/sai-2023-0003/html
- https://www.colombiariskanalysis.com/post/local-perceptions-of-chinese-investment-in-colombia
- https://revistas.uniandes.edu.co/index.php/colombia-int/article/view/3003/1802
- http://www.scielo.org.pe/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1684-09332019000200006&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=es
- https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/11/06/comparing-views-of-the-us-and-china-in-24-countries/
- https://es.slideshare.net/PewResearchCenter/global-attitudes-toward-china-and-the-us
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
From 2000 to 2015 Colombia and China signed 11 Free Military Transfer Agreements through which military materiel support of US$30.5 million was received.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
There is no history of this in Colombia, and there does not seem to be any indication of such an agreement being a possibility between the two countries as the focus of the relationship remains mainly diplomatic and economic.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
There is no evidence of this and it is very unlikely to happen because of the strong and close ties, particularly military ones, with the United States.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is currently no recent evidence that Colombian military personnel have received training in China in recent years. However, visits by Chinese military personnel to Colombia for training are more common.
- https://www.eslog.mil.co/generales-del-ejercito-de-china-admirados-del-entrenamiento-militar-del-cenae/
- https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3073907/china-estudia-cenae-sistemas-capacitacion-militar-colombia
- https://www.csis.org/analysis/colombias-relationship-prc
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The two countries have two relevant treaties: one on judicial assistance on criminal issues and another on the repatriation of certain Colombian prisoners in China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/1518070
- https://www.minjusticia.gov.co/Sala-de-prensa/Paginas/Congreso-aprobo-tratado-traslado-colombianos-condenados-Republica-Popular-China.aspx
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence of PRC-connected organized gangs operating in Colombia. There have been reports in the past of independent Chinese criminal groups and mafia organizations that have links to the criminal world throughout Colombia, but they do not have a significant presence, nor an established organizational structure in the country.
- https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/10/22/la-mafia-china-es-el-nuevo-socio-del-grupo-colombiano-narcotraficante-clan-del-golfo/
- https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/triadas-cabezas-de-serpiente-y-dinero-volador-el-submundo-de-las-redes-criminales-chinas-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
In Colombia, courses and/or training offered by foreign governments to Colombian officials are managed through the Presidential Agency for International Cooperation and, as can be seen, there is no evidence of this.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
Skip
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bogota is mentioned in section « List of Chinese police jurisdictions and location of their overseas police service centers » of the report Patrol and Persuade A follow-up investigation to 110 Overseas submitted by Safeguard Defender. However, there is no complaint, investigation or information in this regard from the Colombian authorities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. However, it should be noted that companies such as Hikvision have subsidiaries in the country and that some public entities have purchased video surveillance equipment from them, but this is not massive or nationwide.
- https://www.aecc.com.co/hikvisioncol/
- https://www.valoraanalitik.com/2023/07/26/gigante-chino-videovigilancia-fortalece-apuesta-colombia/
- https://www.colombiacompra.gov.co/tienda-virtual-del-estado-colombiano/ordenes-compra/78122
- https://colombialicita.com/licitacion/240697907
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://colombiatic.mintic.gov.co/679/w3-propertyvalue-47272.html
- https://www.larepublica.co/empresas/las-empresas-que-lideran-en-servicios-de-internet-fijo-y-movil-telefonia-y-television-por-cable-3722706
- https://www.portafolio.co/tecnologia/resultados-de-la-subasta-5g-en-colombia-594604
Supplementary Notes
The companies listed in the links are the ones that have a presence in Colombia as Internet service providers.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia, the principle of technological neutrality applies, which means that there will be no discrimination of technologies according to their country of origin, so that companies such as Huawei or ZTE may provide equipment to the operators that provide the service. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Given the comparative advantages offered by their equipment and services, operators make greater use of them. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://mcusercontent.com/ec9dfe3030795aea9dd7ee1b6/files/9f4a6e27-e8b5-3dd1-9b3a-f957d61db23a/SpecialReport_UnderstandingChinasTechFootprintInColombia_CRA.pdf
- https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Glosario/N/6515:Neutralidad-Tecnologica
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia, the principle of technological neutrality applies, which means that there will be no discrimination of technologies according to their country of origin, so that companies such as Huawei or ZTE may provide equipment to the operators that provide the service. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Given the comparative advantages offered by their equipment and services, operators make greater use of them. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
There is no record of such practice taking place. However, there have been vague reports of the possibility of the Bogotá Metro - which is being built alongside Chinese firms - using facial recognition, as is the case with the metro lines in some Chinese cities. Nonetheless, information surrounding that suspicion is limited and not very detailed.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei has been supporting the implementation processes of smart cities in Colombia, but these have not been many. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, during President Gustavo Petro's visit to China in October 2023, the Ministry of Science and Technology signed a series of agreements to strengthen the country's digital transformation and mentioned the expansion of pilot projects for the implementation of smart cities. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.mintic.gov.co/portal/inicio/Sala-de-prensa/Noticias/281150:Gobiernos-de-Colombia-y-China-firman-acuerdos-para-fortalecer-la-economia-digital-y-los-medios-publicos
- https://www.tolima.gov.co/noticias/3017-la-multinacional-china-huawei-fija-su-interes-en-ibague-y-el-tolima
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://www.portafolio.co/innovacion/cables-submarinos-este-es-el-panorama-en-colombia-579498
- https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/
Supplementary Notes
The only plan China intends to participate in is the intercontinental submarine internet cable project that would link Asia, the Middle East and Europe.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No conclusive information was found to answer this indicator. However, the subject has been mentioned by the Colombian government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
There is no MoU agreement to collaborate on technology development (such as collaborations in AI, Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with China
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
Aerospace development in Colombia is still very incipient. The United States has the main role in the agreements that Colombia has on this matter.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the visit made by former President Iván Duque to China in 2019, he held meetings with senior executives of Baidu and celebrated that Colombia would have a space in the search engine, which would translate into better opportunities for the country in terms of investment and tourism. I am not sure if that would answer the indicator in the affirmative.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There has been an increasing number of infrastructure agreements with SOE’s. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few". Though they are not signed exclusively by sub-national governments, in that the central government also plays a major role in them. Regardless, these agreements have the potential to shape the very way life is lived in the city/department. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.larepublica.co/economia/hay-mas-de-cinco-proyectos-clave-de-infraestructura-con-inversion-china-3734241
- https://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/las-obras-que-ejecutan-empresas-chinas-en-colombia-EB20306406
- https://www.elespectador.com/economia/el-poder-de-china-en-la-infraestructura-colombiana/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Colombia, there are not many agreements for the establishment of ties, either between cities and/or between departments and provinces. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The scope and impact of these agreements is rather limited. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://china.embajada.gov.co/newsroom/news/2021-12-17/23205
- https://acimedellin.org/cuales-ciudades-del-mundo-son-hermanas-de-medellin-y-para-que/
- http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zgtlmjlbgjgx_2/202301/t20230129_11015884.htm
- https://www.cundinamarca.gov.co/dependencias/secasuntosinternacionales/noticias/la+gobernacion+de+cundinamarca+y+la+provincia+de+sichuan+estrechan+lazos+de+entendimiento
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2023, a group of 8 Colombian congressmen and congresswomen took part in a week long trip to China by invitation of the Colombo-Chinese Chamber of Commerce. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. During the trip, the Colombian politicans discussed issues of bilateral trade, the development of the Metro in the capital city of Bogotá, visa agreements between the two countries, and the general strengthening of relations. However, there were no tangible agreements as a result of the trip. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://caracol.com.co/2023/08/09/catherine-juvinao-la-capacidad-de-un-metro-no-depende-de-si-es-elevado-o-no/
- https://x.com/CathyJuvinao/status/1689055428766756865
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In December 2023, the former mayor of Bogota, Claudia Lopez, traveled to China being the only trip made in the period observed. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The purpose of this trip was to explore and expand cooperation agreements and investment issues for the country's capital. therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://bogota.gov.co/internacional/alcaldesa-llevara-vision-de-cuidado-de-bogota-foro-global-en-china
- https://spanish.xinhuanet.com/20231221/d83aa7f56a1e43ebbc10db9cde5c1e08/c.html
- https://www.semana.com/politica/articulo/alcaldesa-claudia-lopez-cumplira-agenda-internacional-en-china-hablara-del-metro-de-bogota/202355/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1653087523750310119&wfr=spider&for=pc
- https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1766740179443960850&wfr=spider&for=pc
Supplementary Notes
There are meetings between members of Colombian parties and officials of the Chinese Communist Party, but these have been within the framework of bilateral relations and their impact has not been reduced.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
Law 1475 of 2011 (art. 27) explicitly prohibits candidates from receiving any kind of foreign support in funds or through other material means.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2010, the Colombo-Chinese parliamentary friendship group of the Senate of the Republic of Colombia was created and renewed in December 2023. In 2018, the Parliamentary Friendship Group between the House of Representatives of the Republic of Colombia and the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China was created and renewed in 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
- https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/congreso/senado-instala-comision-de-amistad-entre-colombia-y-china-estos-son-sus-miembros-834857
- https://www.camara.gov.co/37-directorio-de-agremiaciones-asociaciones-y-otros-grupos-de-interes
- http://co.china-embassy.gov.cn/esp/zggx/201011/t20101117_4254419.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the context of the SARS-CoV-2 health crisis, Colombia received a donation from the PRC of US$1.5 million in May 2020 from the People's Republic of China. After the health emergency, in-kind donations continue to be contingent on the health sector. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few". However, keeping in mind the value of such donations, this indicator deserves an "Significant".
- https://www.radionacional.co/cultura/colombia-recibe-15-millones-de-dolares-de-china-para-enfrentar-la-covid-19
- https://www.cali.gov.co/gobierno/publicaciones/168471/embajada-de-china-en-colombia-dona-a-cali-insumos-de-uso-medico/
Supplementary Notes
It is important to keep in mind cash donations, which are usually made by the People's Republic of China for natural disasters, as was the case of the donation of USD 500,000 for the reconstruction of the islands of San Andres, Providencia and Santa Catalina after Hurricane Iota in 2021. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://cciced.eco/events/tipping-point-or-turning-point-global-solidarity-for-an-inclusive-resilient-recovery/
- https://cciced.eco/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/4-2-Global-Green-Value-Chains.pdf
- https://twitter.com/CarlosECorreaE/status/1564973524808245248
Supplementary Notes
The information found for this indicator, Colombia is only mentioned in the Special Policy Study Global Green Value Chains: China's Opportunities, Challenges and Paths in the Current Economic Context, taking two examples Colombia has signed the Cocoa, Forest & Peace Initiative, which seeks to eliminate cocoa-related deforestation and Colombia has zero-deforestation agreements with the palm oil, dairy, meat and cocoa industries, in no case is there any direct and express participation in events and projects developed by CCICED. Likewise, CCIED's official website mentions the participation of former President Ivan Duque in the Leadership Dialogue organized by the Green Climate Fund in September 2020 and CCICED's official X account mentions the meeting between Minister Huang Runqiu and Carlos Correa Minister of Environment and Sustainable Development of Colombia during the United Nations High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development in August 2022.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During the state visit made by the President of Colombia, Gustavo Petro, to the People's Republic of China in October 2023, with his counterpart, Xi Jinping, both governments signed the joint declaration on the Establishment of the Strategic Partnership. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the end of President Gustavo Petro's State´s visit in October 2023, the joint statement expressly says that the Government of Colombia reaffirms its attachment to the principle of one China and its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate government representing all of China and Taiwan as an inalienable part of Chinese territory. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" responde.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
Colombia has remained silent on any territorial disputes involving other countries in general and the case of China is not the exception. An important reason behind such a prolonged silence is likely to be Colombia's own territorial disputes, particularly with Nicaragua over the continental shelf in the Caribbean Sea, in the region where the islands of San Andres Providencia and Santa Catalina are located; an issue whose resolution may have an impact on other claims, among which, as the evidence shows, are China's disputes in the South China Sea.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
Colombia has made no public statements on the Uyghur sitiuation. The president, Gustavo Petro, who brands himself as a vocal defender of human rights and has spoken publicly on other issues of state abuse - such as condeming the actions of Israel towards Palestinians - has not made any comments on the plight of the Uyghur population. Colombia's Ambassador to China visited Xinjiang in August (2023) though no mention was made of the Uyghur struggle.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
- https://tibet.net/sikyong-penpa-tsering-speaks-on-exiles-and-displacements-interdisciplinary-reflections-at-national-university-of-colombia/
- https://www.elespectador.com/mundo/mas-paises/si-no-defiendes-tus-valores-china-nunca-te-respetara-penpa-tsering-tibet-noticias-hoy/
- https://www.wradio.com.co/2023/10/05/buscamos-que-el-mundo-sepa-lo-que-china-le-ha-hecho-al-tibet-penpa-tsering/
Supplementary Notes
This is another issue on which Colombia has remained silent. The Tibetan prime minister, Sikyong Penpa Tsering, visited the Colombian capital of Bogotá in October 2023, though did not meet with any public or state officials.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
This is another issue on which Colombia has remained silent. Colombia has a consulate in Hong Kong though it has a discreet public presence and refrains from politically charges statements or positions.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.