Brazil
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 35 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 162 / 372 | - |
May 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 17 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 53 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 44 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 10 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 69 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 23 % | - |
In 2023, Brazil had a GDP per capita of US$10,044 and a total population of 210.71 million people.
Brazil established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1974. Brazil was ranked 82nd in Reporters Without Borders’ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 72/100.
Key Takeaways
- Economy and technology continue to stand out as central to Brazil and China relations, with strong indicators of closer ties over the years.
- In terms of foreign policy, even after the Bolsonaro government, which publicly adopted hostile language towards China, the results show that Brazil maintained a strong alignment with China in this area.
- The results are not very relevant in the Media Domain. In addition to certain legal restrictions on the participation of foreigners in national media, Brazilian media outlets still mostly reproduce international content from the main Western media groups.
- Brazil has a growing network of research centers on China and projects in partnership with Chinese companies, as well as an increasing flow of researchers to the country. However, given the current Indicators, China's influence in academia does not stand out significantly in the research.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are two active sites in Brazil linked to World Chinese Media. The first is the South American Overseas Chinese News Network, located in the city of São Paulo. The second is the Brazilian Chinese Network, also with an office in the city of São Paulo. Information available on the World Chinese Media website.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no mentions on the websites of the networks mentioned of journalists or media organizations from Brazil as members of them. In local sources as well there is no evidence of participation of a Brazilian media organization in the Belt and Road News Alliance or in the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union. However, China Media Group signed cooperation memoranda with the main private media groups in Brazil, such as Grupo Globo and Grupo Bandeirantes, and with Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), a federal public company, which also signed a cooperation agreement with Xinhua Agency.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was found several cases of reporters from different Brazilian media outlets who traveled to China at the invitation of companies, such as Huawei and BYD, and organizations, such as Hong Kong Trade Development Council. In the journalistic environment, invitations from foreign companies and governments are a common practice in Brazil. There are reports that generally mention the invitation for journalists from Latin America to participate in exchanges in China. More evidence was looked for, first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites, on the official press site of Brazil, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no concrete evidence of journalists, influencers or a media group that traveled with expenses paid by China was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was searched for evidence first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites (O Globo, Folha de São Paulo and Estadão), on the official Brazilian press website, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no evidence was found of journalists, influencers or media groups receiving training in China. In addition, Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) was asked, through the Brazil's Access to Information Law, about sending personnel to receive training in China. In response, the EBC informed that despite the partnership with the China Media Group (CMG) there was no exchange of personnel for training neither from Brazil to China nor from China to Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
CGTN is available via satellite in Brazil on Claro TV (channel 199) and Sky (channel 173), but in English.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no information on media groups in Brazil that belong to the Chinese media and there was also no evidence of Chinese capital participation in Brazilian media organizations. On the other hand, according to chapter V, article 222, paragraph 2 of the Brazilian Constitution, the editorial responsibility and the activities of selection and direction of the programming broadcast in Brazil are exclusive to native Brazilians or naturalized for more than 10 years, in any medium of Social Communication. In addition, evidence was sought from sources of the Brazilian government, at the Ministry of Communications, through the Brazil's Law on Access to Information, and no record of Chinese capital participation in radio and open TV broadcast vehicles was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazilian media, including Globo Group, Bandeirantes Group, and Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC), have content-sharing agreements with CCTV (now CGTN, part of China Media Group). These partnerships allow PRC-provided content to be broadcasted in Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was searched for evidence first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites (O Globo, Folha de São Paulo and Estadão), on the official Brazilian press website, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no evidence of PRC propaganda in Brazil in printed newspapers, news portals or on social media was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of journalists in the country who have come under pressure from the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No local figures were found who cast doubts on human rights abuses in the digital repository of the main Brazilian midia groups.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2016, the University of São Paulo (USP) has had a scientific technical cooperation agreement with Huawei do Brasil. In 2017, the University of Brasília signed a similar partnership. Huawei has partnerships with other Brazilian universities, such as the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS), Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM) and the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). In addition, through a partnership with Capes (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), a foundation linked to the Ministry of Education, Brazil is part of Huawei's global program "Seeds for the Future", which aims to train university students in advanced information and communication technologies. In addition, Huawei's global program provides travel for an exchange period in China for selected Brazilian students, with all expenses paid by Huawei.
- http://ibe.usp.br/2016/05/16/usp-firma-acordo-de-cooperacao-tecnico-cientifica-com-huawei-do-brasil-telecomunicacoes/
- https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/76-institucional/1749-unb-e-huawei-assinam-memorando-de-entendimento
- https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/capes-anuncia-programa-de-estagio-com-multinacional-chinesa
- https://www.ufsm.br/2022/09/13/ufsm-vai-desenvolver-o-maior-projeto-financiado-pela-huawei-no-brasil
- https://www.ufpb.br/ufpb/contents/noticias/em-parceria-com-a-huawei-ufpb-inaugura-usina-escola-fotovoltaica-que-utiliza-inteligencia-artificial
- https://www.mackenzie.br/colegios/brasilia/noticias/arquivo/n/a/i/universidade-presbiteriana-mackenzie-celebra-parceria-feita-com-a-multinacional-huawei
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Brazil, Confucius Institutes have been operating since 2008. The first Confucius Institute opened in Brazil was in São Paulo, through an agreement with the University of Hubei and Unesp (Universidade Estadual Paulista). Currently, the Confucius Institute at Unesp is present, in addition to the capital of São Paulo, in 12 cities in the interior of São Paulo where Unesp maintains teaching units. It is also present in the cities of Manaus-AM and São Luís-MA, through agreements signed with the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA) and the Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM). There are also Confucius Institutes at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), the University of Brasília (UnB), the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), the Pontifical Catholic University (PUC-Rio), the University of the State of Pará ( UEPA), at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), at the University of Pernambuco and at the Federal University of Ceará (UFC).
- https://www.institutoconfucio.com.br/sobre/
- https://www.ibrachina.com.br/o-que-sao-os-institutos-confucio/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of think tanks or research centers that are linked to Chinese networks or associations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As pointed out in indicator 1, Huawei established partnerships and financed initiatives in several higher education institutions in the country.
- https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/capes-anuncia-programa-de-estagio-com-multinacional-chinesa
- https://www.ufsm.br/2022/09/13/ufsm-vai-desenvolver-o-maior-projeto-financiado-pela-huawei-no-brasil
- https://www.ufpb.br/ufpb/contents/noticias/em-parceria-com-a-huawei-ufpb-inaugura-usina-escola-fotovoltaica-que-utiliza-inteligencia-artificial
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No concrete/official evidence of recruitment of Brazilians was found, nor a recruiting list on the Thousand Talents Program websites. However, it was found the name of a Brazilian academic who in his curriculum states that he was selected by the Thousand Talents Program.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We know about trips taken by Brazilian scholars to the PRC organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities, but we do not have any evidences on it.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The searches found no evidence of scholars or academics that had been pressured by the PRC in Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Chinese entities involved in the elaboration or revision of academic or school curricula in Brazil. The partnerships of Chinese entities with Brazilian universities evaluated do not cover curricular issues, being focused on partnerships/cooperation in research/extension.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2009, China has been Brazil's main trading partner.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
Skip
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We were unable to find detailed data for this indicator.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is the main destination for Brazilian exports of iron ore and oil.
- https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/08/14/china-e-maior-mercado-de-7-dos-10-principais-itens-exportados-pelo-brasil.ghtml
- http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/comex-vis
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"PRC investors are the main foreign players operating in Brazil in the electricity sector. A study by Boston University Global Development Policy Center identified at least 14 Chinese utilities that were or are investing or operating in Brazil, including State Grid, CTG, China General Nuclear Power (CGN) and Spic. Chinese interest in the Brazilian electricity sector is on the rise in 2023. According to a survey by Valor Econômico, until May, Chinese companies announced investments in energy totaling more than US$13 billion. In 2018, the terminal operator China Merchants Port (CMPort) purchased the Port of Paranaguá and is expected to operate and control 90% of the container terminal. In 2017, the São Simão Hydroelectric Power Plant was auctioned by SPIC Pacific Energy. Since then, the plant has been operated by the Chinese company."
- https://valor.globo.com/impresso/noticia/2023/06/09/china-investe-us-13-bi-em-setor-eletrico-brasileiro.ghtml
- https://abrate.org.br/chineses-sao-principais-players-do-setor-eletrico-do-brasil-mostra-estudo/
- https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/leilao-concede-todas-as-quatro-usinas-com-bonus-de-r-12-13-bi
- https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2018/02/22/parceria-com-empresa-chinesa-para-controle-de-porto-e-firmada-no-congresso
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil integrates the AIIB as a non-regional member since 2020.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A list of members of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance (BRICA) can be found on the website of the China Federation of Industrial Economics. In this list, the National Confederation of Industry of Brazil (CNI) is included as a member.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Bocom BBM Bank (result of the purchase of the Brazilian BBM – formerly Banco da Bahia – by the Bank of Communications - BOCOM) became the first financial institution in Latin America to be a full member of CIPS in 2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The possibility of a free trade agreement between Brazil and China was raised, however this type of approximation encounters internal resistance in Brazil and also depends on Mercosur.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The searches found no evidence that the Brazilian government removed or relaxed regulatory restrictions or established special economic zones to attract Chinese investment.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Brazil, there is the Brazilian Association for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China, the Hongmen of Brasil Association (in São Paulo), the Association of Overseas Chinese in Brazil for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China and the China Pro-Reunification Association (in Rio de Janeiro). At different times and instances, they have been vocal especially in relation to Taiwan in the Brazilian public debate.
- http://english.scio.gov.cn/topnews/2022-01/01/content_77964858.htm
- https://dialogosdosul.operamundi.uol.com.br/brasil/77138/comunidade-chinesa-no-rio-reitera-apoio-a-consenso-de-1992-e-principio-de-uma-so-china
- http://portuguese.people.com.cn/n3/2022/0804/c309809-10131224.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil is not on the list of countries with members of the United World Chinese Association. The consultation was made on the official website of the United World Chinese Association. In addition, no evidence of membership of the United World Chinese Association was found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, ACFTU announced the donation of US$300,000 so that Brazilian trade unions could implement actions against Covid-19. In 2018, representatives of the Brazilian Workers' Center (CTB) participated in a course for training Latin American youth in China. The course was promoted by the World Trade Union Federation (WSF) with the Chinese trade union center ACFTU. In previous years, the CTB had already participated in other events in China, as well as having received ACFTU personnel who visited the Brazilian union. This was the most recent case found in the survey. But in 2014, for example, the CUT (Single Workers Center), the largest union center in Brazil, and the UGT (General Union of Workers) carried out visits to the ACFTU.
- https://www.cut.org.br/noticias/cut-fortalece-parceria-com-a-central-sindical-chinesa-acftu-0dcf
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/painel/2021/03/chineses-doam-r-17-milhao-a-sindicatos-brasileiros-para-acoes-contra-a-covid-19.shtml
- https://ctb.org.br/noticias/internacional/ctb-participa-de-curso-de-formacao-para-jovens-latino-americanos-na-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, the Lunar New Year was celebrated in some capitals of Brazil. A reception was hosted by China's new ambassador to Brazil, Zhu Qingqiao, together with the Chinese Consuls General in São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife. The Chinese Consulate General in Recife, in partnership with the city's Tourism Department, held a cultural festival. The Chinese Consulate General in São Paulo, the Brazil-China Sociocultural Institute (Ibrachina) and the Chinese Bridge Club in São Paulo promoted a reception with cultural presentations. Finally, the Chinese Embassy in Brazil offered a concert for guests at the Plínio Marcos Theater, in Brasília. Although organized by PRC diplomats, there was no evidence of anything that relates the initiatives with the United Front Work Department (UFWD).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the end of 2018, the FENAJ (National Federation of Journalists) signed a cooperation agreement with ACJA – All-China Journalists Association, for the exchange of information with Chinese journalists on the economic and cultural initiative of the New Silk Road. On the FENAJ website, no other evidence was found. As for the China Artists Association, China Writers Associations and All-China Women Federation, no evidence was found of Brazilian professional associations closely connected with these associations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In May 2020, the Municipal Secretariat for Social Assistance and Human Rights (SMASDH) of the city of Rio de Janeiro received a donation of 2,000 basic food baskets from the Chinese Community of Rio de Janeiro. In May 2020, the city of Rio also received a donation of 150,000 masks from the Chinese community. Another example, in 2018, the Manaus city hall received a donation of 100 stoves from the Amazonas China Association in Brazil, plus shoes and clothes to be delivered to families who were victims of a fire in the Educandos neighborhood, in the eastern region of the capital of Amazonas.
- https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/prefeitura-recebe-2-mil-cestas-basicas-comunidade-doadas-pela-comunidade-chinesa-do-rio-de-janeiro/
- https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/crivella-recebe-doacao-de-150-mil-mascaras-da-comunidade-chinesa-para-distribuir-a-populacao/
- https://www.manaus.am.gov.br/noticia/doacao-fogoes-associacao-chinesa-amazonas/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that PRC or PRC-connected entities distributed entertainment products or OTT streaming platform for free or for a low price.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a research on which social media app was more popular in Brazil in 2023, carried out by the agency We Are Social, a reference in this type of study, the most used was WhatsApp, followed by YouTube, Instagram, Facebook and, in fifth place, Tik Tok, with 82.2 million users.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We’re able to find cultural and educational initiatives that potentially received Chinese resources. However, we did not have access to enough data to prove the connection with PRC-connected entities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Pew Research Center survey on the global perception of China's image carried out in 2023 showed that negative views have reached historic highs in Brazil. Brazil, along with India, was the country with the biggest jump in the percentage of people who say they have an unfavorable opinion of China, starting from 27 % in 2019 to 48% of the 1,044 interviewed between March and April 2023 (those with a favorable opinion reached 39%). The increase follows the global trend of growing discontent with China, observed in 16 of the 24 countries analyzed.
- https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2023/07/27/chinas-approach-to-foreign-policy-gets-largely-negative-reviews-in-24-country-survey/
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/colunas/igor-patrick/2023/07/brasil-registra-salto-na-percepcao-negativa-em-relacao-a-china.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to data from the Foreign Trade Secretariat, Brazil imported around US$6.424.008 in 2022 and US$8.903.325 in 2023 in arms and ammunition (such as air or other gas pistols, pistols and truncheons) from China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of partnership for the development or production of military or law-enforcement equipment between Brazil and China was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
One Brazilian Army officer will attend the National Military Security and Command Course, to be held at the International College of Defense Studies of the National Defense University of China, in the city of Beijing, starting in February 2024. Before, in 2020, three other Brazilian Army officers completed a course at the same institution. The course lasted for 1 year. Also in 2020, another Brazilian army officer completed a General Staff course at the China People's Liberation Army (PLA) Land Force Command School. In 2019, another Brazilian army officer also completed the General Staff course at the Command School of the Land Force of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA).
- https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/06/coroneis-brasileiros-foram-a-china-seguidas-vezes-cursar-estudos-estrategicos-e-ministrar-curso-de-guerra-na-selva.html
- https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/12/mais-um-oficial-do-exercito-brasileiro-e-enviado-para-a-china-curso-de-seguranca-nacional.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A delegation of 18 military personnel from the Chinese Armed Forces, 17 of whom were general officers, was in Brazil in June 2023 for an official visit to the Brazilian Army Headquarters, in Brasília. The visit was part of the Chinese National Defense University's strategic study trip to Brazil
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of a Brazilian official (active or reserve) and/or an ABIN agent who advocated closer approximation and/or coordination with the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that Brazil cooperated with the PLA in military exercises or war games. The search was carried out first by Google's search engine and later on the website of the Ministry of Defense, of Brazil, and on the websites of three major Brazilian newspapers. The intention was to find evidence of the practice of Brazil-PLA cooperation. On the other hand, it is known that in 2011 the Brazilian government signed an agreement with China on cooperation in defense matters. This agreement provides, for example: "military instruction and training, joint military exercises, as well as the exchange of information related to these matters". Still, no evidence of cooperation in practical military exercises was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense, that informed that no records were found related to military cooperation or exercises with the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil and China have an extradition treaty in force since 8/16/2014. In 2019, the governments of Brazil and China signed an agreement to transfer convicted persons.
- http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2015/decreto/D8431.htm
- https://concordia.itamaraty.gov.br/detalhamento-acordo/5247?page=11&s=china&tipoPesquisa=1
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a report, in 2017, 14 members of the Chinese mafia were arrested. In 2023, the Federal Police launched an operation aimed at dismantling a criminal organization and investigate links with the Chinese mafia. The Chinese mafia is strongest in the central region of the city of São Paulo, where most of the Chinese community in Brazil is also concentrated. However, we find no concrete evidence of this "Chinese Mafia" expressly linked with the Triads, even so some studies attest the presence of them in Latin America, including Brazil.
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2017-03/policia-civil-prende-14-integrantes-da-mafia-chinesa-em-sao-paulo
- https://www.mpsp.mp.br/w/policia-federal-e-gaeco-deflagram-operacao-visando-a-desarticular-organizacao-criminosa-e-investigam-vinculo-com-mafia-chinesa-
- https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/triads-snakeheads-and-flying-money-the-underworld-of-chinese-criminal-networks-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Over the past few years, a number of subnational governments have hosted representatives from PRC companies or travel abroad to visit their headquarters in order to build a partnership agenda covering public safety issues. Some projects are still in the pilot phase, while others have already begun to be implemented. In 2018, the city of Campinas strengthened its partnership with Huawei to implement security solutions by establishing another stage of the Safe Cities pilot project. In 2023, the Presidente Vargas stadium, managed by the city of Fortaleza, received a facial recognition system for event security, involving software, an operating room and a TV circuit. The technology is from Hikvision.
- https://www.huawei.com/br/news/br/2018/dezembro/campinas-reforca-parceria-com-a-huawei
- https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/jogada/presidente-vargas-pv-tera-sistema-de-reconhecimento-facial-de-torcedores-veja-detalhes-e-valor-1.3332446
- https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2019/01/18/reconhecimento-facial-usado-na-china-e-testado-no-brasil-saiba-como-opera.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In March 2019, a total of 16 police officers from São Paulo participated of a training at the Department of Public Security of China, being 8 Police Delegates and 7 Military Police Officers. This course took place in Jiangsu Province and lasted 15 days. In 2017, the civil police of the state of Minas Gerais carried out exchanges with the PRC police in the city of Xuzhou. Similar examples of bilateral and multilateral cooperation were found between the Public Security Secretariat of the State of São Paulo, in partnership with the New York City Police (USA) and the Ministry of Justice and Public Security of Brazil with Interpol, for example. The Federal Police and Ministry of Public Security of China signed an act in April 2023 aimed at strengthening police cooperation between the two countries. The act provides for the exchange of information, the carrying out of investigations and joint operational activities, as well as the exchange of police officers and administrative employees.
- https://www.policiacivil.sp.gov.br/portal/faces/pages_home/noticias/noticiasDetalhes?collectionId=358412565221033554&contentId=UCM_044799&rascunhoNoticia=0&_adf.ctrl-state=lk3gj77d3_29&_afr=&_afrLoop=3457996341067817#!
- https://transito.mg.gov.br/sobre-o-detran/sala-de-imprensa/noticias/pcmg-realiza-intercambio-com-a-policia-chinesa-e-assina-memorando-de-cooperacao-policial
- https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2023/04/pf-firma-acordo-de-cooperacao-policial-internacional-com-a-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of organized local criminal groups who threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents. The Chinese mafia, according to evidence found in the survey, practices extortion, threats and uses violence with compatriots in case of non-payment of "protection fees". Issues of threats or the use of violence to punish Chinese dissidents seems to us to be out of Brazil's reality.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The state government of Bahia implemented a public security pilot project using Huawei's face recognition system. Campinas also has a public security pilot project that uses the same technology from Huawei.
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35530
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Brazil, China Telecom was established in 2012, and in 2014 it began operating. Until 2023, the company sold a single product, internet access. China Mobile has been in Brazil since 2017 and basically operated with IP transport and other network services for Chinese companies that set up in the country, as well as data, voice and SMS for mobile customers in roaming in partnership with operators. In 2023, it announced its expansion in Brazil and plans for MVNO. In 2018, China Unicom began operating in Brazil with the completion of the installation of its submarine fiber optic cable through the South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL) consortium, a joint partnership of China Unicom (with its wholly owned subsidiary, China Unicom of Brasil Telecomunicações Ltda) and CAMTEL.
- https://exame.com/negocios/em-recomeco-no-brasil-china-telecom-mira-norte-e-nordeste-e-conexao-com-a-asia/
- https://www.convergenciadigital.com.br/Inovacao/China-Unicom-comeca-a-operar-no-Brasil-por-meio-de-cabo-submarino-48933.html?UserActiveTemplate=mobile
- https://www.mobiletime.com.br/terra-externa/24/11/2023/china-mobile-amplia-presenca-no-brasil-e-estuda-criar-mvno/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei has been operating in Brazil since 1998 and is the largest supplier of telecommunications equipment, including 4G.
- https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/banir-huawei-sera-custoso-e-atrasara-rede-de-5g-no-pais/
- https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,brasil-deve-manter-huawei-em-leilao,70003020906
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, Intelbras joined forces with the Chinese FiberHome to expand the market for internet providers; Brazilian internet service provider (ISP) Unifique has hired Chinese company Zhongxing Telecom Equipment (ZTE) as a supplier of its 5G network in the south of the country; and NLT Telecom, an operator specialized in the Internet of Things, and China Mobile International (CMI) signed a partnership in the Brazilian market for the establishment of private networks, initially alongside the segment of regional providers.
- https://valor.globo.com/empresas/noticia/2023/10/24/intelbras-se-une-a-chinesa-fiberhome-para-ampliar-mercado-de-provedores-de-internet.ghtml
- https://www.bnamericas.com/pt/noticias/brasileira-unifique-contrata-grupo-chines-zte-para-lancamento-de-5g
- https://teletime.com.br/07/06/2023/nlt-e-china-mobile-firmam-parceria-para-redes-privativas-com-provedores/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Regulations on foreign investments that could affect national security in Brazil are dispersed and sporadic. They may be in the Constitution, or in specific rules from regulatory agencies. No general restrictions on Chinese technology in critical structures in Brazil were found.
- https://www.migalhas.com.br/depeso/373720/investimento-estrangeiro-e-seguranca-nacional
- https://repositorio.ipea.gov.br/bitstream/11058/12748/1/BEPI_36_Artigo_2.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In partnership with Huawei, the cities of Rio de Janeiro and Campinas, as well as the state of Bahia, adopted facial recognition technology.
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2018/10/chinesa-huawei-faz-parceria-com-oi-para-cameras-de-reconhecimento-facial.shtml
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35659
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Smart cities encompass video surveillance systems, in addition to many other elements dependent on IoT, 5G and artificial intelligence structures. The issue of smart cities, which is quite comprehensive, is on the horizon, but still does not appear on the Brazilian agenda with prominence. Thus, we return to reference the examples of the cites of Rio de Janeiro and Campinas, and the state of Bahia that used Huawei's facial recognition cameras. It is also noteworthy that representatives of the state of Bahia and the city of Campinas attended the Smart City Forum, held in the Chinese city of Shenzhen in 2019.
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2018/10/chinesa-huawei-faz-parceria-com-oi-para-cameras-de-reconhecimento-facial.shtml
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35659
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
16 submarine cables are connected to one or more points on the coast of Brazil to help transmit data. One of them, the South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL) is owned by Camtel and China Unicom, and built by Huawei Marine Networks.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the annual survey by the Brazil-China Business Council on Chinese investments in Brazil, the Information Technology segment stood out in 2022, coming in second place in the number of ventures, with a share of 25%. The investments made in national startups and fintechs involve Tencent, which increased its stake in Nubank and made investments in several national businesses, such as the startup Quinto Andar and the fintechs Cora, Omie and Frete; the Ant Group, which acquired the loyalty and digital currency platform Dotz; and the MSA Capital fund, which invested in Brazilian startups Cayena and Favo.
- https://www.cebc.org.br/2023/08/29/numero-de-projetos-chineses-no-brasil-bateu-recorde-em-2022/
- https://blog.cubo.network/investimento-chin%C3%AAs-em-startups-brasileiras
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Through the last years, Huawei has been signing several MoU with Brazilian companies to collaborate on technological development. Huawei, through its subsidiary Huawei Digital Power, in partnership with HDT, signed an MoU with the company BelEnergy in 2023. The companies will collaborate to reach the 300 MW mark in products and solutions offered by Huawei, developing the photovoltaic market. In the same year, Huawei also announced an MoU with Rio Alto for the supply of 1 gigawatt of solar power generation. In 2022, Huawei and Softex sign MOU for cloud projects for startups. In 2019, Huawei also signed an MoU with BioTIC S.A for the implementation of the first permanent 5G-test space on national soil.
- https://www.huawei.com/br/news/br/2019/junho/mou-para-fomentar-o-ambiente-da-inovacao-em-5g
- https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2021/05/06/impulso-tecnologico-por-uma-brasilia-mais-moderna/
- https://canalsolar.com.br/belenergy-assina-memorando-de-entendimento-com-huawei/
- https://teletime.com.br/22/09/2022/huawei-e-softex-assinam-mou-para-projetos-de-cloud-para-startups/
- https://tiinside.com.br/17/05/2023/huawei-e-rio-alto-anunciam-novo-memorando-de-entendimento-para-o-fornecimento-de-1-gigawatt-de-geracao-de-energia-solar/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil and China have a long history of space cooperation since July 1988, with the agreement to establish the CBERS Program (Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite). In June 2012, the countries celebrated the Sino-Brazilian Ten-Year Plan for Space Cooperation 2012-2021, to deepen the bilateral partnership in the space sector. The continuity of the CBERS Program was ensured with the approval, by the National Congress, in August 2016, of the Complementary Protocol for the Joint Development of the CBERS-4A Satellite.
- https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/programa-espacial-brasileiro/cooperacao-internacional/china
- http://www.cbers.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=4260
- https://aplicacao.itamaraty.gov.br/ApiConcordia/Documento/download/130
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are signs of endorsement by Brazil of the use of BeiDou, but until now without data on a closed contract. The Brazilian government has already manifested itself in favor of BeiDou in the context of the VII BRICS Summit in 2015, held in the city of Ufá, Russia. According to the Ufa declaration (2015): "We recognize that our [BRICS members] countries can benefit from opportunities for space cooperation in order to promote the application of relevant technologies for peaceful purposes. We will intensify our cooperation in areas of joint application of space technologies, satellite navigation, including GLONASS and BeiDou, and space science". In addition, it is known that in 2014 the first Brazilian Station for Monitoring the Chinese BeiDou Satellite Positioning System was installed on the campus of the National Observatory (ON), in Rio de Janeiro. Another detail, in 2018 a servant of the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) was sent to participate in a technology conference organized by the National Center for Remote Sensing of China (NRSCC) which focused on the technology and applications of the BeiDou system.
- https://www.gov.br/mre/es/canales_servicio/prensa/notas-a-la-prensa/vii-cupula-do-brics-declaracao-de-ufa-ufa-russia-9-de-julho-de-2016
- https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/estacao-no-on-fornece-dados-de-satelites-a-brasileiros-e-chineses
- http://www.portaltransparencia.gov.br/viagens/42726337
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The contract between the government of Paraná and the Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical company Sinopharm took place amidst the race for immunization against Covid-19, which demonstrates the relevance of the approximation. The contract between the Chinese consortium, which has a state-owned company China Communications Construction Company, and the government of the state of Bahia for the construction of a bridge with an estimated cost of R$7.7 billion.
- http://www.seti.pr.gov.br/Noticia/Governo-assina-termo-para-producao-de-vacina-contra-Covid
- https://www.pge.ba.gov.br/procurador-geral-acompanha-assinatura-do-contrato-para-construcao-da-ponte-salvador-itaparica/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Porto Alegre, the capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, has the Chinese city of Suzhou as its sister city. The capital of China, Beijing, is a sister city of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Curitiba has had Hangzhou as its sister city since 1999. According to the Brazil-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry, more than 20 Brazilian cities have Chinese cities as sister cities.
- https://memoria.ebc.com.br/agenciabrasil/noticia/2004-03-11/prefeito-declara-porto-alegre-cidade-irma-de-suzhou-na-china
- http://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/lei-14471-de-10-de-julho-de-2007
- https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/rj/r/rio-de-janeiro/lei-ordinaria/2015/591/5919/lei-ordinaria-n-5919-2015-dispoe-sobre-a-consolidacao-da-legislacao-municipal-referente-as-cidades-irmas-da-cidade-do-rio-de-janeiro-e-da-outras-providencias
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No travel records were found after January 1st, 2022 of congressman or federal government employees to China paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities. In October 2023, a delegation of politicians and government employees from the government of the state of Maranhão traveled to Wuhan, Shanghai, Shiyan, Jingzhou, Yueyang, Shenzhen and Hong Kong at the invitation of the PRC government and Chinese businesspeople.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Several politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and Chinese businesspeople. It was the case, for example, of representatives of the states of Maranhão, Piauí, Rio Grande do Sul, Goiás and Minas Gerais.
- htt1ps://www.almg.gov.br/comunicacao/noticias/arquivos/Governador-solicita-autorizacao-da-Assembleia-para-viajar-a-China-e-ao-Japao/
- https://ww4.al.rs.gov.br/noticia/333757
- https://www.jornalopcao.com.br/politica/eleicoes-2024-viagem-a-china-com-caiado-pode-alavancar-candidatura-de-bruno-peixoto-539670/
- https://www.al.pi.leg.br/institucional/noticias/governador-encaminha-pedido-de-autorizacao-para-viagem-a-asia
- https://www.al.ma.leg.br/noticias/48662
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Skip
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
We have records of virtual meetings in 2020 of representatives of the PSB, PCdoB, PCB and PT with PRC representatives on Covid-19's control and prevention strategies; and in 2021 of another virtual meeting between the Workers' Party (PT) and the Chinese embassy in Brazil. However, no recent records were found on invitations or travels to attend the mentioned events.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Brazilian Constitution, in article 17, prohibits political parties from receiving financial resources from a foreign entity or government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of groups linked to United Front Work Department (UFWD) that organized fundraising campaigns or provided other forms of support to local politicians or parties.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Brazilian politicians who have received benefits from individuals or entities linked to the PRC overtly or secretly. It is known that Brazilian politician Eduardo Paes was vice president of BYD motors in Latin America and that the former president Michel Temer was formally hired by Huawei to prepare a legal opinion on the company's entry into the Brazilian market to dispute concessions around 5G transmission networks.
- https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/que-tipo-de-servico-michel-temer-prestou-a-huawei/
- https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/derrotado-nas-urnas-eduardo-paes-reassume-cargo-executivo-em-fabricante-chinesa-de-veiculos-eletricos-23362273
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a parliamentary group Brazil - PRC, composed of 31 Brazilian deputies. The parliamentary group was founded in 1993. In the Brazilian senate there is also a parliamentary group, created in 2004.
- https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/int/rescad/1993/resolucaodacamaradosdeputados-47-30-junho-1993-321226-norma-pl.html
- https://www.camara.leg.br/internet/deputado/gp-membros.asp?g=23
- https://legis.senado.leg.br/norma/592946/publicacao/15678637
Supplementary Notes
Although in some countries, parliamentary structure does not allow for such groups or committees, we still consider this indicator as important. "Joint parliamentary friendship group" means joint as PRC and target country representatives.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil did receive aid from the PRC. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Brazil got donations from Chinese companies and foundations, including masks, tests, ventilators, and vaccines. This shows significant support from the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
There are initiatives regarding the future. The National School of Public Administration (Enap) and the Shanghai Administration Institute signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in September 2023 to promote information exchange and build concrete cooperation programs. The agreement reinforces a commitment that began in 2015, which was halted with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic (Link). In April 2023, Brazil's Federal Police also signed a police cooperation agreement with China's Ministry of Public Security. The partnership includes information sharing, joint investigations and operations, as well as the exchange of officers and staff between the two countries (Link)
- https://www.enap.gov.br/pt/acontece/noticias/enap-e-instituto-chines-firmam-parceria-para-intercambio-de-experiencias
- https://www.correiobraziliense.com.br/brasil/2023/04/5087350-policia-federal-assina-acordo-de-cooperacao-policial-com-a-china.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of visas being denied to Brazilian citizens, or of episodes of hostile treatment by China for political reasons.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazilian officials participated in CCICED-affiliated events. Ana Toni, who was the executive-director from the Institute for Climate and Society (iCS) in Brazil and currently serves as Brazil’s National Secretary for Climate Change, is involved, showing active engagement in climate and sustainable development initiatives.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, the Brazil-China Strategic Partnership completed 30 years.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During an official visit to Beijing, in April 2023, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed a joint declaration with Chinese President Xi Jinping, in which he said he recognized that “Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory”. Subsequently, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mauro Vieira, reaffirmed on January 19, 2024, in a joint statement with his Chinese counterpart, Wang Yi, after a meeting at the Itamaraty Palace, in Brasília, that Brazil shares the principle of "one only China.” According to Vieira, the Brazilian government reiterates Brazil's “historical, consistent and unequivocal” support for a unified China.
- https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/joint-communique-between-the-federative-republic-of-brazil-and-the-people2019s-republic-of-china-on-the-deepening-of-their-global-strategic-partnership-beijing-14-april-2023
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2024/01/brasil-apoia-politica-de-uma-so-china-diz-chanceler-de-pequim-em-brasilia.shtml
- https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2024/01/19/apos-vitoria-de-separatistas-em-taiwan-brasil-reitera-posicionamento-de-uma-so-china.ghtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a survey by The Diplomat portal, Brazil remained silent in 2016 about the dispute in the South China Sea. Furthermore, while Brazil's traditional position is one of support for China's territorial integrity, the country tends to remain silent. In addition, no evidence was found of a manifestation by Brazil on other territorial issues of the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.