Brazil
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Brazil had a GDP per capita of US$7,519 and a total population of 213.99 million people, with the Chinese population comprising 26,078 people, or 0.012% of the total population.
Brazil established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1974. Brazil was ranked 110th in Reporters Without Borders’ 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and Free in Freedom House’s 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 73/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media5.0% / 30.1%
- Academia22.5% / 34%
- Economy54.5% / 33.6%
- Society35.0% / 23.6%
- Military18.2% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement27.3% / 30.2%
- Technology61.4% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics38.6% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy52.3% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are two active sites in Brazil linked to World Chinese Media. The first is the South American Overseas Chinese News Network, located in the city of São Paulo. The second is the Brazilian Chinese Network, also with an office in the city of São Paulo. Information available on the World Chinese Media website (Reference 1).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On the Belt and Road News Alliance website there is no Brazilian media organization in its membership list. On the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union website there is also nothing in relation to Brazil. In local sources too there is no evidence of participation of a Brazilian media organization in the Bealt and Road News Alliance or in the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
Skip
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2019/08/11/harmonyos-1-aparelho-com-sistema-da-huawei-e-tv-para-nao-so-ver-tv.htm
- https://canaltech.com.br/mercado/huawei-mira-em-expansao-fora-da-china-com-70-mil-lojas-de-varejo-ate-2017-40117/
Supplementary Notes
It was found the case of the reporter Helton Simões Gomes, from the UOL news portal, who, according to the report, traveled to the city of Dongguan (China) at the invitation of Huawei. The same with the reporter Rafael Romer, from the Canal Tech portal, who also traveled to Shenzhen, according to a report, at the invitation of Huawei. More evidence was looked for, first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites, on the official press site of Brazil, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no concrete evidence of journalists, influencers or a media group that traveled with expenses paid by China was found. In the journalistic environment, invitations from foreign companies and governments are a common practice in Brazil. In this sense, we found examples from IBM, Apple, Samsung.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was searched for evidence first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites (O Globo, Folha de São Paulo and Estadão), on the official Brazilian press website, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no evidence was found of journalists, influencers or media groups receiving training in China. In addition, Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC) was asked, through the Brazil's Access to Information Law, about sending personnel to receive training in China. In response, the EBC informed that despite the partnership with the China Media Group (CMG) there was no exchange of personnel for training neither from Brazil to China nor from China to Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are cooperation agreements between China Media Group (CMG) and Brazilian media organizations such as Bandeirantes group, Globo group and Empresa Brasil de Comunicação (EBC). The agreement with the EBC provides for the exchange of content and technology, joint productions, cooperative broadcasts and personnel training. The three agreements were signed in 2019 and are aimed, above all, at presenting Chinese culture to the Brazilian public. News from Chinese sources, such as Xinhua, does not appear in the major Brazilian media. On the other hand, CCTV has a partnership with BAND, which broadcasts CCTV Latin America reports in Portuguese.
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/geral/noticia/2019-11/brazils-and-chinas-communication-firms-expand-cooperation
- https://bandnewsfm.band.uol.com.br/2019/11/11/grupo-bandeirantes-assina-parceria-com-o-china-media-group-maior-grupo-de-midia-do-pais-asiatico/
- https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/trevisan-cfr-cebri-paper_0.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no information on media groups in Brazil that belong to the Chinese media and there was also no evidence of Chinese capital participation in Brazilian media organizations. On the other hand, according to chapter V, article 222, paragraph 2 of the Brazilian Constitution, the editorial responsibility and the activities of selection and direction of the programming broadcast in Brazil are exclusive to native Brazilians or naturalized for more than 10 years, in any medium of Social Communication. In addition, evidence was sought from sources of the Brazilian government, at the Ministry of Communications, through the Brazil's Law on Access to Information, and no record of Chinese capital participation in radio and open TV broadcast vehicles was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found on cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media in Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was searched for evidence first through search engines and later on Brazilian media sites (O Globo, Folha de São Paulo and Estadão), on the official Brazilian press website, Diário Oficial da União, and on the website of reporters without borders, but no evidence of PRC propaganda in Brazil in printed newspapers, news portals or on social media was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of journalists in the country who have come under pressure from the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Brazilian media that have censored criticism of the PRC government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No local figures were found who cast doubts on human rights abuses in the digital repository of the main Brazilian newspapers.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2016, the University of São Paulo (USP) has had a scientific technical cooperation agreement with Huawei do Brasil. In 2017, the University of Brasília signed a similar partnership. Huawei has partnerships with other Brazilian universities, such as the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL) and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUC-RS). In addition, through a partnership with Capes (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), a foundation linked to the Ministry of Education, Brazil is part of Huawei's global program "Seeds for the Future", which aims to train university students in advanced information and communication technologies. In addition, Huawei's global program provides travel for an exchange period in China for selected Brazilian students, with all expenses paid by Huawei. Until 2019, around 100 Brazilian students participated in this Huawei exchange.
- http://ibe.usp.br/2016/05/16/usp-firma-acordo-de-cooperacao-tecnico-cientifica-com-huawei-do-brasil-telecomunicacoes/
- https://noticias.unb.br/publicacoes/76-institucional/1749-unb-e-huawei-assinam-memorando-de-entendimento
- https://www.gov.br/capes/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/capes-anuncia-programa-de-estagio-com-multinacional-chinesa
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to Luis Antonio Paulino (2019), Brazil is the country with the largest presence of the Confucius Institute in Latin America and the Caribbean. Of the 41 Confucius Institutes that exist in Latin America and the Caribbean, 10 are in Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to Resolution No. 3, of November 21, 2018, of the National Council of Education, which updates the National Curriculum Guidelines for Secondary Education, English must be offered, and the teaching of other foreign languages of optional character may be included, Spanish is preferable. However, the Professor Fernando Duarte Rabelo State Center for Full Time, in the state of Espírito Santo, offers Mandarin classes in partnership with a Confucius Institute in Brazil. Classes are taught by Chinese teachers. The state of Espírito Santo bears the costs of teachers.
- https://www.in.gov.br/materia/-/asset_publisher/Kujrw0TZC2Mb/content/id/51281622
- https://g1.globo.com/es/espirito-santo/noticia/2019/02/17/mandarim-passa-a-integrar-curriculo-de-escola-publica-no-es.ghtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of think tanks or research centers that are linked to Chinese networks or associations. It was first looked for on a search engine for specific terms. Then, It was searched by think tanks or research centers in Brazil on the websites of the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network, Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road, but no evidence was found of an institution in Brazil that belongs to these networks affiliated to the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of think tanks or academic research centers that have received financial support from the PRC. A search was carried out, using these same terms, on the websites of CEBRI, Fundação Instituto Fernando Henrique Cardoso, FGV and IPEA, four large think tanks in Brazil, and also found no evidence of financial support from the PRC. Other than that, in October of 2019, through Capes, Brazil signed an international collaboration agreement with the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC), China's innovation promotion and research agency. FGV also has partnerships with Chinese think tanks, but there is no mention of financial support.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No concrete/official evidence of recruitment of Brazilians was found, nor a recruiting list on the Thousand Talents Program websites. The Changjiang Scholars Program website was down. However, it was found the name of a Brazilian academic who in his curriculum states that he was selected by the Thousand Talents Program.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Skip
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
- http://br.china-embassy.org/por/whjy/t1681754.htm
- https://direitorio.fgv.br/noticia/pedro-steenhagen-pesquisador-do-nucleo-de-estudos-brasil-china-e-admitido-no-phd-da
Supplementary Notes
For the 2019/2020 academic year, the China Scholarship Council granted, through the Embassy of China in Brazil, 14 scholarships (full grant) for Brazilian students in China. According to the China Scholarship Council website, China's embassies in the countries are the ways to apply for their scholarships. Also, in 2021, Pedro Steenhagen was approved, with a full scholarship from the China Scholarship Council (CSC), in the Ph.D. in International Politics of the School of International Relations and Public Affairs (SIRPA) of the Fudan University. However, we are not sure if the scholarship include paid trip. In addition to that, we know about trips paid by the PRC to scholars, especially from Fundação Getulio Vargas, but we do not have any evidences on it.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The reason for denying a visa is Chinese administrative data. The searches found no evidence of academics that had been denied visas to China.
Supplementary Notes
It may be interesting to review this indicator, considering that this type of information is confidential to China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Chinese entities involved in the elaboration or revision of academic or school curricula in Brazil. The partnerships of Chinese entities with Brazilian universities evaluated do not cover curricular issues, being focused on partnerships/cooperation in research/extension.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2009, China has been Brazil's main trading partner.
- https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/noticias/2019/11/china-e-maior-parceiro-comercial-do-brasil-no-mundo
- http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/geral/34723
- http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/geral/34725
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The biggest creditor is the BIRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) with a 26.6% share of Brazil's external debt (page 5).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is the main destination for Brazilian exports of iron ore and oil.
- https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/08/14/china-e-maior-mercado-de-7-dos-10-principais-itens-exportados-pelo-brasil.ghtml
- https://balanca.economia.gov.br/balanca/mes/2021/BCE020A.xlsx
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2018, the terminal operator China Merchants Port (CMPort) purchased the Port of Paranaguá and is expected to operate and control 90% of the container terminal. In 2017, the São Simão Hydroelectric Power Plant was auctioned by SPIC Pacific Energy. Since then, the plant has been operated by the Chinese company.
- https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2018/02/22/parceria-com-empresa-chinesa-para-controle-de-porto-e-firmada-no-congresso
- http://www.aneel.gov.br/home?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=%2Fasset_publisher%2Fview_content&_101_returnToFullPageURL=%2F&_101_assetEntryId=15767152&_101_type=content&_101_groupId=656877&_101_urlTitle=hidreletrica-sao-simao-e-arrematada-pela-chinesa-spic-pacific-energy&inheritRedirect=true
- https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/leilao-concede-todas-as-quatro-usinas-com-bonus-de-r-12-13-bi
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil integrates the AIIB as a non-regional member.
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/en/internacional/noticia/2015-03/brazil-join-asian-infrastructure-bank
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A list of members of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance (BRICA) can be found on the website of the China Federation of Industrial Economics. In this list, the National Confederation of Industry of Brazil (CNI) is included as a member. However, it is worth mentioning that in local sources, and especially on the CNI website, there is no mention to BRICA. The CNI was then asked about this partnership with BRICA. CNI responded that: "although CNI is part of BRICA, there has been no relevant participation in any initiative since 2017. We have been focusing our agenda within the scope of the BRICS Business Council, which has efficiently met the demands of the Brazilian private sector". Confederação Nacional da Indústria (National Industry Confederation) Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Since 2019, China has imposed an anti-dumping tariff on Brazilian chicken imports. The measure is expected to last 5.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of boycott, harassment or threats by the Chinese government was found in response to any corporate support for causes considered sensitive to China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The possibility of a free trade agreement between Brazil and China was raised, however this type of approximation encounters internal resistance in Brazil and also depends on Mercosur. Since 2019, there has been no further news about this supposed agreement that was being negotiated, according to Minister Paulo Guedes. In addition, on the website of SisComex (Federal Government Foreign Trade Systems), there is no listed trade agreements between Brazil and China.
- http://siscomex.gov.br/acordos-comerciais/
- https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,guedes-fala-sobre-possibilidade-de-area-de-livre-comercio-com-a-china,70003087943
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The searches found no evidence that the Brazilian government removed or relaxed regulatory restrictions or established special economic zones to attract Chinese investment.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of PRC-connected entities that requested infrastructure or "land" for the payment of debts.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Brazil, there is the Brazilian Association for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China, the Hongmen Do Brasil Association (in São Paulo), the Association of Overseas Chinese in Brazil for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China and the China Pro-Reunification Association (in Rio de Janeiro).
- http://portuguese.people.com.cn/n3/2017/0616/c309809-9229587.html
- https://ccbcbr.org/zh-CN/post/ccbc-participou-do-simposio-da-comunidade-chinesa-do-discurso-de-xi-jinping-sobre-taiwan
- http://portuguese.cri.cn/1721/2017/07/04/1s233860.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil is not on the list of countries with members of the United World Chinese Association. The consultation was made on the official website of the United World Chinese Association. In addition, no evidence of membership of the United World Chinese Association was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2018, representatives of the Brazilian Workers' Center (CTB) participated in a course for training Latin American youth in China. The course was promoted by the World Trade Union Federation (WSF) with the Chinese trade union center ACFTU. In previous years, the CTB had already participated in other events in China, as well as having received ACFTU personnel who visited the Brazilian union. This was the most recent case found in the survey. But in 2014, for example, the CUT (Single Workers Center), the largest union center in Brazil, and the UGT (General Union of Workers) carried out visits to the ACFTU.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As occurred in indicators 7 and 8 of domain 4 (Domestic Politics) there was no evidence of anything that relates the United Front Work Department (UFWD) with Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the end of 2018, the FENAJ (National Federation of Journalists) signed a cooperation agreement with ACJA – All-China Journalists Association, for the exchange of information with Chinese journalists on the economic and cultural initiative of the New Silk Road. On the FENAJ website, no other evidence was found. As for the China Artists Association, China Writers Associations and All-China Women Federation, no evidence was found of Brazilian professional associations closely connected with these associations.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In May 2020, the Municipal Secretariat for Social Assistance and Human Rights (SMASDH) of the city of Rio de Janeiro received a donation of 2,000 basic food baskets from the Chinese Community of Rio de Janeiro. In May 2020, the city of Rio also received a donation of 150,000 masks from the Chinese community. Another example, in 2018, the Manaus city hall received a donation of 100 stoves from the Amazonas China Association in Brazil, plus shoes and clothes to be delivered to families who were victims of a fire in the Educandos neighborhood, in the eastern region of the capital of Amazonas.
- https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/prefeitura-recebe-2-mil-cestas-basicas-comunidade-doadas-pela-comunidade-chinesa-do-rio-de-janeiro/
- https://prefeitura.rio/cidade/crivella-recebe-doacao-de-150-mil-mascaras-da-comunidade-chinesa-para-distribuir-a-populacao/
- https://www.manaus.am.gov.br/noticia/doacao-fogoes-associacao-chinesa-amazonas/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that PRC or PRC-connected entities distributed entertainment products or OTT streaming platform for free or for a low price.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
National cultural productions that reproduce elements related to the PRC are quite uncommon. Thus, we consider that we do not have enough subsidies to respond to the indicator.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of celebrities in Brazil who published or shared advertisements with PRC narratives.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of local government in Brazil having published or shared Chinese narrative advertisements.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to LatinoBarómetro data for 2018, around 57.6% of Brazilians interviewed consider Brazil-China relations "rather good". Also according to data from the LatinoBarómetro 2018 on the respondent's opinion about China, about 50% of Brazilians interviewed have a good opinion about China and 15% have a very good opinion about China. For comparison, in relation to the opinion of respondents about the US, for example, around 47% have a good opinion of the US and 22% have a very good opinion of the US.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to data from the Foreign Trade Secretariat, in 2020 Brazil imported around US$ 3.8 million in arms and ammunition (such as air or other gas pistols, pistols and truncheons) from China. In addition, there are some public safety pilot projects in Brazil that use Huawei's facial recognition cameras.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) there is no record of negotiations for the export of arms from Brazil to China in the period from 2005 to 2021. In addition, no evidence was found of Brazilian exports to China of military equipment or law enforcement equipment or components. The search was carried out by search engines and on the SIPRI website.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of partnership for the development or production of military or law-enforcement equipment between Brazil and China was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that the PRC expressed its intention or even mobilized to establish a base in Brazilian territory.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that Brazil received humanitarian aid from the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There was no evidence of military presence of PLA personnel on Brazilian soil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020 three Brazilian Army officers completed a course at the International College of Defense Studies (ICDS) of the National Defense University (NDU) of China. The course lasted for 1 year. Also in 2020, another Brazilian army officer completed a General Staff course at the China People's Liberation Army (PLA) Land Force Command School. In 2019, another Brazilian army officer also completed the General Staff course at the Command School of the Land Force of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA).
- http://www.eb.mil.br/web/noticias/noticiario-do-exercito/-/asset_publisher/MjaG93KcunQI/content/id/11883242
- https://www.eb.mil.br/web/noticias/noticiario-do-exercito/-/asset_publisher/MjaG93KcunQI/content/id/11882558#:~:text=Nanjing%20(China)%20%E2%80%93%20O%20Tenente,Popular%20de%20Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20China.
- https://www.eb.mil.br/web/noticias/noticiario-do-exercito/-/asset_publisher/MjaG93KcunQI/content/diplomacao-em-curso-de-estado-maior-na-china-2019/8357041#:~:text=Publicado%20em%3A%2015%20ago%202019,Popular%20de%20Liberta%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No more recent references to the indicator were found. In 2017 a Brazilian Army Major, instructor from the Joint Center for Peace Operations of Brazil (CCOPAB) attended the UN Peacekeeping Staff Membership Course (UNSOC), held at the Peace Operations Center Ministry of Defense of China in the city of Beijing (Link.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No comments yet
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of a Brazilian official (active or reserve) and/or an ABIN agent who advocated closer approximation and/or coordination with the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found that Brazil cooperated with the PLA in military exercises or war games. The search was carried out first by Google's search engine and later on the website of the Ministry of Defense, of Brazil, and on the websites of three major Brazilian newspapers. The intention was to find evidence of the practice of Brazil-PLA cooperation. On the other hand, it is known that in 2011 the Brazilian government signed an agreement with China on cooperation in defense matters. This agreement provides, for example: "military instruction and training, joint military exercises, as well as the exchange of information related to these matters". Still, no evidence of cooperation in practical military exercises was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense, that informed that no records were found related to military cooperation or exercises with the PLA.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Brazil and China have an extradition treaty in force since 8/16/2014. In 2019, the governments of Brazil and China signed an agreement to transfer convicted persons.
- http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2015-2018/2015/decreto/D8431.htm
- https://concordia.itamaraty.gov.br/detalhamento-acordo/5247?page=11&s=china&tipoPesquisa=1
- https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/acompanhe-o-planalto/noticias/2019/11/conheca-os-acordos-firmados-entre-brasil-e-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of a cooperation agreement to combat terrorism signed between Brazil and China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a report, in 2017, 14 members of the Chinese mafia were arrested. The Chinese mafia is strongest in the central region of the city of São Paulo, where most of the Chinese community in Brazil is also concentrated. We find no concrete evidence of this "Chinese Mafia" expressly linked with the Triads.
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2017-03/policia-civil-prende-14-integrantes-da-mafia-chinesa-em-sao-paulo
- http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/noticia/LeFotos.aspx?id=8674
- http://www.ssp.sp.gov.br/LeNoticia.aspx?ID=39235
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of cases of economic espionage targeting the Brazilian private sector.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of cyber attacks directed at the Brazilian government, critical infrastructure apparatus or companies suspected of originating from the PRC was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Triades, or "Chinese mafia", who threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents. The presence of the Chinese mafia in Brazil is mainly concentrated in the city of São Paulo and evidence was found that this mafia charges fees from Chinese traders in the central region. Another activity of the Chinese mafia in São Paulo is smuggling. Issues of threats or the use of violence to punish Chinese dissidents seems to us to be out of Brazil's reality. The Chinese mafia, according to evidence found in the survey, practices extortion, threats and uses violence with compatriots in case of non-payment of "protection fees". The mafia charges these fees so that Chinese merchants can maintain their trading activity.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The state government of Bahia implemented a public security pilot project using Huawei's face recognition system. Campinas also has a public security pilot project that uses the same technology from Huawei.
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35530
Supplementary Notes
This has already been highlighted in previous indicators.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of a joint patrol carried out between China and Brazil was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found on the detention of a fellow citizen at the request of the PRC for the appointed reasons.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of deportation of Taiwanese from Brazil to China was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence has been found of extradition or deportation of individuals to China under criticism from local politicians or foreign NGOs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is known that China Telecom in 2019 showed interest in buying Oi, but the interest did not materialize in the purchase. In addition, according to Decree 2,617, of June 5, 1998, in its article 1: "Concessions, permissions and authorizations for the exploitation of telecommunications services of collective interest may be granted or issued only to companies incorporated under Brazilian law , with registered office and administration in the country, in which the majority of the shares or shares with voting rights belong to natural persons resident in Brazil or to companies incorporated under Brazilian law and with registered office and administration in the country”. Even so, it was searched in Anatel's Raking (National Telecommunications Agency), with data from March 2021, on the operators with the largest number of subscribers of telecommunications services (Fixed Broadband, Mobile Telephony, Pay TV and Fixed Telephony ). In this Ranking, the main companies in the telecommunications market in Brazil are: Oi, Claro, Vivo, Tim and SKY/AT&T. None of these four companies are controlled by Chinese companies.
- https://informacoes.anatel.gov.br/paineis/acessos
- http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/decreto/d2617.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Huawei has been operating in Brazil since 1998 and is the largest supplier of telecommunications equipment, including 4G.
- https://www.istoedinheiro.com.br/banir-huawei-sera-custoso-e-atrasara-rede-de-5g-no-pais/
- https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,brasil-deve-manter-huawei-em-leilao,70003020906
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At least on the local government level, Brazilian government allow Huawei to become their 5G partner.
- https://www.storm.mg/article/1731610
- https://globalvoices.org/2021/05/28/why-huawei-was-almost-excluded-from-the-5g-race-in-brazil/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No law has been found to restrict PRC connected entities from providing technological equipment or services to the Brazilian government in the areas of military or security services. More than that, in 2019, for example, the telecommunications company Oi participated in a pilot project with the Public Security Secretariat of the state of Rio de Janeiro to use Huawei's facial recognition cameras. Campinas and Salvador also use this technology. We looked for evidence of technological equipment that the Brazilian army could use, for example, but we didn't find anything.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Pilot projects were found among some city halls for the deployment of Huawei's facial recognition cameras. As the question talks about collaboration, we considered the experimental projects of the municipality of Campinas and the Public Security Department of Bahia. We believe this is significant because, as highlighted in the comment on Domestic Politics indicator 11, the State of Rio de Janeiro and Ceará have already mobilized to acquire video surveillance equipment from Chinese companies. There is an expectation that these pilot projects in Brazil will move towards the effective implementation of these technologies, especially for public security issues.
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2018/10/chinesa-huawei-faz-parceria-com-oi-para-cameras-de-reconhecimento-facial.shtml
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35659
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Smart cities encompass video surveillance systems, in addition to many other elements dependent on IoT, 5G and artificial intelligence structures. It should also be noted that Brazil is still in the process of approving a notice for the 5G auctions. The issue of smart cities, which is quite comprehensive, is on the horizon, but still does not appear on the agenda with prominence on the national scene. Objectively, we consider the previous indicator to answer this one, since video surveillance systems make up smart cities systems. Still, evidence was sought that focused on other elements of smart cities. Thus, we return to reference the examples of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Campinas and the state of Bahia that used Huawei's facial recognition cameras. Thus, partnerships for video surveillance systems are considered as a smart cities system. It is also noteworthy that representatives of the state of Bahia and the city of Campinas attended the Smart City Forum, held in the Chinese city of Shenzhen in 2019. As there are 3 large cities, we chose the answer "Few, but significant".
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/tec/2018/10/chinesa-huawei-faz-parceria-com-oi-para-cameras-de-reconhecimento-facial.shtml
- https://www.campinas.sp.gov.br/noticias-integra.php?id=35659
- http://www.ssp.ba.gov.br/2019/05/5695/Bahia-apresenta-resultado-do-Reconhecimento-Facial-na-China.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of financial institutions in Brazil using the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS). The search results indicate that in Brazil, international transfer operations are carried out by the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT). There is an order from 2018, from the Central Bank of Brazil, confirming that two Brazilian civil servants attended a meeting at the Central Bank of China and "watch a presentation on the Chinese experience with the Cross" border Interbank Payment System".
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2017, DiDi Chuxing, the company that owns the largest transport app in China, invested in 99 (Taxi). In October 2018, Tecent invested US$ 180 million in Brazilian fintech NuBank. These are two big investments confirmed in Brazil.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-holdings-nubank-m-a-idUKKCN1MI20L
- https://www.investe.sp.gov.br/noticia/didi-chuxing-da-china-investe-no-aplicativo-de-taxis-99/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Only one MOU was found between Huawei and BioTIC S.A for the implementation of the first permanent 5G-test space, on national soil, with Huawei technology signed in June 2019.
- https://www.huawei.com/br/news/br/2019/junho/mou-para-fomentar-o-ambiente-da-inovacao-em-5g
- https://www.agenciabrasilia.df.gov.br/2021/05/06/impulso-tecnologico-por-uma-brasilia-mais-moderna/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a survey by the Mobile Time portal, the main messaging apps in Brazil in February 2021 are: Whatsapp, Instagram, Facebook Messenger, Telegram and Signal. However, when it comes to social media apps, Tik Tok appears in fourth position in a survey released by the Mobile Time portal in December 2020.
- https://www.mobiletime.com.br/pesquisas/mensageria-no-brasil-fevereiro-de-2021/
- https://www.mobiletime.com.br/pesquisas/uso-de-apps-no-brasil-dezembro-de-2020/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Brazilian government has already manifested itself in favor of BeiDou in the context of the VII BRICS Summit in 2015, held in the city of Ufá, Russia. According to the Ufa declaration (2015): "We recognize that our [BRICS members] countries can benefit from opportunities for space cooperation in order to promote the application of relevant technologies for peaceful purposes. We will intensify our cooperation in areas of joint application of space technologies, satellite navigation, including GLONASS and Beidou, and space science". In addition, it is known that in 2014 the first Brazilian Station for Monitoring the Chinese Beidou Satellite Positioning System was installed on the campus of the National Observatory (ON), in Rio de Janeiro. Another detail, in 2018 a servant of the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) was sent to participate in a technology conference organized by the National Center for Remote Sensing of China (NRSCC) which focused on the technology and applications of the BeiDou system.
- https://www.gov.br/mre/es/canales_servicio/prensa/notas-a-la-prensa/vii-cupula-do-brics-declaracao-de-ufa-ufa-russia-9-de-julho-de-2016
- https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/estacao-no-on-fornece-dados-de-satelites-a-brasileiros-e-chineses
- http://www.portaltransparencia.gov.br/viagens/42726337
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The contract between the government of Paraná and the Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical company Sinopharm took place amidst the race for immunization against Covid-19, which demonstrates the relevance of the approximation. The contract between the Chinese consortium, which has a state-owned company China Communications Construction Company, and the government of the state of Bahia for the construction of a bridge with an estimated cost of R$7.7 billion. The contract between the state of São Paulo and SinoVac laboratory was not considered, as it is a private Chinese company.
- http://www.seti.pr.gov.br/Noticia/Governo-assina-termo-para-producao-de-vacina-contra-Covid
- https://www.pge.ba.gov.br/procurador-geral-acompanha-assinatura-do-contrato-para-construcao-da-ponte-salvador-itaparica/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Porto Alegre, the capital of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, has the Chinese city of Suzhou as its sister city. The capital of China, Beijing, is a sister city of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. Curitiba has had Hangzhou as its sister city since 1999. According to the Brazil-China Chamber of Commerce and Industry, more than 20 Brazilian cities have Chinese cities as sister cities.
- http://www2.portoalegre.rs.gov.br/expo2010/default.php?p_noticia=127905
- http://legislacao.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/leis/lei-14471-de-10-de-julho-de-2007
- https://leismunicipais.com.br/a/rj/r/rio-de-janeiro/lei-ordinaria/2015/591/5919/lei-ordinaria-n-5919-2015-dispoe-sobre-a-consolidacao-da-legislacao-municipal-referente-as-cidades-irmas-da-cidade-do-rio-de-janeiro-e-da-outras-providencias
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, there were two trips by representatives of the legislative power from Brazil to China, with expenses paid by the Chinese government. A delegation of senators visited Huawei. The delegation of PSL deputies (supporters of the Bolsonaro government) represented a step on the part of the Chinese government towards closer ties with Brazil, despite the alignment of these deputies with the Brazilian foreign policy agenda of Bolsonaro of closer ties with the United States.
- https://legis.senado.leg.br/diarios/ver/102062?sequencia=31&sequenciaFinal=40
- https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2019/01/bancada-do-psl-vai-a-china-importar-sistema-que-reconhece-rosto-de-cidadaos.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There was no evidence of a meeting of Brazilian politicians who visited the PRC and had meetings with PRC officials and also with think tanks. However, considering only a visit to China with a meeting with PRC officials, in 2019 there was a trip by a group of senators (already informed in the previous indicator), paid for by the PRC. According to a report on the Uol portal, the senators also met with representatives of the Chinese Communist Party. There was also the visit of vice president Hamilton Mourão in May 2019, with the meeting of the Brazilian vice president with the president of the PRC, Xi Jinping. Also in 2019, in October, the president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, was in China and also met with Xi Jinping.
- https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/bloomberg/2019/10/08/viagem-a-china-com-tudo-pago-impressiona-parlamentares.htm
- https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/conheca-a-vice-presidencia/agenda-vice-presidente/2019-05-24
- https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-10/bolsonaro-se-encontra-com-presidente-chines-para-assinatura-de-acordos
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In March 2019, a total of 16 police officers from São Paulo participated of a training at the Department of Public Security of China, being 8 Police Delegates and 7 Military Police Officers. This course took place in Jiangsu Province and lasted 15 days. In 2017, the civil police of the state of Minas Gerais carried out exchanges with the PRC police in the city of Xuzhou. Similar examples of bilateral and multilateral cooperation were found between the Public Security Secretariat of the State of São Paulo, in partnership with the New York City Police (USA) and the Ministry of Justice and Public Security of Brazil with Interpol, for example.
- https://www.policiacivil.sp.gov.br/portal/faces/pages_home/noticias/noticiasDetalhes?contentId=UCM_044799&collectionId=358412565221033554&rascunhoNoticia=0&_afrLoop=343180767870765&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26collectionId%3D358412565221033554%26_afrLoop%3D343180767870765%26contentId%3DUCM_044799%26rascunhoNoticia%3D0%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dihoty01zm_4
- https://www.detran.mg.gov.br/sobre-o-detran/sala-de-imprensa/noticias/pcmg-realiza-intercambio-com-a-policia-chinesa-e-assina-memorando-de-cooperacao-policial
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Brazilian Constitution, in article 17, prohibits political parties from receiving financial resources from a foreign entity or government. Still, a survey was carried out on PRC donations to politicians or political parties in Brazil and found no evidence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of groups linked to United Front Work Department (UFWD) that organized fundraising campaigns or provided other forms of support to local politicians or parties.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of groups linked to United Front Work Department (UFWD).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, was the protagonist in several episodes of accusations directed at the Chinese government. The more pro-China wing, especially Vice President Hamilton Mourão, has, at times, a more pragmatic stance, but does not publicly express properly positive views of China. Mourão is more concerned with maintaining the normality of relations, above all, trade between China and Brazil.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Brazilian politicians who have received benefits from individuals or entities linked to the PRC overtly or secretly. It is known that Brazilian politician Eduardo Paes was vice president of BYDmotors in Latin America, a Chinese manufacturer of electric cars. However, there is no evidence on the criteria for hiring Eduardo Paes. In addition, it should be noted that BYD motors is a private company headquartered in Shenzhen. We found on some non-renowned websites and on Revista Veja (reference 1) the information that the former president Michel Temer was formally hired by Huawei to prepare a legal opinion on the company's entry into the Brazilian market to dispute concessions around 5G transmission networks. Informally, according to a news report, the former president was also hired because "he maintains good relations with President Jair Bolsonaro".
- https://veja.abril.com.br/blog/radar-economico/que-tipo-de-servico-michel-temer-prestou-a-huawei/
- https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/derrotado-nas-urnas-eduardo-paes-reassume-cargo-executivo-em-fabricante-chinesa-de-veiculos-eletricos-23362273
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- http://www.rj.gov.br/secretaria/NoticiaDetalhe.aspx?id_noticia=13091&pl=governo-do-rio-e-huawei-debatem-parcerias-tecnol%C3%B3gicas
- https://www.ceara.gov.br/2019/04/25/china-governo-do-ceara-firmara-parceria-com-gigante-da-tecnologia-em-seguranca/
Supplementary Notes
The State of Rio de Janeiro hosted Huawei representatives to build a partnership agenda covering public safety issues. However, no contract negotiations were closed. Along the same lines, the government of Ceará has been approaching the Chinese company Dahua Technology to supply video surveillance products and services, but so far, no negotiations have been closed. Both are pilot projects.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a parliamentary group Brazil - PRC, composed of 32 Brazilian deputies. The parliamentary group was founded in 1993. In the Brazilian senate there is also a parliamentary group, created in 2004.
- https://www2.camara.leg.br/legin/int/rescad/1993/resolucaodacamaradosdeputados-47-30-junho-1993-321226-norma-pl.html
- https://legis.senado.leg.br/norma/592946/publicacao/15678637
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In September 2020, representatives of the PSB, PCdoB, PCB and PT debated virtually with representatives of the Chinese Communist Party on Covid-19's control and prevention strategies. The meeting was promoted by the Chinese Communist Party. In February 2021 there was another virtual meeting between the Workers' Party (PT) and the Chinese embassy in Brazil.
- http://www.psb40.org.br/noticias/em-encontro-promovido-pelo-partido-comunista-chines-psb-debate-estrategias-de-controle-e-prevencao-do-coronavirus/
- https://pt.org.br/em-reuniao-com-embaixada-partidos-de-oposicao-reforcam-parceria-brasil-china/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Through an international cooperation agreement between the Government of the State of Goiás and the Province of Gansú, in 2019, two state employees were selected for an internship, training and capacity building program in China. About the diplomats, the MRE was questioned, through the Brazil's Law on Access to Information, but so far, no response has been received.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese ambassador to Brazil, Yang Wanming, responded to comments by Federal Deputy Eduardo Bolsonaro, in which the deputy accused China and Chinese companies of engaging in espionage and, in addition, the deputy supported the clean network initiative (to ban Huawei from 5G of Brazil). In response, the Chinese ambassador said: "they will bear the negative consequences and bear the historic responsibility of disturbing the normality of the China-Brazil partnership." In addition, tensions arose over an decisive issue, which is 5G and the technological dispute between the United States and China. Ambassador Yang Wanming responded in another episode again to federal deputy Eduardo Bolsonaro, then leader of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and National Defense of the Chamber of Deputies, after the Brazilian parliamentarian blamed the Chinese government for the Covid-19 pandemic. In this reply, which was given via Twitter, the Chinese representative in Brazil strongly repudiated the comment from Eduardo Bolsonaro and demanded an apology. It should also be noted that the Chinese ambassador's responses were reactions to attacks by Brazilian parliamentarians.
- http://br.china-embassy.org/por/sghds/t1835292.htm
- https://twitter.com/WanmingYang/status/1240441812105519109
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of visas being denied to Brazilian citizens, or of episodes of hostile treatment by China for political reasons. The research was carried out on search engines and in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There was no statement from the Brazilian government regarding Taiwan's participation in the WHO. The research was carried out on search engines and in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo). However, Taiwan's foreign ministry has issued a thank you note to some countries for supporting Taipei's candidacy to join WHO as an observer. Among the countries, the note mentions Brazil. On the Brazilian side, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Brazil was asked about the country's position in relation to Taiwan's participation as an observer at the WHO. The response was: "Brazil does not oppose the participation of Taiwanese experts at the technical level in WHO meetings, with prior knowledge of the Chinese government, but does not support the participation of Taiwanese political representatives as WHO observers. Whenever the topic is debated at WHO, Brazil follows the Chinese position. In this context, it is necessary to bear in mind the World Health Assembly Resolution 25.1, dated May 1972 (which decided to expel Taiwan from the WHO), as well as the practice of the AMS, as consolidated in past sessions."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Brazil voted for the Chinese representative for the post of director-general of FAO. The Chinese candidate was elected. In 2013 Brazil also supported the re-election of Li Yong as director general of UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a survey by The Diplomat portal, Brazil remained silent in 2016 about the dispute in the South China Sea. Furthermore, while Brazil's traditional position is one of support for China's territorial integrity, the country tends to remain silent. In addition, no evidence was found of a manifestation by Brazil on other territorial issues of the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of denunciation or support from the Brazilian government on the Uighur issue. Therefore, it is assumed that Brazil remained silent. The research was carried out on search engines, in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo) and on the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of denunciation or support from the Brazilian government on the Tibet issue, at least in the last 10 years. The research was carried out on search engines, in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo) and on the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of criticism from the Brazilian government on the impositions brought by the the National Security Law in Hong Kong. The research was carried out on search engines and in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.