Greece
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 74 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 94 / 368 | - |
Sep 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 71 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 28 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 68 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 0 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 72 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 22 % | - |
In 2023, Greece had a GDP per capita of US$22,990 and a total population of 10.35 million people.
Greece established diplomatic relations with the People’s Republic of China in 1972. Greece was ranked 88th in Reporters Without Borders 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 85/100.
Key Takeaways
- While Chinese influence in the academic sphere is perhaps not deep, it is broad, as reflected in the extensive formal cooperation between Greek and Chinese universities, which provides a basis for potential future deepening of Chinese influence in this area.
- The penetration of Chinese infuence is perhap greatest at the societal level, as reflected in the Index data. Beijing appears to have had some success in projecting a relationship of friendship and fraternity between the two peoples in an effort promote a positive image of China in the Greek society.
- Finaly, Greek Domestic Politicis and Economy seem to be targeted by the PRC. Indicators suggest that there is a gradual Chinese approach toward local Greek government institutions and small innovation companies (start-ups), potentially part of a wider strategy of increasing the PRC presence in Greece to promote its economic interests.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The only Chinese media in Greece is the China Greece Times, an online weekly newspaper, present on Facebook, X, Weibo, WeChat, Instagram and YouTube. The media outlet is a part of the World Chinese Media, having participated in World Chinese Media events and courses from 2007 to 2019. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Yet China Greece Times has practicly no appeal to local audiences and is almost unknown. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There has been one reported case of participation in international travel organized by the PRC, by the Greek inluencers Marianna and Sofia Erotokritou. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The two are fluent speakers of the Chinese language, have studied in China, are occupied with Chinese social media, and are deemed ambassadors of the Greek tourism in China. However, for the time being, they are only active in tourism promotion. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.ertnews.gr/eidiseis/mono-sto-ertgr/dyo-ellinides-aderfes-proothoyn-tin-ellada-stin-kina-video/
- https://www.greektwins.gr/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Greece Times is theonly reported Chinese online newspaper that was founded in Athens, Greece in 2005 by the local Chinese Community. Additionally, there is one case of a Greek businessman, namely Evangelos Marinakis, who owns the Greek newspapers "To Vima" and "Ta Nea", and he Greek TV channel "Mega", that has significant shipbuilding interests in China. Therefore, this indicatoe deserves a "Few" rating. However, Marinakis has extensive influence and active presence in the Port of Piraeus Authority, majority owned by the Chinese state-company COSCO. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelos_Marinakis
- https://www.newmoney.gr/roh/palmos-oikonomias/nautilia/ellada-ke-kina-kiriarchoun-stin-pagkosmia-naftilia/
- https://www.cgw.gr/
- https://www.facebook.com/China-Greece-Times-1480319618714126/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The prominent Greek newspaper Kathimerini and the AMNA News Agency, signed cooperation agreements for content exchange with Xinhua in 2017, while the smaller local newspaper "Amarysia" cooperates with Xinhua since 1999. Social media outlets have also delivered such content, such as the Facebook page of Greece-China Radio, the Facebook page of China Radio International, or the website of CRI-Greece. Additionally, the Greek newspaper "Naftemporiki", signed a cooperation agreement with Chinese Economic Daily that includes content sharing. Therefore this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Most of the aforementioned media outlets, namely "Kathimerini", "Naftemporiki" and AMNA, are widely read media within and outside Greece, in both the Greek and the English language. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.amna.gr/anaxinhua/article/785412/To-Pekino-proothei-ti-sunergasia-kai-tin-anaptuxi-stin-Periochi-tou-Kolpou-tis-Gkouangkntongk--tou-Chongk-Kongk-kai-tou-Makao
- https://www.kathimerini.gr/world/562545970/kina-statheropoiisi-scheseon-me-e-e-meso-gallias/
- https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/1516918/naftemporiki-and-chinas-economic-daily-open-new-horizons-of-cooperation/
- https://amarysia.gr/kosmos-news/%ce%ba%ce%af%ce%bd%ce%b1-%ce%b7%cf%80%ce%b1-%ce%b1%cf%85%ce%be%ce%ac%ce%bd%ce%b5%cf%84%ce%b1%ce%b9-%ce%b7-%ce%ad%ce%bd%cf%84%ce%b1%cf%83%ce%b7
- https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/1558066/ten-years-of-belt-and-road-initiative/
- https://www.naftemporiki.gr/finance/world/1554386/kina-elkystiki-gia-xenes-ependyseis-i-agora-omologon/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
Human right abuses are not denied by Greek media personalities or celebrities. In fact, especially during the COVID-19 lock down period, Greek media highlighted human rights abuses by Chinese authorities toward Chinese civilians.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In July 2021, the University of the Peloponnese annouced its cooperation with the Huawei ICT Academy. In December 2021, the University of Western Macedonia announced a cooperation agreement with the Huawei ICT Academy. In May 2022, the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh) signed an agreement with Huawei for cooperation with the Huawei ICT Academy on the following subjects taught at AUTh: ΑΙ; ΙοΤ; Cloud Computing; Big Data; Wireless Networks; Security of IT Systems; 5G Technologies; Data Communications, Routing and Switching. Again in May 2022, Huawei granted 27 Seeds for the Future scholarships to students from 8 Greek universities: The Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, the National Polytechnic University, the Athens University of Economics and Business, the University of Thessaly, the University of Crete, the University of Macedonia (Thessaloniki), the University of Patras and the University of Piraeus. Additionally, in July 2022, Huawei Signed a three-year MoU with the National Technical University of Athens for the cooperation in the field of education. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Such cooperations set the foundations of wider Chinese influence on Greek Universities, something that can potentially lead to the enhancement of China's political influence in Greece. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.epixeiro.gr/article/284363
- https://www.uowm.gr/epikairotita/deltia-typoy/synergasia-toy-panepistimioy-dytikis-makedonias-me-tin-polyethniki-etaireia-huawei/
- https://m.naftemporiki.gr/story/1860883/huawei-kai-apth-upegrapsan-mnimonio-sunergasias-gia-ti-diasundesi-tou-panepistimiou-me-tin-agora-ergasias
- https://www.uom.gr/11765-ypotrofies-se-27-spoydastes-apo-8-ellhnika-aei-sto-plaisio-toy-programmatos-ypotrofion-ths-huawei-seeds-for-the-future
- https://studyingreece.edu.gr/great-cooperation-of-university-of-western-macedonia-with-huawei-students-will-be-trained-in-its-academy/
- https://emeastartups.com/huawei-ntua-collaboration-to-drive-innovation/12017
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"There are Confucius institutes at: - the Athens University of Economics and Business - the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki - the University of Thessaly - the Greek University of West Attica. Additionally, there is a cooperation program between the Technical University of Crete and the Center for Language Education and Cooperation of China. In comparison with other EU member, four such entities are not that many. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a ""Few"" rating. Still, such cooperations can be utilized for the strategic promotion of a positive Chinese image and the formulation of further cooperations between Greece and China, thus increasing the latters presence and influence in the former. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a ""Significant"" rating."
- https://www.confucius.aueb.gr/
- http://confucius-institute.web.auth.gr/el/
- https://confucius.uth.gr/
- https://greekreporter.com/2023/07/05/confucius-institute-greek-university/
- https://www.tuc.gr/el/index.php?id=2786&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=23997&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=49dc99e5c6813ec281d516cf52aba08e
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are two schools, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki and University of Thessaly, which are members of the Belt and Road Architectural University International Consortium (BRAUIC). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a ""Few"" rating. No noticable BRAUIC activity is observed in Greece. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an ""Insignificant"" rating.
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/Members/index3.htm
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/Members/a5458ca4aec842b9a1b58dae58748a9a.htm
- https://brauic.bucea.edu.cn/english/Members/e229775800ab4911b0514d548384c0c5.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been several joint activities between Greek and Chinese research and academic institutions, with China's Embassy in Greece also being active in co-organizing such events. While it's likely that Chinese entities do occasionally provide financial benefits to the aforementioned Greek institutions, there is no public evidence to support this claim. Therefore, while the local experts have observed the Indicator phenomena, they cannot provide the necessary documentary evidence to answer the Indicator in the affirmative.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.amna.gr/home/videos/761368/Mnimonio-sunergasias-metaxu-Study-in-Greece-kai-tou-Kinezikou-Kentrou-gia-tin-epistimoniki-antallagirn
- https://www.kathimerini.gr/society/562623382/study-in-greece-stin-ellada-vrethike-apostoli-24-kinezikon-panepistimion/
Supplementary Notes
Despite the fact that there is no indication of active participation in Chinese recruitment programs, Greek and Chinese universities, and research centers have signed a plethora of academic cooperation memoranda. This development could potentially lead Chinese recruitment programs to target Greek academia.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is not sufficient evidence to support this claim. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.”
Supplementary Notes
While it is possible that trips organized by PRC-connected individuals or entities are provided to Greek scholars, there are no publicised evidence to support this claim.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The main Greek extractive products are Mineral fuels (including refined petroleum), marble, travertine, alabaster, several key industrial minerals, like bentonite, magnesite, and perlite, and some precious metal ores. While China appears to be, by far, the major importer of greek marble, travertine and alabaster, that is not the case for the rest extractive goods. According to recent evidence, Lebanon is the main importer of Greek refined petroleum, and the US of Greek industrial minerals. Since China is not "the top" buyer, but "a top" buyer, the most appropriate answer to this indicator would be "No".
- https://www.eliamep.gr/en/publication/in-focus-%CE%B7-%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CF%89%CF%82-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82-%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%BCade-in-eu/
- https://tradingeconomics.com/greece/exports/china
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/grc
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/259930/greece-is-the-world-s-fourth-biggest-marble-exporter/
- https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/marble-travertine-and-alabaster/reporter/grc
- https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/greece/Greece-CSD18-19_Chapter_II-Mining.pdf
- https://www.worldstopexports.com/greeces-top-10-exports/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China onws 67% of the Piraeus Port Authority stocks through COSCO Shiping, 24% of Independent Power Transmission Operator (IPTO) through State Grid, and 75% equity of four wind farms in Northern Greece through China Energy Europe Renewable Energy S.A.(CEERE). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.dw.com/en/greece-in-the-port-of-piraeus-china-is-the-boss/a-63581221
- https://www.enerdata.net/publications/daily-energy-news/china-state-grid-sealed-purchase-24-stake-greeces-admie.html
- https://eletaen.gr/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/1212en.pdf
- https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061540/http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2016-01/22/c_128656501.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Greece joined the AIIB in 2017. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-silkroad-aiib-idUSKBN1890B9/
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Most Chinese associations in Greece target the expansion of cooperation between the two countries on an economic, cultural and political level, with very few examples of Taiwan reunification promotion, with Greece-China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association being the only found reported example. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. There is no further evidence of the aforementioned association's, or any other entities', active role in promoting China-Taiwan reunification in Greece. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Hellenic-Chinese Union for Economical Commercial and Cultural, is an association founded in Greece in 2007 and formally established in 2008. The Union aims at forming bilateral relations with Chinese organizations, like, among others, the United World Chinese Association. Given the eagerness of Chinese associations with world-wide activity to include local unions and groups, it would be safe to suggest that the Hellenic-Chinese Union for Economical Commercial and Cultural is a member of United World Chinese Association. Nevertheless, there is lack of sufficient evidence and noticable activity on behalf of the Hellenic-Chinese Union since 2014. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Such events, organised by Chinese entities and China's diplomatic represantation in Greece are relatively few. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, such events are used as a major soft power practice to PRC social and political infiltration strategy. Additionaly, it should be noted that these events are often attended by Greek officials. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significnat" rating.
- https://greekreporter.com/2023/01/16/chinese-new-year-concert-athens/
- https://www.aueb.gr/el/content/dragon-boat-festival
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.papoutsanis.gr/en/who-we-are/news/visit-from-chinese-media-representatives_130819/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/11/c_137172495.htm
Supplementary Notes
While some PRC-connected professional associations, like the All-China Journalists Association and China Artists Association, have visited Greece, there is no indication of close ties with relative Greek entities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A recent donation of $100.000 by the Chinese to the Greek Red Cross, constitutes an indicative example of Chinese donations to vulnerable sector, like medical care. Through such actions China attempts to establish relationships on both an institutional and individual-to-individual level. These relationships can be easily manipulated, in order to promote Chinese interests on several occasions. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The National Theatre of China and the Sino-Hellenic Performing Arts Alliance are conducting their first joint endeavour in Greece, with the presence of entertainment venues being limited in Greece. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. While there is some attempt for the increase of relevant venues, in order to strengthen the promotion of Chinese culture in Greece, the endeavours remain limited and, for the time being, of little impact. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.athinorama.gr/theatre/3022658/to-1o-ellino-kineziko-festibal-mas-metaferei-ston-kosmo-tou-kinezikou-theatrou-sto-christmas-theater/
- https://shpaa.gr/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
TikTok is the only Chinese social media with significant presence in Greece, ranking third in preference after Fecebook and Instagram. It should be noted, however, that TikTok is becoming a rising trend, especially for the younger Greek audience. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/greece/computers-electronics-and-technology/social-networks-and-online-communities/
- https://www.greeceindex.com/about-greece/social-media-in-greece-2023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Such events, organised by Chinese entities and China's diplomatic represantation in Greece are several and increasing in number. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, they usually revolve around Chinese aspects, like caligraphy, tradition and martial arts, and aim to the standard promotion of Chinese culture. Therefore. this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://english.news.cn/20230507/99aa06dfb1de46159a5c23b8e4a37660/c.html
- https://greekreporter.com/2021/02/20/china-cultural-center-in-athens-launches-virtual-kung-fu-competition/
- http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/sunchunlan/202302/22/content_WS63f57529c6d0a757729e70ef.html
Supplementary Notes
Chinese Cultural associations in Greece are, likely, also recipients of PRC funding. However, the reported evidence are scarce.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The COVID-19 pandemic and the repression of human rights by the Chinese government have significantly reduced Greece's favorable public opinion toward China and its President, Xi Jinping. Nevertheless, the majority of Greek citizens still view China under a relatively positive view, mostly due to its ancient civilization promotion. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.lifo.gr/now/greece/ereyna-oi-ellines-theoroyn-pos-i-kina-ehei-eythynes-gia-ton-koronoio-kai-polloi-pos
- https://www.dianeosis.org/2022/04/ti-pistevoyn-oi-ellines-a-meros/
- https://idos.gr/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Sino-Greek-Relations_in_Media_18-3-2021.pdf
- https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-china/opinion/greeces-ambivalent-romance-with-china/
Supplementary Notes
However, the COVID-19 pandemic has reduced significantly Greece's favorable public opinion on China and its President, Xi Jinping. Beijing's repressive policies toward human rights have also contributed to the gradually decreasing favorable Greek view toward the Chinese government. Additionally, there is a growing displeasure of the Piraeus local community toward COSCO's activity in the Port.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
Skip
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although there are no reported cases of Greek retired or active military or intelligence officers receiving direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, there are reports that China is recruiting former NATO-member military officers, like combat pilots, throught companies likned to the PLA (example: Test Flying Academy of South Africa - TFASA). Given the fact that Greece is a NATO country, it would not be unlikely for its military personnel to have been targeted by China via similar methods Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.
- https://worldcrunch.com/world-affairs/china-military-espionage-west
- https://www.flightglobal.com/defence/usa-puts-flying-schools-on-entity-list-for-training-pla-aircrew/153674.article
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 1994 Greece and China signed a Bilateral Convention of Judicial Assistance, which was ratified in 1995. Additionally, Greece and Chine signed a collection of 16 MoUs in 2019, among them one dealing with extradition. However, no extradition treaty as such has been ratified. Therefore, the indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- http://www.gd.jcy.gov.cn/jcyw/sfxz/flfgytyxd/201812/t20181212_2440091.shtml
- https://ministryofjustice.gr/English/?page_id=596
- https://www.e-nomothesia.gr/diethneis-sunthekes/nomos-2358-1995-phek-239a-14-11-1995.html
- https://www.naftemporiki.gr/english/1028178/greece-china-to-sign-another-16-bilateral-agreements-to-boost-investment-trade-xi-jinping-in-athens/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Sino-Greek Police Cooperation Agreement was signed in 2007. The agreement enables mutual cooperation of the competent police authorities on the following sectors: terrorism, organized crime, drug trafficking, illegal weapon distribution (including chemical, biological and radiobiological weapons), human trafficking, smuggling and economic crime (including laundering), tracking missing and wanted persons, art and historical/cultural artifacts trafficking/smuggling, mutual training programs and police academies personel/trainees exchanges for further education. The last sector has not been applied up to 2023. Moreover, it should be clarified that any cooperation is restricted on intelligence exchange between the competent Sino-Greek authorities only, no involvement or intervention in either country's police affairs is authorized by the agreement. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While the existance of PRC-connected gangs in Greece has not been officially confirmed, organized Chinese criminal activity (Chinese mafia) has been reported. It is highly possible that the aforementioned activity is actually linked to the PRC, with gangs operating under Chinese government instructions.However, it has not been proven conclusively. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.
- https://www.newsbreak.gr/ellada/307516/poioi-skotosan-tin-38chroni-kineza-poy-vrethike-mesa-se-valitsa-sta-vilia/
- https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-beltandroad-piraeus-exclusive-idUKKBN1HR2LL
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The only reported case that indicates the realisation of such activity, is a Police Cooperation Agreement between China and Greece, signed in 2007, which includes training and exchanges between Greek and Chinese politce Academies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, the aformentioned cooperation is, for the time being, limited to informative presentations, with no report of joint operational police training between the two countries. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.amna.gr/mobile/article/770599/Chinese-officials-from-Sichuan-province-visit-Attica-police-HQ-in-Athens
- https://www.tornosnews.gr/en/tourism-businesses/markets/49484-chinese-officials-from-sichuan-province-visit-attica-police-hq-in-central-athens.html
- https://www.minocp.gov.gr/2008/05/20/05-06-2007-synantiseis-tou-ypourgou-dimosias-taxeos-kata-ti-diarkeia-tis-episimis-episkepsis-tou-stin-kina-kai-ypografi-symfonias-astynomikis-synergasias-ton-dyo-choron/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.makeleio.gr/%CE%B5%CE%BE%CF%89%CF%86%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF/%CE%9A%CE%99%CE%9D%CE%95%CE%96%CE%99%CE%9A%CE%97-%CE%9C%CE%91%CE%A6%CE%99%CE%91-%CE%9A%CE%91%CE%99-%CE%91%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%A5%CE%9D%CE%9F%CE%9C%CE%99%CE%91-%CE%A3%CE%A4%CE%9F-%CE%9A%CE%95%CE%9D%CE%A4/
- https://www.newsbreak.gr/ellada/307516/poioi-skotosan-tin-38chroni-kineza-poy-vrethike-mesa-se-valitsa-sta-vilia/
Supplementary Notes
While there are no reported cases of such activity by local criminal groups, there is some alleged presence of Chinese mafia cells in Greece, who proceed in coercive, intimidating and punitive tactics, possibly even resulting in murder. Nevertheless, it should be made perfectly clear that such activity is targeted towards Chinese individuals residing in Greece.The reasons behind any possible harassment vary, and may definately include dissidence and the adoption of a critical disposition towards the PRC by member of the Chinese diaspora.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Skip
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some indicators suggest that Greece has become a target of cyberattacks, especially after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, since it is a NATO member. However, there is not enough evidence in order to attribute those cyberattacks to PRC affiliated groups. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.”
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There has been a reported case of an Overseas Police Service Station operating in Greece, surveying, detaining and harassing members of the Chinese diaspora. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.tovima.gr/print/politics/to-parartima-lftis-kinezikis-astynomias-stin-athina/
- https://greekcitytimes.com/2022/12/24/greece-chinese-police-stations/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.news247.gr/magazine/i-katazitoumeni-kineza-me-tin-golden-visa-ston-geraka/
- https://www.news247.gr/ellada/sinelifthi-katazitoumenos-kinezos-gia-ipexairesi-290-ekat-evro/
Supplementary Notes
It should be noted that there have been reported cases of Chinese nationals being extradited back to China by the Greek authorities. However, these cases haven't raise criticism by politicians, government employees, NGOs, or other entities, since they refer to individuals who are found guilty of certain crimes and violations (in most cases economic fraud or other related financial crimes) and against whom there have been issued international arrest warrants.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There had been agreements between the Chinese Telecommunications company Huawei for the establishment of 5G networks with the Vodafone Hellas in the Greek city of Trikala and with Wind Hellas in Kalamata. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, those agreements were blocked before being realised. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://en.news.xiaomi-miui.gr/vodafone-giga-city-5g-sta-trikala-35211-2/
- https://www.cnn.gr/tech/story/184690/h-kalamata-ginetai-i-proti-5g-poli-sti-xora-mas-me-tin-protoporo-texnologia-tis-huawei
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Greece-joins-anti-Huawei-camp-as-US-seals-stronger-ties
- https://e.huawei.com/en/case-studies/storage/2022/all-flash-storage-in-greece
- https://sputnikglobe.com/20191023/huawei-vodafone-china-mobile-launch-joint-smart-port-white-paper-on-future-of-5g-port-industry-1077125307.html
- https://www.porttechnology.org/news/port-of-piraeus-steps-up-digitalisation-drive-with-vodafone-built-mobile-network/
Supplementary Notes
It should be noted that Vodafone has in fact established a private mobile network for the Piraeus Port Authority in Greece. Additionally, Huawei provides ICT infrastructure for the terminals of the port, making the cooperation of the two on a 5G or 4G network possible.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese Internet and Communication Tecnhnologies companies ZTE and Xiaomi hardware, connected to internet services (mainly routers), is used by the chief internet providers in Greece (OTE-Cosmote, Vodafone and Wind), as is evidenced by their e-shops. A similar example would be the smaller Greek internet provider Inalan, that cooperates with ZTE in internet services using ZTE and Huawei routers. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" rating. Although few, the aforementioned companies are included in China's top internet providers. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/1189610/chinas-zte-teams-up-with-greek-inalan-for-new-high-speed-optical-network/
- https://www.ictplus.gr/h-cosmote-pernaei-stin-epochi-tou-5g-sa-kai-ta-router-trelathikan/
- https://www.cosmote.gr/eshop/global/gadgets/productDetailsTangible.jsp?productId=ger_20412282&skuId=ger_20412282
- https://www.vodafone.gr/ypostirixi/syndesi-rythmiseis-router
- https://www.modulus.gr/el/docs/parametropoihsi-zte-f670linalan-cpe/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese companies ZPMC and Nuctech are two indicative examples of Chinese tech-related equipment providers that have supplied critical Greek infrustructures. Therefore this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.porttechnology.org/news/zpmc-cosco-and-port-of-piraeus-sign-historic-sts-crane-contract/
- https://simon-technologies.com/en/project/athens-international-airport-installation-of-x-ray-tomographs/
- https://www.keeper.gr/hikvision-dianomeas
- https://www.olp.gr/en/news/press-releases/item/8640-piraeus-port-authority-sa-assigns-to-huawei-technologies-sa-the-project-of-modernizing-its-network-infrastructure
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
While there have been some official statements regarding the Sino-Greek cooperation on smart cities (indicative URL), no formal agreement has been signed between Greece and PRC-connected entities for the establishment of smart cities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There aren't many examples of PRC-connected venture capital investments or PRC-affiliated financial firms that invest or buy out Greek technology start-ups. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, the fact that China targets some of Greek technology start-ups, indicates that it aims to acquire or even usurp foreign technological data, patents and know-how, in order to promote state strategies, utilization of dual-use technologies for military development. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.enterprisegreece.gov.gr/en/invest-in-greece/sectors-for-growth/ict
- https://www.trendingtopics.eu/greek-fintech-provider-viva-wallet-raises-80m-from-tencent-ebrd-to-expand-its-sme-centric-neobank/
- https://www.ellines.com/en/entrepreneur/43610-the-award-winning-greek-travel-tech-startup/
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/236832/greek-ceo-sells-berlin-based-startup-for-90-mln-euros/
- https://www.trendingtopics.eu/the-greek-microelectronics-startup-adveos-acquired-for-7-5m-by-a-chinese-tech-corporation/
Supplementary Notes
The Greek programme 'Enterprise Greece' is seeking to attract more foreign investment for Greek enterprices, including start-ups. China is featured as a promising investment partner as one of the major Asia ICT markets.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Through a limited number of investments, and a larger number of MoUs, Chinese companies have a certain presence in certain innovation sectors in Greece. Although this presence is not extensive. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. This limited presence exerts little influence over the Greek entrepreneurship. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/242055/chinese-investment-in-ai-industry/
- https://www.reporter.gr/Eidhseis/Epicheirhseis/Telecommunication-Equipment-Applications/295147-Synergasia-metaxy-Forthnet-kai-ths-ZTE-ypegrafh-sthn-Kina
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
- https://www.thenationalherald.com/ny-times-on-alleged-gifts-to-greek-officials-from-chinese-tech-company/
- https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/28/technology/huawei-greece-lobbying-campaign.html
- https://www.olp.gr/en/news/press-releases/item/8640-piraeus-port-authority-sa-assigns-to-huawei-technologies-sa-the-project-of-modernizing-its-network-infrastructure
- https://www.cnn.gr/tech/story/184690/h-kalamata-ginetai-i-proti-5g-poli-sti-xora-mas-me-tin-protoporo-texnologia-tis-huawei
Supplementary Notes
One reservation regarding this question is that twinning agreements are not always reported and their content often remains obscure. Additionally, there are some indicative examples which suggest that China may target government and potentially sub-government officials, in order to promote agreements. In 2018, the Municipality of the Greek city of Kalamata, had signed a contract with the Greek telecommunications company "Wind" for the establishment of a 5G network, provided by Huawei. This project, however, wasn't supported by the Municipality alone and was promoted by then leftist government of SYRIZA. It was canceled after the intervention of the US government, which issued a national security concern on a European level that led to the banning of Huawei from the European Internet network and 5G services. It should also be noted, that, in 2018, Huawei was assigned with the project of modernizing the Port of Piraeus Authority (PPA) network infrastructure, establishing a private network. Even though the above cases do not apply to the parameters of the indicator, they constitute indicative examples of China's attempts to approach politicians and members of the sub-national government in order to promote its agendas, revealing also the fact that technology is a major 'tool' for said policy.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"There are several reported sister-city/province ties between Greece and China (respective list below). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a ""More than a few"" rating. However, those agreements/ties were mostly created in a framework of formality between the two countries, and bare little political or economic gravity. Therefore this Indicator deserves an ""Insignificant"" rating. Respective list of Greek and Chinese sister cities/provinces: - Athens - Beijing - Amaroussion Municipality - Chaoyang district (Beijing) - Chalandri Municipality - Habin - Corfu - Tai'an - Elefsina - Xicheng district (Beijing) - Kalamata - Xi'an - Patras - Wuxi - Piraeus - Shanghai - Trikala - Banan distict (Chongqing Municipality) - Chios - Jiujiang - Chalcis - Wuhan - Marathon - Xiamen, Danzhou - Thessaloniki - Tianjin, Shenyang, Dongguan - Lefkada - Zhoushan - Tinos - Zhoushan - Tripolis - Guiyang - Sparta - Miyun district (Beijing) - Gortyna Municipality (Crete) - Chaoyang district (Beijing) - Attica Province - Sichuan Province - Crete Provinces - Hainan Province - Peloponnese Provinces - Qinghai Province - Pieria Povince - Shandong Province"
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_China
- https://greekreporter.com/2019/12/27/marathon-greece-and-danzhou-china-become-sister-cities/
- https://thessaloniki.gr/i-want-to-know-whats-going-on-in-the-city-2/twin-towns/?lang=en
- https://www.shenyang.gov.cn/english/aboutshenyang/sistercities/202201/t20220122_2580832.html
- http://gr.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zxgx/201603/t20160329_3167602.htm
- https://lefkaseabnb.gr/beautiful-sister-cities-of-lefkada/
- https://amarysia.gr/marousi/koinonia/13523-chaoyang
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/257552/attica-region-twinned-with-sichuan-province-in-china/
- https://www.flynews.gr/adelfopoiisi-dimou-tripolis-dimou-guiyang-tis-kinas/
- https://www.pkm.gov.gr/default.aspx?lang=el-GR&page=290&pressid=7311
- https://www.ypes.gr/UserFiles/f0ff9297-f516-40ff-a70e-eca84e2ec9b9/Town-Twinnings.pdf
- https://www.newsbreak.gr/politiki/370079/kineziki-epiroi-ellada-kyvernisi-mitsotaki/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Skip
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While there are no reports to suggest that Greek politicians or government employees have taken trips to China paid by PRC entities, it's not implausible that something like this has taken place without it being publicly known. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While Greek politicians and government employees at the local level seldom pay official visits to China, PRC official in Greece, especially the Chinese Ambassador Xiao Junzheng, often meets such officials. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Additionally, the frequency of those meetings are accompanied by what is assessed to be a Chinese strategy to establish ties, not only with the Greek government, but also with local provincial and municipal authorities, thus forming a multilevel framework of influence in Greece. Therefore, the Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.in.gr/2023/12/08/politics/aftodioikisi/vraveysi-tou-dimou-xalandriou-stin-kina/
- https://www.pdm.gov.gr/synantisi-tou-perifereiarchi-dytikis-makedonias-giorgou-kasapidi-me-ton-presvi-tis-laikis-dimokratias-tis-kinas-xiao-junzheng/
- https://aeolos.tv/51838/synantisi-perifereiarchi-me-ton-kinezo-presvi-stin-chio/
- https://www.politischios.gr/aytodioikisi/sunantisi-perifereiarhi-me-ton-kinezo-presvi-xiao-junzheng
- https://www.evros24.gr/synantisi-toy-dimarchoy-alexandroypo-51/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Greek political party representatives' visits in the PRC and their attendance in IDCPC or other events organized by Chinese state entities is a well established fact, but the frequency of such cases is relatively low. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, in several of those visits and attendancies Greece is represented by high ranking officials, with the current Greek Prime Minister having visited China twice in the past five years after being officially invited to discuss bilateral cooperation. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.ertnews.gr/perifereia/se-foroum-stin-kina-i-vaso-xoxlaka-ekprosopise-to-pasok/
- http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/Qiushi/2023-11/06/c_936462.htm
- https://www.mfa.gr/china/en/consulate-general-shanghai/news/conclusion-of-china-international-import-expo-2023-shanghai-6th-ciie-and-greeces-participation.html
- https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/1222935/greek-development-minister-in-beijing-for-belt-and-road-forum/
- https://www.oboreurope.com/en/second-belt-and-road-forum-1/
- https://www.ethnos.gr/englishversion/article/70214/pmmitsotakismeetschinesepresidentxijinping
- http://gr.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zxgx/202311/t20231110_11178153.htm
- http://gr.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/zxgx/202208/t20220804_10734300.htm
- http://gr.china-embassy.gov.cn/chn/zxgx/202211/t20221128_10981878.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a Greek-Chinese Friendship Committee in the Hellenic Parliament. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/en/Enimerosi/Grafeio-Typou/Deltia-Typou/press=11ea6b32-2e3b-4591-a3c8-ae06011fc304?press=94666dbc-8851-4a44-b7c3-ae440106eccd
- https://www.mfa.gr/china/en/greece/greece-and-china/political-relations.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phnomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phnomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phnomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phnomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in 2006 Greece and China upgraded their relations to a Comprehensive Strategic Partnership. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon. According to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece adheres to the "OneChina" policy, along with the overwhelming majority of the international community, including all Member-States of the European Union. Greece recognizes only the People’s Republic of China as a country and does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan/Chinese Taipei. A “Taipei Representation Office” was established in Athens in 1972, and remaines active since, without any diplomatic or consular status. Greece has not declared, officially or otherwise, Taiwan as an inalienable part of China.
Supplementary Notes
It should be noted, however, that in the "Joint Statement Between the People's Republic of China and the Hellenic Republic on Strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" in 2019, Greece accepted (possibly as a courtesy to Chinese President Xi Jinping who was an honored guest in Athens at the time of the statement) the common document, which mentions at some point that "Greece reaffirmed its commitment to the one-China principle, its respect for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and its support for the unification of China" (Link). Still, the official Greek position adheres to the "one China policy", not the "one China principle".
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s territorial claim and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
- https://www.wsj.com/articles/eu-issues-south-china-sea-statement-after-failing-to-agree-common-stance-1468583961
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-southchinasea-ruling-eu-idUSKCN0ZV1TS
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of Greece taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Greece has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Supplementary Notes
Greece has not adopted an official position on Xinjiang and the Uyghur issue. It should be noticed, however, that the leftist Greek government of SYRIZA vetoed a European Union condemnation of China’s human rights record, back in 2017.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of Greece taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Greece has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"No evidence can be found of Greece taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, Greece has remained silent regarding the PRC’s ongoing repression in Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score. "
Supplementary Notes
Greece has not distanced itself from EU statements on Honk Kong. However, on several occasions over the past few years, Greece opted for abstaining from statements critical of China on Hong Kong at UN level.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.