Myanmar
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 24 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 172 / 372 | - |
Oct 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 25 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 49 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 66 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 3 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 29 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 45 % | - |
In 2023, Myanmar had a GDP per capita of US$1,188 and a total population of 53.95 million people.
Myanmar established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1950. Myanmar was ranked 171st in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 8/100.
Key Takeaways
- In Myanmar, military dominance, law enforcement dynamics, and domestic political intricacies play a pivotal role when it comes to PRC influence. Military-led institutions often come under the sway of the PRC, and this is particularly notable in Domains such as domestic politics, military, and law enforcement due to sustained engagement with China.
- Technology and Economy are crucial Domains of both PRC and Myanmar's state-level entities. Notably, the Myanmar military leverages China's support and technological aid to surveil and suppress its citizens, despite prevalent negative perceptions among the population towards the PRC.
- Media and Dociety Domains are also crucial as PRC actively seeks to bolster its image among the Myanmar through various media and societal channels. It entails deploying social media influencers, establishing Chinese-language media platforms within Myanmar, and providing donations.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no Myanmar organization found in the Chinese Media Network .
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Skynet media, of the Shwe Than Lwin Co Ltd, is a member of The Belt and Road News Alliance. It is significant as Skynet is one of the leading DTH service operators in Myanmar, and began operating in December 2010. It has 100% (or nationwide) coverage and more than 20 million viewers in Myanmar. Another media channel, Business Myanmar TV is also a member of Belt and Road Media Community as well but Business Myanmar TV is not as significant as Skynet.
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
- https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-02-15/2023-Belt-and-Road-Media-Community-Summit-Forum-held-in-Beijing-1hrpgJxkAO4/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Chair of Myanmar Journalist Association joined the China-Media Twin City Forum in Yunnan, China, on 30th December 2022. Representatives from the media groups including state-controlled media such as MRTV, MITV, Myanmarma Alin, The Global New Light of Myanmar ၊ and those who have good relationships with the military regime such as One News ၊ Swemyo Paukphaw Magazine၊ Standard Times ၊ Eleven ၊ Yangon Media Group ၊ Vidy participated in a study tour organized by the PRC, covering Beijing, Shanghai, and Hangzhou. The number of the media groups and representatives is more than a few, but it is not surprising and is not significant as they are either military-affiliated or have good relations with the military regime. The rest of dozens of independent media groups were not involved in such a study tour.
- https://www.facebook.com/mjournalistsa/posts/pfbid02fJeHeXKTBHtQA58Pusn44M7vhfR1PaMY5x9jucHdp3DERTHDsVfB5ouJxAaE8soTl?locale=en_GB.
- https://www.facebook.com/paukphawfriendship/posts/pfbid02oASf6oCEkzx6a2iRBABhr9arywtMGa3z8ZKBsJkWMegYGcjhdpA2bzvk8vbgmdtel
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Journalists from state-owned media group Myanmar Radio Television took part in fully funded tours under the programme called ' A Myanmar Journalist's Experience in China'. It is significant because it is boardcasted on CRI Myanmar facebook page, which has 1.8 million followers.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are at least four PRC state-controlled media, broadcasted and distributed in a local lanaguage in Myanmar. They are Xinhua News, China.com, China Radio International and Yunnan gateway. It is singnificant because these platforms have millions of followers.
- https://xinhuamyanmar.com/
- https://myanmar.china.com/
- https://www.facebook.com/myanmar.cri
- http://myanmar.yunnangateway.com/html/2022/aboutus/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Pauk Phaw and Mingala News are operating as local media outlets but they are wholly owned by PRC. Since the number is quite few, it could be considered as insignificant.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar Focus Online Platform shares the contents from Xinhua and CRI. Myanmar Platform, a local social media outlet, occassionally shares the contents of PRC state-controlled media. Yet it could not be considered singificant as the number of such outlets is quite few.
- https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100093578645671
- https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/how-china-pushes-its-agenda-in-myanmar-media/
- https://www.cna.org/reports/2020/09/chinese-information-shaping-in-myanmar.
- https://www.myanmaplatform.com/search.html?search=%E1%80%90%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there were reported arrangements and agreement between local media and Chinese media, especailly for the content sharing agreement before the military coup, specifically in 2019. After the military coup, such arrangements are no longer in place.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While there have been no documented cases in my country, journalists have experienced pressure exerted by the People's Republic of China (PRC), which includes public denunciation, revocation of journalist identification, denial of visas, lawsuits, or threats thereof. China has made significant investments in establishing a presence in Myanmar's information environment. In 2020, PRC media engaged in content sharing with various state-run and private Myanmar media outlets. Additionally, China aims to influence Myanmar journalists by sponsoring forums, providing training, and facilitating travel. PRC media outlets also tailor entertainment content to suit Myanmar audiences through joint production efforts.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar media, in particular state-owned media, referred to China-Myanmar relations as Paukphaw relations, meaning siblings from the same mother, expressing fraternal sentiments between two countries. It was inisignificant since only a few state media use that term.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no reported cases in my country of media personalities, including reporters, journalists, or commentators, or celebrities who echo People's Republic of China (PRC) talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses. However, much of the media coverage in my country focuses on China-Myanmar relations and its influence in Myanmar.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Most leading Universities in Myanmar such as University of Yangon, Mandalay University, University of Medicine, Magway, Yangon University of Economics, and National Managment Degree College have partnerships with universities in China.
- https://www.uy.edu.mm/international-collaboration/.
- http://subsites.chinadaily.com.cn/YunnanUniversity/2018-01/23/c_128417.htm
- https://nmdc.edu.mm/page/yunnan-university
- https://www.fatima.edu.ph/news-announcement/olfu-partners-with-universities-in-china-and-myanmar/ .
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there are no Confucius classrooms in Myanmar, PRC-affiliated group organized "Chinese Bridge" language competition for foreign college and secondary school students in Myanmar
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Two leading Univerities in Myanmar are members of the Silk-Road Universities Network. Myanmar Institute of Stragtegic and International Studies, a government think tank, belongs to several PRC-related networks and associations. It is significant as two leading universities and Myanmar's only government think tank (Myanmar Institute of Stragtegic and International Studies) have a partnerhip with the PRC related entities. Myanmar Institute of Stragtegic and International Studies is a member of the following networks. ● China Center for Contemporary World Studies (CCCWS) ● Shanghai Institute for International Studies ● Chinese Academy of South and Southeast Asian Studies in Kunming (CASSAS) ● Chinese People’s Institute of Foreign Affairs (CPIFA) ● NACT (Network of ASEAN-China Think-Tanks) ● GCMS (Global Center for Mekong Study
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there are pro-PRC and government affiliated think tank such Myanmar Institute for Strategic and International Studies, there is no reported case of financial assitanceship receipt from PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There seems to be no active PRC talent recruitment programs in Myanmar, as local experts have not observed any such activities in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Government Scholarships, China-AUN (Asean University Network) Scholarship, Silk Road Scholarhip and One and One Road Scholarships are offered to Myanmar undergraduates and post-graduate students. It is considered as signficant as the PRC and PRC conencted identities continue offering multiple scholarships to Myanmar students to study in China and PRC is the only country which provides scholarship for Myanmar students with stipend to continue studying in their respective home countries.
- https://www.facebook.com/groups/256849676424975/
- https://english.news.cn/20221210/78bf103ebb104787a38bebfb006e0b38/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no observations of the formation and active engagement of organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), in Myanmar. However, there are groups of students studying Burmese studies at the University of Yangon and Mandalay. It is possible that they may form informal friendship groups for information sharing purposes.
Supplementary Notes
There is no reported association called CSSAs in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no reports observed by local experts indicating any instances where scholars or academics have faced pressure after expressing opinions or producing scholarship critical of the People's Republic of China (PRC). This includes situations involving visa denials for travel to the PRC, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the existence of academic partnerships and Memoranda of Understanding (MoUs) between universities in Myanmar and the People's Republic of China (PRC), there have been no reported MoUs or cooperation specifically from the PRC regarding curriculum development, particularly in the field of International Relations (IR). However, there have been exchanges and visits of Myanmar academics specializing in IR to universities in the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The majority of scholars in the International Relations (IR) field in Myanmar have focused their research on China-Myanmar relations. However, there have been no reported journals or academic works in Myanmar that echo People's Republic of China (PRC) talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses. For instance, there are no documented instances of scholars publishing articles denying the existence of re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China shares the largest share of trade volume of Myanmar, followed by Thailand and Singapore.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Based on the latest information received, about 40 percent of foreign debt is owed to China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar sold 1.43 USD billion worth of gas to China. And it is reported that most of Myanmar’s rare earth minerals are exported to China. Morever, most of the copper exported to China also comes from Myanmar.
- https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/myanmar-junta-sold-usd-1-43-billion-rakhine-natural-gas-to-china-in-2022/97522891?redirect=1.
- https://resourcetrade.earth/?year=2020&exporter=104&importer=156&units=value&autozoom=1
- https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-companies-reportedly-halt-rare-earth-mining-in-myanmar-after-protests/7056236.html
- https://tradingeconomics.com/china/imports/myanmar/copper
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC controls the critical infrastructure of the Kyakphyu deep seawater port, power plants in central Myanmar and Rakhine, Rakhine windpower and solar power project, railway infrastructure, rare earth export sector.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Myanmar-Crisis/Myanmar-and-China-s-CITIC-to-resume-stalled-deepwater-port-project
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/chinese-backed-power-plant-opens-in-myanmars-rakhine-state.html#google_vignette
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-china-sign-agreement-to-purchase-electricity-from-three-solar-power-plant-projects/
- https://www.xcept-research.org/publication/china-and-myanmar-resume-work-on-muse-kyaukphyu-railway/
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/interconnection-of-power-system-between-myanmar-china/
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/moa-signed-for-wind-power-projects-in-rakhine-state/
- https://www.bnionline.net/en/news/surveys-underway-kyaukphyu-kunming-railway-project-implementation
- https://www.inclusivedevelopment.net/china-global-program/china-global-newsletter-edition-8/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It was joined in 25th December, 2015
- https://www.charltonsmyanmar.com/myanmar-join-asian-infrastructure-investment-bank/
- https://www.aiib.org/en/about-aiib/governance/members-of-bank/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though Myanmar is a part of Silk and Road economic cooperation of PRC, there is no evidence of Myanmar business being a member of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce, yet.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) Yangon Branch joined China’s Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) in November, 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though the domestic political groups made statements and movements unfavourable to the PRC, there is no reported valid economic coercion.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar is a member of China-ASEAN free trade agreement.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar has established the Kyauk-Phyu economic zone, Shwe Kokko Economic Zone, Mandalay industrial park along wth other industrial zone to attract PRC investments and rely on the investment of PRC. Additionally, the Myikyina special economic zone, Kenpikeiti Economic Cooperation Zone, Muse Economic Cooperation Zone, Chinshwehaw Cooperation Economic Zone are also bing established with the PRC related entities.
- https://www.rfa.org/english/commentaries/myanmar-china-sez-09292023151501.html
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/shwe-kokko-how-myanmars-crime-hub-is-destabilizing-the-region.html
- https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/11573.
- https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/coordination-meeting-points-included-moa-thoroughly-discussed
- https://news.iresearch.cn/yx/2023/02/461709.shtml
- https://www.maritimegateway.com/china-and-myanmar-to-develop-border-economic-zones/
- https://news.iresearch.cn/yx/2023/02/461709.shtml
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although about 40 percent of Myanmar's foreign debt is owed to China, there have been no reported cases involving the transfer of land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness. However, two years after the military coup, the general consensus on the status of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) in Myanmar is that projects are gradually resuming, despite ongoing conflicts, albeit at varying paces.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The military regime explicitly expressed their commitment to fully support China’s goal of achieving peaceful reunification.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Head of Myanmar at UWCA is Mr. Duan Zhengli.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is celebrated across the country. And it is singificant because Junta chief attended the Lunar New Year event organzied by the Chinese embassy as no highest leader of the government never participated in such event before. In the past, only chief minister at the regional government level participated.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar Journalists Association has MOUs with both the Yunnan Journalist Association and All-China Journalists Association. It is insignificant because after the military coup, all the indepedent journalists and media practitioners are not part of that state controlled journalist association anymore.
- https://www.ifj.org/media-centre/news/detail/category/china-the-fight-for-freedom/article/journalists-and-the-china-story-myanmar.
- http://www.chinaja.org.cn/2019-04/30/c_138153517.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The China International Trust Investment Corporation (CITIC) group has undertaken the design of a charity clinic project in Kyaukphyu, located in Rakhine state. This initiative is being generously funded by the foreign aid department of Yunnan province. Furthermore, in response to the Cyclone, the Chinese Government has contributed substantial humanitarian supplies to Myanmar. Additionally, on a significant Buddhist occasion, the Chinese embassy in Myanmar made a notable donation to a Buddhist monastery.
- https://english.news.cn/20221225/901aae31441645598734361054399504/c.html
- http://mm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202305/t20230519_11080328.htm
- https://www.facebook.com/paukphawfriendship/posts/pfbid0VXpcJm6j5bTA4B78tZ43bPwGAF4XjXB335KeCnkenRe2gTcGRYp5SXk4Pvdf4YFKl
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Skynet media, agreed to boarcast Chinese documentaries “My Second Home II” ၊ “Mission AI (Part1-2)” ၊ “A Shot at a Better Future” ၊ “Return of the Elephants” ၊ “Live Streamers Behind the Screens. at the free channel of Skynet. It is insignificant as the Skynet is the only media which boardcasted such movies though there are more dozens of media group in Myanmar and the prominent media groups such as MRTV, MRTV4, Fortune TV, Maha, etc do not boadcasted such movies.
- https://www.facebook.com/paukphawfriendship/posts/pfbid0V8zjsAijD6So76rLFVTBForisPKaK5Ucgd33qdWyr8Dg3k7CiMPkXkFook2sDAVsl.
- https://www.facebook.com/watch/?ref=saved&v=564240335725791
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tiktok, which is owned by a PRC connected entity, is one of the top five popular social apps in Myanmar.
- https://42matters.com/most-popular-social-apps-myanmar.
- https://app.sensortower.com/top-charts?category=all&country=MM&date=2024-01-13&os=android&device=iphone+
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC has more than a few cultural, youth, language, educational, and sports exchange programs with Myanmar. They can be directly collaborated with Myanmar or through the region such as ASEAN. It is significant that the PRC is regarded as one of the few countries which officially continuing the cultural events and exchange programs in collaboration with the military regime.
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/union-education-minister-to-join-china-asean-education-cooperation-week-ceremony/
- http://english.scio.gov.cn/internationalexchanges/2023-03/07/content_85150047.htm
- https://www.aunsec.org/aun-action/scholarships/china-aun-scholarship-20232024/china-aun-scholarship-20232024-successful-candidates-announcement
- http://asean.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/ztbd/zbtd/202401/t20240104_11216749.htm
- http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2023-08/12239.html
- http://mm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202308/t20230808_11123673.htm
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/chinese-universities-to-cooperate-in-enhancing-myanmars-education-sector/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Although Myanmar features gamers and streamers actively participating in popular games from the People's Republic of China (PRC) like Mobile Legends, there are no reported instances of gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers being embroiled in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Instead the majoirty of Myanmar citizens hold negative views towards PRC government.
- https://thediplomat.com/2022/08/survey-indicates-ambivalence-about-growing-chinese-influence-in-myanmar/.
- https://www.ispmyanmar.com/burmese/wp-content/uploads/2022/08/China-Survey-English.pdf
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar imports weapons and military equipments worth of $267 million from China. China is top supplier of the military and law equipment to Myanmar.
- https://apnews.com/article/myanmar-weapons-russia-china-singapore-05bd26bc54df8bc682ee1143f0f36a5e
- https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/myanmar/crp-sr-myanmar-2023-05-17.pdf
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar regime Defense Minister Admiral Tin Aung San attended the 10th Beijing Xiangshan Forum was jointly held by the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, the China Association of Military Science (CAMS) and the China Institute of International Strategic Studies (CIISS).
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite Myanmar receiving imports of weapons from the People's Republic of China (PRC), there is no reported collaboration indicating that Myanmar co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC. This includes arrangements where professionals affiliated with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Reports indicated the development of infrastructure potentially intended for military purposes on Coco Island, a remote island under military control, possibly involving China. Coco Island is situated in the Yangon region, approximately 414 km (257 mi) south of Yangon city.
- https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/the-world-today/2023-04/myanmar-building-spy-base-great-coco-island
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/01/military-construction-on-myanmars-great-coco-island-prompts-fears-of-chinese-involvement .
- https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chinese-spy-bases-myanmar-s-great-coco-island-here-we-go-again
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the People's Republic of China (PRC) naval visit to Myanmar, there have been no instances reported where the People's Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in humanitarian relief or disaster assistance efforts within Myanmar. [See Additional Remark]
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been reports of a suspicious construction of a military base on Coco Island. Additionally, Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) navy ships recently visited Myanmar, marking the first Chinese naval visit to the country since 2017. This visit occurred on November 17, 2023.
- https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/the-world-today/2023-04/myanmar-building-spy-base-great-coco-island
- https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/01/military-construction-on-myanmars-great-coco-island-prompts-fears-of-chinese-involvement
- https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/chinese-spy-bases-myanmar-s-great-coco-island-here-we-go-again https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3243147/chinese-navy-visits-myanmar-show-friendship-following-upsurge-fighting-along-border
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The evidence of the data of participation of military professionals are being kept as confidential though there are verbal reports on the pariticipation of Myanmar military professionals in the training programs of PRC.
Answered by 3 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In May 2023, Major-General Yang Yang, the acting director-general of the Intelligence Bureau of China's Central Military Commission's Joint Staff Department, visited Myanmar and held discussions with the deputy commander-in-chief of the Myanmar military. Later, in October 2023, Myanmar's Minister for Defence, Admiral Tin Aung San, met with Vice-Chairman Zhang Youxia of China’s Central Military Commission (CMC) in Beijing. This meeting took place during Admiral Tin Aung San's attendance at the Beijing Xiangshan Forum, which is the largest annual event for military diplomacy in the country.
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-china-vow-to-bolster-military-ties-for-information-exchange-on-border-security/
- https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/05/31/top-chinese-intelligence-official-visits-myanmar-for-cooperation-talks.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no reported cases of high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers in Myanmar receiving direct or deferred benefits from individuals or entities connected to the People's Republic of China (PRC), openly or covertly, during or after retirement from public service.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chief of the General Staff, General Maung Maung Aye, hosted a delegation led by Vice Admiral Liu Zizhu of the People’s Liberation Army of China in Nay Pyi Taw, where they discussed strengthening friendly relations, ensuring border stability, promoting cooperation in security, and addressing rule of law measures. On October 29, Admiral Tin Aung San met with China's Central Military Commission Vice-Chairman Zhang Youxia in Beijing, discussing enhanced military cooperation, with Zhang expressing China's support for Myanmar's peace process and commitment to border security, and Admiral Tin Aung San affirming Myanmar's commitment to collaborating for stability and comprehensive military cooperation.
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-china-to-promote-friendly-ties-between-two-armed-forces-countries/.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-junta-defense-minister-meets-chinas-top-military-officer.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In late November 2023, PLA conducted a live fire drill with Myanmar in response to growing concerns around border security and escalated conflicts in the China-Myanmar border area.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China and Myanmar are intensifying efforts to combat telecommunications fraud, online gambling, terrorism, and drug control. During meetings in Naypyidaw, State Councilor Wang Xiaohong reaffirmed China's support for Myanmar's Belt and Road projects and committed to joint law enforcement, including the extradition of 2,349 Chinese telecom scam suspects on October 30th, 2023. Concurrently, State Administration Council Member Lt-Gen Soe Htut and Chinese Ambassador Chen Hai discussed law enforcement, security, border issues, and regional cooperation on June 1st, 2023, including refugee resettlement from Rakhine State.
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202311/1300956.shtml
- https://elevenmyanmar.com/news/myanmar-and-china-discuss-about-rules-of-law-and-security-cooperation-issues
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
During his visit to Naypyitaw on October 31st, 2023, Chinese State Councilor and Minister of Public Security Wang Xiaohong solely co-chaired the seventh China-Myanmar ministerial meeting on law enforcement and security cooperation. They discussed various issues including combating telecommunications fraud, online gambling, terrorism, and drug control. Despite the absence of a formal law enforcement agreement for terrorism, both countries expressed commitment to mutual security and development interests. Additionally, Wang Xiaohong met with Myanmar's Chairman of the State Administration Council (SAC), Min Aung Hlaing, and Myanmar's Union Minister for Immigration and Population, Myint Kyaing, to further solidify cooperation on border security and law enforcement against human trafficking, cybercrime, and money laundering.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-china-watch/chinese-security-minister-meets-myanmar-junta-chief-as-border-violence-grows.html.
- https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20231101/094973d131974692b419e3931836801c/c.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
PRC connected triads are known to be operating in Chinese investment project areas in Myanmar, reportedly in Shwe Kokko, Karen state.
- https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/myanmar-chinese-triad-gangs-activities-in-shwe-kokko-destabilizing-the-region/.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/broken-tooth-the-face-of-chinese-investment-in-myanmar-2.html
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar has approximately 140 private security companies, with about 16 being partially or fully foreign-owned, originating from both Western and Asian countries. Notably, only a minority of these companies are Chinese-owned, with 24 out of 49 firms from the combined total in Cambodia and Myanmar having Chinese ownership.
- https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/23/asia/china-private-security-mekong-report-intl-hnk/index.html.
- https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/resources/private-security-companies-in-myanmar.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar delegates attended 4th China-ASEAN and Neighboring Countries Police Academy Presidents Forum cum Law Enforcement Capacity Building Round Table Meeting in June 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there are local criminal gangs operating in PRC investment areas, there are no reported cases of violence, coercion, intimidation, or individuals critical of the PRC being punished.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Myanmar, there are no reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises suspected to be initiated from the People's Republic of China (PRC). This absence may be attributed to the ongoing process of digitalization within the Myanmar government and critical infrastructure.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the absence of reports indicating that People's Republic of China (PRC)-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises for surveillance or detention of members of the Chinese diaspora in Myanmar, there have been reports of China Mafia and triad gangs operating in special investment areas in Myanmar, particularly in the Karen and Shan states.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/shwe-kokko-how-myanmars-crime-hub-is-destabilizing-the-region.html.
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67471138
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Most of the detainess were slapped with charges relating to scams and online fraud.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Between September and December 2023, over 44,000 Chinese nationals were deported by both the junta and the United Wa State Army, although my country has not extradited or deported individuals to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Additionally, during a security and defense meeting on January 31, regime leader Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing disclosed that more than 50,000 foreigners who entered Myanmar illegally from October 5, 2023, to January 2024, have been repatriated to their respective countries. Among these, 48,120 were Chinese nationals, and 1,810 were from other countries. These actions were taken due to involvement in illegal online activities, weapons smuggling, and drug trafficking.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar has implemented a video CCTV surveillance system, constructed by China, which is currently operational for internet surveillance with China's assistance. The system has been installed and is planned for further installations in ten cities, including Mawlamyine, Taunggyi, Myitkyina, Yangon, Naypyitaw, Dawei, and Hpa-an.
- https://www.asiafinancial.com/myanmar-sets-up-china-made-cctvs-in-more-cities .
- https://www.dw.com/en/how-myanmars-junta-is-using-chinese-facial-recognition-technology/a-62624413
- https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_burmese-expert-china-helping-military-establish-cyber-firewall/6201972.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Telecom; China Mobile provided global internet services. In October 2017, China Unicom completed the PCCW 2M project, establishing the China–Myanmar International (CMI) cable and connecting it to the Asia–Africa–Europe 1 (AAE-1) cable. This marked the first time a Chinese domestic operator fully constructed an overseas optical cable project. The CMI cable, aimed at boosting Myanmar's telecommunication capacity, was preceded by the completion of the China–Myanmar International terrestrial cable in 2014. To facilitate this connection, the Ngwe Saung Cable Landing Station was built, linking China Unicom's AAE-1 submarine cable to the CMI cable, creating a digital link from China to Europe.
- https://www.facebook.com/ChinaTelecomMyanmar/.
- https://www.cmi.chinamobile.com/en/contact-us
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2019, Mytel, a military-backed operator, introduced 5G technology with the assistance of Huawei's 5G NR technology. Additionally, in the same year, Ooredoo signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with ZTE.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/business/military-backed-mytel-announces-successful-test-5g-service.html.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/5G-networks/ZTE-signs-deal-to-help-launch-5G-in-Myanmar
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
Skip
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The expert has observed the phenomenon in question, but cannot provide or share the documentary evidence required to answer the Indicator in the affirmative.
Answered by 3 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The junta’s minister of immigration and population called on Beijing in September 2023 to help replace his country’s national registration IDs with smart cards featuring biometric data that can be checked by computer.
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ids-10042023162309.html
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The junta’s minister of immigration and population called on Beijing in September 2023 to help replace his country’s national registration IDs with smart cards featuring biometric data that can be checked by computer. Link
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/ids-10042023162309.html
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Two biggest cities in Myanmar, Yangon and Mandalay, signed contracts with PRC-connected entities; Huawei, to establish the smart city system called safe city projects. Additionally, 335 surveillance cameras with facial recognition technology made by the Chinese tech giant Huawei went live across Naypyitaw.
- https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/cctv-contract-huawei-will-guard-spying-mandalay-chief-minister.html.
- https://myanmar-now.org/en/news/hundreds-of-huawei-cctv-cameras-with-facial-recognition-go-live-in-naypyitaw/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar has three submarine cables: SMW3, SMW5, and AAE-1. MPT is responsible for SMW5 and SMW3, landing at Ngwe Saung and Pyapon Cable Landing Stations. China Unicom oversees AAE-1, landing at Ngwe Saung Cable Landing Station. China Unicom collaborates with MPT to construct the 1500km CMI terrestrial cable system from Ngwe Saung to Muse on the Myanmar-China border, wholly funded by China Unicom. The CMI system spans 1500 km, connecting Ruili in China to Ngwe Saung in Myanmar, passing through Mandalay, Naypyidaw, and Yangon. China Unicom and MPT each own 12 fiber pairs on the CMI terrestrial cable. The Ngwe Saung Cable Landing Station, built in partnership with MPT, is fully funded by China Unicom and serves as their first overseas cable landing station.
- https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/myanmar#:~:text=China%20Unicom%20is%20the%20landing,Ngwe%20Saung%20Cable%20Landing%20Station.
- https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/myanmar/ngwe-saung
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The experts could not provide the convicing documents from the ground to support the evidence. While the local experts have observed the Indicator phenomena, they cannot provide the necessary documentary evidence to answer the Indicator in the affirmative.
Answered by 3 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On November 5, 2033, Union Minister for Science and Technology Dr. Myo Thein Kyaw met with Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Professor Yin Hejun in Chongqing, China, where they signed an MoU aimed at enhancing cooperation in science, technology, and innovation. While the discussions encompassed various areas such as ICT research, AI, laboratory upgrades, and food production technology, the agreement notably lacks emphasis on emerging technologies like blockchain, cloud computing, or big data. Consequently, the MoU, while symbolically important for bilateral relations, may be considered few and not particularly significant in terms of addressing cutting-edge technological advancements.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the technology cooperation MoU and discussions between Union Minister for Science and Technology Dr. Myo Thein Kyaw and Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Professor Yin Hejun, space exploration was notably absent from the agenda. This absence highlights a potential oversight in addressing significant areas of technological advancement and international collaboration. Given the frontier nature of space exploration and its potential for innovation and cooperation, the lack of discussion in this domain represents a missed opportunity for exploring partnerships in a crucial field.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Despite the significant strides made in science and technology cooperation between China and Myanmar, including their inaugural meeting in Yangon in November 2018 and the establishment of a joint radar and satellite communications laboratory as part of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC), there has been no reported collaboration regarding the endorsement or implementation of the BeiDou satellite navigation system by the People's Republic of China (PRC). Additionally, while Myanmar's Ministry of Transport and Communications has partnered with Huawei to introduce 5G networks since December 2018, there is no indication of joint efforts with China on the BeiDou system.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On March 8, 2023, the Kachin State Investment Committee, led by Chief Minister Thiri Pyanchi U Hkyet Hting Nan, discussed plans to sign a Memorandum of Agreement for the Kampaiti Business Park with the relevant company. On April 3, 2023, a coordination meeting discussed the Kan Paing Ti Economic Zone Project's Memorandum of Agreement, emphasizing legal compliance for enhanced cross-border trade. Chief Minister U Khet Htein Nan highlighted the importance of scrutiny, and participants actively contributed suggestions to align the MoA with legal and procedural requirements. These MoU developments are considered as significant as China remains the only country which continues doing the agreements and collaboration with the local or sub-national level government but these developments are not decentralized and mostly controlled and guided by the central government.
- https://www.dica.gov.mm/en/news/kachin-state-investment-committee-holds-its-12023-meeting
- https://dica.gov.mm/en/news/kachin-state-investment-committee-holds-its-92022-meeting
- https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/coordination-meeting-points-included-moa-thoroughly-discussed
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, it is significant because two biggest cities in Myanmar have sister-city ties with Haikou, Hangzhou, Kunming, and Nanning of China. Moreover, the newly industrial city named Kyaukphyu also signed an sister-city agreement with Qulin in July 2023.
- http://en.sistercity.info/sister-cities/Kunming.html
- https://en.db-city.com/Myanmar--Yangon--Yangon
- https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/756745.shtml#:~:text=Bussan%20becomes%20the%20fifth%20city,Asian%20country%20in%2025%20years.
- https://www.narinjara.com/news/detail/64c0bf0cb474f572a15ea8c2
Supplementary Notes
Kyauk Phyu Sister City, Mandalay Sister City
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Union election member, military’s proxy Union Solidarity and Development Party (USDP), employees from the ministry of education, ministry of health, ministry of science and technology, ministry of immigration and populations, and other several ministries joined the study tour and short-term trip to China, funded by the PRC. It is singificant as the delegations covers a variety of sectors.
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/uec-delegation-returns-from-china/.
- https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=pfbid0kVdQzmYgsiqTPCh9YQFrz846V3hZKH3PhdrtJJ85JhWKLE2wP1dK59LWQdGWiGcdl&id=130873627087773&paipv=0&eav=Afa91QU2cwMwRQ9QOaqk5xy-QuyIs_dO3ZPNdLhsggBRr0KnIF9g1alqadAksf5wNQA&_rdr
- https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/11586
- https://en.chinacdc.cn/news/latest/202311/t20231121_270754.html
- https://www.moi.gov.mm/moi:eng/news/11388
- https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=739621551528005&set=a.613312870825541
- https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=724416253048535&set=a.613312860825542
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/union-minister-explores-chinese-technology-firm/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The engagement of PRC officials and local or non-national level is quite few and insignificant since they focus more on engagement with the national level as it becomes centralized again after the coup. But Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA Navy) Senior Captain Li Jiamei paid a visit to Yangon Region Chief Minister U Soe Thein and regional government ministers in November 2023.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Skip
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is not relevant as there is no official national legislature after the coup.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no reports of financial assitance for the political parties from PRC and its connected entities.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China's Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Wang Wenbin, expressed strong dissatisfaction over the armed conflict resulting in Chinese casualties. Beijing has made solemn representations to the relevant parties. Wang demanded an immediate cessation of hostilities amid the northern Myanmar conflict and urged practical measures to prevent further incidents jeopardizing border peace. He emphasized China's commitment to taking necessary measures to protect its citizens' lives and property. Such expression is considered as insignificant as the experts believe that such expression is made as a part of diplomatic briefing and in practice, the PRC still maintain a warm and good relationship with the military regime and ethnic armed groups in the border area though there are reported news of putting pressures on these groups by the PRC.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While no overt evidence exists of politicians or government employees echoing People's Republic of China (PRC) talking points, efforts to maintain positive relations persist. Politicians prioritize fostering a genuine 'Pauk-Phaw' (fraternal) relationship and upholding the One China Policy. The National Unity Government's foreign minister echoed PRC concerns regarding the rise in online gambling, drug, and human trafficking within Myanmar's territory, posing regional stability threats. Consequently, a task force was established to address these challenges, aiming for cooperation at both regional and international levels. Despite limitations, the task force focuses on prevention through education and information exchange to bolster regional cooperation and stability.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are no reported instances of politicians or government employees receiving direct or deferred benefits from entities connected to the People's Republic of China (PRC).
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no direct suppression of the ciriticism against PRC. But the main political opposition group NUG committed that any organisation that poses a threat to the national security of neighbouring countries shall not be permitted to establish a presence within the territory of Myanmar.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The indicator is not relevant anymore. The parliament was suspened with the military coup and there is no legislature anymore since the coup in 2021.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are more than a few foreign aids and in-kind donation from PRC. Among them, PRC donated humanitarian supply for Cyclone Moha affected area in June, 2023. China Foundation for Rural Development (CFRD) has implemented seven projects for Myanmar, with 13.34 million USD. Myanmar receeive the foreign aids of China under the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation special fund and over 12.18 million U.S. dollars were granted to implement 35 Lancang-Mekong Cooperation special fund projects. China also donated transporation vehicles to the government ministries and departments. It is considered as significant as PRC becomes one of biggest donator of in-kind donation, in collaboration with the military regime.
- http://mm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202306/t20230614_11096530.htm#:~:text=The%20first%20batch%20of%20humanitarian%20supplies%20donated%20to%20Myanmar%20include,transported%20by%20sea%20very%20soon.
- https://www.gnlm.com.mm/china-foundation-for-rural-development-funds-seven-projects-in-myanmar-2023127/
- https://www.facebook.com/paukphawfriendship/posts/pfbid08UBBwCHpCQvhs46WvUgNkpsGZnbocSdfjSfjL8c42fk3bsM6agi8RA5F86BAKFdKl
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there were reported cases of seminar and workshops to civil servants of Myanmar in early 2021 online, there are no reported evdience on trainings for the topic of governance in 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Though there are no reported cases of detainment of Myanmar ciitzens for political reasons by China, there are cases of detainment and transfer of several suspects including both PRC and Myanamr citizens to China, by Myanmar authorities. These cases are related with the online scam and criminals of fraud.
- https://efe.com/en/other-news/2024-01-31/myanmar-hands-over-10-alleged-cyber-scam-suspects-to-china/#:~:text=Myanmar%20has%20so%20far%20transferred,of%20cybercrimes%20in%20the%20country.
- https://english.news.cn/20240131/82f9f990613e4f3bb6e14511c2c7bd55/c.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Skip
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The indicator is not relevant anymore. The parliament was suspened with the military coup and there is no legislature anymore since the coup in 2021. As of now, there have been no observed activities organized by the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development in Myanmar.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China and Myanmar agreed to further promote comprehensive strategic cooperation between the two countries in May, 2023 during a visit of Chinese State Councilor and Foreign Minister Qin Gang.
- https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202305/03/WS6451b554a310b6054fad0cd4.html.
- https://thediplomaticinsight.com/china-myanmar-to-promote-comprehensive-strategic-cooperation/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar, the junta, reiterates its commitment to the one-China principle, firmly supports China's positions on issues concerning China's core interests, and stands ready to work with China to implement the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative and the Global Civilization Initiative. But Myanmar also maintains its relations with Taiwan, through the Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar. A press release issued by the Myanmar military regime explicitly mentioned that Taiwan is an integral part of China. A parallel government of NUG also said that the One China Principle will be upheld.
- https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb_663304/zygy_663314/gyhd_663338/202311/t20231107_11175074.html#:~:text=Myanmar%20reiterates%20its%20commitment%20to,Civilization%20Initiative%2C%20advance%20cooperation%20on.
- https://twitter.com/MFA_NUG/status/1741919657852911764
- https://mcgkolkata.org/myanmar-s-view-regarding-the-recent-visit-of-u-s-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-to-taiwan-chinese-taipei/
- https://www.roc-taiwan.org/mm_mm/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar decided to remain silent on PRC's territorial claims in the South China Sea and has only pushed for a peaceful solution.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population and the Indicator warrants a 2 score
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No evidence can be found of the Index country taking a definitive position regarding this Indicator. Therefore, the Index country has remained silent regarding the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong and the Indicator warrants a 2 score
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.