Japan
* As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores.
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure
Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC's influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit.
Pressure
Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision.
Effect
Effect evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual effects and impacts on the target country.
In 2021, Japan had a GDP per capita of US$39,285 and a total population of 125.6 million people, with Chinese citizens (as foreign residents in the country) comprising 0.77 million people, or 0.62% of the total population.
Japan established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1972. Japan was ranked 71th in Reporters Without Borders' 2022 World Press Freedom Index, and Free in Freedom House's 2022 Global Freedom Status, with a score of 96/100.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country’s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
- Media22.5% / 30.1%
- Academia34.1% / 34%
- Economy27.3% / 33.6%
- Society43.2% / 23.6%
- Military9.1% / 23.4%
- Law Enforcement18.2% / 30.2%
- Technology27.3% / 40.8%
- Domestic Politics31.8% / 37.2%
- Foreign Policy37.5% / 41%
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The link shows that Japan has five media sources that are members, none of which are widely known in Japan.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The member list of Belt and Road Media Community has Rakuten VIKI USA as its Council Members. This seems to be the USA branch, but Rakuten is a Japanese company. Belt and Road News Alliance does not have a member from Japan.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have attended all-expenses paid media tours in PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
11 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
71 countries answered this indicator; 11 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
Skip
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
Although there is no media people who have had trainings in China as far as I know, some of those who are working for CCP-influenced news outlets might have had some training. When CCP invited reporters from overseas for 10 months training in 2018, for example, it did not include anybody from Japan. Link
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC state-media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- http://japanese.china.org.cn/
- http://j.people.com.cn/index.html
- http://jp.xinhuanet.com/index.htm
- https://china-news.co.jp/
- http://ja.ce.cn/
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The linked outlets are either wholly or partly owned by PRC citizens or corporations. See also: Source: Maiko Ichihara, "Chapter 1. Influence Activities of Domestic Actors on the Internet: Disinformation and Information Manipulation in Japan" in Asia Democracy Research Network, Social Media, Disinformation, and Democracy in Asia: Country Cases (2020), pp.1-29. Link
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are media outlets that have delivered cheap or free contents provided by PRC state-fund media.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article. Expert has also conducted an interview with a media influence specialist on this topic in October 2019.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are regular PRC state-media or government advertisements inserted within local newspapers, online news websites or social media.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I’m not sure if we can say regular, but PRC does insert advertisements in Mainichi Shimbun newspaper occasionally.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denouncement, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
24 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are incidents of media outlets censoring views critical of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who deny the existence of human rights abuses in the PRC (e.g. a media personality that doubts there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country’s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
9 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below articles.
- https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/269981
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/japan-pla-research-11302020174438.html
- https://www.u-tokyo.ac.jp/content/400095537.pdf
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXLASFB14H01_U5A011C1MM0000/
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
5 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
31 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below articles.
- https://csis-website-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/publication/200722_Stewart_GEC_FINAL_v2%20UPDATED.pdf
- https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20210531-OYT1T50143/
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial support from PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
10 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
72 countries answered this indicator; 10 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
13 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
69 countries answered this indicator; 13 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is hard to tell how extensive/significant the censors of CSSA is in Japan. However, the following Asahi Shimbun report shows that the Japanese authority thinks students’ spying is negligible: Link And the following dated source shows that Chinese students are utilized to spy on each other in Japan. However, the extent to which such spy activities are conducted is believed to be less extensive compared to English-speaking countries. Link
- https://www.facebook.com/pages/%E5%85%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A/105349997526636
- https://www.facebook.com/li.shen.1023
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, scholars or academics have been denied visas to travel to the PRC after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
16 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are confirmed reports of teachers or professors avoiding the discussion of sensitive political issues (e.g. Uyghur re-education camps, Taiwan independence, Tiananmen Square Massacre).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
77 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC’s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
PRC-connected entities own more than 50% of my country’s sovereign debt.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
55 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade or investment sanctions) that was specifically tailored at products or services that are highly dependent on the PRC market.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A prominent example is China’s temporary ban on the export of rare earth elements to Japan in 2010. The second article details threats as a result of the contents of maps included in in-flight magazines.
- https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/business/global/23rare.html
- https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/231277
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, local businesses have been harassed, threatened, or boycotted, due to their activities or statements in support of causes deemed unacceptable by the PRC government (e.g. Taiwanese independence, Hong Kong democracy, Tibet or Xinjiang issues, etc).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
One example of such coercion involves clothing retailers Muji and Uniqlo
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC-connected entities requisitioned infrastructure or land for failure to repay debts in a timely manner.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
76 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC’s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In addition to Sino-Japanese friendship organizations, all sorts of organizations for the “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” have been founded by overseas Chinese in Japan and engage in related activities.
- http://jp.xinhuanet.com/2018-02/12/c_136968699.htm
- http://japanese.cri.cn/20180206/2f748913-094e-40fe-aa29-3d4221d09197.html
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/202102/t20210226_12334326.html
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/202106/t20210623_12361253.html
- http://www.chinaqw.com/hqhr/2020/06-03/258815.shtml
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The representatives of the United World Chinese Association in Japan are 馮汝城, 麥耀發, and 方五二. 馮汝城 is Taiwanese advisor to the Federation of Chinese Associations in Japan. 麥耀發 is based in Yokohama and is a member of the Cantonese organization there.
- http://www.uwca.net/member.html
- https://www.japan-taiwan.jp/organization
- https://www.yokohama-chinese.gr.jp/yc/tx11-9.html
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, labor unions cooperate on exchanges or official visits to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Historically speaking, Japanese labor unions like Kokuro—the organization of national railway laborers—were closely aligned with the Japanese Socialist Party, which had strong ties with the CCP. The Association for Sino-Japanese Labor Exchange（日中労働者交流協会）was founded in 1974 with the support of the Japanese Socialist Party to advance labor exchanges between China and Japan.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are local reports of personnel linked to the UFWD who make appearances at Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat festival tournaments, etc).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The UFWD has helped to organize the Association of Promotion of Peaceful Reunification in Japan and has many Chinese members in Japan.
- http://jp.xinhuanet.com/2018-02/12/c_136968699.htm
- http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/jpn/tpxw/t1536661.htm
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations that are closely engaged with their counterparts locally, such as All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联).
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
33 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
8 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some PRC-connected professional associations have branches in Japan. For example, the Chinese Women’s Federation in Japan. The most prominent examples are the “seven organizations” under the umbrella of the Japan-China Friendship Association. See the second article.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The PRC has had a lengthy history of exchanges with Sōka Gakkai, a major Buddhist sect in Japan.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
11 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The PRC has been engaged in some TV and radio broadcasts in Japan.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Cultural products (such as films and TV shows) produced by my country’s production studios typically portray the PRC in a positive light.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, celebrities regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, the national or local governments regularly publish or share propaganda narratives from the PRC (e.g. statements from the PRC government or embassies).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, a majority of citizens have positive views of the PRC government.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
75 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
36 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
46 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country currently exports military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish basing.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
77 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
5 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, members of the military have received professional military education from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
34 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan's Self-Defense Forces have a formal exchange program with the PLA National Defense University.
- https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/SSG/topics-column/col-007.html
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2018-08/02/content_4821607.htm
- http://military.people.com.cn/n1/2018/1129/c1011-30432067.html
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, members of the military have received peacekeeping training from the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Only rumors of such activities exist.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA).
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Some 1.5 track dialogues have taken place with such officials, but it is hard to say that they are advocating for more coordination with the PLA.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
51 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
31 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There have been no war games or exercises, but there have been advanced exchanges of battleships and field officers.
- http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/jpn/jbwzlm/zrgx/t383140.htm
- https://www.spf.org/china/news/20191003.html
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
50 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press4_005436.html
- https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E4%BA%BA%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1%E3%81%97%E6%9D%A1%E7%B4%84#%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combatting terrorism.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
26 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are reports of economic espionage targeting the private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
15 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
3 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
51 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, representatives of the PRC police force have had joint patrols with local law enforcement.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
11 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
My government has detained people at the request of the PRC for committing a crime involving engagements with social movements or resistance activities in Hong Kong, Xinjiang or for other human rights or civic rights issues.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
My country has deported Taiwan citizens to the PRC to face prosecution.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
71 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
9 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
My country has extradited or has deported individuals to the PRC, although such decisions had attracted criticisms from politicians, government employees or from local or foreign NGOs.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
21 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC’s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://www.weeklybcn.com/journal/news/detail/20180603_162606.html
- https://classmethod.jp/partner/cmi/
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
16 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
30 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Companies/Japan-s-4-carriers-to-shun-Chinese-5G-tech
- https://www.institutmontaigne.org/en/blog/japans-5g-mirror-europe
- https://www.ztedevices.com/jp/
- https://www.huawei.com/jp/
Supplementary Notes
Nikkei Article behind paywall: Japan's 4 carriers to shun Chinese 5G tech Docomo and KDDI join SoftBank in ditching Huawei and ZTE A pilot base station developed by Huawei on the roof of a building in Tokyo. MINORU SATAKE, Nikkei staff writerDecember 10, 2018 21:11 JSTUpdated on December 11, 2018 04:25 JST TOKYO -- Japan's three main mobile phone carriers SoftBank Group, NTT Docomo and KDDI have decided not to use Chinese equipment in their 5G networks due to rising security concerns that spurred the Japanese government to block Huawei Technologies and other Chinese companies from public procurement. E-commerce company Rakuten, which will become Japan's fourth wireless carrier next year, is also shunning China, stating that "there are no plans to use Chinese telecommunication equipment." The company will use Nokia products for its 4G network. These moves will be a major blow to Huawei, which has been moving aggressively into Japan's telecom and smartphone markets. Tokyo on Monday essentially banned Chinese telecom purchases by central government ministries and its Self-Defense Forces starting in April. "It's extremely important to avoid buying equipment that includes malicious functions like stealing or destroying information or halting information systems," Prime Minister Shinzo Abe told reporters. Washington has already banned Huawei and ZTE from the U.S. 5G market, and has imposed sanctions on Chinese companies for their dealings with Iran. It will also bar companies that use products from certain Chinese companies from doing business with government agencies starting in 2020 -- a concern for SoftBank and the NTT group as they look to expand abroad. The Japanese government currently does not restrict such purchases by private-sector companies. But with pressure from the U.S. mounting, carriers face the possibility that this could change. Japanese telecoms plan to start testing 5G next year with the goal of a full-scale rollout of commercial service in 2020. Carriers, needing to choose suppliers for orders to be placed next spring, decided against taking the risk of buying from companies that could ultimately be barred from the market. Technology conglomerate SoftBank, the only major telecom in the country that uses Huawei and ZTE equipment in its 4G systems, will determine whether it has to find other makers. SoftBank had been partnering with Huawei in 5G trials, and it has worked mainly with the Chinese company's base stations when honing its 5G know-how. Choosing a different supplier could delay its plans. Meanwhile, Docomo and KDDI do not use Chinese equipment for 4G. While Docomo has been running 5G trials with Huawei, the company has decided not to use Chinese-made equipment in its 5G network, due partly to technical hurdles. KDDI also plans to continue avoiding Chinese equipment. NTT Docomo and KDDI have decided to follow the lead of SoftBank in deciding not to use Chinese equipment in their 5G networks due to rising security concerns. Huawei's market share for the country's base station sales jumped to 13% in fiscal 2017 from 4% in 2016, according to Tokyo-based research company MCA -- an increase mainly fueled by SoftBank, according to Taro Daimon, an analyst at MCA. Huawei accounted for about 60% of the carrier's base station installations by value in fiscal 2017. Takuya Kamei, senior researcher at Nomura Research Institute, said Japanese telecoms will be able to meet their 5G rollout goals by procuring equipment from other vendors. All three majors are expected to commercialize 5G services before the 2020 Olympics in Tokyo. "Companies will be able to obtain the necessary equipment," because none of them are solely reliant on Huawei, he said. But given that the transition to 5G typically involves upgrading some existing 4G infrastructure, the decision to steer clear of Chinese suppliers "will be a major blow to SoftBank, which has Chinese 4G equipment," MCA's Hironori Amano said. While no companies have indicated plans to halt sales of Huawei handsets, the Chinese maker's reputation has been tarnished. Huawei surpassed Apple this year to become the second-largest smartphone maker in the world, and has been making a big push in Japan, launching flagship models such as the P20 Pro. Jim Xu, Vice President of Huawei's consumer unit, told the Nikkei Asian Review in late November that the company plans to cultivate the Japanese market by opening dedicated Huawei booths in retail shops. Washington informed Tokyo and other allies of the risks posed by Chinese information technology equipment and urged them to block Huawei and ZTE from their markets, a Japanese government source said. Australia and New Zealand have already banned Chinese makers from building their 5G networks, and Britain's BT Group has said it will not use Huawei equipment in the core of its 5G infrastructure. Unlike the U.S. ban, Japan's new procurement guidelines do not single out any specific country or company by name. The World Trade Organization bars such discrimination in public procurement, and while exceptions can be made when security concerns exist, whether Huawei meets that threshold remains unclear. Japan may also be leery of damaging its relationship with China. "It is very important for our two countries to develop a relationship of friendship and cooperation," said Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshihide Suga. Government agencies will need to survey their IT equipment to ensure it complies with the new guidelines, expected to take effect in about three months. Any equipment that poses a security risk must be removed or replaced. IT and telecom companies are starting to conduct their own reviews to see if any Chinese parts or products were included in equipment sold to the central government. "It's technologically possible to intercept [information] through telecom equipment," said Goh Tokida, a security consultant at NRI SecureTechnologies. By inserting chips or modifying software, bad actors can collect information traveling through certain communication channels, he said. NTT Data, which develops systems related to the new "My Number" national identification program, is among those looking to get a head start on the process. The company says it "cannot completely rule out the possibility" that it used products from China. NEC, which builds its own telecom equipment in-house, says it basically does not use equipment from China. But other Japanese companies within its supply chain may have outsourced production to Chinese manufacturers, and NEC is considering how to check for such cases. Nikkei staff writers Jada Nagumo, Akihide Anzai, Wataru Suzuki, Akane Okutsu, Yukio Tajima, Isao Horikoshi and Yusuke Hinata contributed to this article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, telecoms have adopted hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities in internet/wifi/telecommunication service infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
14 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
74 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech-related equipment or services to our government, military or security services.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
28 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
53 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, central or local governments have collaboration (such as data collection or exchange agreement, or adoption of related hardwares) with the PRC government or PRC-connected entities on facial, voice recognition or other applications involving biometrics achieved by AI.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
中国、データ規制へ新法 外国企業も対象に米中対立先鋭化の懸念 【北京=多部田俊輔】中国は政府や企業が扱うデータの管理を厳しくする新法を制定する。改ざんや不正利用で国家安全保障を損ねると判断すれば罰則を科す。国外の組織や個人によるデータ収集も対象で、外国企業では警戒も広がる。国や企業の競争力を左右するデータ活用に影響が出るのは必至で、米中対立を先鋭化させる懸念もある。 新法の名称はデータ安全法（データセキュリティー法）。中国のデータの取り扱いにかかわる初めての... The above is from the article behind the paywall.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city” systems.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
35 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
The following shows that, while cities are not signing contracts with PRC for smart cities, the Japanese government has. In that sense, the 0 above does not mean the absence of worry. The fear can be understood as more substantial. Link Link
- https://www.nhk.or.jp/politics/articles/statement/22158.html
- https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/toshi02_hh_000060.html
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
63 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
18 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://www.nri.com/jp/knowledge/blog/lst/2020/fis/kiuchi/0206
- https://www.bk.mufg.jp/news/news2019/pdf/news0627.pdf
- https://www.mizuhobank.co.jp/corporate/world/info/cndb/rmb/index.html
- https://www.smbc.co.jp/news/j602132_01.html
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, PRC-connected venture capital invests in technology start-ups.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://www.fool.com/investing/2020/06/15/will-tencent-reduce-dependence-china-invest-japan.aspx
- https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-25/tencent-to-become-largest-shareholder-in-japan-s-marvelous
- https://initial.inc/articles/global-startup-summary
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, PRC-connected entities are shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on usage.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Top 5 apps: LINE: 77.4% Twitter: 38.5% Instagram: 35.7% YouTube: 23.2% Facebook: 21.7% TikTok: 8.1% Skype: 7.1%
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of BeiDou satellite navigation system.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
20 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, local municipalities have sister-city ties (友好城市) with municipalities in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
10 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
23 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, politicians or government employees visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
1 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below links.
- https://president.jp/articles/-/41480?page=2
- https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2019/04/post-12054.php
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, law enforcement and judicial related training offered the PRC-connected individuals or entities has been accepted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign donations that originate in the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
78 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
64 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have made public statements opposing the candidacy of a local political candidate or party, claiming them being “anti-China”.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
78 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
1 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
0 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly expressed positive views of the PRC government.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
12 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
37 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some Japanese politicians who express positive views of the PRC occasionally, but they are clearly a minority in Japan. And those who show positive views tend to be top leaderships of parties, especially in Komeito and LDP. Such expressions are normally as a part of diplomatic protocol, and those who omit the messages are normally not coopted by PRC.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
40 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
See below link.
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
57 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Japan-China Friendship Parliamentarians' Union (日中友好議員連盟, Nitchū Yūkō Giin Renmei) has friendly relations with the Chinese government and the CCP.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have met officially with representatives of the PRC.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
3 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
40 countries chose this answer
82 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Representatives from members of the ruling coalition (the LDP and Komeito) regularly visit China to meet with Chinese leaders. The third article does not to involve Noda Seiko acting on behalf of the LDP. Instead, the focus of the visit seems to be on inviting female members of the National Diet, regardless of party affiliation.
- http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/jpn/zrdt_1/t778357.htm
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO25012510T21C17A2EA4000/
- http://www.china-embassy.or.jp/jpn/zrdt_1/t1693673.htm;
- https://www.komei.or.jp/komeinews/p39061/
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXMZO48746980Q9A820C1EAF000/
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
Skip
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
Link The Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has established an advanced joint exchange program with the CCP's Central Party School. There has been a total of 19 exchanges between the two countries, the most recent of which was in 2009. Whether this continues in the present is less clear.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
In my country, politicians or government employees have been pressured by PRC diplomats to change their political or diplomatic stances.
Skip
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
Link The Japanese vice minister in charge of the cabinet office overseeing IR (Integrated Resorts), received bribes from a Chinese company, 500.com, in Shenzhen. Japanese law dictates that it is illegal for individual political candidates to receive any funds from corporations or individuals. Japanese prosecutors therefore only have to prove that politicians such as Akimoto Tsukasa received the funds from 500.com in order to obtain a conviction. As a result, there is no public evidence of Akimoto changing stance as a result of receiving the funds.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Citizens of my country have been detained in PRC or denied exit visas, and believed to be suffering from unfair legal treatments for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy”.
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Notable cases include the detention of Nobu Iwatani, a professor of history at Hokkaido University, in late 2019.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
The head of state, head of government or foreign minister of my country has denied Taiwan’s right to participate as a member, observer or guest in WHO.
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
79 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country publicly supported the appointment of a PRC official to be the head of a United Nations agency (such as the FAO or ICAO) or other intergovernmental organizations (such as INTERPOL).
Skip
Skipped
9 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
73 countries answered this indicator; 9 countries skipped this indicator
Supplementary Notes
There is not much publicly available information on this having happened in recent years.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My government has shown support of PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016; except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 6.)
Oppose
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC’s claim
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC’s claim
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan has publicly urged China to accept the 2016 ruling.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population.
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
31 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
32 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
17 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan has publicly expressed concerns about China’s conduct in Xinjiang.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My country has shown one of the following stances on PRC’s treatment of its Tibet population.
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
13 countries chose this answer
80 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The All-Party Japanese Parliamentary Support Group for Tibet has engaged in a number of activities in support of Tibet’s government in exile
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
My government has not publicly criticized the PRC’s imposition of the National Security Law on Hong Kong.
Oppose
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has denounced PRC
24 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has voiced support to PRC’s stance
21 countries chose this answer
81 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan has expressed concern over the situation in Hong Kong.
Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team