Japan
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 49 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 141 / 396 | - |
Jun 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 53 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 35 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 1 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 80 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 79 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 19 % | - |
In 2023, Japan had a GDP per capita of US$33,834 and a total population of 124.67 million people.
Japan established full diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China in 1972. Japan was ranked 70th in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 96/100.
Key Takeaways
- While the PRC's influence in Japan is relatively restrained, links with Chinese organizations continue to be maintained or strengthened. For example, in the social domain, cultural, diaspora and women's organizations have organized events in Japan. In the technology domain, collaboration between the private firms in Japan and China has been observed, with partnerships confirmed for the construction of submarine cables and the development of next-generation display technology.
- The PRC put pressure on Japan in relation to ongoing issues. Following the release of treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant in 2023, Japan was subjected to disinformation, criticism and harassment from the PRC. Import restrictions were imposed on Japanese seafood, and staggering number of harassing phone calls to public authorities and other various entities were identified.
- While few politicians in Japan express favoritism towards China, some in the academic sector, for instance, denied the Uyghur issue and claimed pro-democracy movements as American conspiracy. In addition, according to press reports, dozens of Japanese have participated in the the Thousand Talents Program. There have been incidents of data leaks by Chinese researchers from public research institutes.
- More classic forms of pressure, including the refusal of Japanese freelance journalists to enter Hong Kong, and cases of Japanese nationals being detained under the revised Counterespionage Law, have also been identified.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The website of 世界华文媒体 (Link) shows that the following eight outlets as the members in Japan, none of which is widely known among Japanese. - 現代中國報 - 日中TV - 樂樂中國電視台 - 中文導報 - 日本華僑報 - 大富電視台 - 中日新報新聞社 - 留學生新聞
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123653013564588032.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123652046496497664.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123650029866745856.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123649572570169344.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123648577165361152.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123648191436193792.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123645614371930112.html
- https://www.gcmcu.com/static/content/LMHY/HYGL/2023-06-28/1123641135652175872.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The Belt and Road News Alliance has no member from Japan. While the Belt and Road News Network has no information about its members, the members are all from BRI member countries, while Japan is not a member of the BRI, and thus Japanese organization is not likely to be its member. Japanese media is not a member either of the Belt and Road Journalists Network or the B&R TV Networks.
- https://brnalink.com/members.html
- http://en.brnn.com/
- https://www.pressbridge.net/journalism-exchange/organizations-overview
- http://en.videochina.org.cn/2017/0417/4741.shtml
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some news that Japanese participated in media training in Japan. It does not tell how many participated, but we can assume from the sources that the number would be quite limited. There is no statistical evidence, and thus my confidence rating is 70.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are some news that Japanese participated in media training in Japan. It does not tell how many participated, but we can assume from the sources that the number would be quite limited. There is no statistical evidence, and thus my confidence rating is 70.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese state media outlets have Japanese websites, but the readers are extremely limited.
- http://japanese.china.org.cn/
- http://j.people.com.cn/
- http://jp.xinhuanet.com/index.htm
- https://china-news.co.jp/
- http://ja.ce.cn/
- https://japanese.cri.cn/
- https://www.youtube.com/@cri8511
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
An online media called Record China operates under the ownership of of a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, if not wholly-owned: Link"
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
AFPBB (a Japanese branch of the AFP operated by a Japan-based company named Creative Link), Record China, and Duan Press have been reposting contents from CCP media.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some users of an app called Trip-Mile, which provides digital ads based on people's geo-location info, has a number of ads from China some of which even criticizes the Japanese government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In June 2023, a freelance journalist named Yoshiaki Ogawa, who used to cover Hong Kong, was denied entry into Hong Kong.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Japan, even those media that are influenced by the CCP such as Record China does not pose any image that it is close and friendly with the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While diaspora media such as Record China echoes PRC talking points, they do not do so under the name of specific individuals. In August 2024, there was an incident at NHK where a Chinese journalist who is in charge of translating and reporting NHK news in Chinese, did not report the original content and reported a fabricated version over Senkaku. Again in September 2024, the NHK found a false Chinese translation of Japanese news on the Middle East, and thus could not broadcast this news in Chinese on time.
- https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20240819/k10014553331000.html
- https://digital.asahi.com/articles/ASS9T366BS9TUCVL02LM.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Alibaba's Jack Ma was appointed as a visiting professor at the University of Tokyo on May 2023. He has been away from the public eyes since 2021, when the rumor that the PRC intends to crackdown Alibaba began spreading. Also, National Institute of Informatics had a joint research project with iFlytek (a Chinese artificial intelligence company) in 2015. The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology had a project with Huawei, where they send Japanese students to China for "Science Inter College" and give awards to students under the name of "Huawei Award."
- https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/kyoiku/kyoiku/news/20230501-OYT1T50120/
- https://www.electronicsweekly.com/news/business/finance/china-collaborate-exam-passing-zrobot-japan-2015-09/
- https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Biotechnology/Chinese-company-to-join-Japanese-university-s-robot-project
- https://archive.is/fFfJB
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are 15 universities that have Confucius Institutes.
- https://news.tv-asahi.co.jp/news_politics/articles/000299079.html
- https://www.digmandarin.com/confucius-institutes-around-the-world.html
- https://www.obirin.ac.jp/kongzi/
- http://extension.hokuriku-u.ac.jp/koushi/
- https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/confucius/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is only English that is required to be included in K12 education in Japan, while schools have their own discretion to include other language education as the second foreign language.
- https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/micro_detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/03/18/1387017_011.pdf
- https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/micro_detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/03/18/1387018_010.pdf
- https://www.mext.go.jp/component/a_menu/education/micro_detail/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2019/03/28/1407073_09_1_1.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Belt and Road Initiative Japan Research Center is a member of the Belt and Road Studies Network. Waseda University and Chuo University are members of the University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Ten Japanese universities have been receiving financial and/or material support from Huawei through the "Huawei Innovation Research Program." Among them, the University of Tokyo showed the possibility to revoke the agreement.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to a report in 2021, 44 Japanese researchers were found to have taken part in the Thousand Talents Plan. A Chinese scholar at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (産業技術総合研究所) was arrested for leaking research data to a Chinese company. He was a participant of the Thousands Talent. China stopped disclosing the content of its own Thousand Talent Plan in 2022, and thus it is not clear how many Japanese scholars are in China through such state projects. However, some of the known cases include the move of Akira Fujishima, professor emeritus of the Tokyo University of Science, taking its entire team to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology in September 2023.
- http://j.people.com.cn/n3/2022/0513/c95952-10096451.html
- https://biz-journal.jp/journalism/post_312708.html
- https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20201231-OYT1T50192/
- https://digital.asahi.com/articles/ASR736TZCR6ZUTIL02T.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No such case has been reported.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some Chinese students associations are said to be under the direct control of the Chinese embassies and are mobilized for intelligence purposes. However, it is hard to tell the extent to which they are mobilized.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While they are not pressured in Japan, there have been cases where scholars who analyze China get detained when visiting China for presumably works that are not positively considered by the PRC.
- https://www3.nhk.or.jp/sapporo-news/20240515/7000066973.html
- https://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/ff9d247b736eb5cf6e91076e640c87f3.pdf
- https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASS4Q1JG2S4QUHBI009M.html
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOGR18A7N0Y4A310C2000000/
- https://www.nippon.com/ja/in-depth/d00527/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no such incident or report so far.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tomoo Marukawa denies human rights abuses of the Uyghurs. Homare Endo continues writing about the NED, claiming as if all the pro-democracy movements and a great number of conflicts are plotted by the NED, which she thinks is a de facto another CIA.
- https://www.recordchina.co.jp/b880948-s25-c100-d0199.html
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/99fad3d9632878f09100341df04b26d86f08575a
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/a37c6948cf0f44c352397dc7058265d1b45cc888
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/0f2f8e301f9d2fa90789f3be589b4525d2b427f3
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/95d2660cb7c98ae511688a52710b84f1f27083a2
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/2632244bd8ae413dafc8127d5c844dbdeadbdd82
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/8144406b472d0036beca44e3f55373922648e5b8
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/f6ef153d704054aec86f9206144c00d649b6404b
- https://news.yahoo.co.jp/expert/articles/703638dc351bcf7562bd0f640573877c816f5cc2
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, China is Japan's largest trading partner. This trend is also confirmed by The Observatory of Economic Complexity. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/files/000007735.pdf
- https://oec.world/en/profile/country/jpn?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The following link shows that China is the fourth largest holder of Japanese government bonds, at less than 25% of the total. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "No" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In terms of mineral fuels, mineral oils and products, the top customers are Arab countries. Imports of aluminum, iron or steel, and Cermet are the highest from China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan is not a member of the AIIB.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan's three major megabanks (Mitsubishi, Mizuho, and Sumitomo Mitsui) have this function. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A ban on imports of Japanese marine products was imposed in connection with the discharge of ALPS treated water. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan has concluded Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnerships (RCEP) with countries including China. Besides, two countries have signed the China-Japan BIT and the investment promotion and protection agreement between Japan, Republic of Korea and China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.meti.go.jp/policy/trade_policy/epa/epa/rcep/index.html
- https://www.jetro.go.jp/biz/areareports/2023/f08ccdac54846c97.html
- https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bilateral-investment-treaties/918/china---japan-bit-1988-
- https://investmentpolicy.unctad.org/international-investment-agreements/treaties/bilateral-investment-treaties/3302/china---japan---korea-republic-of-trilateral-investment-agreement-2012-
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"日本中国和平统一促进会" and “日本华侨华人联合会” exist in Japan. In addition, there are several Chinese organizations in Japan that are deeply concerned about the Taiwan issue but are not listed as members. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Also, news reports regarding "Promotion of Peaceful Reunification" can be found. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://jp.reuters.com/article/china-parliament-taiwan-idJPKBN2V701U
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZQOCB25B6G0V20C23A5000000/;
- http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/zt/tch9hwhzh/bwbd/xgzl/201211/t20121107_3356648.html
- https://www.pcprj.org/
- http://world.people.com.cn/n1/2022/0804/c1002-32494599.html
- https://www.ucrj.jp/;
- http://osaka.china-consulate.gov.cn/xwdt/202401/t20240118_11228453.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Three people are in charge of the group in Japan. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
National Federation of Life Insurance Worker's Unions (LIU) has connection with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) including the exchanges of members. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Various Chinese diaspora community events and activities were confirmed. Also, the All-Japan Federation of Overseas Chinese Professionals (中国留日同学会) operates at least eight recruitment stations and holds events. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. In addition, former Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama attended the event of UFWD's Western Returned Scholars Association. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.bs4.jp/shinsou/articles/1q0l19ngvipspd79.html
- http://jp.china-embassy.gov.cn/jpn/yhyz/202401/t20240123_11231273.htm;
- http://jp.china-embassy.gov.cn/jpn/yhyz/202401/t20240119_11229483.htm
- http://jp.china-embassy.gov.cn/jpn/yhyz/202309/t20230913_11142073.htm
- https://www.ucrj.jp/news20240201
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
When Kenzo Oe (a famous Japanese novelist) passed away on 3 March 2023, Chinese Writers Association announced a message of condolence through 日本中国文化交流協会 (Japanese association on Chinese culture). Also, associations like 関西日本華僑華人婦女連合会, 在日華人女性交流会, and 日本中华文学艺术家联合会 exist. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, it is difficult to interpret the above to be close engagements since no clear evidence of providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions can be found. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- http://japanese.china.org.cn/jp/txt/2023-03/21/content_85182095.htm
- https://www.aspi.org.au/report/hunting-phoenixas
- https://dcnb.jp/index.php
- https://www.facebook.com/p/%E9%96%A2%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%8F%AF%E5%83%91%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%A9%A6%E5%A5%B3%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A-100080157346156/
- https://acwj.org/report;
- https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BC%9A/17569987
- http://www.rbzwdb.com/hrxw/2018/07-11/13233.shtm;
- https://brliterature.com/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A%E7%AE%80%E4%BB%8B/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In Japan, top five popular social media/messaging apps are 1) LINE, 2) YouTube, 3) X (former Twitter), 4) Instagram, and 5) Facebook. TikTok ranks as 6. LINE was consigning the development to a Chinese company and a problem of the leaks of personal information occurred in 2021. LINE retreated from China in works related to personal information since then.
- https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000166.000013597.html;
- https://grove.tokyo/media/g0221/
- https://www.itmedia.co.jp/mobile/articles/2103/26/news045.html
- https://linecorp.com/ja/pr/news/ja/2021/3857
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Chinese Cultural Center hold cultural events. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Also, this Center was established based on the agreement between Chinese and Japanese governments. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
- https://www.ccctok.com/ja/culture-activation/exhibition/?pn=4
- https://www.ccctok.com/ja/culture-activation/exhibition/?pn=3
- https://www.ccctok.com/ja/culture-activation/exhibition/?pn=2;
- https://www.ucrj.jp/news20231013
- http://jp.china-embassy.gov.cn/jpn/dsgxx/202206/t20220623_10708748.htm
- https://www.cice.org.cn/portal/site/zongzhan/mobile/content.jsp?rowId=a2537af8bbb04bf2b4498849705085ee
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Online protests by pro-democracy activists in Hong Kong have been raised as a reason for the suspension of the video game, "Animal Crossing" in China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, no clear evidence of the effect of protests in the suspension of Animal Crossing was found. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, 92.2% answered to have negative impressions on China in the survey done by the Genron NPO (however, this survey asked for a view on China, not the PRC government).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The National Defense Academy has a short-term exchange program with a Chinese service academy. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Interactive exchanging event of field officers between Japan and China was held. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A mutual legal assistance treaty exists between Japan and PRC (also, the negotiation for the establishment of an extradiction treaty is ongoing). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/press/release/press4_005436.html;
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/pdfs/A-H20-030.pdf;
- https://www.moj.gov.cn/pub/sfbgw/flfggz/flfggzflty/fltyxssfxzty/202101/t20210122_151393.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
But the consultation was held.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
It is said that an organization like Snakehead has been operating in Japan for long, although seemingly weakened recently. Therefore, this Indicator deservses a "Yes" response.
- https://gendai.media/articles/-/101445?page=4;
- https://theconversation.com/yakuza-battle-chinese-gangs-for-control-of-japans-criminal-underworld-197718
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A news report of Chinese "secret police" assaulting Chinese pro-democracy activitsts in Japan. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These activities by secret police are linked to political repression and sometimes life-threatening. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The attacks by BlackTech were reported. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www3.nhk.or.jp/news/html/20230928/k10014208601000.html
- https://www.npa.go.jp/bureau/cyber/koho/caution/caution20230927.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The investigation by Safeguard Defenders indicated that the Chinese secret police service station exists in Tokyo. Also, a reporter Minetoshi Yasuda reported that several stations exists in Japan. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/63294#goog_rewarded
- https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20221219-OYT1T50232
- https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2022/10/post-99931.php
- https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/110%20Overseas%20%28v5%29.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Telecom has operations in Japan. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Some companies sell and contract with Huawei and ZTE smartphones. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" and "Significant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2020, Sense Time's camera technology was introduced to NEXCO Central Japan on a trial basis. Also, West Holdings of Japan and DJI of China started a drone-based maintenance and management business for solar power generation facilities. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.sensetime.jp/information_detail/715
- https://cn.nikkei.com/industry/manufacturing/40362-2020-04-28-10-29-48.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
At the private-sector level, joint research on smart cities is being conducted between Nomura Research Institute, Ltd. and the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology. However, Contracts at the city level were not identified. Therefore, the answer is "No".
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Asia Direct Cable (ADC), a high-capacity submarine optical cable installation project connecting Japan, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam, includes Japan's Softbank Corporation, China Telecom and China Unicom in the contract. Additionally, PCCW Global Japan has established the Dojima Data Center, which provides cloud-based Internet access services. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.viet-jo.com/news/social/220419180637.html
- https://archive.is/ZI2eg#selection-791.0-805.246
- https://techblog.comsoc.org/2018/03/17/new-southeast-asia-japan-2-cable-to-link-9-asian-countries/
- https://jpn.nec.com/press/202006/20200611_02.html
- https://offer.pccwglobal.com/大阪堂島へ参入のご挨拶
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tencent has been told that it expects to continue investing in Japanese technology companies beyond 2022. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, overall such investment is still limited. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Sharp and Japan Display have cooperated with Chinese companies in the technology sector. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These collaborations include 4G and 5G technologies and OLED display technology. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://corporate.jp.sharp/news/231127-a.html
- https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXZRSP652808_Q3A410C2000000/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Many Japanese cities have sister city ties with Chinese cities. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, this has been seen historically. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any information of Japanese politicians taking trip to China with monetary support.
Supplementary Notes
However, in the past, there have been cases like the following link. (Link)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
One politician had planned to visit China, but this did not happen due to the deterioration of Japan-China relations. Therefore, the answer is "No".
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japanese politicians have participated in the Japan-China High-Level Political Dialogue, the Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue, and the Japan-China High-Level Dialogue on Human and Cultural Exchange. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" reting. However, these meetings are held regularly. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Supplementary Notes
- The Fifth Japan-China High-Level Economic Dialogue in 2019 (Link) - The First Japan-China High-Level Dialogue on Human and Cultural Exchange in 2019 (Link)
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/a_o/c_m2/page4_004899.html
- https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/a_o/c_m1/cn/page3_002969.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any ecidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are reports of a UFWD effort to bring in Japanese opposition politicians. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, It is not certain whether funding or other support exists. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Criticisms and harassment based on falsehoods were deployed by the Chinese side regarding the discharge of treated water from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. This led to harassment and intimidation of public authorities and an injunction against trade in marine products. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any ecidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Former Prime Minister Yukio Hatoyama is often invited to events held in China, and the relationship appears to be close. However, it is not certain about the benefits he receives. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" and "Insignificant" rating.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
I do not find any evidence to answer this question.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
While there is no joint parliamentary friendship group, the Japan-China Friendship Parliamentarians' Union (日中友好議員連盟) is designated by the PRC as one of the seven Japan-China friendship organizations. The PRC has traditionally been trying to exert influence in Japan to expand the pro-China forces, and the United States has been allegedly concerned that the Japan-China Friendship Parliamentarians' Union has been used as a tool. However, the membership of the Union is diverse, and there is no clear tendency that the Union speaks on behalf of the PRC. (Please note that the author of the link provided here is Yoshihisa Komori, who has a very clear political color as a former Sankei Shimbun reporter.)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Throughout the pandemic, China sent medical supplies to Japan, including masks and equipment.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is no report of such training found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As of November 2023, five Japanese citizens are detained under the anti-spy law of China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Hideki Minamikawa, the President of Japan Environmental Sanitation Center, is a council member of the CCICED.
- https://cciced.eco/about/composition/council-members/
- https://enb.iisd.org/china-council-international-cooperation-environment-development-cciced-agm-2023-29Aug2023
- https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2023/08/minister-guilbeault-to-attend-the-china-council-for-international-cooperation-on-environment-and-development-cciced-annual-general-meeting.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan and China agreed to have a strategic partnership in 2006, which was written down in a joint statement in 2008. But the bilateral relations has been problematic since 2010, and the strategic partnership has not made a substantial impact. In November 2023, when Prime Minister Fumio Kishida met with Xi jingping in San Francisco, he agreed to push the strategic partnership forward. It was reportedly based on the Chinese request to reconfirm the importance of the strategic partnership.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan only "understands" and "respects" the One-China policy.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Oppose
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Japan is itself an actor that has been facing the PRC's territorial claim over the Senkaku Islands. The Japanese MOFA states about Senkaku as follows: "There is no doubt that the Senkaku Islands are clearly an inherent part of the territory of Japan, in light of historical facts and based upon international law. Indeed, the Senkaku Islands are under the valid control of Japan. There exists no issue of territorial sovereignty to be resolved concerning the Senkaku Islands. Japan will act firmly and calmly to maintain its territorial integrity. Japan continues to strive for peace and stability in the region, which is to be established through the observance of international law."
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Oppose
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On February 1, 2022, the House of Representatives of Japan (not the government) adopted a resolution which criticizes egregious human rights violations against Uyhurs, Tibetans, Inner Mongolians, and Hongkongers. However, the resolution avoided mentioning the PRC as the violator.
- https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/topics/ketugi220201-1.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231107052457
- https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/2020-edition-which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Oppose
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On February 1, 2022, the House of Representatives of Japan (not the government) adopted a resolution which criticizes egregious human rights violations against Uyhurs, Tibetans, Inner Mongolians, and Hongkongers. However, the resolution avoided mentioning the PRC as the violator.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Oppose
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On February 1, 2022, the House of Representatives of Japan (not the government) adopted a resolution which criticizes egregious human rights violations against Uyhurs, Tibetans, Inner Mongolians, and Hongkongers. However, the resolution avoided mentioning the PRC as the violator.
- https://www.shugiin.go.jp/internet/itdb_annai.nsf/html/statics/topics/ketugi220201-1.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20231107125952/https://thediplomat.com/2020/10/which-countries-support-china-on-hong-kongs-national-security-law/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.