Russia
| 2024 | 2022 | |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 33 / 98 | - |
| Original Score * As some Indicators can be skipped where data is unavailable, the maximum overall and Domain scores are not identical for each country. Country rankings are generated from ratios of the maximum scores and the achieved scores. | 174 / 396 | - |
May 2024
The Indicators have been classified by the stage of the influence process at which they occur. Some Indicators correspond to exposure to PRC influence, e.g. the presence of Confucius Institutes. Others test for pressure – such as visa denials to academics or journalists. Finally, some Indicators capture the effect of PRC influence, such as national policy changes in favor of PRC interests.
The individual Layer scores for each country are tallied and displayed via rankings.
Exposure * Exposure assesses the conditions that make the target country vulnerable to PRC‘s influence, e.g. in terms of economic dependence, or the receiving of some form of benefit. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 31 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 45 % | - |
Pressure * Pressure measures the actions that the PRC directly or indirectly exerts over the target country in order to change the behavior of people in the target country, e.g. in terms of threatening economic punishment to provoke/prevent a political decision. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 34 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 20 % | - |
Alignment * Alignment evaluates the degree of accommodations the target country makes to the PRC, and the actual policy changes and impacts on the target country. | 2024 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Ranking | 20 / 98 | - |
| Level of Score | 50 % | - |
In 2023, Russia had a GDP per capita of US$13,817 and a total population of 145.68 million people.
The Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on October 2, 1949. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Russian Federation continued these relations with the PRC. Russia was ranked 162nd in Reporters Without Borders‘ 2024 World Press Freedom Index, and rated Not Free in Freedom House‘s 2024 Global Freedom Index, with a score of 13/100.
Key Takeaways
- China and the Russian Federation have close cooperation in many areas, including media, law, and social spheres. This means that the Russian Federation can adopt China's practices in citizen control, privacy, freedom of expression, media censorship, and so on. In addition to regular meetings of foreign ministers during reciprocal visits and on the sidelines of international forums, there is a system of scheduled consultations between the Russian and Chinese foreign ministries at the level of deputy ministers and department heads. The Russia-China nexus has firmly established itself as a key factor in maintaining international security and stability, establishing a multipolar world order, democratizing global governance mechanisms, and ensuring the rule of international law. At various levels of government, approvals of China's policies are expressed, and they are mostly positive.
- Russian-Chinese relations are officially defined by the parties as relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation entering a new era. Its basic principles and directions of development are reflected in the Treaty on Good-Neighborliness, Friendship and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC of July 16, 2001. In total, more than 300 intergovernmental treaties and agreements have been concluded, covering practically all areas of cooperation. The Treaty of Good-Neighborliness defined the basic principle of bilateral relations: China and Russia have always lived in friendship and will never be enemies. Russia has also reaffirmed its commitment to the one China principle and opposes Taiwan independence in any form. This is disclosed in the joint statement on deepening relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC into a new era.
- The ideas of Sovereignization of the Runet (Russian Internet) are already closer to the ideas of the PRC’s Golden Shield, although it currently operates in a limited mode - and only in relation to those resources that pose the greatest threat to the Kremlin. But blocking and restrictions on VPN use are increasingly looking like the Chinese version of regulation.
- After the start of Russia's military operation in Ukraine and the imposition of sanctions by the US, Europe and their allies, Moscow redirected significant volumes of oil and coal to China. Chinese companies increased their exports to Russia, taking advantage of the withdrawal of many Western companies from the Russian market. Thus, by the end of 2022, trade turnover between the two countries increased by almost 30%, reaching a record $190.3 billion. For example, Chinese exports of goods to Russia increased by 12.8% to $76.1 billion, while imports from Russia increased by 43.4% to $114.1 billion. In 2023, after the introduction of a number of sanctions from the West, including a ban on the export of devices over $200 to Russia. China significantly increased imports of Chinese mobile phones into Russia, which are now distributed with pre-installed Russian application stores (RuStores). Now Chinese manufacturers occupy 75% of the mobile device market, which is 25% more than a year earlier. It is obvious that control over devices imported into the country with pre-installed and government-approved applications allows for increased control and censorship in the Russian online space.
- The Chairman of the Supreme Council of United Russia, Boris Gryzlov, announced at a joint event with the Communist Party of China the creation of a platform for "international party interaction" at the Russian State Social University, at which a social rating system similar to the Chinese one is being developed. The platform will be called the International Center for Sustainable Development. In his speech, Boris Gryzlov said that the purpose of the International Center will be to "unite supporters of the multipolar world" and preserve traditional values. "We see how the multipolar architecture of international relations takes on clearer and clearer contours," he said.
Percentage scores do not suggest some degree out of a “completely influenced” level of 100%. The percentages express the country‘s score out of the total achievable amount based on the Indicators for each Domain.
Media
The Media Domain evaluates how PRC entities influence public debate and media coverage about the PRC in the Index country.
In my country, there are media organizations that belong to the World Chinese Media (世界华文媒体) network.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists or media organizations which are members of the Belt and Road Media Cooperation Alliance/Union, the Belt and Road News Alliance, or other Belt and Road media networks that connected to PRC (e.g. Belt and Road Media Community, Belt and Road Journalists Network, Belt and Road News Network, or B&R TV Networks).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, journalists, media organizations, or online influencers have participated in international travel organized by PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
22 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Journalists from Russian regions visited China's largest cities as part of a press tour in November 2023. The media representatives visited Beijing, Xi'an, and Chengdu, where they familiarized themselves with the history and development of these major cities, as well as cultural attractions of global significance.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists, media organizations or online influencers who have received trainings from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
9 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
As far as we can see, Russian journalists from state-owned media mostly participate in bilateral media forums or dialogues (Link) and new media forums (Link). These events typically focus on new ways of spreading traditional media information via the internet. There is no evidence of journalists, media organizations, or online influencers in our country receiving training from PRC state-owned media or PRC-connected entities.
- https://rg.ru/2023/09/22/26-sentiabria-kitajsko-rossijskij-dialog-molodyh-zhurnalistov.html
- https://tass.ru/press-relizy/13076523
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC state media (including print, radio, and video) is broadcasted or distributed in a local language.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
23 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russian-language editorial offices are some of the largest within the Chinese state external propaganda system. This extensive infrastructure supports the broadcasting and distribution of PRC state media, including print, radio, and video, in local languages. Consequently, PRC state media content is indeed broadcasted or distributed in the local language in our country.
- http://russian.people.com.cn
- http://russian.china.org.cn/
- http://www.kitaichina.com/
- https://russian.cgtn.com/home
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are local media outlets wholly or majority owned by PRC-connected individuals or entities, or media owners who have significant business interests in the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
16 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to current Russian legislation regulating the media sphere, foreign citizens and legal entities may not act as founders of mass media outlets (Article 19.1 of the Law of the Russian Federation "On Mass Media").
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, media outlets have delivered content provided by PRC state-funded media, or under content-sharing agreements with PRC state-funded media.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, local newspapers, online news websites, content farms, or social media platforms receive economic support by regularly featuring advertisements from PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are journalists who have had pressure exerted on them by the PRC, including (but not limited to) public denunciation, revocation of journalist ID, denial of visa, lawsuits, or threat thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Media editorial boards and journalists very rarely report incidents of censorship by their founders. Pressure from founders has not been discussed in the press, making it unlikely to find online data on this.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media organizations that describe relations with the PRC as based on friendship, brotherhood, or otherwise use emotive language that refers to the relationship in familial terms.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
41 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The media often use words like "friendship," "mutual understanding," "trust," and "similar views" when describing relations between Russia and China.
- https://rg.ru/2022/01/31/pochemu-otnosheniia-rossii-i-kitaia-nahodiatsia-na-samom-luchshem-etape-v-istorii.html
- https://russiancouncil.ru/news/rossiya-i-kitay-druzhba-bez-granits-poltora-goda-spustya-gorodskoy-zavtrak-rsmd/
- https://ria.ru/20230223/druzhba-1853909341.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are media personalities (including reporters, journalists or commentators) or celebrities who echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. a media personality who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
60 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
5 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russian media often write from a position of endorsing China's policy on controversial issues.
- https://rg.ru/2023/08/13/sinczianskie-tajny-rg-pobyvala-v-samom-zakrytom-rajone-kitaia.html
- https://rg.ru/2021/04/12/chto-lezhit-v-osnove-podniatoj-zapadom-shumihi-po-pravam-cheloveka-v-sincziane.html
- https://rg.ru/2020/12/19/fakty-oprovergaiut-lozh-o-sincziane.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Academia
The Academia Domain measures how the PRC state attempts to restrict academic freedom by influencing or interfering with the Index country‘s academic and educational activities.
In my country, universities have established research partnerships with PRC-connected entities. (e.g. Huawei, Tencent or Alibaba)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
24 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
39 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The HSE School of Business Informatics signed an agreement to relaunch its partnership with Huawei. This cooperation will allow students to master unique educational programs and participate in specialized research with the industry leader. Additionally, an authorized Huawei info-communication academy was established at Ural Federal University.
- https://urfu.ru/ru/news/36516/
- https://gsb.hse.ru/news/384615643.html
- https://www.spbstu.ru/media/news/international_activities/polytech-developing-partnership-huawei/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are Confucius Institutes/Classrooms or other PRC-affiliated Chinese language centers based at universities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
7 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
39 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
31 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are 19 Confucius Institutes and 4 Confucius Schools in Russia, located in cities such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Vladivostok, Kazan, Ulan-Ude, Tomsk, Ryazan, Yaroslavl, Blagoveshchensk, and others.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country plans to include, or does include, Chinese as a foreign language in K-12 or primary education, and receives free or subsidized (e.g. offered below market price) educational books and teachers from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Journalists from Russian regions visited China's largest cities as part of a press tour in November 2023. The media representatives visited Beijing, Xi'an, and Chengdu, where they familiarized themselves with the history and development of these major cities, as well as cultural attractions of global significance.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more think tanks and academic research centers belong to PRC-affiliated networks/associations (such as: the Silk Road Think Tank Association, Silk Road Think Tank Network [SiLKS], Belt and Road Studies Network, University Alliance of the Silk Road, University Consortium of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
46 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
22 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Agree, as far as we can see, Russian journalists from state-owned media mostly participate in bilateral media forums or dialogues (Link) and new media forums (Link), which usually means new ways of spreading the information of traditional media via the internet.
- https://rg.ru/2023/09/22/26-sentiabria-kitajsko-rossijskij-dialog-molodyh-zhurnalistov.html
- https://tass.ru/press-relizy/13076523
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, think tanks and academic research centers have received financial benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities, such as through grants, donations, sponsored exchange programs, or fellowship programs at PRC institutions.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
23 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, experts participate in PRC talent recruitment programs such as the Thousand Talents Program or Changjiang Scholars program.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
53 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
12 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars have taken trips to the PRC or to other countries organized or run by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
19 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
16 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), are involved in attempts to censor staff or students (e.g. by harassing students protesting human rights abuses in the PRC, or formally complaining about the identification of Taiwan as a country in lecture slides).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
85 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
4 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars or academics have been pressured after expressing opinions or producing scholarship that is critical of the PRC, including via visa denials for PRC travel, workplace censure, lawsuits, legal challenges, or threats thereof.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
5 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities have been involved in school or university curriculum design, such as courses about East Asian history, modern politics, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are several instances where universities cooperate with each other to create joint educational programs. There are at least five such programs. However, their footprint is relatively insignificant because they enroll a limited number of students.
- https://tass.ru/obschestvo/12653951
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/opinion/columns/2023/10/19/1001362-sovmestnoe-obuchenie
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, scholars have published articles that echo PRC talking points, such as denying the existence of or whitewashing human rights abuses (e.g. an academic who rejects that there are re-education camps for Uyghurs in Xinjiang).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
65 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Such articles are extremely scarce. There is only one article that whitewashes human rights abuses.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Economy
The Economy Domain measures the PRC‘s economic leverage in the Index country, and how this is used to influence economic policy or corporate behavior in ways that favor the PRC.
The PRC is my country's number one trading partner (for trade in goods only).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China has become Russia's main trade partner after a sharp decline in imports from the EU, Kiel analysts reported. According to their calculations, Russia's trade with European countries decreased by 43%, while trade with China increased by 23%.
- https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/480823-kitaj-stal-glavnym-torgovym-partnerom-rossii
- https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Смартфоны_%28рынок_России%29#.2A_.D0.94.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8F_.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B9.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D1.85_.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.BA.D0.B5_.D1.81.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.82.D1.84.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B2_.D0.A0.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D0.B2.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B2.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.B2.D1.8B.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.BB.D0.B0_75.25
Supplementary Notes
In 2023, after the introduction of several sanctions from the West, including a ban on exporting devices over $200 to Russia, China significantly increased imports of Chinese mobile phones into Russia. These phones are now distributed with pre-installed Russian application stores (RuStore). Chinese manufacturers now occupy 75% of the mobile device market, which is 25% more than a year earlier. It is evident that control over devices imported into the country with pre-installed and government-approved applications allows for increased control and censorship in the Russian online space.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
PRC-connected entities own more than 25% of my country’s bilateral sovereign debt.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
73 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
20 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
- https://mo.tsargrad.tv/news/vneshnij-dolg-rossii-snizilsja-komu-dolzhna-nasha-strana_529785
- https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8#.D0.A0.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B5_.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.89.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.BE_.D0.B3.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0_.D0.B2_.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B9_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.82.D0.B5_.D0.B4.D0.BE_.24275_.D0.BC.D0.BB.D1.80.D0.B4
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
The PRC is the top customer for my country’s extractive industries.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
29 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is one of Russia's largest partners. For example, China has been the largest buyer of Russian oil since 2017. In 2021, China purchased 70.1 million tons of oil from Russia (30.6% of Russia's total oil exports) for $34.9 billion. When it comes to specific countries buying Russian non-resource products, the UK ($20.2 billion) and China ($16.3 billion) are the leaders.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-related entities own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure (e.g. ports, power plants, digital data centers, etc) or sensitive sectors (biotech, raw materials, etc.)
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
61 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is a major investor in Russia, with Chinese entities holding stakes in sensitive sectors ranging from 25% to 50%. Back in 2006, a Russian oil company was fully owned by Sinopec before 51% of its shares were sold to Rosneft. In October 2023, a mutual fund was established for investing in aviation, big data, energy-efficient technologies, and the space industry.
- https://magazine.neftegaz.ru/articles/mezhdunarodnye-otnosheniya/555506-rossiya-i-kitay-ot-torgovli-energoresursami-k-investitsionnomu-sotrudnichestvu/
- https://raspp.ru/business_news/top-11-kitayskikh-investitsiy-v-rossiyu/
- https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/652e7aad9a794755614c741e
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country joined (or applied to join) the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
69 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
On March 28, 2015, Russia decided to join the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), established at the initiative of China. This was announced by Igor Shuvalov, First Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. Chinese President Xi Jinping welcomed Russia's decision to join the AIIB, as stated by Chinese Finance Minister Luo Jiwei. On April 14, 2015, Russia became a potential founding member of the AIIB.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, major businesses are members of the Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce, or of the Belt and Road Industrial and Commercial Alliance, or of the Belt and Road General Chamber of Commerce.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, financial institutions use the China Cross-Border Interbank Payment System (CIPS) clearing and settlement services system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
30 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
By mid-2023, around 30 Russian banks had joined the CIPS system (and as local newspapers highlight, banks use it indirectly) (Link). The reason for Russia using this system is a lack of alternatives: after the war in Ukraine started, several major Russian banks were sanctioned and restricted from using the SWIFT system (Link).
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6002383
- https://www.forbes.ru/finansy/457717-es-otklucil-ot-swift-sem-rossijskih-bankov
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has been the target of PRC economic coercion (e.g. trade/investment sanctions, boycotts) after the government, private companies, or NGOs made statements or introduced policies deemed unfavorable to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has free-trade agreement(s) with the PRC (either bilateral or as part of regional agreement(s)) that primarily deals with trade in goods or services, including digital goods or services.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
58 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
40 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to the link provided by an expert, Russia and China have agreed to create "an era of free trade" but not a free trade zone. Another link emphasizes that the Sino-Russia Agreement on Trade and Economic Relations (2010) and its conditions do not apply to preferences provided by Russia to free-trade zone and Customs Union members. The reason why Russia has not signed a free-trade agreement with China is obvious: the flow of cheap Chinese goods would flood the market if it happens (Link). Even the current Russian ambassador to China, Igor Morgulov, mentioned in an interview that the two sides are discussing the possibility of signing such an agreement in the future (Link), but this story is long-lasting and may not come to a conclusion soon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, central or local governments have relaxed or removed regulatory restrictions, or have established special economic zones (or free trade zones, industrial parks, etc.) to attract investments or economic participation from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China is investing in Special Economic Zones in the Russian Federation. Currently, tax relief is at the stage of discussions and proposals.
- https://mashnews.ru/kitaj-gotov-vlozhitsya-v-rossijskie-spg-proektyi.-no-tolko-vzamen-na-nalogovyie-lgotyi.html
- https://old.oblgazeta.ru/economics/59436/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has undergone a default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, which may have involved the transfer of my country's land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
94 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
4 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Society
The Society Domain measures the extent and effectiveness of the PRC‘s efforts to advance its soft power in the Index country, including its influence over the actions and views of local organizations and citizens.
In my country, there are local groups or organizations with words like “Promotion of Peaceful Reunification” in their name, and they regularly publicize their views on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Tibet and Xinjiang issues.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
44 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
24 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
No groups with this name could be found, but there are internet publishers that publish information on this topic in a positive way.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are members and member organizations of United World Chinese Association (世界华人协会).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
75 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, labor unions have engaged with the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) through exchanges or official visits, received material or financial donations, or participated in training sessions offered by the ACFTU on subjects like collective bargaining.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
74 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
22 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Please refer to the supporting evidence.
- https://www.rogwu.ru/press-center/news/main/17657/
- https://volgoprof.ru/news/2693-volgogradskie-profsoyuzy-i-federaciya-profsoyuzov-provincii-chzheczyan-zaklyuchili-soglashenie-o-sotrudnichestve.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are Chinese diaspora community events and activities (e.g. Lunar New Year events, Dragon Boat Festival tournaments, etc) hosted or sponsored by organizations or personnel linked to the UFWD, or by PRC diplomats.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
0/ No
26 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
25 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
27 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Such activities exist, but there is no disclosure of their funding.
- http://vladivostok.china-consulate.gov.cn/rus/zlgdt_2/201706/t20170616_3785291.htm
- https://russian.cgtn.com/news/2023-01-22/1617155143746433025/index.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are PRC-connected professional associations, such as the All-China Journalists Association (中华全国新闻工作者协会), China Artists Association (中国艺术家协会), China Writers Association (中国作家协会) or All-China Women Federation (全国妇联), that are closely engaged with their local counterparts through exchanges or official visits, providing material or financial donations, or hosting training sessions.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
11 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
12 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, such unions exist.
- https://ruj.ru/news/obrashchenie-vsekitaiskoi-assotsiatsii-zhurnalistov-11440?ysclid=lmyoyl1xav402954251
- https://shansbooks.ru/novosti/izdatelstvo-shans/prezentatsiya-rossiysko-kitayskogo-kluba-pisateley/?ysclid=lmyp33om6h248063918
- https://companies.rbc.ru/id/1207800039567-assotsiatsiya-kitajskih-i-russkih-hudozhnikov/?ysclid=lmyp58jfog247931645
- https://www.wuor.ru/news/5091-forum_zhenschin_kitaya_i_rossii_unikalnaya_rol_zhenschini_v_obschestve_i_seme/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities donate money or provide other types of support to religious communities and charities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
49 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
47 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our expert's opinion, yes, but proof is hard to find; only high-profile cases are known.
- https://iz.ru/news/475803
- https://style.rbc.ru/repost/5e7d0f429a794773f31c01c3?ysclid=lmypdgzfqb531590482
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, the PRC government or PRC-connected entities distribute entertainment products (including: drama and TV shows) or related hardwares (e.g. OTT streaming players hosting PRC media channels) freely or at a cheap price.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
39 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
30 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Please refer to the supporting evidence.
- https://versia.ru/kitajskij-telekanal-budet-snimat-realiti-shou-v-suzdale
- https://okko.tv/collection/chinese-series-col?ysclid=lmyqaje6jj81834903
- https://www.forbes.ru/tekhnologii/481374-liga-bezopasnogo-interneta-predlozila-zapretit-twitch-v-rossii?ysclid=lmyq85334u144649112
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are the main shareholders or developers of the top five popular social media/messaging apps, based on their usage.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
64 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
TikTok is among the top 5 social networks/messaging apps in Russia according to Mediascope. In 2023, it ranked 2nd, 3rd, or 4th, depending on the criteria or the entity preparing the statistics. Mediascope states that TikTok has the highest average time spent in the app among its competitors. The Association of Communication Agencies of Russia (in Russian: АКАР) places TikTok in 5th place, noting that the overall top 5 list is undergoing changes due to sanctions.
- https://vc.ru/social/973910-socseti-rossii-2023-socialnye-seti-rf-top-10
- https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8)#.2A_.D0.92_.D0.A0.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B8_.D0.BE.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.87.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.85_.D1.81.D0.BE.D1.86.D1.81.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.B9_.D0.B2.D0.BF.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B2.D1.8B.D0.B5_.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BE_.D0.B1.D0.BE.D0.BB.D1.8C.D1.88.D0.B5.2C_.D1.87.D0.B5.D0.BC_.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D1.85
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are cultural events, cultural exchange projects, or cultural organizations that are funded by or receive funding from PRC-connected entities, including in sports.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
15 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
26 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is a Chinese Cultural Center in Moscow. Also, at the beginning of 2024, Russian President Vladimir Putin ordered the implementation of the Years of Chinese and Russian Cultures in both countries. Bilateral cultural events are numerous, and those organized in Russia are usually funded or sponsored by the Chinese government or other entities. Examples include: - Chinese Bridge competition (Confucius Institute, Huawei, Embassy) - Inter-University Chinese Poetry Competition (IBS, Moscow; funded by Bank of China (Russia) and CRCC) - Days of Chinese Movies in Moscow (annual, organized/sponsored by China's State Administration on Films and China Cinema Archive)
- https://culture.gov.ru/press/news/rossiya_i_kitay_obsudili_sovmestnye_meropriyatiya_v_ramkakh_kulturnogo_sotrudnichestva/
- https://www.moscowccc.ru/about
- https://www.interfax.ru/russia/930855
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6441995
- https://isu.ru/ru/news/2023/details/news-id2023-00309
- https://ibda.ranepa.ru/about/news/vtoroy-mezhvuzovskiy-konkurs-chtetsov-kitayskoy-poezii-v-rankhigs.html
- https://culture.gov.ru/press/announcement/dni_kitayskogo_kino_prokhodyat_v_moskve/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, gamers, gaming communities, or game developers/publishers have been involved in freedom of speech controversies related to the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
93 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
0 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, polling data or opinion surveys indicate that a majority of citizens hold favorable views toward the PRC government.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
52 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
38 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
To China, yes, specifically to the government—this is unclear. However, according to a March poll by VTsIOM, "a third of Russians believe that our country should perceive China as a friendly state." The FOM survey provides more details, referring to China as Russia's number one economic partner and explaining the reasons. Nevertheless, China occupies only the second place, after Belarus, as the country with the most mutual understanding.
- https://wciom.ru/analytical-reviews/analiticheskii-obzor/rossija-i-kitai-monitoring
- https://www.levada.ru/tag/kitaj/?ysclid=lmyq6ubse822928310
- https://fom.ru/Mir/14872
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Military
The Military Domain gauges the bilateral military relationship between the PRC and the Index country, including PRC efforts to influence local military personnel.
My country currently imports (or receives in-kind donation of) military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
42 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
56 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In the past, there have been instances of individual purchases of communications equipment and helmets from the PRC, but these were not part of government policy.
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4521499
- https://news.ru/vlast/nashi-ne-umeyut-evropa-hochet-ostavit-rossijskih-silovikov-bez-kasok/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country’s government has participated in one or more multilateral security dialogues organized by the PRC (e.g. China-Africa Peace and Security Forum; the Conference on Interaction & Confidence Building Measures in Asia).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
56 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
42 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
1. Beijing Xiangshan Forum 2021, Minister of Defense Sergey Shoigu 2. World Peace Forum 2022, Igor Ivanov, President of the Russian International Affairs Council
- https://kr.usembassy.gov/busan_110122/
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/10103983.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC (including arrangements where PLA-affiliated professionals work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
19 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In terms of Russian aircraft engine supplies to China, cooperation is being seriously curtailed, if not phased out, as China develops its own aircraft engine production. On its part, Russia is trying to extend these supplies as long as possible.
- https://www.trtrussian.com/tehnologii/knr-nachala-osnashat-istrebiteli-sobstvennymi-dvigatelyami-vzamen-rossijskih-11064559
- https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/24125
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports that the PRC has expressed intentions or has taken actions to establish bases.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
13 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has participated in a humanitarian relief/disaster assistance (HADR) effort.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
82 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
15 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, People’s Liberation Army (PLA) military personnel are permanently or rotationally deployed (excluding defense attaches and peacekeepers).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
91 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
55 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
41 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, senior military or civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
35 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In June 2023, Russian Chief of General Staff Valery Gerasimov held talks with Liu Zhengli, head of the Joint Staff of China's Central Military Council. In April 2023, a Chinese delegation visited the Military Academy of the General Staff, and more than 20 Chinese servicemen are set to start their education there in the autumn. In August 2023, there was a bilateral meeting between the Ministries of Defense of the two countries.
- https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/6482e8cd9a79470aae3c2dd3
- https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12476012@egNews
- https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12492433@egNews
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officers have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public service.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
8 countries chose this answer
0/ No
80 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
10 countries chose this answer
90 countries answered this indicator; 8 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials publicly advocate for friendly foreign policy or military cooperation with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
67 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
27 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Two former colonels, who are regularly hosted on federal mainstream talk shows, hold a rather reserved stance. They either state that China is taking a position of "neutral or cautious support towards Russia," or they suggest that Russia should follow the logic of political realism, keeping in mind that "the only Chinese ally is China itself."
- https://www.belta.by/world/view/korotchenko-rossii-i-kitaju-neobhodimo-sblizhatsja-v-voenno-strategicheskoj-sfere-552113-2023
- https://argumenti.ru/society/2023/03/819999
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country cooperates with the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) on military exchange exercises, including drills and war games.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
66 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our expert's opinion, the joint exercises with China play a largely demonstrative and political role for Moscow. These exercises are aimed at a global audience and, first and foremost, at the West, rather than practically practicing coalition actions.
- https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/18500585
- https://beijing.mid.ru/ru/news/rossiya_stala_liderom_po_chislu_voennykh_ucheniy_s_kitaem_za_poslednie_10_let/
- https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/18535165
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Law Enforcement
The Law Enforcement Domain measures law enforcement cooperation between the PRC and the Index country, as well as the nature and extent of PRC-related criminal activity in the Index country.
My country currently maintains an extradition treaty, legal mutual assistance or other similar arrangements with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
32 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russia and China have a treaty on mutual legal assistance in civil and criminal matters. This treaty provides a framework for cooperation between the two countries in the prosecution of criminal offenses, exchange of information, assistance in legal proceedings, extradition, and other legal procedures. However, Russia and China do not have a common extradition treaty.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement authorities have signed cooperation agreements with the PRC on combating terrorism.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Cooperation between Russia and China in the field of counterterrorism does exist, where law enforcement agencies of the two countries work together to exchange information, develop joint operations, and coordinate efforts to counter the terrorist threat.
- http://www.mid.ru/web/guest/maps/cn/-/asset_publisher/1uZURseBNdPK/content/id/3034518
- https://tass.ru/politika/13268039/amp
- https://ria.ru/20220204/terrorizm-1771067129.html
- https://rg.ru/amp/2022/09/15/itogi-30-letiia-i-plany-na-budushchee.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected gangs (such as Triad, 三合会) are known to be operating in my country.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
37 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There is information about the presence of some criminal groups associated with the Chinese Triad in Russia. According to U.S. researchers, branches of well-known Chinese triads such as Big Circle, 14K, Red Sun, and Sun Yee On are currently active in Russia.
- https://m.lenta.ru/articles/2021/02/19/triada/amp/
- https://versia.ru/amp/kitajskaya-mafiya-triada-zabralas-na-sever-rossii
- https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/01/26/69727531/
- https://svpressa.ru/society/article/74226/
- https://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/mafiya-xxi-veka-sdelano-v-kitae/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
83 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
6 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
1 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
59 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
8 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The training of fifteen employees of the prosecutor's office of the People's Republic of China has been completed. For the first time in the history of the University, Chinese prosecutors received advanced training under the Agreement between the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and the Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China. Additionally, fifteen employees of the Russian prosecutor's office also received training in Beijing.
- https://tass.ru/obschestvo/19216509
- https://agprf.org/news/2023/vpervye-v-universitete-povysili-kvalifikatsiyu-pro/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, organized local criminal groups are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate, or punish individuals critical of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
89 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
0 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
2 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
2 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of cyber attacks targeting government, critical infrastructure, or enterprises that were suspected to be initiated from the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
45 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In 2015, Russia and China signed an agreement of mutual non-aggression in cyberspace. However, Chinese hackers, backed by the government or acting independently, have been attacking Russian critical infrastructure and companies for years. In 2023, attacks targeted several Russian companies, including telecom operators, software designers, and vendors. According to Kaspersky (an antivirus software development company), in the first seven months of 2016, Chinese hackers attacked Russian defense, nuclear, and other critical infrastructure 194 times.
- https://www.forbes.ru/tekhnologii/484840-group-ib-rasskazala-o-napadenii-kitajskih-hakerov-na-rossijskij-it-sektor
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/technology/news/2022/03/11/913049-kitai-soobschil-o-massovih-hakerskih-atakah-na-rossiyu
- https://safe.cnews.ru/news/top/2022-05-04_kitaj_bez_obyasneniya_prichin
- https://www.cnews.ru/news/top/2021-08-05_kitajskie_hakery_v_techenie
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises from which to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora (e.g. overseas police service stations).
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
5 countries chose this answer
0/ No
68 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
93 countries answered this indicator; 5 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My government has arbitrarily detained people at the behest of the PRC, such as those who engage in political activism or those who are members of minority groups.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
86 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
12 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has extradited or deported individuals to the PRC despite criticism from politicians, government employees, or NGOs.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
84 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
14 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A court in Kazan punished Chinese citizen Haoyang Xu for propaganda of non-traditional relationships and deported him.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has deployed video or internet surveillance systems from the PRC for law enforcement.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
60 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Technology
The Technology Domain gauges the PRC‘s influence over the technology sector in the Index country, including the activity and financial leverage of PRC companies, use of PRC hardware, and bilateral research partnerships.
In my country, PRC-connected entities (such as China Mobile, China Unicom or China Telecom) or their subsidiaries provide telecom services.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
61 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
China Telecom, one of the largest Chinese operators providing traffic transmission services in the Russian Federation, plans to expand its presence in the country, including increasing brand recognition. China Unicom (277 million subscribers in China, with a representative office in Russia since June 2017) and China Mobile (867 million subscribers, operating in Russia since 2018) also operate in the field of cross-border traffic transmission in Russia.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, telecoms have signed agreements to adopt hardwares or technical specifications of 4G or 5G cellular networks that are produced or developed by Huawei, ZTE or other PRC enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
17 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
34 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Large telecommunications companies signed multimillion-dollar contracts with Huawei. MTS spent 7.5 billion rubles to modernize its 5G network in Moscow using equipment from China's Huawei. "VimpelCom" (brand "Beeline") received a large batch of equipment from Chinese Huawei. After the start of the special military operation, Huawei stopped concluding new contracts for the supply of equipment to Russia but continued to fulfill its obligations under the existing contracts.
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4485102
- https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/18/05/2022/628501189a79477d4545dad8
- https://www.rbc.ru/technology_and_media/18/04/2022/6256f4289a794753c8562684
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, internet service providers have signed agreements to adopt hardware or technical specifications for Wi-Fi or fiber optic/broadband networks that are produced or developed by PRC enterprises.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
7 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
30 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
24 countries chose this answer
91 countries answered this indicator; 7 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-connected entities are authorized to supply tech-related equipment for critical infrastructure (such as airports, public transport, government IT networks, ports etc.).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
21 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
75 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
In our expert's opinion, all Russian equipment for SORM and TSPU is reworked Chinese equipment. It is not officially authorized, but all Russian equipment is converted from Chinese sources.
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6224368
- https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/6199865
- https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%98%D0%A2-_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC-%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B,_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B4,_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B,_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0,_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5#.2A.D0.92.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.81.D1.82.D0.BE_Dell_.D0.B8_Cisco_.E2.80.93_Gooxi_.D0.B8_DCN._.D0.9A.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.B9.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.BF.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B8.D0.B7.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B4.D0.B8.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BB.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B2.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.BE.D0.B2_.D0.B8_.D1.81.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.B2.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.BE_.D0.BE.D0.B1.D0.BE.D1.80.D1.83.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D1.8F_.D1.85.D0.BB.D1.8B.D0.BD.D1.83.D0.BB.D0.B8_.D0.BD.D0.B0_.D1.80.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.81.D0.B8.D0.B9.D1.81.D0.BA.D0.B8.D0.B9_.D1.80.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BA
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, the central or local government has signed agreements to adopt biometric surveillance technology (such as facial, voice, DNA or gait recognition) produced by PRC-connected entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
54 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
15 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
10 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, one or more cities have procured, or have signed contracts with PRC-connected entities to establish “smart city systems.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
48 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
18 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country is directly served by a subsea or land-based major fiber optic internet cable built by a PRC-connected entity, or has greenlit plans for one to be built in the future.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, PRC-affiliated venture capital, financial firms or PRC government entities invest in local technology start-ups.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
43 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
14 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
13 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Yes, for example, there are a couple of them.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, companies have publicly announced that they had signed MOUs to collaborate on technological development (such as collaborations in A.I., Blockchain, Cloud Computing, Big Data) with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
0/ No
38 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Please refer to the supporting evidence.
- https://rkn.gov.ru/press/publications/news39048.htm
- https://www.currenttime.tv/a/rkn-vstrechi-s-kiberadministratsiey-kitaya-systema/32350123.html
- https://digital.gov.ru/ru/activity/directions/711/
- https://rg.ru/2023/03/21/sovmestnoe-zaiavlenie-rf-i-knr-ob-uglublenii-otnoshenij-vseobemliushchego-partnerstva-i-strategicheskogo-vzaimodejstviia-vstupaiushchih-v-novuiu-epohu.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or formed space cooperation mechanisms with PRC-connected entities.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
62 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
35 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russia and China signed a program of cooperation in space activities until 2027. They also signed an agreement on cooperation to ensure the complementarity of the GLONASS and Beidou global navigation satellite systems.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, the central or local government(s) has collaborated with the PRC on endorsing the use of the BeiDou satellite navigation system.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
28 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Under construction, agreements ratified.
- https://glonass-iac.ru/teststands/midl/experience/silkroad/
- http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001201908020045?index=1
- https://www.ixbt.com/news/2022/09/27/rossija-i-kitaj-dogovorilis-o-razmeshenii-stancij-glonass-i-beidou.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Domestic Politics
The Domestic Politics Domain evaluates PRC efforts to influence the political landscape in the Index country, and the footprint of PRC security companies.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
27 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
14 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
10 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
19 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
27 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russia and China signed a cooperation agreement on the Far East route. Another instance is the international cooperation between the border regions of the Russian Federation, the PRC, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan within the framework of the International Coordination Council "Our Common Home - Altai." Additionally, there is a Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry for the Development of the Far East and the Arctic of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China on industrial and infrastructure cooperation in the preferential regimes of the Russian Far East.
- https://tass.ru/ekonomika/18690731
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/06/14/980097-kak-regioni-razvorachivayutsya-na-vostok
- https://ria.ru/20220707/sotrudnichestvo-1800834435.html
- https://www.ap22.ru/paper/Altayskiy-kray-aktiviziruet-sotrudnichestvo-s-Sin-tszyan-Uygurskim-avtonomnym-rayonom-KNR.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, local municipalities or provinces have sister-city or sister-province ties (友好城市) with municipalities or provinces in the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
6 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
17 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
21 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
18 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
36 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
There are 366 partnerships between the regions of the two countries, including 135 at the regional level and 231 at the municipal level. To date, 59 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have agreements with PRC regions, and about 100 municipalities have sister cities or partners in China.
- https://www.pnp.ru/politics/kosachev-nazval-novye-pary-gorodov-rf-i-knr-kotorye-smogut-stat-pobratimami.html
- https://360tv.ru/news/mosobl/kashira-stupino-i-sergiev-posad-stanut-pobratimami-kitajskih-gorodov-v-2023-godu/
- https://rtyva.ru/press_center/news/visits/53038/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have taken trips to the PRC paid for by PRC-connected individuals or entities.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
47 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
12 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
5 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
11 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
All levels of government make regular trips to China, but it is not disclosed who pays for these trips. Therefore, it is not possible to give an estimate.
- https://iz.ru/1543057/alena-nefedova/parlamentskaia-delegatciia-rf-zavershila-vizit-v-kitai-poezdkoi-v-dalian
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/05/25/976950-kak-inopressa-otreagirovala-na-mishustina
- https://mosaica.ru/ru/ul/news/2023/09/25/delegatsiya-iz-ulyanovskoi-oblasti-poekhala-v-kitai?from=lenta
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees at the local (non-national) level visit the PRC and meet with PRC officials and think tanks.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
34 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
17 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
25 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
A Russian parliamentary delegation has completed a visit to China—an example of a trip by members of the State Duma. Head of the Russian Government, Mikhail Mishustin, together with a delegation of heads of agencies and state corporations, completed their two-day visit to China—an example of a trip by members of the Russian Government. A delegation from the Ulyanovsk region went to China—an example of a trip by regional authorities.
- https://iz.ru/1543057/alena-nefedova/parlamentskaia-delegatciia-rf-zavershila-vizit-v-kitai-poezdkoi-v-dalian
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/05/25/976950-kak-inopressa-otreagirovala-na-mishustina
- https://mosaica.ru/ru/ul/news/2023/09/25/delegatsiya-iz-ulyanovskoi-oblasti-poekhala-v-kitai?from=lenta
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/11/22/1006989-rossiiskie-ofitsialnie-litsa-aktivno-stali-poseschat-kitai
- http://government.ru/news/49830/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Representatives of a political party in my country’s national legislature have been invited to visit the PRC or attended events hosted by the International Department of the Chinese Communist Party (中共中央对外联络部), including World Political Parties Summits, CPC in Dialogue with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings, BRICS Political Parties Dialogues, Think Tanks and Civil Society Organizations Fora, etc.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
30 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
20 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
20 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
18 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
As the ruling party, the CCP maintains strong ties with the United Russia party, whose representatives have been participating in World Political Parties Summits and Dialogues with World Political Parties High-Level Meetings since the mid-2010s. Moreover, on an ideological basis, the CCP invites the Russian Communist Party to participate in the annual World Socialism Forum, organized by the China Academy of Social Sciences. Furthermore, United Russia has been holding a Dialogue with the CCP annually; on November 23, 2023, the two parties organized the 10th Dialogue within the cross-ruling parties cooperation framework.
- http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/10937/print
- https://rg.ru/2023/10/18/videotransliaciia-putin-vystupaet-na-forume-odin-poias-odin-put-v-pekine.html
- https://www.vedomosti.ru/politics/articles/2023/11/22/1006989-rossiiskie-ofitsialnie-litsa-aktivno-stali-poseschat-kitai
- https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/dialog-kpk-s-mirom-kak-platforma-dlya-prodvizheniya-idei-soobschestva-edinoy-sudby-chelovechestva/viewer
- https://kprf.ru/party-live/cknews/222742.html
- https://er.ru/activity/news/si-czinpin-v-privetstvii-uchastnikam-x-dialoga-edinoj-rossii-i-kompartii-kitaya-dialog-mezhdu-pravyashimi-partiyami-kitaya-i-rossii-stal-unikalnoj-ploshadkoj-dlya-uglubleniya-politicheskogo-doveriya
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, there are reports of politicians or political parties receiving campaign finance or significant in-kind donations from PRC-connected entities or individuals.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
1 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, groups with reported links to the United Front Work Department (UFWD) have hosted fundraisings or have provided other forms of support for government employees, politicians or parties.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
79 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
7 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
6 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
PRC officials or PRC state media have criticized, harassed, or threatened local politicians, local government officials, or political parties in my country due to their activities, statements or policy advocacy.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
2 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
9 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
7 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Even during the initial stage of the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, China did not criticize Russian officials for banning its citizens from entering Russia. Russia was one of the first countries to close its border with China in February 2020 (Link).
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have publicly echoed PRC talking points (e.g. denying PRC human rights issues, arguing that the PRC’s one-party political system could be beneficial for my country’s economic growth).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
31 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
15 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
25 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
20 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Approval of China's policies has been voiced at various levels of government, mostly in positive terms.
- http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70743
- https://rg.ru/2023/05/24/moskva-i-pekin-dolzhny-vmeste-protivostoiat-popytkam-kollektivnogo-zapada-sohranit-globalnoe-dominirovanie-chto-obsuzhdal-mihail-mishustin-na-peregovorah-s-rukovodstvom-knr.html
- https://kprf.ru/dep/gosduma/activities/219786.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government employees have received direct or deferred benefits from PRC-connected individuals or entities openly or covertly (e.g. have been appointed to lucrative positions as board members or consultants with PRC-invested firms, casinos, energy companies, etc.) during or in retirement from public office.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
57 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
6 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
21 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
8 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, officials, political parties, and political elites try to suppress criticism of the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Skipped
6 countries chose this answer
0/ No
72 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
3 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
10 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
3 countries chose this answer
92 countries answered this indicator; 6 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
There is no coordinated criticism of Chinese policies (even on issues like Xinjiang and Hong Kong), and most Russians, according to sociological surveys, look favorably on the PRC (Link). As a result, there is no need for the Russian government to suppress critics of the PRC, even when they articulate some criticism on the internet.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Foreign Policy
The Foreign Policy Domain gauges PRC efforts to achieve diplomatic objectives by influencing key actors in the Index country.
My country’s legislature has a joint parliamentary friendship group, committee or other forms of sub-organizations with the PRC.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ No
24 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
72 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Friendship groups have been established for cooperation with different countries (parliaments) around the world. However, there are no confirmations of active work by such groups in recent years.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country receives foreign aid or significant in-kind donations from the PRC.
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
37 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
9 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
4 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
16 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
32 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Although there were instances at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic when China provided Russia with medical equipment as part of its worldwide "Vaccine Diplomacy" or "Healthcare Silk Road" initiative, this cannot be considered as foreign aid.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
The PRC provides training to diplomats or civil servants on governance from my country (such as at 国家行政学院 or 中央党校).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ No
50 countries chose this answer
1/ Few, but insignificant
13 countries chose this answer
2/ More than a few, but insignificant
7 countries chose this answer
3/ Few, but significant
13 countries chose this answer
4/ More than a few, and significant
14 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
According to our expert, such training is conducted as part of "exchanges" between MGIMO and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, but the details of these exchanges are not public. In November 2023, a delegation from MGIMO visited Beijing, where the Chinese side proposed creating a joint master's program between MGIMO and the Diplomatic Academy of the People's Republic of China for the training and education of diplomats. This program would involve gradual training in both Russia and China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Citizens of my country have been detained in the PRC or denied exit for political reasons, a.k.a. “hostage diplomacy.”
2024
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
0/ No
81 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The cases are isolated and hardly politically motivated. For example, the report from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation on violations of the rights of Russian citizens and compatriots in foreign countries does not include China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
In my country, politicians or government officials participate in events or projects affiliated with the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED, 中国环境与发展国际合作委员会).
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
4 countries chose this answer
0/ No
69 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
25 countries chose this answer
94 countries answered this indicator; 4 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
"Joint Statement of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China on the Development of Relations of Comprehensive Partnership and Strategic Cooperation Entering a New Era," June 6, 2019.
- http://russian-chinese.com/category/sovety/ekologicheskij-sovet/
- http://wapch.scoei.org.cn:185/v3/new/pdf/%E4%B8%8A%E5%90%88%E5%AE%A3%E4%BC%A0%E5%86%8C-%E4%BF%84%E6%96%87.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country has signed an agreement with the PRC to classify their diplomatic relationship as a "Strategic Partnership" or beyond.
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
0/ No
25 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
73 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Nowadays, Russian-Chinese relations are officially defined by both parties as relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic interaction entering a new era. The basic principles and directions of their development are reflected in the Treaty on Good Neighborliness, Friendship, and Cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, signed on July 16, 2001. In total, more than 300 intergovernmental treaties and agreements have been concluded, covering practically all areas of cooperation.
- https://www.mid.ru/ru/foreign_policy/vnesnepoliticeskoe-dos-e/dvustoronnie-otnosenij-rossii-s-inostrannymi-gosudarstvami/strategiceskoe-partnerstvo-s-kitaem/
- http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/70748
Supplementary Notes
On March 20, 2023, Chinese President Xi Jinping paid a three-day official visit to Moscow. Following the visit, the heads of Russia and China signed a joint statement on deepening the strategic partnership between the two countries.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My country unquestionably uses PRC’s "One China Principle" which articulates that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than my country's own "One China Policy."
2024
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Skipped
3 countries chose this answer
0/ No
29 countries chose this answer
4/ Yes
66 countries chose this answer
95 countries answered this indicator; 3 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Russia reaffirms its commitment to the "one China" principle and opposes Taiwan independence in any form. This is stated in the joint statement on deepening the relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC, which are entering a new era.
Supplementary Notes
However, it is worth mentioning that there are semi-official relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of China (ROC). There is a Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission, operating in accordance with Presidential Order No. 479-OP dated September 2, 1992, and registered in the companies register as an international non-governmental organization.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's territorial claims (such as on the South China Sea arbitration ruling issued by the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal in July 2016); except claims over Taiwan, which are indirectly covered in indicator 7.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
60 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
17 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The support is tacit as part of the current Russian regime's "special" relationship with the PRC. Details are not publicly disclosed.
- https://tass.ru/politika/12353925
- https://russiancouncil.ru/blogs/anton-bredikhin/yukm-realnost-i-podkhod-rossii/
Supplementary Notes
Back in 2021, Russia retained a neutral stance on the territorial controversies in the South China Sea region. As the official representative of the Russian Foreign Ministry, Maria Zakharova, noted, "Our country’s position on this issue is consistent and unchanged. Russia is not a party to territorial disputes in the South China Sea and, as a matter of principle, does not take sides. We believe that the relevant consultations and negotiations should be conducted directly by the parties involved in a format determined by them themselves." It seems that in 2022, the stance remained the same.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy towards the Uyghur population in Xinjiang.
2024
Silence
Skipped
1 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
30 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
36 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
31 countries chose this answer
97 countries answered this indicator; 1 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The support is tacit. In fact, China's actions are endorsed as part of the "fight against international (Islamic) terrorism." The media emphasizes that other countries oppose the oppression of Uyghurs and broadcasts China's opinion that such accusations are slanderous. In 2021, Russian President Vladimir Putin made rather elusive statements, suggesting that the general Uyghur population supports Chinese policy. However, he noted that there are always some discontented individuals and claimed that it was not his place to evaluate the situation from the outside.
- https://www.vesti.ru/article/2562818
- https://www.trtrussian.com/politika-mir/kitaj-otvetil-na-sankcii-es-za-pritesneniya-ujgurov-4914542
- https://www.interfax.ru/russia/772125
- https://www.interfax.ru/russia/887235
- https://tass.ru/politika/14759447
Supplementary Notes
The tacit support or elusive stance could be influenced by the significant number of Muslims in Russia, who represent a majority in certain constituents of the Federation. It should be noted that the government does not tend to express anything concrete or explicit about certain policy decisions relevant to the indicator.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's treatment, governance, or policy toward the Tibet population.
2024
Silence
Skipped
2 countries chose this answer
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
20 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
55 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
21 countries chose this answer
96 countries answered this indicator; 2 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
The same applies to the Uyghur population. The "savagery" and "uncivilizedness" of the Tibetan authorities before and after the arrival of "civilized" Chinese "liberators" is periodically noted at the expert level, without wide media coverage.
Supplementary Notes
The government does not tend to express anything concrete or explicit about certain policy decisions relevant to the indicator. In February 2023, only a general assurance of support to China in Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Xinjiang was given by Nikolai Patrushev, the Secretary of the Russian Security Council.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
My government has supported, remained silent about, or opposed the PRC's ongoing repression in Hong Kong, such as the imposition of the National Security Law or other actions to persecute Hong Kong protestors or activists.
2024
Silence
0/ My country has rejected PRC‘s claim
25 countries chose this answer
2/ My country has remained silent
46 countries chose this answer
4/ My country has adhered to PRC‘s claim
27 countries chose this answer
98 countries answered this indicator; 0 countries skipped this indicator
Supporting Evidence
Tacit support. The events preceding and accompanying the adoption of the Hong Kong law were generally covered in the media with sympathetic support for the actions of the central authorities and condemnation of the "extremists." The media emphasized that other countries, such as the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, were opposed to the law.
- https://www.interfax.ru/world/715230
- https://www.rbc.ru/politics/30/06/2020/5efb60369a79473f0d1de99d
- https://www.interfax.ru/russia/887235
- https://www.interfax.ru/russia/921469
Supplementary Notes
The government does not tend to express anything concrete or explicit about certain policy decisions relevant to the indicator. In February 2023, only a general assurance of support for China in Tibet, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Xinjiang was given by Nikolai Patrushev, the Secretary of the Russian Security Council.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.