Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

More than 100 asylum seekers were detained in Almaty and escorted back to Xinjiang by officers of the Chinese Consulate and Kazakh police.

1. https://bitterwinter.org/amid-kazakh-chaos-refugees-deported-back-to-china/

Supplementary Notes

Kazakh authorities detained Sayragul Sauytbai, an ethnic Kazakh woman with Chinese citizenship, for "illegal border crossing" and put her on trial. If convicted, she could be deported back to China. She has applied for asylum in Kazakhstan. Link Uighur refugee extradited by Kazakhstan, held in China. Link Case Watch: UN Holds Kazakhstan Accountable in Uighur Extradition Case Link

1. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/07/30/kazakhstan-shouldnt-deport-asylum-seeker-china
2. https://cpj.org/2011/06/uighur-refugee-extradited-by-kazakhstan-held-in-ch/
3. https://www.justiceinitiative.org/voices/case-watch-un-holds-kazakhstan-accountable-uighur-extradition-case

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Last month, Chinese police descended on the home of historian and activist Lhamjab Borjigin and arrested him. Borjigin’s case is likely the fifth known example of an involuntary return to China from Mongolia since 2009. Link

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/chinese-police-kidnaps-writer-mongolia

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

in 2018, Bulgaria became the first EU member state to extradite to China a former Chinese local official wanted by the Chinese authorities on suspicions of corruption. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-corruption-bulgaria-idUSKCN1NZ0A8

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Extraditions from Portugal to PRC do occur, even if they are not large in number. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/portugal-set-extradite-yet-more-people-china
2. https://www.dgsi.pt/jstj.nsf/954f0ce6ad9dd8b980256b5f003fa814/67e7dd21ed735120802587f4004f5005?OpenDocument=

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In spite of the request of Spanish citizens and organizations, more than 12 Chrisitans of Chinese origin who were requesting asylum in Spain, were deported to the PRC, some by force.

1. https://www.outono.net/elentir/2023/11/04/sanchez-deporta-a-cristianos-perseguidos-a-la-china-comunista-mientras-reparte-a-inmigrantes-ilegales-por-toda-espana/
2. https://www.notimerica.com/sociedad/noticia-abogados-cristianos-entregan-60000-firmas-marlaska-conceda-asilo-ciudadana-china-perseguida-fe-20231110124409.html

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Over the last decade or so, Pakistan has deported Uyghur Muslims. But hardly any political or Islamic party has openly criticised or denounced the practice.

1. https://webarchive.archive.unhcr.org/20230522032610/https://www.refworld.org/docid/4e490279c.html;
2. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/pakistan-refugees-11032023174533.html;
3. https://www.dw.com/en/arrests-of-uighur-women-married-to-pakistani-men-spark-anger-in-gilgit-baltistan/a-42937458

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Singapore state had previously repatriated an individual targeted by the PRC's SkyNet overseas anti-corruption policy. Another suspected fugitive by the family name of Zhou was repatriated to the PRC from Singapore in February 2024. This was despite the fact that there is no extradiction agreement between Singapore and the PRC. There was, however, no protest at the action.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/1791773/china-repatriates-no-2-sky-net-fugitive-official-who
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN0NU0I5/
3. https://english.news.cn/20240207/39ca1ecf03bc4d048308f4cb4cf55869/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were recently (jn last 2-3 years) several cases of Taiwan nationals either deported or awaiting deportation from Poland to China.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/wanted-china-europe-failing-safe-haven-chinese-dissidents

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Be it in the decade of the 2000s or from 2021 onwards, human rights activists and the Nepali civil society have been critical of the crack down on Tibetans in Nepal.

1. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/10/17/nepali-citizens-detained-during-xi-jinping-s-visit-for-tibetan-signage-on-clothes-and-accessories

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A court in Kazan punished Chinese citizen Haoyang Xu for propaganda of non-traditional relationships and deported him.

1. https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/642eca479a794754db68a80e

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2017, the Thai government deported about a hundred Uighurs to China, despite strong criticism from human rights groups both within Thailand and internationally. In 2022, local NGO People Empowerment Foundation and Human Rights Watch (HRW) senior Thai researcher Sunai Phasuk urged the government to stop extraditing Uighurs back to China, citing human rights concerns. Over 200 Uighurs were detained in Thailand in 2014, and around a hundred of them were estimated to have been deported to China. The death of a second Uighur man who spent years in a Bangkok detention center highlights the urgent need for Thai authorities to end the indefinite detention of asylum seekers, according to Human Rights Watch.

1. https://www.voathai.com/a/rights-groups-urge-thailand-not-to-force-captive-uyghurs-back-to-china-/6638680.html
2. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/08/thailand-should-free-detained-uyghur-asylum-seekers
3. https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/uyghur-thailand-escape-xinjiang-jail/
4. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2558526/second-uyghur-dies-in-detention-says-rights-group

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been several cases of deportation of Taiwanese citizens by the Indonesian government due to allegations of fraud. This was directly protested by the Taiwanese There have also been deportation cases of Uyghurs community

1. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:8GKdEJXgf7QJ:https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/two-ways-indonesia-is-helping-china-persecute-the-uyghurs/&cd=9&hl=id&ct=clnk&gl=id

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2022, Saudi Arabia was about to quietly deport a 13-year-old Uyghur child and her mother—along with two other Uyghurs—to China

1. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2022/04/saudi-arabia-un-experts-say-uyghurs-must-not-be-extradited-china-urge-proper

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, there is evidence to support the claim.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/cambodia/china-deport-09302019154504.html
2. https://www.voanews.com/a/ap-cambodia-deports-39-to-china-including-25-taiwanese/3390380.html

Supplementary Notes

Cambodia deported 142 Chinese nationals to China at the weekend for involvement in telecommunications fraud scams, loading them on two charter planes from Phnom Penh in the latest mass expulsion of Chinese accused of crimes in the Southeast Asian country. Cambodia has deported 39 suspected criminals to mainland China, including 25 Taiwanese whom Beijing insists it has jurisdiction over despite protests from Taipei.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

(2017) - The 110 Taiwanese citizens who were detained in Riga and the Riga region in August for telephone fraud have been deported to their country of origin, Latvijas Avize daily reported on September 27. Link

1. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/crime/110-taiwanese-citizens-deported-from-latvia.a251597/

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

"Armenia has deported 78 Taiwanese citizens accused of a US$ 1.1 million scam to mainland China, where they are likely to face prosecution, Chinese authorities said Wednesday. The move has drawn criticism from Taiwan (2016): Link Link Link The EU, which has a partnership agreement with Armenia, called on all sides to ""show restraint and act responsibly"" (2018): Link"

1. https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/5626-armenia-78-taiwanese-among-129-deported-to-china-for-fraud
2. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/2973873
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-china-armenia-idUKKCN11E04T
4. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-43854352

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Three incidents of repression is indicated in Uzbekistan Link

1. https://oxussociety.org/projects/transnational-repression/

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

In August 2019, a Uyghur woman and her two children were deported from Turkey to Tajikistan, and then promptly transferred to Chinese custody. News outlets reported that five or six other Uyghurs were on the flight with her. Link The Tajik parliament, according to RFE/RL’s Tajik Service, unanimously approved a mutual extradition agreement with China. Under the agreement, Tajikistan would exchange three Chinese citizens currently serving prison terms—one for rape and two for drug trafficking—for 16 Tajiks currently detained in China. The 16 Tajiks, seven of whom are women, were mostly arrested and convicted in China on drug-trafficking charges. Four are currently on death row, and five are serving life terms. Link

1. https://freedomhouse.org/report/transnational-repression/china
2. https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/tajikistan-and-china-to-trade-felons/

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Kyrgyzstan deported Taiwanese citizens to China. Link In January 2015, Kyrgyzstan sent three Chinese citizens—two ethnic Kyrgyz and one Uyghur—back to China after they were detained for illegally crossing into the country from Xinjiang. The World Uyghur Congress reports that from 2001 to 2011, Kyrgyzstan extradited 50 Uyghurs to China. Link

1. https://24.kg/archive/ru/community/120543-iz-kyrgyzstana-deportirovany-dva-grazhdanina.html/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/tajikistan-and-china-to-trade-felons/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Link Link Link Link Link Egypt: Don’t Deport Uyghurs to China.  Link Al-Azhar University has denied reports about the detention of Uyghur students studying in Egypt. El-Shehab Organization for Human Rights, a Cairo-based NGO, estimates that there are more than 300 Uyghur students enrolled at Al-Azhar University. Human rights organizations, activists, and analysts have said that Uyghur has been subject to religious, cultural, and language restrictions, which have led them to flee China and helped fuel their demands for a separate state. Link Arbitrary detention and attempted deportation of Uyghur asylum-seekers condemned by rights organizations.

1. https://www.france24.com/en/20190818-nightmare-as-egypt-aided-china-to-detain-uighurs
2. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/06/world/asia/egypt-muslims-uighurs-deportations-xinjiang-china.html
3. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-repression-uyghurs-xinjiang
4. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/08/egypt-dont-deport-uyghurs-china
5. https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/07/08/egypt-dont-deport-uyghurs-china
6. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/azhar-denies-detention-of-uyghur-students-in-egypt/856936
7. https://egyptianfront.org/2023/04/egypt-arbitrary-detention-and-attempted-deportation-of-uyghur-asylum-seekers-condemned-by-rights-organizations/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No cases were observed. The extradition law was only ratified in 2018 and does not include any crimes that could be punished with the death penalty in China.

1. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-09502022000100191

Supplementary Notes

This could change in the future.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

They have not deportted anyone, but there is a cooperation between Algeria and PRC around the surveillance of Uyghur in Algeria.

1. https://uhrp.org/report/beyond-silence-collaboration-between-arab-states-and-china-in-the-transnational-repression-of-uyghurs/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

here are reports of the arrest of Chinese citizens on criminal charges. But no deportation was reported.

1. https://www.newagebd.net/article/210674/bangladesh-police-detain-chinese-national-aide-on-rape-charge

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no public report of such a phenomenon in the observed period of time.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no publicly available recorded cases

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.news247.gr/magazine/i-katazitoumeni-kineza-me-tin-golden-visa-ston-geraka/
2. https://www.news247.gr/ellada/sinelifthi-katazitoumenos-kinezos-gia-ipexairesi-290-ekat-evro/

Supplementary Notes

It should be noted that there have been reported cases of Chinese nationals being extradited back to China by the Greek authorities. However, these cases haven't raise criticism by politicians, government employees, NGOs, or other entities, since they refer to individuals who are found guilty of certain crimes and violations (in most cases economic fraud or other related financial crimes) and against whom there have been issued international arrest warrants.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. In December 2022, amid wide critisism, Turkish Interior Minister had to apologise after he said that Uyghur protestors in front of China diplomatic missions would be extradited to China

1. https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/uighurs-china-turkey-accused-deporting-third-countries
2. https://artigercek.com/guncel/uygur-turklerine-sinirdisi-tehdidi-suleyman-soyluya-ozur-diletti-231222h#google_vignette
3. https://www.voanews.com/a/east-asia-pacific_analysts-extradition-treaty-between-turkey-china-endangers-uighur-refugees/6200467.html
4. https://ahvalnews.com/turkey-uighurs/turkey-repatriating-uighurs-china-third-countries-telegraph
5. https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/china-turkey-extradition-treaty-implications-uyghurs/
6. https://www.axios.com/documents-chinas-secret-extradition-request-uighur-turkey-6d5ba886-c22c-47e8-b970-804fae274e2d.html
7. https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20201231-turkey-dismisses-fears-that-new-deal-will-result-in-mass-deportation-of-uighurs-to-china
8. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/dec/29/pressure-on-turkey-to-protect-uighurs-as-china-ratifies-extradition-treaty
9. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
10. https://www.milligazete.com.tr/haber/5055968/flas-iddia-turkiye-uygur-turklerini-sinir-disi-ediyor
11. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-56661759
12. https://tr.euronews.com/2021/03/03/iyi-parti-dogu-turkistan-da-yasananlar-n-soyk-r-m-olarak-tan-nmas-icin-tbmm-ye-dilekce-ver
13. https://www.indyturk.com/node/55671/haber/g%C3%B6%C3%A7-idaresi-m%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC-uygurlar%C4%B1n-iadesi-s%C3%B6z-konusu-de%C4%9Fil

Supplementary Notes

For several years, despite the fact that the Turkish government denies that it extradited Uyghurs to China based on a recent extradition treaty signed by Ankara and Beijing media reports and civil society groups suggested that Uyghurs were extradited to China via third countries such as Tajikistan. However, after 2022, no incident has been reported despite the existing deportation fear among Turkey's Uyghurs.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Iceland does not have any extradition treaties with PRC.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed that no extradition requests of PRC nationals have been received, or acted upon

1. http://www.cdep.ro/interpel/2022/r4239A.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While the Moldovan government did not arrest anyone, it did eliminate Falun Gong from the registry of non-profit organizations in 2015. In 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled against Moldova in this case and the government re-registered Falun Dafa/Falun Gong as a legal organization

1. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-report-on-international-religious-freedom/moldova/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

After the full-scale invasion of Russia we are not aware of such cases.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been past incidents, but there is no information that suggests the Afghan government has recently extradited or deported individuals to the PRC.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is regulation on extradition of criminals to China in Cross-strait Joint Fight against Crime and Mutual Legal Assistance Agreement. However, due to the gap in judicial development between China and Taiwan, the Taiwanese government doesn't extradite Taiwanese citizens to China. When our own citizens commit crimes abroad, the government would endeavor to bring them back to Taiwan for trials instead of sending them to China.

1. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCODE=Q0070013
2. https://www.hk01.com/台灣新聞/339516/逃犯條例-司法互助協議被指送中-陸委會-己方人民不遣送

Supplementary Notes

However, due to the short distance between Taiwan and China, there have been many cases of illegal immigration from China. Many of these people chose to come to Taiwan under the "anti-communist hero"(反共義士) context, and are seeking for better economic condition or more freedoms than they had in China. However, if Mainland Affairs Council doesn't find them with facts of dissident actions in China or immediate danger from the Chinese government, they would be deported back to China. Also, since Taiwan doesn't have Refugee Act at the moment, the Chinese dissidents in Taiwan usually don't have a legal status, and would only be able to stay in Taiwan under the status of "detention alternatives"(收容替代). They might be deported back to China if they're casuing extra risks to the government and/or breaking the laws. Link Link Link

1. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-39641355
2. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-56997296
3. https://www.rti.org.tw/news/view/id/2085967

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Vietnam has ratified an extradition treaty with the PRC in 2020. The last traceable extradition case is from 2014.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/china-expands-system-extradition-treaties
2. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/vietnam-04212014191111.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is currently an ongoing case related to this matter.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240213232416/
2. https://www.thepost.co.nz/politics/350137414/extradition-threatens-kyung-yup-kim-accused-murder-china

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Thus far, this has not been reported.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no current reports about the Philippines deporting individuals back to China, which has gained criticisms. In October 2022, the Department of Justice said the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos Jr. decided to terminate the visas of 48,782 Chinese nationals working in Philippine offshore gaming firms which have lost their authority to operate, instead of deporting them immediately. The Chinese workers were given 59 days to leave the country, after which they will be deported. Also, the previous two administrations had deported Taiwanese criminals to PRC in cognizance of the "One China" policy.

1. https://mb.com.ph/2019/02/12/taiwan-finds-regrettable-deportation-of-nationals-to-china-by-the-philippines/
2. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2011/02/11/655988/palace-defends-deportation-taiwanese-china
3. https://www.rappler.com/nation/philippine-government-moves-cancel-visas-thousands-chinese-pogo-workers-october-2-2022/

Supplementary Notes

Justice Secretary Jesus Crispin Remulla said canceling the Chinese workers’ visas would be more cost-efficient and more humanitarian than immediately deporting them. Philippine lawmakers are calling for a permanent ban of offshore gaming firms in the country due to rampant crimes and high social costs blamed on online gambling.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Between September and December 2023, over 44,000 Chinese nationals were deported by both the junta and the United Wa State Army, although my country has not extradited or deported individuals to the People's Republic of China (PRC). Additionally, during a security and defense meeting on January 31, regime leader Senior Gen. Min Aung Hlaing disclosed that more than 50,000 foreigners who entered Myanmar illegally from October 5, 2023, to January 2024, have been repatriated to their respective countries. Among these, 48,120 were Chinese nationals, and 1,810 were from other countries. These actions were taken due to involvement in illegal online activities, weapons smuggling, and drug trafficking.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/myanmar/shan-chinese-suspects-02062024051524.html#:~:text=From%20September%20to%20December%202023,countries%2C%20regime%20leader%20Senior%20Gen.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this statement.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.