Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uzbekistan is indicated in the list Link At least one police station operated by the Fuzhou Public Security Bureau is situated in Syr Darya, Uzbekistan, according to Safeguard Defenders. The report "introduces evidence of the widespread Chinese practice of trans-national repression," said Nigara Khidoyatova, an Uzbek political analyst living in the United States. Link

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_police_overseas_service_stations
2. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/04/26/feature-02

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

" A non-governmental organization that documented dozens of undeclared Chinese ""overseas police service centers"" in September has now confirmed the operations of dozens more, a new report said on Monday – December, 2022 Mongolia (1) - The Fuzhou PSB operates one service center in Ulaanbaatar. Link "

1. https://www.newsweek.com/china-overseas-police-service-center-public-security-bureau-safeguard-defenders-transnational-crime-1764531

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to safeguard defenders Chile is among the countries that reported overseas police service centers. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/patrol-and-persuade-follow-110-overseas-investigation

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At least 4

1. https://www.senat.fr/questions/base/2022/qSEQ22120153G.html#:~:text=En%20France%2C%20ce%20sont%20pour,politique%20de%20la%20diaspora%2C%20etc.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Bangladesh, the Nantong PSB operates one overseas police service station at an unknown location.

1. https://www.newsweek.com/china-overseas-police-service-center-public-security-bureau-safeguard-defenders-transnational-crime-1764531
2. https://central.asia-news.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_ca/features/2023/04/26/feature-02

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Safegaurd Defenders, the Qingtian Public Security Bureau was or is operating an overseas police station in Vienna. A parliamentary question (question 10) regarding the existence of a Chinese police station in Austria has to be answered yet. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf
2. https://www.parlament.gv.at/dokument/XXVII/J/18297/fname_1621727.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Safeguard Defenders report from 2022 identified overseas police service stations in Hungary, one of which was later visited by an opposition politician. The Hungarian government denied the existence of such stations. However, the evidence seems to indicate that they did exist. Whether or not they were used for surveilling members of the Chinese diaspora is unknown. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.rferl.org/a/reports-china-policestations-controversy-denial-hungary-serbia/32122899.html
2. https://telex.hu/english/2024/04/25/what-do-we-know-about-the-chinese-police-officers-who-may-soon-be-patrolling-in-hungary

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China operates an illegal, extra-territorial police station in Slovakia.

1. https://dennikn.sk/3077694/cinska-policia-nema-hranice-nezakonnu-stanicu-ma-aj-na-slovensku/

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Sweden included in report from Safeguard Defenders.

1. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/har-finns-den-kinesiska-polisstationen-i-stockholm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are a reports that The Fuzhou/Fujian Province had open a "Police station" in Dublin and that has been used to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diapora it was closed in 2022

1. https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/chinese-police-station-in-dublin-ordered-to-close-1383985.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been a reported case of an Overseas Police Service Station operating in Greece, surveying, detaining and harassing members of the Chinese diaspora. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.tovima.gr/print/politics/to-parartima-lftis-kinezikis-astynomias-stin-athina/
2. https://greekcitytimes.com/2022/12/24/greece-chinese-police-stations/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are some reports of up to 11 Shadow/Unofficial PRC police stations in Italy. The Italian government has started to decouple from joint police patrols and has issued signals that such unofficial police stations may be treated as against the law, to which the PRC embassy has responded that these police stations are manned by Chinese speaking volunteers and are completely independent from PRC institutions.

1. https://www.politico.eu/article/italy-hosts-most-illegal-chinese-police-stations-worldwide-report/
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/italy-stops-joint-police-patrols-with-china-interior-minister-2022-12-19

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been news reports pointing to the existence of unofficial PRC police stations in the Netherlands, which are used to control the local Chinese-speaking population. At least 2 such police stations were discussed in 2022, which lead to a significant reaction by the Dutch government to investigate this. As in other places, the PRC Embassy presented these police stations as volunteer-based local civil society organizations. I am unsure of how to grade this finding, though, as it is clear that the government is cracking down on this phenomena.

1. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/10/26/world/europe/china-police-netherlands.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Safeguard Defenders there are 9 overseas police stations in Spain.

1. https://www.publico.es/internacional/ong-advierte-china-nueve-comisarias-ilegales-espana.html
2. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/patrol-and-persuade-follow-110-overseas-investigation

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinas has opened an overseas police service station in Benin City in Nigeria. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://saharareporters.com/2022/10/18/china-opens-police-station-nigerian-city-over-20-other-countries
2. https://gazettengr.com/china-opens-police-stations-in-nigeria-clamps-down-on-alleged-chinese-fraudsters/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were two police stations in Prague, one connected to the Qingtian authorities and one connected to Xiamen authorities. However, any major case of direct policing is known.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/en/beijing-sets-up-police-stations-in-the-czech-republic/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Safeguard Defender's report, there is a mention of an overseas police service station under Nantong police jurisdiction established in Vietnam. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf
2. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/patrol-and-persuade-follow-110-overseas-investigation
3. https://www.voatiengviet.com/a/bao-cao-trung-quoc-co-don-cong-an-o-viet-nam/6868441.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Undeclared Chinese "overseas police service centers" have been confirmed, including in Argentina. Wenzhou PSB and Fuzhou PSB each operate a service center in Buenos Aires. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.newsweek.com.ar/el-mundo/espionaje-chino-en-argentina-aseguran-que-la-policia-secreta-de-china-tiene-dos-sedes-en-buenos-aires/
2. https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/08/28/como-funcionan-las-comisarias-del-regimen-chino-en-argentina/
3. https://www.perfil.com/noticias/internacional/ong-denuncia-que-china-instalo-bases-policiales-ilegales-en-argentina-y-otros-27-paises.phtml

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The investigation by Safeguard Defenders indicated that the Chinese secret police service station exists in Tokyo. Also, a reporter Minetoshi Yasuda reported that several stations exists in Japan. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://bunshun.jp/articles/-/63294#goog_rewarded
2. https://www.yomiuri.co.jp/politics/20221219-OYT1T50232
3. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2022/10/post-99931.php
4. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/110%20Overseas%20%28v5%29.pdf

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are about 7 Chinese unofficial “police stations” in Canada, according to the RCMP.

1. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/china-us-stations-canada-1.6818889
2. https://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/two-more-police-centres-run-by-chinese-authorities-found-in-canada-report-1.6181515

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, these have been established in Cambodia.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/police-overseas-09162022095838.html

Supplementary Notes

Chinese police are currently running at least 54 "overseas police service centers" in foreign countries, some of which work with law enforcement back home to run operations on foreign soil, the Sept. 13 report from Safeguard Defenders said.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Two men were arrested in 2023 on charges that they helped establish a secret police station in New York City on behalf of the Chinese government, and about three dozen officers with China’s national police force were charged with using social media to harass dissidents inside the United States, authorities said Monday. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://apnews.com/article/chinese-government-justice-department-new-york-police-transnational-repression-05624126f8e6cb00cf9ae3cb01767fa1

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It became public in 2022, that the PRC is operating illegal and covert police branches in several federal states in Germany. They have the purpose of monitoring opposition figures abroad and to intimidate them with repression.

1. https://www.verfassungsschutz.de/SharedDocs/publikationen/DE/verfassungsschutzberichte/2023-06-20-verfassungsschutzbericht-2022.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=7

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK security minister, Tom Tugendhat, reported that China has closed its 'police service stations' at sites across Britain. These stations were reported to be involved in 'persuasion to return' operations targeting claimed fugitives.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/07/china-has-closed-unofficial-police-stations-in-britain-uk-minister-says
2. https://news.sky.com/story/chinese-police-stations-in-uk-are-unacceptable-says-security-minister-tom-tugendhat-12897561
3. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/patrol-and-persuade-follow-110-overseas-investigation

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Safeguard Defenders has found two secret Chinese police stations, or 'contact points' in Australia, which are allegedly set up to monitor areas with significant overseas Chinese communities and 'persuade' claim fugitives to return to China 'voluntarily'. It is said that some of these contact points has incorporated cloud-based technology for their operation.

1. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-08-04/china-overseas-police-contact-point-australia-cloud/102683332
2. https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/china-allegedly-has-two-secret-police-stations-in-australia-what-do-we-know-about-them/dz2lmxb13

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

In 2013, Tajikistan worked with Huawei to establish a “Safe City” surveillance system in Dushanbe at a cost of $22 million. Only $1.1 million of the total sum was financed by Tajikistan, while $20.9 million came from a long-term loan from the China-dominated Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Link

1. https://api.caspianpolicy.org/media/uploads/2020/09/PB-Chinas-growing-influence-in-CA-through-surveillance-systems.pdf

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://n9.cl/u2li7

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence of illegal Chinese police stations in Costa Rica.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-63724378

Supplementary Notes

There is no official data on the Peruvian government portal. However, according to an article by the UK BBC, it states the existence of overseas police service stations in Peru.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of this in Algeria.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.brusselstimes.com/313167/dutch-government-to-investigate-reports-of-chinese-overseas-police-stations

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/TARGETED%20IN%20TURKIYE%20.pdf

Supplementary Notes

While there is no evidence of 'extra-legal physical premises' or overseas police service stations in Turkiye, a report by Safeguard Defenders provides some stark evidence of how Chinese authorities exercise represson in Turkiye.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only one such case was uncovered dating back from 2016. Details are unclear but the action is plausible since this commune near Bucharest where this "police cooperation" with the city of Nantong was supposed to take place is host to a large number of Chinese citizens. However the memorandum was not acted upon and no surveillance took place

1. https://romania.europalibera.org/a/comuna-dobroesti-sectie-politie-china/32163731.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese diaspora in the Republic of Moldova is negligible in size. There are no reports about such pressures exerted by the PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are not aware of such cases.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has not been a concern in Pakistan.

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. 100%

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

None known at present.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been cases of members of Chinese diaspora being surveil and harassed by suspicious individuals from the word of mouth before 2020. However, there hasn't been any case reported by the media or heard in the community since the pandemic.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/110%20Overseas%20%28v5%29.pdf

Supplementary Notes

There is no so-called 'Chinese Overseas Police Station' in Estonia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I've answered no here, even though a police presence has been reported on in New Zealand, as no evidence of it being used "to surveil or detain members of the Chinese diaspora" has been provided

1. https://newsroom.co.nz/2022/12/17/chinese-police-centre-in-nz-tied-to-businessman/
2. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/131117783/government-officials-unconcerned-after-probing-claims-of-chinese-police-station-in-nz

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Alfred Bulakali

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence confirming the existence of PRC overseas police service stations or similar extra-legal premises in Malaysia.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Thus far, this has not been reported.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no reported overseas police service stations established by China in the Philippines to surveil or detail its nationals.

Supplementary Notes

However, Philippine authorities noted that Chinese nationals have used Philippine offshore gaming operator (Pogo) firms as fronts for criminal activities, including human trafficking and online scams. Philippine authorities reported that the offshore gambling firms trafficked employees, who are mostly Chinese, were being detained in self-sustaining hubs in different cities in the country. The Chinese Embassy in the Philippines expressed support "to crack down on cross-border crimes, and at the same time has protected the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese citizens in accordance with the law." 1) Link 2) Link 3) Link 4) Link 5) Link

1. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/8/4/gatchalian-ph-pogo-human-trafficking-hub.html
2. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1798481/chinese-scams-traced-to-raided-pogo-firm-in-las-pinas
3. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1854766/pasay-police-chief-26-other-cops-sacked-over-raided-pogo
4. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1202489
5. http://ph.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgdt/202310/t20231011_11159146.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

In November 2023, Thailand rolled back plans for joint patrols with Chinese police in popular tourist spots following public backlash. The idea, proposed by tourism officials, aimed to have Chinese and Thai police patrol heavily visited areas to boost confidence among tourists, particularly Chinese nationals. However, the plan sparked widespread criticism online, with many arguing that it compromised Thailand’s national sovereignty. The proposal also drew a strong rebuke from the country’s police chief, leading to its cancellation. Link(Reuters),among%20tourists%2C%20including%20Chinese%20nationals

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/thailand-drops-joint-patrols-with-chinese-police-after-public-backlash-2023-11-14/#:~:text=BANGKOK%2C%20Nov%2014%20

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite the absence of reports indicating that People's Republic of China (PRC)-connected individuals or entities have established extra-legal physical premises for surveillance or detention of members of the Chinese diaspora in Myanmar, there have been reports of China Mafia and triad gangs operating in special investment areas in Myanmar, particularly in the Karen and Shan states.

1. https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/analysis/shwe-kokko-how-myanmars-crime-hub-is-destabilizing-the-region.html.
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-67471138

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In December 2022, it was reported that "China has established a secret overseas police station in Israel to monitor political dissidents in the country." However, the evidence for the existence of this "police station" was weak, and Israeli officials rejected the claims.

1. https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/report-china-operating-police-station-in-israel-to-spy-on-dissidents/

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bogota is mentioned in section « List of Chinese police jurisdictions and location of their overseas police service centers » of the report Patrol and Persuade A follow-up investigation to 110 Overseas submitted by Safeguard Defender. However, there is no complaint, investigation or information in this regard from the Colombian authorities.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

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Supporting Evidence

Following the investigation published by Safeguard Defenders in 2022 regarding this topic and which indicated 3 of these 'Overseas police stations' in Lisbon, Oporto and Madeira (1st link), the Minister of Foreign Affairs asked the PRC for guarantees that this was not the case. These guarantees came through in mid-2023 (link nº 3). Meanwhile, due to the seriuosness of the allegations, a decision was made to start a public judicial investigation into this matter, which is still ongoing (link nº 2). The ongoing investigations have not (yet) confirmed that these were 'police stations' rather than 'sevice centres' as claimed by the PRC authorities. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator could not be provided.

1. http://www.zjsql.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=33&id=50575
2. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/110-overseas
3. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf
4. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/patrol-and-persuade-follow-110-overseas-investigation
5. https://www.publico.pt/2022/10/27/sociedade/noticia/ministerio-publico-investigar-existencia-esquadras-chinesas-portugal-2025665
6. https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/lisboa-recebeu-garantias-de-que-china-nao-apoia-esquadras-secretas-16447010.html

Supplementary Notes

This is an indicator to follow closely throughout 2024.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

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Supporting Evidence

There is no written evidence of this, but there is anecdotal evidence.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.