Law Enforcement
In my country, triads are known to have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
13/ 80
Affected Countries
Country
Score
South Africa
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin
Explore South Africa >Canada
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
See below article.
- https://globalnews.ca/news/7734158/china-pressure-activists-canada-uyghur-hong-kong-tibet-spying/
- https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/china-set-up-crime-web-in-canada-report-says/article4163320/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Explore Canada >Taiwan
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The gangs related with Chinese Unification Promotion Party have taken part in the violent protest against the Hong Kong activist Joshua Wong, and splashing red paint to the Hong Kong singer/ activist Denise Ho. Also, the shooting to the Taiwanese influencer Holger Chen revealed to be done by pro-unification gangs after investigation.
- https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1139138
- https://www.businesstoday.com.tw/article/category/80396/post/202011060018/
Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie
Explore Taiwan >Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Members of Kyrk Choro (a local anti-China activist group) have been violently threatened multiple times such as breaking of car windows, following etc. Significance is very high. This group has been so actively dealing with every aspect of factors that drive anti China sentiment. The leaders have all been threatened
Answered by Niva Yau, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili
Explore Kyrgyzstan >Germany
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The German domestic security service BfV, says the PRC embassy conducts surveillance and intimidation etc. of dissidents in Germany. It is difficult to say exactly who is carrying out this work (as well as PRC diplomats and security agents), though.
Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Germany >Philippines
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Supplementary Notes
There are no available public information discussing triad action in the Philippines recently. However, the triad influence is still rampant in the country which has been the suspect for many criminal activities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Philippines >Malaysia
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
• No supporting evidence found on Triads role in threatening Chinese dissidents online. As various Triads are active in the country, it is likely to some extent. Therefore, the influence measure could be 2. Additional notes Triads are mostly found to be engaged in firearms deal, drug deal, real estate and other local businesses. • … Triads 6 is an offshoot of the long existing Chinese triad Hung Meng Hooi. There are a number of Chinese members in Gang 36 but most of them are financial backers involved in real estate and other legal businesses. Gang 36 became active in the 70s and is said to be one of the two gangs responsible for most of the drug dealings in the country… Link Link Link
- https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2013/08/29/40000-members-in-gangs-say-home-ministry/
- http://www.nkkhoo.com/2013/08/30/why-the-big-bosses-behind-these-secret-societies-not-disclose-to-public/
- https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/bukit-bintang-blast-and-gang-rivalry-top-10-gangs-on-malaysias-watchlist
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Malaysia >Italy
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.panorama.it/news/la-storia-del-capo-della-mafia-cinese-italia-e-europa
- https://www.ilprimatonazionale.it/approfondimenti/avanzata-mafia-cinese-italia-111023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita
Explore Italy >Australia
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Australia >Paraguay
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are reports that members of the Chinese mafia enter, operate and transit through Paraguay to neighboring countries.
- https://www.extra.com.py/actualidad/brasil-caen-mafiosos-chinos-made-in-paraguay-n1548732.html
- https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/2016/11/23/mafia-china-la-insolita-historia-del-capo-de-los-cinco-alias-preso-en-misiones/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Paraguay >South Korea
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are many Chinese organized crime felons. It is not sure whether they threaten Chinese dissidents.
- https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2007/04/27/2007042700871.html
- https://www.ilyosisa.co.kr/news/article.html?no=221179
Supplementary Notes
There are many Chinese organized crime felons. It is not sure whether they threaten Chinese dissidents
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Explore South Korea >Costa Rica
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
La presencia de mafia china tiene relación sobre todo con extorsión a comercios de ciudadanos chinos en el país, pero sobre todo por razones económicas. No se tiene evidencia de que haya presiones o coerción relacionada con asuntos políticos o posturas que disientan de los intereses de la RPC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Costa Rica >Netherlands
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
- https://www.trouw.nl/nieuws/chinese-dissident-vreest-ongeluk-in-nederland~b8ade6e4/
- https://www.amnesty-international.be/nieuws/oeigoeren-zijn-nergens-veilig
Supplementary Notes
Little information found, but it is not unlikely. Amnesty International noted intimidation against Uyghurs in the Nethterlands by the PRC. One old story found, in 2005 Chen Yonglin cancelled a visit to the Netherlands fearing he would be harmed. Role of triads unclear, but is involved in violent activity (see item 3)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita
Explore Netherlands >New Zealand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No publicly available evidence to support this claim.
Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore New Zealand >Indonesia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Insufficient information on Chinese organized crime syndicates does not provide proof that triads have ever threatened or used violence to punish Chinese dissidents in Indonesia. However, Indonesian government deport four Uyghur Muslims convicted in 2015 of terror-related offenses in Indonesia were deported in 2020 after the Chinese government paid the fines imposed on them.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-uighurs-idUSKCN0PN1T820150713
- https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/Indonesia-Uyghurs-10282020134706.html
- https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/deports-10232020190325.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Indonesia >Singapore
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
There have been no reports of triad pressure activities linked to the PRC, but William Nguyen reported on facebook that Chinese embassy officials tried to find out more about him after his arrest in Vietnam for protesting Chinese influence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Singapore >Georgia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli
Explore Georgia >Kazakhstan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Kazakhstan >Armenia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili
Explore Armenia >Tajikistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
I think this is not relevant for any of the countries researched by us.
Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Tajikistan >Ethiopia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta
Explore Ethiopia >Kenya
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence to include
Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi
Explore Kenya >Nigeria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of this
Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin
Explore Nigeria >Senegal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence
Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior
Explore Senegal >Brazil
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found of Triades, or "Chinese mafia", who threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents. The presence of the Chinese mafia in Brazil is mainly concentrated in the city of São Paulo and evidence was found that this mafia charges fees from Chinese traders in the central region. Another activity of the Chinese mafia in São Paulo is smuggling. Issues of threats or the use of violence to punish Chinese dissidents seems to us to be out of Brazil's reality. The Chinese mafia, according to evidence found in the survey, practices extortion, threats and uses violence with compatriots in case of non-payment of "protection fees". The mafia charges these fees so that Chinese merchants can maintain their trading activity.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Brazil >Bolívia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No report that triads have threatened or used violence to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Bolívia >Argentina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The dark origin of "Amistad", the new Chinese mafia that extorts Belgrano supermarkets (reference 1). We arrested three men linked to the Chinese mafia (reference 2). Triads operate in Argentina, but the violence is not directed towards Chinese dissidents.
- https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2021/05/28/el-oscuro-origen-de-amistad-la-nueva-mafia-china-que-extorsiona-a-supermercados-de-belgrano/
- https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/gdetuvimos-tres-hombres-vinculados-la-mafia-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Argentina >Uruguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Chinese community is very small in Uruguay and there is no presence of triads. Based on an interview with an expert of transnational crime.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Uruguay >Chile
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There was public information about a single incident in a restaurant owned by a Taiwanese, but there is no information that the people involved were related to Triads or that there is any more acts of violence to intimidate critics or Chinese dissidents.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Chile >Colombia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are no reports of this happening.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Colombia >Mexico
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Supplementary Notes
The triads have connected with narcotic cartels in Mexico, so Mexican Cartels are on the visible side, and they usually used violence, but there’s no evidence that this violence has been used to coerce, intimidate or punish Chinese dissidents.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Mexico >Peru
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Peru >Venezuela
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
no evidence was found of triads operating in Venezuela.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Venezuela >Japan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Explore Japan >Vietnam
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Explore Vietnam >Thailand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
…Since the beginning of the 1980s, the Triads are back. Freshly re-imported from China and from Taiwan, they appear henceforth as nothing more than petty criminal groups, sometimes extremely violent. Far from helping the Chinese immigrants, who are disembarking once again in relatively large numbers in Bangkok and in the northern provinces, they doubly exploit them, first by asking for exorbitant sums of money to help them enter the country clandestinely and then by taking advantage of their questionable status… Link [Second respondent]: However, it’s happen in world war time. Nowadays this kind of crime not exist anymore.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Thailand >Estonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of that available.
Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Estonia >Czech Republic
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of that available.
Supplementary Notes
Also, there are not Chinese dissidents in the country, as far as the researchers know.
Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála
Explore Czech Republic >Bosnia and Herzegovina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence suggesting that.
Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Bosnia and Herzegovina >Poland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No such cases during the period covered by this report are known to author. However, considering that the Chinese diaspora in Poland is a very closed community and many issues are handled within the diaspora, it is possible that such cases did take place.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Poland >United Kingdom
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
We cannot identify proof of this having taken place.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley
Explore United Kingdom >Egypt
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Egypt >Jordan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Jordan >Lebanon
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Lebanon >Turkey
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Turkey >Serbia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Serbia >India
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no such reports or evidence of such cases, though there are anecdotal stories or transnational repression of Tibetans in India by the PRC.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore India >Albania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Albania >Montenegro
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Montenegro >Latvia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Public information is not available regarding the issue.
Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Explore Latvia >Uzbekistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Explore Uzbekistan >Sierra Leone
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No available data on this question but as a resident of Sierra Leone I know this like the back of my hand
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Sierra Leone >Ghana
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No data was found to support this indicator
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ghana >Tanzania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No available information on this question
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Tanzania >Gambia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Interview with officials of ministry of defence and Ministry of foreign affairs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Gambia >Zambia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
If there are Chinese in Zambia, then they have not been vocal about their opposition to the Chinese government
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Zambia >Slovakia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Slovakia >France
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore France >Bangladesh
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No such data is available.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Bangladesh >Lithuania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis
Explore Lithuania >Bulgaria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence to suggest otherwise
Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík
Explore Bulgaria >Austria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There has up until now been no public report of such a incidents in Austria.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl
Explore Austria >Hungary
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
NA
Supplementary Notes
There is no evidence that suggest otherwise.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská
Explore Hungary >Belgium
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no evidence for such activities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl
Explore Belgium >Sweden
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
in the more distant past there were some instances though, see the below URL
- https://www.svd.se/a/cfde208c-251c-3a9d-bdb5-138866ef85c9/kriminalitet-doljs-i-kinesiska-natverk#:~:text=Det%20finns%20tv%C3%A5%20stora%20kinesiska,medlemmar%20ocks%C3%A5%20sysslar%20med%20brott
- https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/ddRa1j/kinesisk-maffia-nu-i-sverige
- https://sverigesradio.se/artikel/771504
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Sweden >Finland
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No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Finland >Greece
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No reports of related activities. At the same time, it should be noted that the Greek state and media do not have insights into the Chinese communities in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Greece >North Macedonia
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Few, but significant
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Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore North Macedonia >Afghanistan
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
There is fear of being targeted or psychological fear within the Uighur dissidents in Afghanistan but it comes from the former Afghan government/ Taliban who cooperates with the PRC. Though the Uyghur militants in Afghanistan have expressed readiness against PRC
- https://www.newsy-today.com/uyghur-muslims-in-afghanistan-frightened-sirajlive-com/
- https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2022/06/16/turkistan-islamic-party-leader-celebrates-eid/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Afghanistan >Turkmenistan
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Turkmenistan >Ecuador
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No existen reportes sobre amenazas o uso de fuerza sobre disidentes chinos.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ecuador >Panama
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
Si bien hay registros de actividad delincuencial por parte de ciudadanos chinos no hay reportes acerca de intimidación contra disidentes.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Panama >Romania
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
We could not identify any instance of triads threatening Chinese dissidents in Romania
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita
Explore Romania >Moldova
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
As there are no triads in the country, there are no such cases in Moldova
Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Moldova >Ukraine
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
We are not aware of such cases
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ukraine >Azerbaijan
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
No Evidence Found.
Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Azerbaijan >Belarus
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze
Explore Belarus >Spain
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
Found no evidence, though I know there are threats cases, not clearly linked to triads and not made public yet.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Spain >Nicaragua
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Few, but significant
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Supporting Evidence
No evidence found.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Nicaragua >Pakistan
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supporting Evidence
No evidence exists to suggest that
Supplementary Notes
No evidence exists to suggest that
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Pakistan >United States
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supplementary Notes
UNKNOWN (80 that it has been done, but beyond one case I have no confidence)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team
Explore United States >Cambodia
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No
Few, but insignificant
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Supplementary Notes
Triad’s activities seems to be significant in Cambodia but no supporting evidence is found to present their coercion, threats to Chinese dissidents found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Cambodia >
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