Law Enforcement
In my country, law enforcement and judicial-related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities have been accepted by national or subnational governments.
2024
38/ 97
Affected Countries
Country
Score
Uzbekistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The main education facility for the country’s police forces—equivalent to a police academy—and the People’s Public Security University of China, the elite police academy under China’s Ministry of Public Security, have been partners since May 15, 2017, when they signed a formal memorandum of cooperation. Link Meiya Pico (廈門市美亞柏科信息股份有限公司) from Xiamen city provides training for the local police. Link Link Link
- https://thediplomat.com/2018/09/uzbekistan-looks-to-china-for-policing-experience/
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2195
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2172
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2171
Supplementary Notes
Zhao expressed his hope that the two sides will earnestly implement the important consensus of the two heads of state, strengthen practical cooperation in such fields as security of major events, combating the "three forces," de-extremism, and law enforcement capacity building. Link
Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Uzbekistan >Belarus
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Meiya Pico, a Chinese cybersecurity company, was instructed by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security to train countries affiliated with the BRI in digital forensics. Meiya Pico may also be part of establishing a Safety Corridor from China to Europe, aiming to tie security and safety services and products to international development projects. Link Belarus is listed: Link In July 2018, Chief Justice of the Supreme People’s Court Justice Zhou Qiang met with Valery Mitskevich and suggested that “the two countries cooperate, promote judicial reforms, such as“intelligent courts”, provide judges with better quality training, support the idea of justice for people, etc.” Link
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/
- https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdfhttps://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2207
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2207
- https://supremepeoplescourtmonitor.com/2020/08/21/china-belarus-judicial-cooperation-under-the-belt-road-initiative/
Supplementary Notes
"Cooperation in law enforcement has recently risen to an unprecedented level. We are not going to stop there, as we see a huge potential for expanding the areas of cooperation with our Chinese counterparts,” Link Belarus, China discuss cooperation in law enforcement Link"
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/minister-cooperation-with-china-in-law-enforcement-has-reached-an-unprecedented-level_i_0000128162.html
- https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarus-china-discuss-cooperation-in-law-enforcement-161843-2023/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Belarus >Panama
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is an agreement for law enforcement purposes between the Minsitries of Public Security of both countries (PRC and Panama). An Agreement of a similar nature was signed for judicial cooperation purposes. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" and an "Significant" rating.
- https://mire.gob.pa/images/PDF/documentos%20y%20formularios/Acuerdoschina/CARTA%20DE%20INTENCION%20.pdf
- https://ensegundos.com.pa/2018/09/02/ppanama-y-china-establecen-acuerdan-pacto-de-cooperacion-judicial/
Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Panama >Venezuela
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Chinese company CEIEC has been providing cyber support and technical assistance to the National Telecommunications Company of Venezuela (CANTV) to surveil venezuelan people. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few, significant" rating.
- https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm1194
- https://diario16plus.com/el-millonario-contrato-de-maduro-con-la-empresa-china-ceiec-para-monitorizar-a-venezuela/
- https://www.lainformacion.com/espana/venezuela-pone-en-marcha-sistema-de-camaras-de-seguridad-para-combatir-delito_rk1JkBD8T6dhDQff6Kb0Q/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Venezuela >Afghanistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
PRC presents itself as a peaceful security provider and focuses on non-controversial training topics, such as anti-drug trafficking, counter-terrorism, and customs law enforcement. Even though these trainings were directed at those who worked for the former Afghan government, they are considered significant because some of the law enforcement personnel remain in Afghanistan and could be integrated into the new leadership.
- http://vienna.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/drugandcrime/201512/t20151215_8867261.htm
- http://www.ppsuc.edu.cn/info/1058/1809.htm
- http://news.uibe.edu.cn/info/1608/20469.htm
Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Afghanistan >Nigeria
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese Embassy in Nigeria held a two-day Chinese training course for 40 Nigerian police officials in 2019. In 2023, the PRC Ministry of Public Security also held a two-week seminar on Combating Cybercrime which was attended by Nigerian police officers. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “More than a Few” rating. There is the centralized training course for Nigerian police officers and law enforcement officials in China. The participants are 15 police law enforcement officers from the Nigerian Police Headquarters and various branches. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
- http://ng.china-embassy.gov.cn/zngx/201910/t20191012_7033174.htm
- http://big5.www.gov.cn/gate/big5/www.gov.cn/xinwen/2017-06/28/content_5206468.htm
- https://www.chinacourt.org/article/detail/2017/07/id/2908054.shtml
- https://guardian.ng/news/npf-partners-chinese-govt-to-combat-terrorism-major-crimes/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Nigeria >Nepal
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In 2023, in the joint statement between Nepal and China after Nepali PM Prachanda's visit to China, Beijing has stated it will train Nepali railway officials. China-Nepal Traditional Chinese Medicine Center is providing free medical treatment, personnel training, medical services, etc. in Nepal. The Chinese side will provide technical training to the Nepali side on disaster prevention and reduction. There already is capacity building and cooperation on training between the law enforcement institutions
- https://www.iprcc.org/article/4ExlAN9fiR5
- https://theprint.in/world/in-15-years-chinas-training-courses-for-nepals-civil-servants-has-increased-4000/255576/
- https://www.tourismmail.com/news/detail/101859/
Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi
Explore Nepal >Malaysia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Malaysia is participating in China's new initiative to train foreign law enforcement officers, as part of China's plan to train 3,000 officers from various countries over the next 12 months. Malaysia was specifically mentioned as a participating country during the 2024 Conference of the Global Public Security Cooperation Forum held in Lianyungang. Also, Malaysia and China have agreed to deepen the proposed National Security Framework. This cooperation was formalized through recent agreements between Malaysia and China, covering over 15 areas, including "capacity building" and "officer exchange." The Agreement for Cooperation in Combating Transnational Crime was extended until 2034, with Malaysian leadership endorsing the partnership.
- https://hongkongfp.com/2024/09/09/china-to-train-3000-overseas-police-officers-as-it-seeks-to-cement-role-as-global-security-provider/
- https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202409/10/WS66df9b92a3103711928a70bf.html
- https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/06/07/malaysia-and-china-to-deepen-national-security-framework-says-saifuddin
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Malaysia >Kazakhstan
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
I hereby announce the Chinese government’s decision to fund the "Belt and Road Legal Cooperation Research and Training Program" to boost such cooperation. Kazakhstan was also indicated. Link "Fox Hunting-2019" was a joint counter-terrorism drill between China and Kazakhstan, held at a training base in Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kazakhstan. Link As Russia takes on 'terrorists' in Kazakhstan, China offers security assistance. Link
- https://yizhiyoudao.kuaizhan.com/48/73/p685517706adfdb
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/MOOTW/CounterTerrorism/News_209173/16015829.html
- https://www.newsweek.com/russia-takes-terrorists-kazakhstan-china-offers-security-assistance-1667615
Supplementary Notes
China is willing to increase "law enforcement and security" cooperation with neighboring Kazakhstan and help oppose interference by "external forces," China's foreign minister said on Monday, after violent protests in the Central Asian country. Link
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Kazakhstan >Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Nurgul Bakirova took part in the Forum of Judges of Regional Courts, China - SCO.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Kyrgyzstan >Costa Rica
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In my country, police and judicial training offered by individuals or entities related to the PRC has been accepted by the national government. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. There are precedents from institutions such as the Judiciary. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
- https://n9.cl/98yr
- https://ceeep.mil.pe/2023/05/18/participacion-de-la-republica-popular-china-en-costa-rica/?lang=en
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Costa Rica >Peru
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Bilateral meetings and training on justice between Peru and the PRC are not very frequent. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. The Public Ministry and the Judicial Branch of Peru are the main justice institutions that have held meetings on justice matters with the PRC. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating.
- https://www.flickr.com/photos/fiscaliaperu/27450251939
- https://www.pj.gob.pe/wps/wcm/connect/cortesuperiorlimasurpj/s_csj_lima_sur_nuevo/as_inicio/as_imagen_prensa/as_noticias/csjls_nota+de+prensa+015_oip_csjls
Supplementary Notes
In 2018, magistrates of the Peruvian Judiciary Power attended the “Seminar on the development of governance capacity for Peruvian officials” in the city of Beijing, People's Republic of China, organized by the Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and the Ministry of Commerce of that country. The portal of the Judicial Power of Peru reported on this event.
Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Peru >Ecuador
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Chinese company Meiya Pico was instructed by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security to train countries of the Belt and Road Initiative in digital forensics, including Ecuador
- https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2211
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Ecuador >Algeria
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
All schools in MPS’s International Law Enforcement Training Program have ties to specific African countries. Algeria, Lesotho, Mauritius and at least 20 other countries have relationships with the Special Police College, which conducts counter terrorism training. . Report 2: While much of the training happens in China, some takes place on the African continent, such as a joint Algerian-Chinese training program conducted at the Algerian Ministry of Interior and Local Authorities from 2015 to 2018.
- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/
- https://adf-magazine.com/2023/06/chinese-training-for-foreign-police-raises-human-rights-concerns/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Algeria >Slovakia
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Supreme Court justices traveled to China on several occasions. Trainings on low enforcement and anti-terrorism occurred as well. (based on FOIA request responses by Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Justice to CEIAS in 2020). Judicial exchanges and trainings were also topic of discussion in June 2024 meeting between Chinese Ambassador and President of Slovak Supreme Court
Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Slovakia >Turkey
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In recent years, China offered a few trainings and language courses for Turkish judiciary and law enforcement officials. During the trainings, police cadets, academics and administrators from police academy and police departments as well as Turkish judges and prosecutors received trainings on Chinese judicial and governance systems as well as Chinese language and culture. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. These meetings carry utmost imporant when it comes to Turkish authorities leaning to the East and autocratic policies. These training were also criticised and questioned by the public. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri
- https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
- https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/09/21/hakimler-ve-savcilar-cine-gidip-cince-ogrenecek
- https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Turkey >Spain
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Guardia civil (national police) has been trained with Huawei's support.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Spain >Nicaragua
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
I would say this is still few but significant because they just signed the agreement but we can only expect that this will become more frequent.
- https://www.prensa-latina.cu/2023/09/19/nicaragua-participa-en-foro-de-seguridad-publica-en-china
- https://www.el19digital.com/articulos/ver/titulo:144754-primer-comisionado-francisco-diaz-madriz-se-reune-con-ministro-de-seguridad-de-china
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez
Explore Nicaragua >South Africa
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The former police commissioner received training in 2016, therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Significant” rating. Since then hundreds have been trained in China and a Chinese policing college opened in South Africa in 2019. Future cooperation was discussed with the current police commissioner in 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating.
- https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/civil-security/chinas-policing-models-make-inroads-in-africa/
- https://www.voanews.com/a/south-african-police-receive-chinese-training-/7138933.html
- https://www.gov.za/news/media-statements/minister-bheki-cele-wraps-successful-policing-visit-china-11-jun-2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore South Africa >Ethiopia
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In July 2023, Ethiopia and PRC signed agreement to establish law enforcement cooperation center. In 2018, Ethiopian police officers attended drone piloting training program in Beijing. In 2021, PRC and Ethiopia signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) on establishing security safeguarding mechanism for major projects under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) in Ethiopia.
- https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-china-sign-agreement-to-establish-law-enforcement-cooperation-center/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/06/c_139790042.htm
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/14/c_137606105.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ethiopia >Vietnam
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In addition to performing joint exercises, the Vietnamese and Chinese police assist one another in anti-terrorism, counter-demonstration, riot prevention, and target protection training.
- https://cn.qdnd.vn/cid-6153/7190/-608136
- http://www.81.cn/2017zt/2017-11/08/content_7816064.htm
- http://asean.mofcom.gov.cn/article/o/g/202201/20220103236066.shtml
- https://movement.gzstv.com/news/detail/YrBl0/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Vietnam >Timor-Leste
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In July 2024, President Jose Ramos Horta signed a new partnership accord with Xi Jinping that included commitments to "enhance exchanges at all levels between military and police forces, strengthen collaboration in personnel training, equipment technology, joint exercises, and law enforcement matters"
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Timor-Leste >Mozambique
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Mozambique has received training from China in a variety of subjects, including energy, transportation, health, agriculture, the environment, peace and security, police, justice, and energy management, etc.
- http://mz.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zyhd/201911/20191102911589.shtml
- http://mz.mofcom.gov.cn/article/zyhd/201712/20171202681461.shtml
Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Mozambique >Indonesia
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In 2016 the Indonesian Police sent 15 personnel to carry out an international relations mission in Changsha, Hunan Province, China to take part in a 2-week training course on combating cyber crime.
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Indonesia >Chile
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Every year, a cooperation program allows public officials to apply to continue their studies in China. The reason this is not as significant is because China competes with a lot of other countries including Japan, the US, many European nations etc… Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" and "insignificant" rating.
Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Chile >Pakistan
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Seminars and exchange visists have taken place to enhance cooperation in judicial and legal matters. But it doesn't seem signifant because Pakistani criminal justice system is derived from the British and Islamic law.
- https://english.court.gov.cn/2019-07/02/c_767347.htm;
- http://www.chinagscourt.gov.cn/Show/83438;
- https://www.spp.gov.cn/zdgz/201912/t20191202_440034.shtml
Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar
Explore Pakistan >Turkmenistan
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
As the reports "The First Phase of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Law Enforcement Cooperation Seminar Opens," "2018 New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Transnational Oil and Gas Pipeline Security Seminar," and the document "The Worldwide Web of Chinese and Russian Information Controls" show, Turkmenistan has been participating in various security-related training programs in the PRC. These programs include cybersecurity training (which involved both the Turkmen Ministry of Internal Affairs and the intelligence service) and a dedicated SREB-themed annual program focusing on port security, pipeline security, anti-drug trafficking, and more. Given the closed-off nature of the Turkmen government, it is questionable how these trainings have translated into tangible impact on the ground. Therefore, the rating is 2.
- https://www.jspi.edu.cn/info/1036/7263.htm
- http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0628/c42510-30094150.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Turkmenistan >Brazil
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In March 2019, a total of 16 police officers from São Paulo participated of a training at the Department of Public Security of China, being 8 Police Delegates and 7 Military Police Officers. This course took place in Jiangsu Province and lasted 15 days. In 2017, the civil police of the state of Minas Gerais carried out exchanges with the PRC police in the city of Xuzhou. Similar examples of bilateral and multilateral cooperation were found between the Public Security Secretariat of the State of São Paulo, in partnership with the New York City Police (USA) and the Ministry of Justice and Public Security of Brazil with Interpol, for example. The Federal Police and Ministry of Public Security of China signed an act in April 2023 aimed at strengthening police cooperation between the two countries. The act provides for the exchange of information, the carrying out of investigations and joint operational activities, as well as the exchange of police officers and administrative employees.
- https://www.policiacivil.sp.gov.br/portal/faces/pages_home/noticias/noticiasDetalhes?collectionId=358412565221033554&contentId=UCM_044799&rascunhoNoticia=0&_adf.ctrl-state=lk3gj77d3_29&_afr=&_afrLoop=3457996341067817#!
- https://transito.mg.gov.br/sobre-o-detran/sala-de-imprensa/noticias/pcmg-realiza-intercambio-com-a-policia-chinesa-e-assina-memorando-de-cooperacao-policial
- https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/2023/04/pf-firma-acordo-de-cooperacao-policial-internacional-com-a-china
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Brazil >Saudi Arabia
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In 2018, China and Saudi Arabia signed a memorandum of cooperation between the ministries of justice in the two countries to share judicial information and expertise. It aims to expand legal and judicial cooperation and establish a framework cooperation agreement taking into account national legislations, functions, and authorities of both parties. The two parties agreed to establish a foundation for cooperation in legislation, legal dissemination and publication, notarial management, institutional operational management, tech support, and training.
- https://www.zawya.com/en/legal/saudi-arabia-china-to-share-judicial-expertise-vb2860g7
- https://www.arabnews.com/node/1222606/saudi-arabia
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Saudi Arabia >Cambodia
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Yes, Chinese training of Cambodian law enforcement continues during the period noted.
Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Cambodia >Greece
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The only reported case that indicates the realisation of such activity, is a Police Cooperation Agreement between China and Greece, signed in 2007, which includes training and exchanges between Greek and Chinese politce Academies. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. However, the aformentioned cooperation is, for the time being, limited to informative presentations, with no report of joint operational police training between the two countries. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.amna.gr/mobile/article/770599/Chinese-officials-from-Sichuan-province-visit-Attica-police-HQ-in-Athens
- https://www.tornosnews.gr/en/tourism-businesses/markets/49484-chinese-officials-from-sichuan-province-visit-attica-police-hq-in-central-athens.html
- https://www.minocp.gov.gr/2008/05/20/05-06-2007-synantiseis-tou-ypourgou-dimosias-taxeos-kata-ti-diarkeia-tis-episimis-episkepsis-tou-stin-kina-kai-ypografi-symfonias-astynomikis-synergasias-ton-dyo-choron/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Greece >Bolivia
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Yes, in 2018 to judges and after that they recieved computers and digital equipment.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Bolivia >Kenya
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In 2021, the National Police Service announced a plan to send at least 400 police officers to China each year for training. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. Members of the presidential guard, paramilitary, forensics, wildlife unit and criminal investigators were the priority. Kenya had in 2018 sent officers to China for a specialized four-week training on guarding the railway. As of 31st December, 2021 the total number of Police officers stood at 101,421. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.
- https://www.chinatoday.com.cn/World/202107/t20210705_800252181.html
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/24/c_137201302.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Kenya >Singapore
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The Singapore Ministry of Law and Singapore Press Holdings provide training on PRC commercial law. Conducting the training are PRC-based individuals. The Singapore Police Force has joint training and a cooperative agreement with the Hong Kong Police Force, as does the Institute of Singapore Chartered Accountants.
- https://www.silecpdcentre.sg/EventDetails/?EventID=4911
- https://www.myskillsfuture.gov.sg/content/portal/en/training-exchange/course-directory/course-detail.html?courseReferenceNumber=TGS-2020513540
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1224/eng/9012.html
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1217/eng/9004.html
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1076/eng/4714.html
- https://www.police.gov.sg/media-room/news/20150714_memo_hong_kong_others
- https://www.police.gov.sg/media-room/news/20150714_memo_hong_kong_others#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Police%20Force%27s%20Commissioner,jurisdictional%20crime%20and%20developing%20police
- https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1044/eng/2943.html
- https://www.theaccountant-online.com/news/hong-kong-police-force-signs-mou-with-isca/?cf-view=
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Singapore >Russia
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The training of fifteen employees of the prosecutor's office of the People's Republic of China has been completed. For the first time in the history of the University, Chinese prosecutors received advanced training under the Agreement between the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation and the Supreme People's Procuratorate of the People's Republic of China. Additionally, fifteen employees of the Russian prosecutor's office also received training in Beijing.
- https://tass.ru/obschestvo/19216509
- https://agprf.org/news/2023/vpervye-v-universitete-povysili-kvalifikatsiyu-pro/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Explore Russia >Myanmar
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar delegates attended 4th China-ASEAN and Neighboring Countries Police Academy Presidents Forum cum Law Enforcement Capacity Building Round Table Meeting in June 2023.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Myanmar >Uganda
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
In Uganda, the defense establishment has a close relationship, among others, with Shijiazhuang Tiedao University—the forerunner of the PLA’s Railway Engineering Institute. China offers training to Uganda police in areas of criminal investigations, crime intelligence, cyber crime, etc.
- https://www.independent.co.ug/how-china-shapes-ugandas-generals/#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20Chinese%20government,Public%20Security%20University%20in%20Beijing
- https://www-upf-go-ug.translate.goog/china-train-uganda-police-criminal-investigations/?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=zh-TW&_x_tr_hl=zh-TW&_x_tr_pto=wapp
Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Uganda >Germany
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
More precisely there are a few exchange training programs on the level of law enforcement and judicial.
Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Germany >Georgia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Georgia >Latvia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Latvia >Armenia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Armenia >Azerbaijan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No new evidence was found.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Azerbaijan >Tajikistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Tajikistan >Jordan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Jordan >Egypt
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Another area of influence is China’s effort to engage Egypt’s next generation of leaders and administrators, primarily through large-scale training programs offered to government and executive leadership across Egypt. By its own account, the Egyptian Ministry of International Cooperation worked with China—represented by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce—on approximately 55 virtual trainings in 2021 to build competencies in the fields of healthcare, technical education, e-commerce, farming and modern irrigation technology, city planning, and green energy transformation. Link Link From South Africa to the North African nations of Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt, China has signed public security and law enforcement agreements with some 40 African nations, according to a report by Africa-China security expert Paul Nantulya.
- https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/growth-chinese-influence-egypt-signs-and-consequences
- https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3222215/how-china-expanding-its-law-enforcement-activities-across-africa
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Egypt >Lebanon
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Lebanon >Mongolia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Mongolia >Mexico
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Mexico >Colombia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Supplementary Notes
In Colombia, courses and/or training offered by foreign governments to Colombian officials are managed through the Presidential Agency for International Cooperation and, as can be seen, there is no evidence of this.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Colombia >Gambia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
no
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Gambia >France
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore France >Bangladesh
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not observed in 2023
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Bangladesh >Lithuania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis
Explore Lithuania >Bulgaria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Such formalized arrangements have not taken place. But informally, the Bulgarian law enforcement has shown itself amenable to Chinese interests and demands. For instance, in 2017, there was a discussion in the European Parliament regarding an incident, whereby Uyghurs seeking asylum in Bulgaria were rounded up by the Bulgarian police as they crossed the Turkish-Bulgarian border. Also, in 2018, Bulgaria became the first EU member state to extradite to China a former Chinese local official wanted by the Chinese authorities on suspicions of corruption.
- https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2018-000199_BG.html
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-corruption-bulgaria-idUSKCN1NZ0A8
Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík
Explore Bulgaria >Austria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence to suggest this is the case.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl
Explore Austria >Hungary
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Hungary >Belgium
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Belgium >Bosnia and Herzegovina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not applicable to Bosnia
Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Bosnia and Herzegovina >Finland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Finland >Denmark
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Denmark >Ireland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There's no evidence of Irish national or subnational governments contracting security services from private PRC companies. Recent trends show Ireland moving away from Chinese technology in sensitive areas.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Ireland >Albania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Albania >Montenegro
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Montenegro >Serbia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Serbia >North Macedonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore North Macedonia >Iceland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Iceland >Portugal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Portugal >Romania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The Romanian Gendarmerie had an agreement with the People's Armed Police, which included exchanges and trainings. Over 15 training sessions, around 1,150 Romanian gendarmes were trained in traditional Chinese martial arts. These things happened more than 10 years ago, however
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Romania >Moldova
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Moldova is too far away from the PRC's area of security interests. Both the Moldovan police (ref1) and the Prosecutor's Office (ref 2) publish information about their international cooperation and we found not data about PRC cooperation. The Prosecutor's Office does have a cooperation agreement with the PRC, signed in 2011
- https://politia.md/ro/content/proiecte-si-asistenta-0
- https://www.procuratura.md/activitate.html#item-3
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Moldova >Italy
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of such events ever occurring and it is highly unlikely given the relatively high capacity and institutional independence of the Italian government.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Italy >Netherlands
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of such events ever occurring and it is highly unlikely given the relatively high capacity and institutional independence of the Dutch government. A special case of this is the PRC funded informal police stations in the Netherlands, which have been heavily criticized by the government and media.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Netherlands >Ukraine
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of such activity.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Ukraine >Paraguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan
Explore Paraguay >India
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore India >Senegal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Senegal >Taiwan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Since there's a distinct gap in judicial independence and other legal development between Taiwan and PRC, the legal systems of the two countries are not compatible. Therefore, there is no law enforcement or judicial trainings from China.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Taiwan >Czech Republic
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Czech Republic >Estonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Estonia >Poland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Poland >New Zealand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
none
Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore New Zealand >Zimbabwe
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi
Explore Zimbabwe >Democratic Republic of the Congo
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula
Explore Democratic Republic of the Congo >Argentina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Argentina >Uruguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Uruguay >El Salvador
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
While no official training has been accepted, in August of 2023, a delegation headed by the president of the Supreme Court of Justice, Mr. Óscar Alberto López Jerez, accompanied by the magistrate of the Constitutional Chamber, Luis Javier Suárez, and the president of the Criminal Chamber, Sandra Luz Chicas, had an official visit to the People's Republic of China to guarantee alliances that help modernize the Judicial Salvadoran system. Link Link
- https://www.csj.gob.sv/presidente-de-la-csj-encabeza-delegacion-en-visita-a-china-por-modernizacion-judicial/
- https://www.csj.gob.sv/presidente-de-la-corte-suprema-de-justicia-y-su-delegacion-realizan-visita-oficial-al-tribunal-intermedio-popular-de-shanghai/
Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz
Explore El Salvador >Philippines
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are no articles or information on former politicians benefitting from PRC-connected individuals. But this may have happened indirectly without evidence in the public domain.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Explore Philippines >Thailand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Thailand >Angola
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Angola >Japan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki
Explore Japan >South Korea
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
We are unable to find any source which indicates it
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore South Korea >Qatar
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
While China offers law enforcement and judicial training programs internationally, there is no evidence specifically confirming that Qatar has accepted or participated in any PRC-connected training programs of this nature.
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Qatar >Canada
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of this phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin
Explore Canada >United States
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore United States >United Kingdom
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No publicly available evidence to support this statement.
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh
Explore United Kingdom >Australia
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence of the Indicator phenomenon has been found. On the contrary, Australia has provided and continues to provide some level of police training to PRC and Hong Kong police forces. A 2019 report found Australian and Chinese police officers attended training programs in each other's countries. Six members of the Hong Kong Police Force have recently completed training at the Australian Institute of Police Management and visited facilities in Canberra and Perth. There is no public information on whether Australian police officers have continued to participate in these programs.
- https://www.aspi.org.au/report/australia-china-law-enforcement-cooperation
- https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-10-24/afp-allowed-hong-kong-police-tour-cyber-facilities/103014286
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh
Explore Australia >Israel
No
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No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Israel >Sweden
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Answer
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No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
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