Law Enforcement
In my country, security services (安保/保安) offered by private PRC companies are contracted by national or subnational governments.
2024
13/ 96
Affected Countries
Country
Score
Panama
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Yes, including Hillstone Networks, Huawei, Zhong Bao Hua An Security Company, among others. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" and an "Significant" rating.
- https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/181121/varela-primer-centro-inaugura-operaciones
- https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/07/11/las-empresas-chinas-de-seguridad-privada-en-america-latina/
Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Panama >Chile
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
One of Chile’s most important municipalities (Santiago) received security equipment as a donation from Lishui municipality in China. A second example is the implication of a security agreement with municipalidad de Temuco. Since there are not many more examples, this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Nevertheless, both these and othe municipalities that have signed agreements with either China or Chinese companies are relevant in both population and strategic importance, and therefore this indicator deserves a "significant" rating.
- https://www.publimetro.cl/cl/noticias/2019/05/08/vehiculos-seguridad-china.html
- https://www.temuco.cl/temuco-firma-acuerdo-de-amistad-con-ciudad-china-de-yantai/
- https://www.munistgo.cl/lanzamiento-del-plan-plaza-segura/
Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Chile >Algeria
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
As China’s engagement with African countries has grown over the past several years, Beijing is turning to security contractors to protect its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) projects, citizens, and diplomats. The China Security and Technology Group’s African operations are coordinated from Algeria, Angola, Mozambique, and Kenya, according to its website. Report 2: In Algeria, for example, where this activity is strictly reserved for nationals, Chinese security companies operate by being integrated with their clients or within the framework of consulting and logistics offices.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
- https://rosaluxna.org/publications/chinas-discreet-game-in-north-africa-private-military-companies/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Algeria >Afghanistan
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
China has provided non-lethal security equipment (see Nuctech at Kabul airport), as well as mountain forces in Badakhshan. There are also reports that over the years, China has given military aid to the Taliban, though it is unclear how substantial this aid has been. In 2011, the UK and US formally complained to China about the increasing number of Taliban found with new Chinese military hardware.
- https://jp.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-security/kabul-security-gates-in-storage-as-afghan-officials-trade-accusations-idUSKBN14330G
- https://www.ariananews.af/china-to-create-mountain-brigade-for-afghan-army-in-badakhshan/
Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Afghanistan >Nigeria
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence to suggest that DeWe Security Service Group is active in Nigeria. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Few” rating. DeWe Security Service Group one of the most well-known overseas Chinese firms. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
- https://www.military.africa/2023/12/chinas-mercenaries-in-africa-a-growing-threat-or-a-strategic-partner/
- https://greydynamics.com/the-rise-of-chinese-military-contractors-in-africa/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Nigeria >South Africa
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Frontier Services Group operates in South Africa, with Frontier Logistics South Africa as an arm. Given its South African counterpart, it deserves a significant rating. Zhongjun Junhong Group offers an escort service in South Africa's Durban harbour. Given the small overall presence, the rating deserves a "Few"rating.
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
- http://www.fsgroup.com/en/news/show-762.html
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230831101732/https://www.zjjhgroup.com/en/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore South Africa >Estonia
Yes
Answer ( 3 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Chinese-own company Nuctech has a security contract with the Estonian customs authorities of which Chinese monitors are installed at the Estonian(NATO)-Russian border for scanning and monitoring cargos at the customs.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Estonia >Ireland
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
The Fuzhou/Fujian Province had open a "Police station" in Dublin it was Closed in 2022. It was state it was for processing Chinese state documents such as passports. They had failed to request permission to open such a station.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Ireland >Brazil
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Over the past few years, a number of subnational governments have hosted representatives from PRC companies or travel abroad to visit their headquarters in order to build a partnership agenda covering public safety issues. Some projects are still in the pilot phase, while others have already begun to be implemented. In 2018, the city of Campinas strengthened its partnership with Huawei to implement security solutions by establishing another stage of the Safe Cities pilot project. In 2023, the Presidente Vargas stadium, managed by the city of Fortaleza, received a facial recognition system for event security, involving software, an operating room and a TV circuit. The technology is from Hikvision.
- https://www.huawei.com/br/news/br/2018/dezembro/campinas-reforca-parceria-com-a-huawei
- https://diariodonordeste.verdesmares.com.br/jogada/presidente-vargas-pv-tera-sistema-de-reconhecimento-facial-de-torcedores-veja-detalhes-e-valor-1.3332446
- https://www.uol.com.br/tilt/noticias/redacao/2019/01/18/reconhecimento-facial-usado-na-china-e-testado-no-brasil-saiba-como-opera.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Brazil >Qatar
Yes
Answer ( 2 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
China has exported private security contractors (PSCs) to protect and secure its interests, such as mining facilities, ports, and infrastructure projects, in other countries including Qatar.
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Qatar >Georgia
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Nuctech Company Ltd provides security equipment in scope of cooperation with Georgian Government. Link
Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Georgia >Timor-Leste
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
China donated equipment and material for the police force in Timor-Leste, however it is not on the security services.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Timor-Leste >Myanmar
Yes
Answer ( 1 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Myanmar has approximately 140 private security companies, with about 16 being partially or fully foreign-owned, originating from both Western and Asian countries. Notably, only a minority of these companies are Chinese-owned, with 24 out of 49 firms from the combined total in Cambodia and Myanmar having Chinese ownership.
- https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/23/asia/china-private-security-mekong-report-intl-hnk/index.html.
- https://www.myanmar-responsiblebusiness.org/pdf/resources/private-security-companies-in-myanmar.pdf
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Myanmar >Latvia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Latvia >Armenia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
The Export-Import Bank of China (China Exim Bank) will provide a loan to Armenia to modernize its customs control service. The respective loan agreement draft was approved at Thursday’s Armenian Cabinet meeting. First Deputy Minister of Finance Pavel Safaryan informed that Armenia will be getting a 155.5-million-yuan (approx. $25,100) loan to purchase the necessary equipment, and primarily from China. The loan will be provided on concessional terms, with a 2 percent annual interest rate and 0.25 percent for services. The equipment supply contract will be signed with Nuctech Company of China, and include portable x-ray scanners that detect explosive devices, weapons, medication, and several other high-level contraband items. Link
Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Armenia >Azerbaijan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Link A memorandum on cooperation between the State Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Ministry of State Security of the People's Republic of China and a communique between the Foreign Intelligence Service of Azerbaijan and the Ministry of State Security of China were signed.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Azerbaijan >Kazakhstan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Kazakhstan >Uzbekistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Uzbekistan >Tajikistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence was found.
Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Tajikistan >Kyrgyzstan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Kyrgyzstan >Jordan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Jordan >Egypt
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
“Chinese PSCs (Private Security Companies), however, are already extending feelers in the continent to establish profitable business partnerships, especially in Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa, and Tanzania.” Link “The Egyptian Minister of Electricity and Renewable Energy, Dr. Mohamed Shaker, discussed with Michael Lee, the regional head of the corporate sector for the Chinese company Huawei, ways to gradually shift to the smart grid system... Michael Lee praised the rapid and remarkable development in the projects implemented by the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy and the building of a strong infrastructure and smart network that supports the digital transformation adopted by the Egyptian government.” Link Link Huawei showcased its latest E2E cyber security assurance system, and discussed the strategies in the field of cyber security to secure the digital transformation strategy in Egypt, at CSIS Egypt 2022, held in Cairo, Egypt. Link Prepared or not, Chinese companies are extending feelers in African countries to establish security business partnerships. This has been seen in Mali, Djibouti, Egypt, Ethiopia, South Africa and Tanzania.
- https://africa.isp.msu.edu/files/6816/3616/1649/PB_42_Arduino_Chinese_Private_Security_Companies.pdf
- https://bawabaa.org/news/sustain/514158/
- https://securitymea.com/2022/03/30/huawei-proposes-cyber-security-practices-at-csis-egypt-2022/
- https://globalbar.se/2022/08/africa-bright-business-for-chinese-security-firms/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Egypt >Lebanon
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Lebanon >Belarus
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Belarus >Mongolia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Mongolia >Mexico
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Mexico >Peru
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
There is no evidence that Chinese security companies contract with the Peruvian state. However, an Infobae portal reports that China Security Technology Group has a memorandum of cooperation with Grand Tai Peru, a company that provides security in the mining sector.
Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Peru >Venezuela
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
According to recent research by Leland Lazarus (Florida International University) and Robert Evan Ellis, a company called Tie Shen Bao Biao is working in Venezuela. Unfortunately, it cannot be confirmed whether this company was contracted by the national government or by the sub-national governments of Venezuela.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Venezuela >Ecuador
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Ecuador >Colombia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Colombia >Gambia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
no
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Gambia >France
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore France >Bangladesh
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Bangladesh >Lithuania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis
Explore Lithuania >Bulgaria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík
Explore Bulgaria >Austria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No evidence to suggest this is the case.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl
Explore Austria >Hungary
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Hungary >Belgium
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Belgium >Bosnia and Herzegovina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not a case in Bosnia
Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Bosnia and Herzegovina >Slovakia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Slovakia >Finland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Finland >Denmark
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Denmark >Albania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Albania >Montenegro
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Montenegro >Serbia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Serbia >Greece
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Greece >North Macedonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore North Macedonia >Turkey
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Turkey >Iceland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
China does not have such operations (that we know of) in Iceland.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Iceland >Portugal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
The case of Macau, which has de jure a 50 years Portuguese Rule of Law, is of course different. Since the survey focuses on Portugal I have not included the special case of Macau with exception to answer #7 because it deals with Portuguese citizens.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Portugal >Romania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are no such contracts nor PRC companies offering security services
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Romania >Moldova
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No such evidence could be found, and very unlikely to happen
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Moldova >Italy
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Italy >Netherlands
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Netherlands >Ukraine
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
After 02/24/2022 we are not aware of any such case.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Ukraine >Spain
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Spain >Nicaragua
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez
Explore Nicaragua >Bolivia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Bolivia >Paraguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan
Explore Paraguay >Pakistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not really, given the tight state to state relations between the two sides.
Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Pakistan >Turkmenistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Turkmenistan >India
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore India >Senegal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Senegal >Ethiopia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ethiopia >Kenya
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Kenya >Singapore
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
None known. PRC-linked security firms providing maritime security operate in the South China Sea, but they mainly serve PRC clients.
- https://www.counterterrorismgroup.com/post/private-security-companies-pscs-in-southeast-asian-maritime-security
- https://www.mpa.gov.sg/cwp/assets/SRS/issue17/announcement/high_risk_area.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Singapore >Taiwan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
According to the items of business that allow Chinese citizens to invest in on the website of Investment Commission, Ministry of Economic Affairs, security service is not one of them.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Taiwan >Czech Republic
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Czech Republic >Poland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Poland >Vietnam
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Vietnam >Nepal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi
Explore Nepal >Russia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Explore Russia >New Zealand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
none
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore New Zealand >Zimbabwe
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi
Explore Zimbabwe >Democratic Republic of the Congo
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Though there is a Frontier Group present in the mining region of Katanga to protect some chinese mining activities, they are no where close to governemental activities.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Alfred Bulakali
Explore Democratic Republic of the Congo >Malaysia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is insufficient evidence to suggest that the Malaysian government has contracted PRC security services. However, PRC security companies do operate in Malaysia, primarily serving Chinese businesses and investments rather than being directly contracted by Malaysian government entities
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Malaysia >Argentina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
However, Beijing Dujie Security Technology Company, for example, has an office in Argentina.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Argentina >Uruguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon. However, Beijing Dujie Security Technology Company, for instance, has an office in Argentina.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Uruguay >El Salvador
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz
Explore El Salvador >Philippines
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There are no reports of China security services being contracted in the Philippines.
Supplementary Notes
Persons who shall be employed as security guard or private detective in the Philippines must be a Filipino citizen, except foreigners who have been hired before the effectivity of Republic Act No. 5487, or the Private Security Agency Law, in 1969. The law was strengthened by Republic Act No. 11917, or the Private Security Services Industry Act, which lapsed into law in 2022. Security agencies are regulated by the Supervisory Office for Security and Investigation Agencies under the Philippine National Police - Civil Security Group.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Explore Philippines >Thailand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.
Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Thailand >Uganda
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Uganda >Mozambique
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Mozambique >Angola
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Angola >Japan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki
Explore Japan >Indonesia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
We are unable to find any source which indicates it
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Indonesia >South Korea
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
We are unable to find any source which indicates it
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore South Korea >Saudi Arabia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
We are unable to find any source which indicates it
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Saudi Arabia >Canada
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of this phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin
Explore Canada >Cambodia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No, there is no indication of this in Cambodia.
Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Cambodia >United States
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore United States >Germany
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Germany >United Kingdom
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No publicly available evidence to support this statement.
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh
Explore United Kingdom >Australia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
No publicly available evidence to support this claim.
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh
Explore Australia >Israel
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Not Found
Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Israel >Costa Rica
Skip
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Supporting Evidence
Although this article (See link 1) highlights the presence of a Chinese company in Costa Rica, there is no evidence to indicate this. The private security sector in Costa Rica has been out of control for several years and many companies operate informally. Therefore the Indicator cannot apply to this Index country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Costa Rica >Sweden
Skip
Answer
Skip
No
Few, but insignificant
More than a few, but insignificant
Few, but significant
More than a few, and significant
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Sweden >
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