Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been many cases of industrial espionage from China in Taiwan, due to the similarity in languages and the low traveling cost. The significant and recent cases were: In 2017, 2 resigning engineers illegally duplicated the 28nm process documents and attempted to bring them to their new positions in HLMC Shanghai and China Resources Microelectronics Ltd. Also, the German corporation Basf has discovered that 1 of their then staff and 5 ex-staff has tried to sell their business secret to their Chinese competitor Jianghua Microelectronics. They had gained US$1.3 million by the time they were caught.

1. https://ec.ltn.com.tw/article/paper/1193496
2. https://www.rfi.fr/tw/20190107-巴斯夫台灣員工涉嫌為中國企業從事商業間諜活動

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See incidents below.

1. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-citizen-convicted-economic-espionage-theft-trade-secrets-and-conspiracy
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-spy-singapore/singapore-spy-case-reawakens-fears-china-recruiting-on-island-state-idUSKCN24T0ZV
3. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/politics/article/3137332/singapore-academic-dickson-yeo-who-spied-us-china-detained
4. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2021/06/15/singaporean-dickson-yeo-who-spied-for-china-continues-to-be-held-under-isa
5. https://www.singaporelawwatch.sg/Headlines/isd-detains-sporean-dickson-yeo-who-spied-for-china-for-acting-as-paid-agent-of-foreign-state
6. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singaporean-dickson-yeo-who-spied-china-us-tried-gather-info-singapore-foreign-handlers
7. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/singaporean-national-pleads-guilty-acting-united-states-illegal-agent-chinese-intelligence
8. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/singaporean-national-sentenced-14-months-prison-acting-united-states-illegal-agent-chinese
9. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/ministry-home-affairs-full-statement-huang-jing
10. https://www.todayonline.com/world/huang-jing-chinese-american-academic-expelled-singapore-working-beijing-and-has-no-hard
11. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/lky-school-professor-huang-jing-banned-has-pr-cancelled-for-being-agent-of-influence-for

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.chosun.com/international/china/2020/09/10/YEONUFKRSRHTRJORC63DBIG2HM/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/436008

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/phd-chemist-convicted-conspiracy-steal-trade-secrets-economic-espionage-theft-trade-secrets
2. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-citizen-convicted-economic-espionage-theft-trade-secrets-and-conspiracy
3. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/harvard-university-professor-and-two-chinese-nationals-charged-three-separate-china-related
4. https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/politics/fbi-director-china-investigations-intl-hnk/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-canada-idUSKBN2A92VH

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://business.inquirer.net/321952/imported-medical-wear-cost-3500-local-jobs
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/philippines-duterte-defends-purchase-chinese-covid-19-vaccine-2021-01-13/
3. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-02/22/c_139758425.htm

Supplementary Notes

Amidst the COVID pandemic and increasing debts of the country. It was controversial that the government choose to import medical equipment and even vaccine from China. The purchase of PPEs and testing kits cost a lot more than the locally made and resulted to loss of jobs to many local manufacturers. Another issue is that there was a delay in the purchase of vaccine. And even If other brands offered a lower cost for the covid vaccine, the administration still choose to still get those manufactured from China even if China itself will not used the same vaccine.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Rampant.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://nos.nl/artikel/2368169-veiligheidsdiensten-willen-meer-geld-vanwege-spionage-uit-china-en-rusland
2. https://nos.nl/artikel/2377101-rapport-over-kpn-bevestigt-jarenlange-geruchten-over-spionage-china
3. https://www.aivd.nl/onderwerpen/jaarverslagen/jaarverslag-2019/spionage-en-ongewenste-buitenlandse-inmenging

Supplementary Notes

There are plenty of examples. In their (relatively short) year report, the Dutch intelligence services single out China as the biggest danger for economic espionage, claiming Dutch companies are and have been targeted. They mentioned Chinese espionage as main reason to ask for extended funding

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/G82DQ
2. https://archive.ph/wip/IbHEx
3. https://archive.ph/wip/OrFIH

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/kenya-dismisses-us-chinese-5g-spy-claims-3339998
2. https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/government-buildings-africa-are-likely-vector-chinese-spying
3. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/report-chinese-construction-projects-create-opportunity-spy
4. https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/sdhoy-dozens-of-chinese-citizens-detained-in-kenya-for-2014dec04-story.html

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The US Justice Department says state-sponsored Chinese hackers targeted at least one South African company as part of a hacking campaign.

1. https://www.businessinsider.co.za/chinas-hainan-xiandun-tried-to-hack-south-africa-in-stealing-trade-secrets-us-justice-says-2021-7
2. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/240494238_INDUSTRIAL_ESPIONAGE_THREAT_IN_CORPORATE_SOUTH_AFRICA

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• 'Old' and 'new' Chinese business in Phnom Penh: ..…Reportedly, Cambodia demanded ASEAN to tone down its statement on China’s disputed claim over the South China Sea, after which China pledged US$600 million in loans and grants…. … Chinese investors currently hold dozens of Economic Land Concessions (ELCs) allocated for the cultivation of crops like rubber, sugar and cassava, and Cambodia’s garment factories, which account for the bulk of Cambodian exports, are largely owned by entrepreneurs from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Petty traders from China sell cheap goods on Cambodia’s markets, while infrastructural development is largely undertaken by Chinese state-owned companies and financed by Chinese banks • …Economically, Cambodia is now one of several countries around the world whose debt to China amounts to more than 25 percent of their gross domestic product (GDP), according to the latest report by Germany-based Kiel Institute for the World Economy. Although its current level of public debt owed to Beijing is lower than some other countries, Cambodia must be conscious not to fall into China’s debt-trap diplomacy, whereby it uses debt alleviation as a geoeconomic tool to coerce insolvent borrowers into making concession of strategic facilities, such as a deep-water port and air hub in the cases of Sri Lanka and Zambia. Diplomatically, Cambodia’s reputation on the world stage has suffered a number of setbacks in recent years. For instance, its bid to become a nonpermanent member of the UN Security Council in 2012 fell flat after concerns were raised about its troubling human rights record, which is often linked to China’s backing of the current government in Phnom Penh… Cambodia’s Disastrous Dependence on China: A History Lesson – The Diplomat • …The Chinese have become managers of state enterprises that construct hydropower plants, roads, and bridges—as well as private investors and managers in mining, agricultural land concessions, tourism land concessions, and garment manufacturing. At the same time, numbers of new Chinese immigrants have grown in the country. The economic interaction between the two countries, particularly the increasing bilateral trade, Chinese investment, and projects in Cambodia, is considered a factor increasing the number of new Chinese migrants. The position of the Chinese minority in the kingdom, which had been difficult in the 1970s and 1980s, has been seen to be taking a turn for the better. Currently, the Khmer-Chinese seem to have regained much of their previous cultural, economic, and political power and have become backers for new Chinese businesses…. • ….By channeling aid and investment into Cambodia via politically connected tycoons and in accordance with Hun Sen’s development agenda, Chinese private and public investors have provided Hun Sen the resources to oil the patronage system… Link

1. https://www.iias.asia/the-newsletter/article/old-new-chinese-business-phnom-penh

Supplementary Notes

As per the evidences collated in this document so far, espionage to benefit PRC connected entities isn’t required as most of the sectors are captured by the PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2022/02/08/us-alleges-china039s-hytera-recruited-ex-motorola-employees-in-malaysia-to-steal-proprietary-trade-data
2. https://www.sinchew.com.my/20200917/%E8%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%EF%BC%9A%E7%BE%8E%E9%80%9A%E7%BC%895%E4%B8%AD%E9%AA%87%E5%AE%A2%C2%B72%E9%A9%AC%E5%95%86%E6%B6%89%E4%B8%B2%E8%B0%8B%E8%90%BD%E7%BD%91/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Known espionage cases allegedly involving PRC-linked entities include those against supercapacitors manufacturer Skeleton Technologies and package delivery robots manufacturer Cleveron (both Estonian unicorns – first company took 10 years of scientific research and 10 years of company building to reach current level).

1. https://news.postimees.ee/6771074/chinese-intelligence-increasingly-setting-sights-on-estonia

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC was the leading country in terms of the botnet servers localization, hackers targeting the cryptocurrency traders, IOT risks, however the findings are not strictly quantified. No attacks by Chinese groups such as APT41 in Poland have been identified. According to reports and media information for 2020 and 2021, Polish government institutions were mainly targeted by actors originating in Russia Federation. Critical successful attacks from the PRC bringing massive damage were reported. However the Polish entities on average are not well secured and there could be many undetected attacks.

1. https://www.cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2019.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Due to lack of sources of information for Jan 2020 – March 2021 that would provide the detailed and accurate quantitative data on the activity of the Chinese hackers compared to activity of hackers from other countries. The last published CERT report covers year 2019 Link The China was a leading country in terms of the botnet servers localization, hackers targeting the cryptocurrency traders, IOT risks however the finding are not strictly quantified. The report does not identify any attacks by Chinese groups such as APT41 with Poland. According to reports and media information f for 2020 and 2021 Polish government institutions were mainly targeted by actors originating in Russia Federation. Reports about critical successful attacks from China bringing massive damage were reported. However the Polish entities on average are not well secured and there could be many undetected attacks therefore I had problems with grading this questions with 3 or 4. However considering that grade 0 given in case of no reply would distort the image of situation please change the grading to 3, with confidence level 50% and grade for time devoted to 3

1. https://www.cert.pl/uploads/docs/Raport_CP_2019.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

MI5 has stated that China has conducted industrial espionage and intellectual property theft in the UK. Concern by Parliament, the Government and intelligence agencies suggests the Chinese primarily seek to gain access to UK commercial information and innovation through collaboration with research institutes and academia, as well as through predatory investment strategies by Chinese companies investing in or acquiring UK companies particularly in tier three companies.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/britains-mi5-spy-chief-says-beware-russian-chinese-agents-2021-07-13/
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/uk-politicians-be-warned-chinese-spying-threat-sun-2022-01-13/
3. https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-seeks-to-build-great-wall-against-chinese-and-russian-espionage/
4. https://www.forces.net/news/experts-warn-mps-about-security-risks-china-defence-supply-chain
5. https://thediplomat.com/2022/01/uk-intelligence-agency-targets-chinas-united-front/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://warsawinstitute.org/czech-slovak-intelligence-report-china/
2. https://www.sis.gov.sk/pre-vas/sprava-o-cinnosti.html

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.enderi.fr/L-espionnage-chinois-en-France_a982.html

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/Статья:Киберпреступность_и_киберконфликты_:_Украина
2. https://silkbridge.info/v-ukraine-kitajskogo-shpiona-prigovorili-k-10-godam-lishenija-svobody/
3. https://ssu.gov.ua/novyny/kontrrozvidka-sbu-zatrymala-na-hariachomu-shpyhuniv-i-poperedyla-vytik-do-inozemnoi-storony-materialiv-taiemnykh-viiskovykh-rozrobok-video

Supplementary Notes

In most of the cases, the espionage refers to the military technologies

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.politico.eu/article/europe-raises-red-flags-on-chinas-cyber-espionage/
2. https://www.startmag.it/mondo/cina-russia-huawei-5g-avio-aero-e-spionaggio-industriale-italia-nuovo-crocevia-strategico/
3. https://ec.europa.eu/docsroom/documents/34841/attachments/1/translations/en/renditions/native

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/lhpVU
2. https://archive.ph/wip/MKz1H
3. https://archive.ph/wip/ss2tr

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been cases of political espionage targeting the government of India as well as those that target the Civil Society. At the same time, the private sector is targeted as well, however the economic benefit received by PRC-connected entities through these attacks is not clear.

1. https://inc42.com/features/the-anatomy-of-cyberwarfare-is-india-ready-to-take-on-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2011 a software for wind turbines developed by AMSC Austria GmbH, subsidiary of American Superconductor (AMSC), was stolen by China’s Sinovel Wind Group. Sinovel was later sentenced for theft of trade secrets in 2018. This case was notably mention in the Commission Staff Working Document accompanying the EU Directive on the protection of undisclosed know-how and business information (trade secrets) against their unlawful acquisition, use and disclosure. Hence, it appears that the AMSC-Sinovel case had a significant policy impact.

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-7-2012-003049_EN.html
2. https://www.eco-business.com/news/china-corporate-espionage-boom-knocks-wind-out-of-us-companies/
3. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/court-imposes-maximum-fine-sinovel-wind-group-theft-trade-secrets
4. https://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/EU/XXV/EU/00/42/EU_04206/imfname_10425037.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

About a month ago Sputnik Armenia wrote about Chinese citizens who visited the Nairit plant in Yerevan. For what purpose they came (whether they are investors or not), then it was not possible to receive an official answer. In February of this year, a group of former factory workers stated that the Chinese had allegedly come for industrial espionage.

1. https://archive.ph/Ynewx

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://ocindex.net/country/senegal

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The evidence might not be a strong indication of this happening in Ghana

1. https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/environment-sustainability/report-finds-concealed-chinese-companies-denying-ghana-fishing-revenues

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no authentic proof. But there are a few reports regarding this.

1. https://www.tbsnews.net/tech/espionage-focused-hacking-group-bitter-apt-targets-bangladesh-418138
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-fed-bangladesh-philippines-idUSKCN0X2190

Supplementary Notes

This report suggests that the Bitter APT attackers are likely to be an actor or group operating under a mandate to understand China’s international goals. Link

1. https://www.anomali.com/news-events/press/anomali-threat-research-team-discovers-bitter-apt-phishing-campaign-targeting-peoples-republic-of-china-government-agencies

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.lavenir.net/actu/belgique/2021/09/01/des-espions-chinois-echappent-a-des-poursuites-en-belgique-64ZJS4QWXNCPBJZVOMASIPYGBY/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ess.fi/paakirjoitus-mielipide/4313356

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I could not find specific cases of companies accusing PRC but there is this one report that mentions this as a certain possibility without giving details.

1. https://valenciaplaza.com/cualquier-empresa-china-forma-parte-de-la-infraestructura-de-apoyo-al-ciberespionaje

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As per June 2021, there is no economic espionage targeting Indonesia's private sector that were suspected to benefit PRC-connected entities. There is, however, report on how personal data of 2,100 Indonesians are obtained by Zhenhua Data company, based in Shenzhen, China, but it is unclear whether the data is obtained for economic espionage.

1. https://tirto.id/data-2100-wni-jatuh-ke-tangan-perusahaan-cina-untuk-apa-f4Av
2. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-09-14/chinese-data-leak-linked-to-military-names-australians/12656668

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

If they exist, these reports are probably classified, they are not publicly available.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Indeed, we are just unable to find a clear and public evidence.

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://theconversation.com/fifty-years-five-problems-and-how-nigeria-can-work-with-china-in-future-157254

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of cases of economic espionage targeting the Brazilian private sector.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Supplementary Notes

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no public reports on Chinese economic espionage targeting the private sector in Argentina.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Through an online search, major newspapers and academic journals, there is no record of Chinese economic espionage.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.antilavadodedinero.com/fiscales-de-paraguay/
2. https://www.ultimahora.com/fabian-marti-declaro-el-caso-que-investiga-clonacion-lineas-n2890485.html

Supplementary Notes

There are no reports regarding corporate espionage in the country. The latest reported case of espionage is related to political issues.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No cases were found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no reports of this happening.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

There’s no evidence of economic espionage targeting the private sector.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

From LABORATORY SINO PHARM, China sent to Peruvian government vaccines of low quality, however the contract considers high prices each vaccine. Peru bought a package of one million vaccines at 30 dollars each vaccine.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No supporting evidence found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not within the given time-frame.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no official (publicly available) security or intelligence reports on this issue in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"China, on a par with Russia, was mentioned as the main cyber threat to NATO and the European Union (EU). According to the authors of the report, the number of Beijing’s cyber attacks is gradually increasing and poses a serious problem for the security and interests not only of Latvia but also of other Western countries. SAB analysts estimate that this trend will continue." - Link Remarks by Spokesperson of the Chinese Embassy in Latvia on statement of Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs regarding China-related cyberspace activities: Link Moreover, any direct, targeted espionage acts have not been identified.

1. https://warsawinstitute.org/latvias-intelligence-china/
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t1893405.htm

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Available data on this question

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

interview with government officials restricted access to such information

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Information source with office of the director of information service at the Gambian Ministry of Information as well as the media officer of the Ministry of foreign affairs suggest this is not the case in the Gambia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is not persuasive evidence. It should be noted rather, that Chinese entities have benefited from lucrative contracts in Zambia, but the funding for such contracts came from China in the first place

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence that suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No reported activities relating to economic espionage. In addition, Greece is not a highly advanced country in terms of technology and does not compare to some other EU member states that excel in this respect.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No existen reportes sobre el tema, adicionalmente se debe mencionar que la actividad privada del Ecuador en términos industriales y tecnológicos es dependiente de países del Norte y de países como China, Japón, etc.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Aunque el ultimo embajador de Estados Unidos en Panamá advirtió sobre la posibilidad de espionaje industrial por parte de China se desconoce si estas prácticas se han dado.

1. https://www.panamaamerica.com.pa/nacion/john-feeley-panama-seria-un-centro-de-espionaje-para-china-1105854
2. https://www.univision.com/noticias/america-latina/la-hormiguita-y-el-elefante-la-estrategia-del-presidente-de-china-con-panama

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no public reports about economic espionage from the PRC, but such cases are likely to exist

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is hardly anything for PRC economic espionage to target in Moldova in terms of economy or technology. Low tech criminality is pretty much the monopoly of local and Russia-connected gangs

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred. Nicaragua does not have a private sector with importance for the PRC to investigate.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not really, given the tight state to state relations between the two sides.

1. No such evidence avaialble

Supplementary Notes

Not really, given the tight state to state relations between the two sides.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No fue posible encontrar información que permitiese afirmar o negar esta pregunta.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.