Law Enforcement

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An increase in the influence of Chinese criminal actors in Kyrgyzstan has been noted. Private-sector actors are primarily involved in financial crimes such as embezzlement, tax evasion, and corruption.

1. https://ocindex.net/country/kyrgyzstan

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In may 2023, the president Andres Manuel López Obrador denounced publicly the existence of proves that evidencing the participation of some ilegal chinese gangs in fentanyl bussines. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://elpais.com/mexico/2023-05-05/lopez-obrador-insiste-en-que-mexico-no-produce-fentanilo-y-afirma-que-llega-de-china-tenemos-pruebas.html
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mushEoOtxxc
3. https://www.milenio.com/policia/mafia-china-cobra-menos-lavar-dinero-carteles-mexicanos-clientes
4. https://www.radioformula.com.mx/nacional/2024/5/11/mafia-china-en-cdmx-desmantelan-red-de-explotacion-sexual-casino-clandestino-video-815154.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Fuk Ching, Flying Dragons and Tai Chen have presence in Panama. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. http://elsiglo.com.pa/cronica-roja/chan-disputa-control-mafia-china/24118214
2. https://www.tvn-2.com/nacionales/Ministerio-Publico-informacion-secuestro-comerciantes-video_0_5033496706.html
3. https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/triadas-cabezas-de-serpiente-y-dinero-volador-el-submundo-de-las-redes-criminales-chinas-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In my country, due to the violence in which Costa Rica is immersed, there are public cases linked to Chinese mafias. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://n9.cl/zycot
2. https://n9.cl/6jjpn
3. https://n9.cl/ypcjk

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2021, reports on Triad operations in Chile have escalated. These organizations are directly linked with Human trafficking and narcotrafic. These organizations are said to be related with local Chinese business associations and mostly come from Fujian province. Some of the identified groups include the Bang Gang from said area and the "Mafia China" which operates mainly in Santiago. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://insightcrime.org/es/noticias/mafias-chinas-asentandose-chile/
2. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-domingo/noticia/los-tentaculos-narcos-de-la-mafia-china-en-chile/N52XS5DVHRBQVLZROIESM52F3E/

Supplementary Notes

This information has only recently been released so the response in this edition will be different. As context and with evidence from previous years, the following links are added: Link Link Link

1. https://www.24horas.cl/nacional/asi-es-la-mafia-china-vip-que-descubrio-la-pdi-en-chile-4973030
2. https://interferencia.cl/articulos/las-triadas-chinas-cruzan-los-oceanos
3. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2020/08/31/empresario-nexo-chino-y-exfuncionario-del-minrel-arriesgan-5-anos-de-carcel-por-trafico-de-personas.shtml

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Mostly related to drug and human trafficking

1. https://www.europe1.fr/international/info-europe-1-le-renseignement-francais-a-perce-les-derniers-secrets-de-la-mafia-chinoise-4162833

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A report by the European Parliament published in 2011 affirms that one of the leading traids, Sun Yee On, is active in Austria. In 2017, the Austrian police carried out operations, notably with the assistance of Chinese police forces, against Chinese human trafficking rings. Another police operation in 2024 unveiled systematic human trafficking and sexual exploitation of Chinese women in Austria. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" rating.

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2011/453191/IPOL-LIBE_NT(2011)453191_DE.pdf
2. https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000111187879/unter-dem-radar-wiens-chinesische-community-abseits-der-teigtascherlmafia
3. https://kurier.at/chronik/oesterreich/chinesen-uebernehmen-das-rotlicht/266.547.394
4. https://steiermark.orf.at/stories/3252182/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are records of Triad and other Chinese gangs in Ireland since the 1970s PRC-connected gangs, including Triads, have been operating in Ireland since at least the late 1970s. They've been involved in activities such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and extortion.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/aug/04/ireland1
2. https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/chinese-triad-gangs-trafficking-women-into-ireland-for-sex-industry-cables/26740491.html
3. https://www.sundayworld.com/crime/courts/kinahan-linked-criminal-used-chinese-gang-in-ireland-to-launder-cash-court-hears/a2131336634.html
4. https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/courts/2023/06/22/chinese-crime-group-laundered-millions-for-irish-criminals-court-hears/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been public cases in which there is acknowledgment of the active presence of the «Chinese Mafia» iin Portugal. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.jn.pt/justica/escravos-da-mafia-chinesa-ficam-com-protecao-do-estado-14642021.html/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are many indications that PRC-connected organized crime is active in Italy, especially in the Prato and Rome regions. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.propublica.org/article/how-beijing-chinese-mafia-europe-protect-interests
2. https://thediplomat.com/2023/02/chinas-transnational-repression-and-modern-slavery-in-italy/
3. https://www.agi.it/cronaca/news/2023-05-30/ndrangheta-cina-riciclaggio-droga-soldi-21611989/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Netherlands is registering an increased presence of organized crime, especially "transit crime", due to its status as point of entry for trade in the EU. In this context, there are mentions of Triad activity in the Netherlands, though it is by no means the most heavy such presence.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2021/03/how-asian-drug-trafficking-networks-operate-in-europe/
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/03/mob-style-killings-shock-netherlands-into-fighting-descent-into-narco-state
3. https://www.crimesite.nl/chinese-maffiaclan-in-nederland-opgerold-voor-drugs-via-postpakketten/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC connected gangs are every now and then reported to be involved in some criminal activity in Spain.

1. https://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/2022-11-19/la-mafia-china-acecha-el-oro-rojo-crece-la-alarma-por-los-atracos-a-bodegas-de-lujo-de-restaurantes-espanoles-6955857/
2. https://www.libertaddigital.com/espana/2022-11-17/la-mafia-china-la-clientela-silenciosa-para-la-que-trabajan-los-clanes-de-la-droga-6954869/
3. https://www.epe.es/es/sucesos/20230824/semiesclavo-cultivaba-droga-mafia-china-gijon-91285282
4. https://elpais.com/espana/madrid/2023-06-22/un-paciente-chino-abandonado-en-un-hospital-de-madrid-resulta-ser-un-fugitivo-condenado-por-asesinato.html

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, mostly linked to wild life traficking.

1. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1057&context=jgi_research
2. https://es.mongabay.com/2021/01/trafico-de-jaguar-en-bolivia-tres-bandas-internacionales-chinas/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Global Organized Crime Index, "Chinese mafia organizations also lead operations in Paraguay, primarily in the Tri-Border Area".

1. https://ocindex.net/country/paraguay

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is evidence suggesting that Chinese nationals are involved in illegal activities in Nigeria. The most prominent involves the mining sector where Chinese groups interested in accessing minerals have offered bribes to militant groups. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.facebook.com/Lawube/videos/chinese-criminals-gangs-in-nigeria/871474940032794/
2. https://www.icirnigeria.org/how-chinese-are-financing-terrorists-to-illegally-access-mineral-resources-in-nigeria-report/
3. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chinese-bribed-nigerian-militants-for-access-to-vast-mineral-reserves-wlghq7d2j
4. https://enactafrica.org/enact-observer/illegal-mining-by-chinese-actors-complicates-nigeria-s-criminal-landscape

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Triad has a long history in South Africa and is still currently active. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://kinnu.xyz/kinnuverse/history/secret-societies/chinese-triads/
2. https://academic-accelerator.com/encyclopedia/wo-shing-wo

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC-origin organised crime appear involved in money laundering in Singapore. A boss of PRC-origin scam syndicate was arrested in Singapore after apparently having lived in the country for some time. Some PRC-origin scam activity appears to be based in Singapore.

1. https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/11/02/singapores-biggest-money-laundering-case-has-links-to-chinese-gamblers
2. https://www.straitstimes.com/multimedia/graphics/2023/12/money-laundering-universe-who-is-who/index.html?shell
3. https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/as-singapore-police-probe-money-laundering-ring-a-private-equity-entrepreneur-disappears
4. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/assets-seized-singapore-money-laundering-case-swell-22-bln-media-2024-01-19/
5. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/money-laundering-accused-on-the-run-from-chinese-authorities-came-to-s-pore-in-2021-dpp
6. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/businessmen-in-s-pore-placed-on-china-s-wanted-list-weeks-after-money-laundering-raid-in-2023
7. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/courts-crime/2-men-arrested-after-victims-of-china-official-impersonation-and-kidnap-scam-lost-more-than-445k
8. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/2-men-arrested-china-official-impersonation-scam-staged-kidnaps-police-4062246
9. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/cybercrime-covid-relief-botnet-05302024105110.html
10. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/chinese-national-arrested-in-s-pore-for-creating-malware-that-allowed-criminals-to-steal-billions

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The pro-PRC Chinese Unification Promotion Party has a clear Bamboo Union background from the founder Chang An-le (White Wolf). They have records using violence against Hong Kong, Tibet, Uyghur-related protests, and threaten the people with different opinions. Although the gangsters are less involved in actual harrassments after 2020, Chang An-le is still active in politics and openly promote pro-PRC propoganda.

1. https://tw.nextapple.com/politics/20231220/69B85DAD1535B7A1A21FD49505623239
2. https://www.breitbart.com/politics/2024/02/27/blood-money-how-the-biden-family-bagged-5m-from-business-partner-of-white-wolf-chinese-criminal-gang-leader-who-helped-create-the-fentanyl-pipeline-decimating-ame/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to a report, in 2017, 14 members of the Chinese mafia were arrested. In 2023, the Federal Police launched an operation aimed at dismantling a criminal organization and investigate links with the Chinese mafia. The Chinese mafia is strongest in the central region of the city of São Paulo, where most of the Chinese community in Brazil is also concentrated. However, we find no concrete evidence of this "Chinese Mafia" expressly linked with the Triads, even so some studies attest the presence of them in Latin America, including Brazil.

1. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/geral/noticia/2017-03/policia-civil-prende-14-integrantes-da-mafia-chinesa-em-sao-paulo
2. https://www.mpsp.mp.br/w/policia-federal-e-gaeco-deflagram-operacao-visando-a-desarticular-organizacao-criminosa-e-investigam-vinculo-com-mafia-chinesa-
3. https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/triads-snakeheads-and-flying-money-the-underworld-of-chinese-criminal-networks-in-latin-america-and-the-caribbean/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Environmental Investigation Agency, an NGO, has determined that the Mong Cai Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in Vietnam serves as a major entry point for ivory that is smuggled from China into Vietnam by organized criminal gangs, aided by corrupt customs and border control officers.

1. https://c4ads.org/reports/out-of-africa/
2. https://c4ads.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/ZonedOut-Report.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is information about the presence of some criminal groups associated with the Chinese Triad in Russia. According to U.S. researchers, branches of well-known Chinese triads such as Big Circle, 14K, Red Sun, and Sun Yee On are currently active in Russia.

1. https://m.lenta.ru/articles/2021/02/19/triada/amp/
2. https://versia.ru/amp/kitajskaya-mafiya-triada-zabralas-na-sever-rossii
3. https://www.fontanka.ru/2021/01/26/69727531/
4. https://svpressa.ru/society/article/74226/
5. https://www.globalaffairs.ru/articles/mafiya-xxi-veka-sdelano-v-kitae/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

14K have been in operating NZ for at least 30 years (personal knowledge)

1. https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/jail-term-a-warning-to-triads/TRFTFV33577EZWTDLWYKFNMFSQ/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been reports of PRC nationals smuggling wildlife and minerals from Zimbabwe. The decisio by Al-Jazeera to use a fictitious Chinese investor linked to the Triads in the Station's investigations into money laundering in Zimbabwe demonstrates that these groups exist in the country.

1. https://www.zimeye.net/2023/03/02/breaking-al-jazeera-investigative-units-zimbabwe-gold-mafia-documentary-unleashed/
2. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/maritime-security/secret-chinese-criminal-societies-make-millions-poaching-abalone/

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is still news about the activities of Triads but not all the news and information are available online. There is also this book “Kings of Chinatown” by William Tham Wai Liang, a well-published Malaysian scholar at the University of British Colombia, which borrows stories’ metaphor to introduce the secret society of Triad in Malaysia. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://ocindex.net/country/malaysia
2. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/malaysian/malaysia-police-arrest-nicky-liow-soon-hee-04112022155553.html
3. https://hrmars.com/papers_submitted/17428/gang-membership-among-malaysian-indian-young-adults.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese mafia continues to operate in Argentina. There are at least six active triads. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.infobae.com/sociedad/policiales/2022/08/12/mafia-china-cuales-son-los-nuevos-negocios-del-fenomeno-criminal-mas-poderoso-de-la-argentina/
2. https://www.lanacion.com.ar/seguridad/adn-del-crimen-la-mafia-china-define-a-balazos-su-guerra-interna-nid03042021/

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency confirmed that three transnational drug trafficking syndicates — Bamboo Triad, 14K Triad, Sun Yee On Triad — based in China were the biggest sources of crystal meth in the Philippines. Philippine lawmakers also claimed online casino operators and online scam hubs were being operated by Chinese syndicates. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” rating.

1. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1011545
2. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/847690/chinese-embassy-pogo-related-crimes-not-only-harm-china-but-also-philippines-interests/story/
3. https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2023/0530_hontiveros2.asp

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In November last year, Thai National Police Chief Pol Gen Torsak Sukmimol ordered a crackdown on Chinese criminals and gangsters in Thailand, commonly referred to as "grey Chinese" due to their involvement in the grey areas of Thai business. There have been growing concerns over the influence of China’s triads and corrupt officials in Thailand, which are seen as a threat to national security. In response, authorities have intensified efforts to dismantle these criminal networks, with the recent arrest of another alleged Chinese triad boss. Super-rich Chinese gangsters, who are linked to luxury lifestyles involving jets, drugs, and fast cars, have also established a significant presence in the country. The growing Chinese mafia footprint in Thailand has raised serious questions about the effectiveness of law enforcement and the impact on national security.

1. https://www.bbc.com/thai/articles/czv42zl78djo
2. https://www.thaipbsworld.com/chinas-triads-and-corrupt-thai-cops-undermined-national-security/
3. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2449930/another-alleged-chinese-triad-boss-arrested
4. https://www.scmp.com/week-asia/people/article/3202709/jets-drugs-and-fast-cars-super-rich-chinese-gangsters-who-call-thailand-home
5. https://www.thailand-business-news.com/opinion/95139-chinese-mafia-footprint-in-thailand-raises-questions

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC connected triads are known to be operating in Chinese investment project areas in Myanmar, reportedly in Shwe Kokko, Karen state.

1. https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/myanmar-chinese-triad-gangs-activities-in-shwe-kokko-destabilizing-the-region/.
2. https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/broken-tooth-the-face-of-chinese-investment-in-myanmar-2.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is said that an organization like Snakehead has been operating in Japan for long, although seemingly weakened recently. Therefore, this Indicator deservses a "Yes" response.

1. https://gendai.media/articles/-/101445?page=4;
2. https://theconversation.com/yakuza-battle-chinese-gangs-for-control-of-japans-criminal-underworld-197718

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It cannot be proven concretely, but in the Indonesian context there is a distribution of syndicates affiliated with organized crime groups and it is possible that they are also PRC-affiliated crime syndicates that are involved in human and drug trafficking practices. But hard to find evidence.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20191013135327/http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/pdf-files/ChineseOrgCrime.pdf

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2020, for instance, South Korean police rounded up 24 members of a voice phishing gang based in China and arrested 18 suspects in the group. The arrests come after South Korean President Moon Jae-in called for tougher measures against fraudulent phone calls and text messages in June.

1. https://www.sisjournal.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=132297
2. https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/09/251_296106.html
3. https://news.joins.com/article/24114450
4. http://kr.xinhuanet.com/2021-04/12/c_139874268.htm
5. https://ocindex.net/country/korea_rep
6. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1316124/south-korea-arrests-one-chinas-most-wanted-triad-leaders-returns-him-china

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Several PRC-linked gangs, such as Triad, Big Circle Gang, are active in Canada’s crime scene.

1. https://globalnews.ca/news/4658158/fentanyl-kingpins-canada-big-circle-boys
2. https://www.jpolrisk.com/chinese-communist-party-cooperation-with-gangs-and-politicians-in-canada-book-review

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, this phenomenon has expanded during the period in question due to the growth of "scam compounds."

1. https://cambojanews.com/year-in-review-human-trafficking-cyber-scams-and-the-governments-response/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/the-social-costs-of-chinese-transnational-crime-in-sihanoukville/

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

U.S. law enforcement has tracked interactions between Chinese government operatives and Chinese American mobsters who harass dissidents, engage in political interference and move offshore funds for the Communist Party elite, U.S. national security officials say. In California, the Department of Cannabis Control says Chinese triads have been involved in illegal cannabis production for decades. Chinese triad gangs work with Mexican cartels to help them launder illicit drug money from smuggling fentanyl into the US. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.politico.com/news/2023/03/21/illicit-cannabis-china-00086125
2. https://www.propublica.org/article/how-beijing-chinese-mafia-europe-protect-interests
3. https://www.propublica.org/article/china-cartels-xizhi-li-money-laundering
4. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-12026095/Criminals-links-Communist-Party-China-laundering-drug-money-Mexican-gangsters.html
5. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/chinas-role-in-the-fentanyl-crisis/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There seems to be an unknown number of loosely organized Chinese gangs.

1. https://www.focus.de/wissen/focus-online-serie-inside-china-wer-bei-der-chinesischen-mafia-mitmachen-will-muss-blut-trinken_id_187235993.html
2. https://www.sueddeutsche.de/panorama/organisierte-kriminalitaet-in-deutschland-das-blutige-geschaeft-der-asiatischen-mafia-1.923818-2

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese triads have a long history of criminal activity across the UK. Although public information on triads is difficult to find, the latest cases involving them are related to gambling and money lending.

1. https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/glasgow-news/family-moved-lanarkshire-given-new-24351813

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Triad activities in Australia predominantly involve casinos and money laundering. For instance, Steven Xin's crime organization that dismantled by the Australian Federal Police in 2023, and the Chow Tai Fook's casino business in Queensland are both linked to triads in Macau.

1. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-08-22/star-brisbane-casino-chow-tai-fook-triad-links/101341862
2. https://protos.com/how-triad-linked-gang-used-crypto-and-casinos-to-launder-10b/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://latinanoticias.pe/lima/el-dragon-rojo-de-taiwan-trata-de-personas-en-el-peru-mueve-mas-de-us-1300-millones-al-ano

Supplementary Notes

In October 2023, members of the criminal gang "The Red Dragon" were arrested for kidnapping 44 people of Asian origin.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of PRC-connected organized gangs operating in Colombia. There have been reports in the past of independent Chinese criminal groups and mafia organizations that have links to the criminal world throughout Colombia, but they do not have a significant presence, nor an established organizational structure in the country.

1. https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2018/10/22/la-mafia-china-es-el-nuevo-socio-del-grupo-colombiano-narcotraficante-clan-del-golfo/
2. https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/triadas-cabezas-de-serpiente-y-dinero-volador-el-submundo-de-las-redes-criminales-chinas-en-america-latina-y-el-caribe/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of any Chinese gangs operating in Algeria.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Rather no - there have been some uncofirmed reports of the triad operating at the Bulgarian Black Sea side but this is not at all a widely discussed and investigated phenomenon.

1. https://www.bgdnes.bg/Article/2286630

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not a case in Bosnia

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese Triad operated in Romania in the 1990s and early 2000s, along with other Chinese criminal gangs. In an interview with Commissioner Constantin Marinescu, the first head of the Organised Crime Fighting Service of the Bucharest Police, he spoke in detail about how he managed the criminal groups. There were cases of crimes committed by Chinese triads against Chinese traders established in Romania that appeared in the press and even a series of assassinations that shocked the public. However, in the last 10 years there have been no more such cases, or at least they have not reached on the news.

1. https://www.impact.ro/special-dosarele-comisarului-vijelie-estul-salbatic-romania-anilor-90-cum-au-fost-prinsi-asasinii-chinezilor-transati-bagati-in-geamantane-si-aruncati-in-lac-filmul-ca-129615.html
2. https://www.tolo.ro/2018/01/23/cuprins-toate-capitolele-din-investigatia-gsp-cazul-shanghai
3. https://gazetadecluj.ro/mafia-chineza-preluat-intreaga-exploatare-cuprului-din-romania
4. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/secretele-comunitatii-chineze-din-romania-76528

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While we found older reports about Moldovan traffickers who smuggled drugs from China, the triads themselves are no present in Moldova, where they likely see no market for their business

1. https://epochtimes-romania.com/news/in-moldova-a-fost-deconspirata-o-retea-de-droguri-importata-din-china---267600

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are not aware of any such case.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is hard to say because mafias are working in collaboration with the government. Actually a research shows the mafia operations in the area where a Channel was supposed to be built.

1. https://confidencial.digital/politica/la-ruta-mafiosa-ortega-wang-fracaso-el-canal-pero-la-concesion-sigue-vigente/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were some incidents of Chinese nationals involved in bank fraud and alleged trafficking of women, but no reported presence of high level orginased crime (TRIAD) in Pakistran.

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chinese-man-involved-in-rs-2-300-crore-hawala-transactions-gujarat-police-4306658
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117194741/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/chinese-man-involved-in-rs-2-300-crore-hawala-transactions-gujarat-police-4306658

Supplementary Notes

There are cases of Chinese individuals linked to Hawala Racket(Money Transfer Method outside the Tradtional Banking Sytem) operating in India and might have links to PRC-connected gangs but they don't operate in India directly.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Reports concerning the criminal activities that could be linked to the operations of the Chinese gangs in Poland cover mainly cases concentrated in Wólka Kosowska and nearby areas connected to the operations of the Asian trade centers that located in that area. Reports on crimes committed in other locations are rare.

1. https://warszawa.wyborcza.pl/warszawa/7,54420,29289144,policja-na-bazarze-w-wolce-kosowskiej-smartwatche-sluchawki.html
2. https://archive.ph/g16xD
3. https://archive.ph/vpAuq
4. https://archive.ph/auPkm
5. https://archive.ph/3g86W

Supplementary Notes

Questions is granted “YES” answer, however it must be noted than media reports based on police information often do not include the information on the nationality of the suspects. That makes difficult to specify in some cases if suspects are of Chinese or Vietnamese origin. In other cases at least part of suspects are Polish citizens who operate in in Poland and could only cooperate with PRC located gangs. Moreover, it is not possible to determine if these groups are related to Chinese triads or they are just crime groups involving businessman conducting illegal activities. Moreover, as it was signaled in previous edition – formulating this question as simple “YES” NO and in case of “YES” answer putting Poland on part with countries where triads operations are ramants greatly distoerts the picture. Therefore the answer is no, despite possibility that triads could be linked to some criminal operations in Poland. On the other hand compared to other European countries the human trafficking crimes seem to be underreported in Poland but the inde pth research on this topic exceed the scope of this report.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No information on this.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

Based on an interview with an expert of transnational crime, there are registers of PRC-connected gangs in Argentina, but not in Uruguay.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been violent incidents involving PRC-nationals that could have been involved in Triad-like gangs, but no concluding evidence exists.

1. https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-police-arrest-three-chinese-nationals-over-murder-of-fellow-countryman-251636/

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Not Found

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While the existance of PRC-connected gangs in Greece has not been officially confirmed, organized Chinese criminal activity (Chinese mafia) has been reported. It is highly possible that the aforementioned activity is actually linked to the PRC, with gangs operating under Chinese government instructions.However, it has not been proven conclusively. Therefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.

1. https://www.newsbreak.gr/ellada/307516/poioi-skotosan-tin-38chroni-kineza-poy-vrethike-mesa-se-valitsa-sta-vilia/
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-beltandroad-piraeus-exclusive-idUKKBN1HR2LL

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Can't say for sure. There are a number of suspicious China gambling and hostel activities in DRC, but it has never been reported that there were connected to the triad.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula