Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese and Russian forces will take part in joint military exercises in southern Russia later this month along with troops from Armenia, Belarus, Iran, Myanmar, Pakistan and others, China's defence ministry announced Thursday. The "Caucus 2020" drills will deploy wheeled vehicles and light weaponry to be flown to the drill location by China's latest version transport aircraft, the ministry said in a news release. The exercises running Sept 21-26 will focus on defensive tactics, encirclement and battlefield control and command, the ministry said. Link Armenian soldiers in China, Chinese in Armenia are undergoing effective training. The National Defense Academy of China is one of the best in the world. Armenian officers are also educated or trained here. Link

1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-pakistan-others-to-be-part-of-caucus-2020-a-joint-military-drill-in-russia/articleshow/78031250.cms?from=mdr
2. http://www.hayzinvor.am/49418.html

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It was not until August 2003, in eastern Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, that the first multilateral military exercises took place, involving thousands of Chinese, Russian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, and Tajik military personnel. All member states, except Uzbekistan, participated. In 2006, the East anti-Terror exercises in Uzbekistan involved all the security services. In 2010, exercises were held at the Matybulak polygon in the Semirechie region of Kazakhstan, where military experts from China and Russia prepared the simulations. Link Chen Bingde (R), chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, met with Saken Zhasuzakov, first deputy defense minister and chief of the staff of Kazakhstan's Armed Forces, in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on September 9, 2010. Chen visited Almaty to attend the opening ceremony of the "Peace Mission - 2010" anti-terrorism military exercise, which took place in south Kazakhstan from September 9 to 25 under the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Link Since 2002, the military and other security forces of Kazakhstan and China have engaged in about two dozen bilateral and multilateral military exercises. Link

1. https://jamestown.org/program/military-cooperation-between-china-and-central-asia-breakthrough-limits-and-prospects/
2. http://en.people.cn/90001/90776/90883/7135744.html
3. https://jamestown.org/program/kazakhstan-china-military-exchanges-continue/

Supplementary Notes

Tokayev said Kazakhstan attaches great importance to military cooperation with China and hopes that the two militaries will continue to strengthen practical cooperation in peacekeeping operations, joint exercises, personnel training, military technology, and other fields. Link

1. https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/269149

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has also begun expanding its military ties with the region, conducting bilateral military exercises with the Central Asian countries bordering Afghanistan and forming the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) in 2001, a Beijing-led security bloc that also includes Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, India, Pakistan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Link All of the Chinese military's 17 teams with weapons and equipment have arrived at their venues in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, and Iran on Tuesday for the upcoming International Army Games 2021. More than 700 Chinese troops from the ground, naval, and air forces, as well as the strategic support force and the joint logistics support force, will participate in 17 competitions in the four countries. Link In 2022, Uzbekistan participated in PLA Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises (International Army Games 2022: Multinational Military Skills Competition) Link

1. https://rus.azattyq.org/a/tajikistan-china-war-on-terror-afghan/31512961.html
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/asiapacific/2021-08/17/c_1310132883.htm
3. https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Tajikistan and China to Hold Another Joint Military Drill in Pamirs. Link On November 21, Dushanbe committed to conducting joint anti-terrorism drills with Chinese forces once every two years. Bilateral military exercises have taken place before – in 2006, 2015, 2016, and 2019. In 2016, a joint force of approximately 10,000 people conducted an operation in the Mountainous-Badakhshan region. That same year, the "Quadruple Cooperation and Coordination Mechanism in the Fight Against Terrorism" was established with the participation of China, Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. In 2019, a military operation called “Cooperation-2019” was held, further deepening the partnership between Beijing and Dushanbe in the fight against terrorism. Around 12,000 soldiers from both sides participated in the operation. Link Tajikistan and China Agree to Conduct Joint Counter-Terrorism Drills at Least Once Every Two Years. Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-china-to-hold-another-joint-military-drill-in-pamirs
2. https://eurasianet.org/china-stepping-up-military-cooperation-with-tajikistan
3. https://asiaplustj.info/en/news/tajikistan/security/20221122/tajikistan-china-agree-to-conduct-joint-counter-terrorism-drills-at-least-once-every-two-years

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China’s People’s Liberation Army (PLA) held its first joint exercises with Kyrgyzstan in October 2002. From 2003 to 2016, the Chinese army conducted a total of thirty-nine drills with Central Asian countries. Of those, the most joint exercises were held with neighboring Kazakhstan (sixteen), Tajikistan (eleven), and Kyrgyzstan (ten). Link The joint Kyrgyz-Chinese anti-terrorism exercise “Cooperation 2019” concluded on August 14, 2019, in Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China. About 150 military personnel from Kyrgyzstan’s National Guard and China’s People's Armed Police participated in the exercises. Link All member states, except Uzbekistan, participated in the "2007 Anti-Terror Issyk-Kul" joint military exercise, which took place in late May on the shores of Lake Issyk-Kul. It brought together SCO soldiers, CSTO officials, and representatives of security agencies and special services from each member state. The PRC continues to expand the PLA’s participation in bilateral and multilateral military exercises, normalizing the PLA’s presence overseas and strengthening ties with foreign militaries. For instance, in 2019, the PLA participated in Russia's national-level exercise TSENTR-19 alongside forces from India, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan. Link Similarly, the PAP has conducted drills and enhanced cooperation with Central Asian national guard units, including Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, which participated in a 2019 exercise. Link The Chinese PAP has been training local police officers from Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan in counter-terrorism operations and transnational terror through the "Cooperation 2019" series of drills. Link

1. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402
2. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-52-russias-shadow-chinas-rising-security-presence-central-asia
3. https://media.defense.gov/2020/Sep/01/2002488689/-1/-1/1/2020-DOD-CHINA-MILITARY-POWER-REPORT-FINAL.PDF
4. https://www.rferl.org/a/china-seen-as-rising-military-power-in-central-asia-foreshadowing-future-friction-with-russia/30639964.html
5. https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/understanding-chinas-growing-military-outreach-dkumar-030222

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

2021 "Ground, air and naval teams of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) that are scheduled to participate in the annual International Army Games starting on August 22. Venues in Korla, Northwest China's Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region that will host several contests are eagerly preparing for the event, with Chinese observers saying on Monday that the Chinese teams will exchange valuable experience with their foreign counterparts and that they will achieve good results with the deployment of advanced new equipment. Military participants from six foreign countries including Russia, Belarus, and Egypt have arrived in Korla. The PLA Army will host and participate in three contests, involving infantry fighting vehicles, man-portable anti-aircraft missiles, and nuclear, biological, and chemical reconnaissance, the Xinhua News Agency reported on Sunday." Link 2019 - “Egypt, China Hold Naval Drills in the Mediterranean Sea” Link Link. Egyptian and Chinese naval forces carried out joint military drills off Egypt's Mediterranean Coast. Link Link Joint military exercise with Chinese and Egyptian navies.

1. https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2019/08/22/egypt-and-china-launch-joint-military-drills/
2. https://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/naval-news/naval-news-archive/2019/august/7400-joint-military-exercice-with-chinese-and-egyptian-navies.html
3. https://see.news/egypt-china-hold-naval-drills/
4. https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/344171/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt,-China-naval-forces-carryout-joint-military.aspx.
5. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202108/1231623.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

BEIRUT, Dec. 28, 2021 – “The 20th Chinese peacekeeping engineering contingent to Lebanon organized a night defense exercise against the severe local security situation on December 25, which aimed to temper the emergency response capability of peacekeepers.“ Link

1. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2021-12/28/content_4901884.htm

Supplementary Notes

Link In his address to the reception, Zheng said the friendly cooperation between the Chinese and Lebanese armies is continuing to reach new heights. "China has always followed the path of peaceful development, pursued a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, vigorously implemented the global security initiative, fulfilled the sacred mission of peacekeeping, and promoted the building of a community with a shared future for mankind," he added.

1. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/Other/News_209166/16239770.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese People’s Liberation Army to send troops to Mongolia Link Two countries' servicemen join in military exercises against terrorism Link

1. https://news.mn/en/799437/
2. https://montsame.mn/en/read/120773

Supplementary Notes

Russian General Staff chief, General Valery Gerasimov, will personally oversee the drills, which will involve troops from several ex-Soviet nations, China, India, Laos, Mongolia, Nicaragua and Syria. Link

1. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/9/1/russia-starts-war-games-with-china-and-other-ally-states

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The sailing training ship Unión of the Peruvian Navy arrived at the military port of Wusong in Shanghai on its commemorative trip around the world. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/asia/bap-union-el-buque-escuela-peruano-union-llega-a-shanghai-en-su-vuelta-al-mundo-conmemorativa-china-peru-ultimas-noticia/

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2022, Venezuela hosted military games in Caracas. So, in that moment the PLA participated with one delegation. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2024/02/24/la-avanzada-china-sobre-la-seguridad-de-america-latina-y-el-caribe/
2. https://www.france24.com/es/minuto-a-minuto/20220815-venezuela-inaugurada-como-sede-de-juegos-militares-rusos-junto-a-ir%C3%A1n-china-y-otros-pa%C3%ADses

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China sent Army, Navy and Air force units under the Chinese People's Liberation Army PLA Northern Theater Command, with more than 2,000 troops, to participate in the military drills Vostok 2022 (East 2022) exercise that kicked off on Wednesday morning at Sergeyevsky training ground in Russia....Algeria, India, Belarus, Tajikistan, Mongolia and other countries also participated in the exercise launched by Russia. September 2022

1. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202209/1274360.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

43 PLA soldiers participated in the 2023 "Edelweiss Raid" - an annual international military mountaineering and skiing contest. The raid is more a sporting contest than it is a traditional military exercise. Still, technically it is considered to count as a cooperation with the PLA. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response, albeit the two caveats are the low number of participating PLA soldiers and the sports character of the collaboration.

1. https://tirol.orf.at/stories/3195503/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only one military exercise organised by China and Turkey found. In 2010, PLA and Turkish Armed Forces held a joint commando exercise in China. The exercise was critisized by Turkey's Western allies. Therefore, Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://t24.com.tr/haber/turkiye-cin-ortak-tatbikati,110237
2. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/natosource/us-questions-turkeys-military-exercise-with-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is a military cooperation agreement between the PRC and Bolivia to exchange military material, training and excercises but no information was found regarding specific activities together.

1. https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3078386/bolivia-china-firman-nuevo-acuerdo-cooperacion-bilateral-materia-militar

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, routinely

1. https://www.defensenews.com/training-sim/2023/11/17/china-pakistan-wrap-up-naval-drill-featuring-sub-high-tech-destroyer
2. https://pakobserver.net/pak-china-military-ties/

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

India took part in “Peace mission exercise drills” along with PLA and Pakistan army, which was conducted in Russia in Sept 2023 and has participated in other exercises such as "Vostok-2022" and "Zapad exercise"(2021). Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/incoming/border-tension-aside-india-china-to-participate-in-multilateral-defence-exercise-in-russia/article67335184.ece
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240108063416/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/incoming/border-tension-aside-india-china-to-participate-in-multilateral-defence-exercise-in-russia/article67335184.ece

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As a part of the Nigerian Navy's 68th anniversary celebrations, the Navy participated in a joint exercise with a Chinese warship The PLANS (PLA Navy Ship) Xuchang, a Type 054A frigate in the PLA Navy's 46th escort task force. The joint exercise took six-day from May 27 to June 1. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. http://www.cdsndu.org/Uploads/file/20210526/3b1a79d24eddc53d7065a5d08e67ab9d.pdf
2. http://lagos.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/zlszc/202307/t20230714_11113608.htm
3. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16313772.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both police and military collaborate in training, with police training in China and joint military exercises and learning, therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/sandf-chief-visiting-china-as-pla-delegation-arrives-in-south-africa/
2. https://issafrica.org/iss-today/south-africas-military-drills-with-russia-and-china-raise-eyebrows

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Singapore Navy and Army conduct exercises with the People's Liberation Army-Navy and People's Liberation Army. The Republic of Singapore Navy exercises with the PLAN both on a bilateral basis and as part of the ASEAN Defence Ministerial Meeting Plus mechanisms. The notable absence is the Republic of Singapore Air Force, which operates significant numbers of U.S. aircraft. Sales agreeements may prevent the use of U.S. aircraft in military exercises relating to the PRC. Exercising with Singapore may prove useful for the PRC, given that Singapore uses NATO-complaint equiment that are similar to those used by the United States, Australia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan.

1. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/August/28aug23_nr#:~:text=The%20Singapore%20Armed%20Forces%20(SAF,to%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic.
2. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/singapore-and-china-conduct-10-day-bilateral-army-exercise-0
3. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/singapore-china-joint-military-exercise-exercise-cooperation-2023-3764666
4. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16248350.html
5. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/August/05aug19_nr
6. https://www.thestar.com.my/aseanplus/aseanplus-news/2023/08/28/singapore-and-china-conduct-10-day-bilateral-army-exercise
7. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2014/november/2014nov09-news-releases-00834/!ut/p/z1/vVJJUsMwEHwLBx8VjbfY4WaWYilMWJIQ60J5GS9gS8YWMfk9kwQOVBEoLujWo-7W9Iy44EsuZLyqilhXSsY14UiMH73pyfE5ONb11J2ZECxmsyv36Ppi7o35ggsu2rTKeASundro2czysow55jhmSTLOWIKQuplvmojOhp1K3eqSR00lM8xZqqRGqQ0oVYMGSBx6FsuM4YqqvQF1rLHXrMMa4x6pYIHpEE-tsEmw22FCMGFb7SeRAfi2wx9-SyDoGvacAEgvtpTprXNmOmBdTcM7lxwmE38GNxaceR-EHzwi6sHb34PHH1YVDnwuVdfQ0O__ONNz4JfbFn5ISYusnl5eREDz3wz8TfPl_yyAXra68DgsKFOsS1bJXPHlRsOXnx47vN-D4hW1SnYfMpCJ7ZNbhzl22I1eOyqXWrf9oQEGDMMwKpQqahylqjHgO0mpesr_lcnbpvHtNXvOw1PbEcl6yEPtRsHBOyLiZF0!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2014%2Fnovember%2F2014Nov09-News-Releases-00834
8. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2014/november/2014nov02-news-releases-02275/!ut/p/z1/vVK7UsMwEPwWCpeKLvJDDp0JDI_BhEcIsRpGduQH2FKwRQx_zyWBghkShgZ1e9pd3d6JCjqnQstVVUhbGS1rxIkIHvnkeHwGHrua-NMhRLPp9NI_ujq_5wGdUUHFMqsWNPFSV2ajkUsCP5TE40NGwjzIicslD9JwwcLMW7MzbZe2pElT6YXKSWa0Vdo6UJpGOaBV3xGpF0StsNo5UEurOktaVSvZKSwwGHrIMyvVpKrdYkTAyEb7RSTAGPfpw28JBF7DjhMB6sWGMrnxTocesMtJfOujw2gUTuGawSn_JOzxSLAHvrsHTh9WlerpvTZtg0O_--NMz4BebFrYkxIXWT29vIgI578e-Jul8_9ZAL7M2ngcF5hJ2pJUOjd0vtbQ-ZfHFu_2wHhFbdLth4x06obo1qpctaodvLZYLq1ddocOOND3_aAwpqjVIDONAz9JStNh_u9Mumya0H0nz3l84noife_z2PpJdPABA80Q7A!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2014%2Fnovember%2F2014Nov02-News-Releases-02275
9. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/saf-and-pla-jointly-conduct-counter-terrorist-urban-raid-to-wrap-up-10-day-exercise
10. https://www.asiaone.com/singapore/saf-and-chinas-army-conduct-bilateral-training-exercise
11. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-looking-boost-military-ties
12. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/April/28apr23_nr
13. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/April/24apr23_mq
14. https://gbp.com.sg/stories/rsn-plan-conclude-exercise-maritime-cooperation/
15. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/May/01may23_nr#:~:text=The%20Republic%20of%20Singapore%20Navy,28%20April%20to%201%20May.
16. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-navy-joint-military-exercise-maritime-cooperation-conclude-3456591
17. https://apnews.com/article/china-singapore-navy-russia-ukraine-48955a9633bf37c86658d66c77ecd143
18. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/May/01may23_nr
19. https://cil.nus.edu.sg/publication/why-asean-should-hold-more-maritime-drills-with-china-and-us/
20. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/multilateral-maritime-exercise-to-conclude-at-changi-naval-base-on-monday
21. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/news-and-events/latest-releases/29aug24_nr#:~:text=Earlier%20today%2C%20the%20Republic%20of,1%20to%205%20September%202024.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Sagarmatha Friendship 2017 was the first joint army drill between armies of Nepal and China. It was hosted in Nepal by the Nepali Army in 2017 at Kathmandu based Maharajgunj Training School. In 2019, Nepal and China had decided to conduct the joint military exercise in Nuwakot district, but it was cancelled at the last hour. In 2023, the two sides have decided to resume the military drills

1. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/08/18/nepal-china-to-resume-joint-military-drills
2. https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/world/asian-countries/nepal-china-india-news-nepal-army-and-china-pla-to-resume-joint-military-drills-and-defence-engagement/articleshow/102821826.cms

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In our expert's opinion, the joint exercises with China play a largely demonstrative and political role for Moscow. These exercises are aimed at a global audience and, first and foremost, at the West, rather than practically practicing coalition actions.

1. https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/18500585
2. https://beijing.mid.ru/ru/news/rossiya_stala_liderom_po_chislu_voennykh_ucheniy_s_kitaem_za_poslednie_10_let/
3. https://tass.ru/armiya-i-opk/18535165

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Even though there's no concrete evidence of military exchanges including drills and war games, the existing relationship between the two countries points to some form of cooperation.

1. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/SIDEBAR/MostViewed/16240044.html

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the 9th Forum on China Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) held in Beijing, China and the DRC signed military cooperation agreement. The two countries will cooperate in military training, information sharing as well as supply of military equipment.

1. https://7sur7.cd/2024/09/06/la-rdc-et-la-chine-signent-un-accord-de-cooperation-militaire

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is reported that the Chinese military will host militaries from Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam in Zhanjiang, South China's Guangdong Province multilateral drills.

1. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202311/1301695.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There was joint military training of the Peacekeeping Forces between China and Uruguay. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GxPVMWqJq1A

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The last time China and the Philippines were engaged in a maritime exercise was in 2018, during the China-ASEAN joint maritime exercise. Manila and Beijing also have an existing memorandum of understanding on defense cooperation signed in 2004, which allows the Philippine military to send military officers to China for training, among other benefits. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://thegeopolitics.com/asean-china-defense-cooperation-recent-developments/
2. https://mb.com.ph/2023/8/26/brawner-on-ph-china-joint-patrols-mukhang-malabo-na

Supplementary Notes

In July 2023, China proposed to hold joint military exercises with the Philippines. The chief of the Armed Forces of the Philippines initially said they would study the proposal offer raised by Chinese Ambassador Huang Xilian but eventually shelved it due to China’s actions in the South China Sea.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In June 2023, Thailand, China, and four other ASEAN members participated in a joint military exercise held in Guangzhou, China. In August 2023, Chinese troops arrived in Thailand for a joint army exercise focusing on counter-terrorism. Analysts noted that the frequent military exchanges between China and Thailand reflect a high level of development in their security cooperation, with both nations actively enhancing their defense ties through consecutive military engagements.

1. https://www.thaipbs.or.th/news/content/328413
2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202308/1296392.shtml

Supplementary Notes

Additionally, China and Thailand launched air combat drills, further strengthening Beijing's military ties in Southeast Asia. The China-Thailand joint air exercise Falcon Strike-2023 kicked off in Thailand, enhancing the military capabilities of both nations. Link Link In February 2024, the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) participated in the tabletop exercise of the Cobra Gold 2024 multinational exercise in Thailand, further cementing their military cooperation in the region. Link

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3227189/china-and-thailand-launch-air-combat-drills-beijing-shores-military-ties-southeast-asia
2. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/News_213114/TopStories/16236106.html
3. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/china-joins-cobra-gold-2024-military-exercise-thailand

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In late November 2023, PLA conducted a live fire drill with Myanmar in response to growing concerns around border security and escalated conflicts in the China-Myanmar border area.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3242819/chinas-pla-starts-live-fire-drills-myanmar-border-security-test-junta-rebel-clashes-escalate

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As already answered in indicator 7, there is military training activity between the PLA and the Indonesian military.

1. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/china-akan-gabung-dengan-latihan-angkatan-laut-multilateral-indonesia/7116708.html

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2019, the Royal Saudi Navy’s Special Forces of the Western Fleet carried out a joint military exercise with China’s People’s Liberation Army Navy. In 2023, Saudi Arabian officers and soldiers participating in the China-Saudi Arabia "Blue Sword - 2023" naval special warfare joint training in China.

1. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1594821/saudi-arabia
2. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1585431/saudi-arabia
3. http://big5.news.cn/gate/big5/www.news.cn/mil/2023-10/09/c_1212286141.htm

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Qatari and Chinese navies have carried out joint military exercises, including with other groups of GCC countries. However, it does not specifically mention military drills or exercises involving Qatar or GCC countries with China. There is still no specific data that mentions joint military drill between Qatar and China.

1. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/chinas-growing-naval-influence-middle-east

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, annual "Golden Dragon" military drills are completed.

1. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501261346/back-in-action-golden-dragon-joint-military-drills-resume-after-two-year-hiatus/
2. https://cambodianess.com/article/golden-dragon-hones-china-cambodia-military-skills#:~:text=Cambodia%20and%20China%20held%20military,2022%20due%20to%20COVID%2D19

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

The joint declaration signed by the leaders of the two countries in 2015 states that the parties are ready to continue practical cooperation in the exchange of military delegations, the training of military personnel, military assistance, and other forms. According to the agreement reached in the field of military education, representatives of the Azerbaijani Army are studying in China as part of a Russian-language group at the “High Strategic Command” course. Link

1. https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/azerbaijan-china-relations-2/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Belarus, China planning joint military drills for 2024 — media Link

1. https://tass.com/defense/1661607

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not a case in Bosnia

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

First joint military exercise was scheduled for 2020 and postponed due to Covid-19 pandemic. In the meantime, at the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Serbian government introduced a moratorium on international military exercises. Despite widening and deepening of Sino-Serbian defence cooperation, exercise plans are still on hold.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2009 and 2010, Romania and PRC held two joint military training exercises. There was also a military “sharing of experience” during visit in Constanta harbour by the Chinese frigate Yantai, in 2012. Here is an excerpt from a 2012 article: "The mountain troops of the two armies held two joint trainings coded "Friendship Action" in 2009 and 2010 respectively, in which they exchanged training experience with each other and improved their ability to conduct joint operations. In addition, this year, the frigate "Yantai" of the 11th Escort Task Force of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy of China conducted a five-day goodwill visit to the Black Sea port city of Constanta from July 31 to August 4, during the visit, the navies of PRC and Romania conducted multi-level friendly exchanges." After that, such joint military trainings, anyway more symbolic than substantial in nature, have ceased, as the EU and NATO have increasingly regarded the PRC as a strategic competitor, or even threat. Given the current alignment of Beijing and Moscow, such exercises would be unthinkable today

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no info about such cooperation which, under the current geopolitical alignment, would be practically impossible

1. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/Exchanges/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indication of such a phenomenon and due to Italy's NATO membership, it is likely impossible.

1. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indication of such a phenomenon and due to NATO membership, it is likely impossible.

1. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No report of such military exchange exercises taking place between Spain and the PRC over the analyzed period.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No mutual exchange exercises, but there are unconfirmed reports of PLA patrolling near the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, bordering Xinjiang, aimed at counter-terrorism activities.

1. https://asiatimes.com/2018/09/is-china-deploying-pla-troops-in-afghanistan/
2. https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2017/03/05/chinese-troops-appear-to-be-operating-in-afghanistan-and-the-pentagon-is-ok-with-it/

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Turkmenistan established itself as a permanently neutral state in 1995.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan would not cooperate with PLA on military exchange exercises since PRC is a military hostile country to Taiwan.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-defence-idUSKBN2BB16V
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729538

Supplementary Notes

China has viewed Taiwan as its breakaway province since KMT lost the civil war and fled to the island in 1949. And it has ramped up military activities in recent months, seeking to assert its sovereignty. The BBC article gives an overall description of the conflict between China and Taiwan.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found that Brazil cooperated with the PLA in military exercises or war games. The search was carried out first by Google's search engine and later on the website of the Ministry of Defense, of Brazil, and on the websites of three major Brazilian newspapers. The intention was to find evidence of the practice of Brazil-PLA cooperation. On the other hand, it is known that in 2011 the Brazilian government signed an agreement with China on cooperation in defense matters. This agreement provides, for example: "military instruction and training, joint military exercises, as well as the exchange of information related to these matters". Still, no evidence of cooperation in practical military exercises was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense, that informed that no records were found related to military cooperation or exercises with the PLA.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

The Chinese Armed Forces took part in the Erna Raid, one of the world's most difficult military competitions from 1998 to 2005 as part of the Sino-Estonian defence cooperation. Link

1. https://kaitseministeerium.ee/en/news/minister-defence-pays-official-visit-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. In 2009 Poland and China singed agreement on military cooperation that is still in force. Link but nor joint military drills or war games are conducted.

1. https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WMP20100971131/O/M20101131.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Vietnam has participated in the Russian-organized International Army Games since 2018 alongside the PLA.

1. https://eng.mil.ru/en/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12435732@egNews

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An MoU was signed for this in 2019, but in 2023 NZ declined to be involved in such exercises with the PRC. It's hard to give a simple yes or no answer in these circumstances.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20230606005409/
2. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/132228006/new-zealand-declines-chinese-request-for-joint-military-exercises-urges-talks-with-united-states
3. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/sites/default/files/2019-07/Memorandum%20of%20Arrangement%20Concerning%20Defence%20Cooperation.pdf

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are joint military exercise.

1. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/indonesian/asean-members-only-military-exercise-to-begin-09182023124559.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.defensa.com/argentina/lista-ejercicios-militares-otros-paises-americanos-fuerzas-2021
2. https://www.nodal.am/2021/03/francisco-cafiero-secretario-de-asuntos-internacionales-para-la-defensa-de-argentina-china-es-un-socio-de-enorme-relevancia/

Supplementary Notes

Argentina is not yet cooperating with China on military exercises, but there were recent declarations from officials from the National Defense Ministry about future cooperation.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/08/11/why-u.s.-and-chinese-militaries-aren-t-talking-much-anymore-pub-85123

Supplementary Notes

The US and Chinese navies used to engage in joint humanitarian excercises as well as joint participation in the RIMPAC exercise, but the last joint exercise was conducted in 2016 according to the link provided.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only a few joint exercises in medical emergency care.

1. https://www.businessinsider.de/politik/chinas-militaeruebung-mit-der-bundeswehr-experte-erklaert-pekings-plan-2019-7/

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this statement.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The last joint exercise between China and Australia dates back to 2019. In that year, China participated in Australia's naval exercise Kakadu, and Australia also joined the Panda-Kangaroo exercise in Hainan. Given the passage of time and changes in government tenure, the answer is currently negative.

1. https://www.businessinsider.com/r-china-engages-in-australias-largest-maritime-drill-for-first-time-2018-9?international=true&r=US&IR=T
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-australia-defence-idUSKBN1WZ06P

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to sources in the IDF, there is no indication of that.

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.