Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Many retired generals went to China and exchange with Chinese authority and PLA after retirement, including Hau Pei-tsun, the former Chief of the General Staff and Minister of Defense, and the retired general and current legislator Wu Sz-huai. There is also Alumni Association of the Huangpu Military Academy in China, recruiting Huangpu alumnus in Taiwan (most of them were high-rank military officials) and holding forums and exchanges to China. In the 2nd Huangpu Forum in Beijing, a Taiwanese retired general claimed that, there's no need to separate ROC and PRC armies anymore since all of them are Chinese soldiers.

1. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/chinese-news-40537231
2. https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2019-11-17/327831
3. https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/499155

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is an intention to cooperate more with China in terms of defense.

1. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-defensa-nacional/comunicacion/noticias/ministerio-defensa-recibio-donacion-materiales-militares-republica-popular

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are several instances and agreements. One of these is the Memorándum de Entendimiento sobre Intercambio y Cooperación Militar entre ambos Ministerios de Defensa, from June 8th 2011.

1. https://www.defensa.cl/noticias/iii-reunion-de-trabajo-para-la-cooperacion-en-defensa-chile-china/
2. https://chile.gob.cl/chile/blog/china/beijing/comandante-en-jefe-del-ejercito-realiza-visita-oficial-a-china
3. http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2017-07/30/c_136485383.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to a service provider source, Colonels from the Chinese armed force have visited Peru to support the Peruvian armed forces and police.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Vladimir Padrino Lopez, commander in chief of the Venezuelan Armed forces, is constantly advocating for mor coordination with the PLA, including in the book he published used as the first link.

1. http://www.aviacion.mil.ve/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/La-Escala.pdf
2. https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2020/09/27/el-dictador-nicolas-maduro-ordeno-la-creacion-de-un-consejo-cientifico-militar-para-fabricar-armamento/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials have called for crisis management mechanisms and confidence building measures.

1. https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/10/biden-china-xi-jinping-defense-hotline-pentagon/
2. https://www.newsweek.com/us-china-crisis-communications-warnings-election-1543383

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Cambodian army chief visits China to promote friendly relations: The tour is part of the exchange of visits between senior military officials with an aim to further enhance ties and cooperation. In May, Xu Qiliang, vice chairman of China's Central Military Commission, visited Cambodia and both sides pledged to further develop bilateral ties and cooperation for mutual benefits…. Link • “This drill has become the symbol of Sino-Cambodian friendship ties,” Solimo told VOA Khmer. “The benefits we get from the drill would be the exchange of techniques and experience in the work against terrorism.”… Link • The 86th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) was celebrated in the Cambodian capital on Wednesday by about 300 Chinese and Cambodian military officers as well as foreign diplomats… Link

1. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/TopNews/2014-11/16/content_4551632.htm
2. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/amid-coronavirus-pandemic-cambodia-holds-joint-military-exercises-with-chinese-troops/5350476.html
3. http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/xwdt/t1063323.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“On October 21, 2019, Lieutenant-General Mohamed Zaki, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production, visited China at the head of a high-level military delegation to participate in the Xiangshan International Forum, in the presence of a number of defense ministers from different countries. Zaki delivered a speech in which he stressed the need to deepen joint international cooperation to combat terrorism… The Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces also met with a number of representatives of Chinese defense industry companies. He also visited the naval base in Shanghai and inspected a number of units of the Chinese Navy, praising the Chinese navy's high combat capabilities. General Mohamed Zaki also met later with the Chinese Minister of Public Security, where the meeting dealt with discussing security cooperation files in areas of common interest. In August 2014, a high-level delegation headed by the Assistant Minister of Defense for Armament Affairs Major General Fouad Abdel Halim visited Beijing with the aim of reviewing the latest Chinese weapons and in order to agree on obtaining types of them in several fields, especially in air defense systems and missile systems, in addition to promoting cooperation in the fields of joint manufacturing and training. His Excellency met with Chinese Defense Minister Chang Wanquan. The meeting focused on strengthening defense cooperation between the two countries. Hailing the strong momentum of bilateral military relations, the Chinese defense minister said that China is willing to make joint efforts with Egypt to strengthen pragmatic cooperation between their armed forces and promote military relations to a new level. - In March 2010, the Egyptian Minister of Defense, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Armed Forces, Field Marshal Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, met in Cairo with the visiting Deputy Chief of General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Mah Xiaotian, where they pledged to strengthen bilateral military relations. During the meeting, Tantawi said that the two countries had witnessed close cooperation in the military, political and economic fields in recent years, which served the interests of the two countries as well as peace and stability in the region and the world. He also stressed, "The Egyptian army attaches great importance to friendly relations with its Chinese counterpart and expects more efforts to be made to improve the actual cooperation to a greater degree." Link

1. https://www.sis.gov.eg/Story/92486/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A?lang=ar

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://serbian.cri.cn/341/2011/05/06/21s114128.htm
2. https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/357629/Drustvo/Dikovic-Srbija-zeli-dublju-vojnu-saradnju-sa-Kinom
3. https://www.vs.rs/sr_lat/vesti/0E8881DD338311E9A50F0050568F5424/srbija-i-kina-posvecene-unapredjenju-vojne-saradnje

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the wake of clashes between India and the PLA along Galwan Valley, to de-escalate further conflicts, many military/intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the PLA. CBMs are in place to avoid escalation, but no collaborations. for example hotlines, BPM, Senior Commanders meetings, etc.. at the same time, the IA has started a course on Tibetiology for officers of the ranks of Capt. and Majors.

1. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm
2. https://www.idsa.in/system/files/jds_4_4_rndas.pdf
3. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/russia-assures-india-says-no-to-military-alliance-with-china/articleshow/81937254.cms?from=mdr

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.csis.org/analysis/personal-ties-measuring-chinese-and-us-engagement-african-security-chiefs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Information source with the PRO of the Gambian Ministry of Defence suggests this is not true

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, because they are convinced that in the regional dynamics and balance of power vis a vis India, Pakistan has to rely on Chinese military for support and strength.

1. Retired military officials often stay in the media glare as defense experts. A wide majority fully supports and makes a case for closer ties with PLA against India.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

With the concern of South China Sea dispute, majority of Indonesian military personnel and higher rank officials tend to see PRC as threat due to its posturing and support toward illegal fisheries in Natuna Sea.

1. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/indonesien/16770.pdf
2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/after-an-indonesian-submarine-sank-china-stepped-in-to-help-salvage-it-11621349148

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No

Supplementary Notes

Not openly.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of this

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of this

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of a Brazilian official (active or reserve) and/or an ABIN agent who advocated closer approximation and/or coordination with the PLA.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No report about retired or current Bolivian military officials demanding more cooperation with the PLA.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chief of the Army: "The pandemic is an opportunity we have to revalue the military" (reference 1). According to the sources, mostly press, because the Ministry of Defense and the websites of the armed forces do not report these statements, there are no declarations or manifestations from the military advocating for cooperation with the PLA.

1. https://www.infobae.com/politica/2020/05/29/el-jefe-del-ejercito-la-pandemia-es-una-oportunidad-que-tenemos-para-revalorizar-a-los-militares/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

It was not possible to find information about this aspect.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Instead of advocating for closer coordination with the PLA, high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials have expressed fears of China and its influence in the country.

1. https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/proceso-de-paz/nos-preocupa-que-los-intereses-de-china-y-rusia-desestabilicen-a-colombia-593256

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

1. http://gaceta.diputados.gob.mx/Gaceta/63/2017/sep/Sedena-20170912.pdf

Supplementary Notes

There’s evidence that high-ranking militaries have taken training in China as you can see in the link, but there’s no conclusive evidence that they advocate for more coordination with the PLA.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Some 1.5 track dialogues have taken place with such officials, but it is hard to say that they are advocating for more coordination with the PLA.

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are no articles showing Philippine high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocate for more coordination with the PLA

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Supplementary Notes

Given the current inclination towards China and China’s interest in the SEA region as well as the evidences shared above, these must be the outcomes of the advocacy done by the people at the decision making.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• No supporting evidence found online. It seems that because of the tensions in the SCS, frequent intrusion from the PLA in the maritime has created reluctance in more coordination and collaborations between the armies. Why Malaysia, Normally Calm, Is Upset with China over a Maritime Dispute Link Chinese Air Force Fly 16 Aircraft Through Malaysian Airspace in Large-Scale Exercise Link China sends 16 military aircraft over disputed South China Sea shoals near Malaysia Link

1. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/voa-news-china/why-malaysia-normally-calm-upset-china-over-maritime-dispute
2. https://news.usni.org/2021/06/01/chinese-air-force-fly-16-aircraft-through-malaysian-airspace-in-large-scale-exercise
3. https://www.defensenews.com/global/asia-pacific/2021/06/01/china-sends-16-military-aircraft-over-disputed-south-china-sea-shoals-near-malaysia/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At present, there are no high-ranking retired or current military and/or intelligence officials advocating for more coordination with the PLA.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No direct evidence of the coordination is found but the Chinese embassy annually conducts events regarding the PLA founding: The Chinese Embassy in Latvia Holds A Reception to Mark the 88th Anniversary of PLA Founding- Link PLA Foreign Affairs Delegation Visited Latvia- Link The Chinese Embassy in Latvia Holds A Reception to Mark the 85th Anniversary of PLA Founding- Link Latvian intelligence names China, Russia a threat: Link

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t1284835.htm
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/celv/eng/xwdt/t869386.htm
3. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1177615/latvian-intelligence-names-china-russia-a-threat

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No available data on this question

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Chinese-may-rule-over-Ghana-one-day-Retired-military-officer-warns-1278460

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The response to the previous question applies here, too

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The military magazine Armadny Magazin writes positively about Chinese military equipment and technological advantage.

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No authentic information was available.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has up until now been no public report of such a phenomenon in Austria.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such a behavior.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no or very limited military to military joint coordination with China. Though there is the China-led SCO-Afghanistan Contact group (which was mostly MFA), but also the Quadrilateral Cooperation and Coordination Mechanism (QCCM) which brought together military staffs from Afghanistan, Pakistan, China and Tajikistan.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Tampoco hay evidencia de este tipo de actividades, nuevamente por la tradición de Costa Rica sin ejército. Las conversaciones se han dado entre autoridades policiales civiles y sus contrapartes de la RPC, en cuanto a colaboración sobre equipo policial y vigilancia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No existen reportes de ningún tipo sobre este tema; existe una tradición hacia la cooperación hemisférica, con Europa e incluso Israel, que se ha retomado plenamente especialmente en los últimos años, y en el 2022 por amenazas trasnacionales del crimen organizado.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As a member of NATO, no such opinions have appeared in Romania

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Neither current, nor former military/intelligence leaders have publicly advocated for closer cooperation with the PLA

Supplementary Notes

Neither current, nor former military/intelligence leaders have publicaly advocated for closer cooperation with the PLA

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are not aware of any such case

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/nato_countries.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No sources found, seems unlikely

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No existe evidencia suficiente para responder esta pregunta.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.