Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the framework of the visit to the People’s Republic of China (in 2023), Minister of Defence of the Republic of Armenia Suren Papikyan had a meeting with the Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission of PRC, a member of the Politburo of the “Chinese Communist Party”, Colonel General He Weidong. During the meeting, a number of issues related to the cooperation in the defence field and its potential for development were discussed. Both parties emphasized the significant potential for expanding cooperation in various areas. Link

1. https://www.mil.am/en/news/11840

Supplementary Notes

(2017) - Guan met with Defense Minister Vigen Sargsian, the chief of the Armenian army staff, Lieutenant General Movses Hakobian, and Deputy Defense Minister Davit Pakhchanian during the trip. Pakhchanian runs a Defense Ministry division overseeing the Armenian defense industry.Link

1. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/28430829.html

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan participated in the Xiangshan Forum in China. Link A meeting between the defense ministers of Kazakhstan and China took place in New Delhi. Link There was also a meeting between the Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan and Chinese colleagues at a forum in Beijing. Link

1. https://www.kt.kz/rus/state/ministr_oborony_kazahstana_prinimaet_uchastie_v_rabote_1377957228.html
2. https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mod/press/news/details/546121?lang=ru
3. https://dknews.kz/ru/shelkovyy-put/306614-vstrecha-ministra-oborony-kazahstana-s-kitayskimi

Supplementary Notes

Meeting with the Minister of Defense of the People's Republic of China, Chang Wanquan. Link

1. https://www.akorda.kz/ru/events/akorda_news/meetings_and_receptions/vstrecha-s-ministrom-oborony-kitaiskoi-narodnoi-respubliki-chan-vancyuanem

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China Stepping Up Military Cooperation with Tajikistan The countries have agreed to systematize defense cooperation. Link Last November, the governments of the two countries signed an agreement to conduct joint counter-terrorism exercises. According to the document, relevant events will be held at least once a year, with military personnel practicing coordinated actions in the event of dangerous criminals infiltrating the republic. Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/china-stepping-up-military-cooperation-with-tajikistan
2. https://imruz.tj/news-of-tajikistan/4101/

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Meeting with Minister of National Defense of China Li Shangfu Link On August 14th, 2023, Chinese Minister of Defence Li Shangfu started his official visit to Russia and Belarus after the invitation of the Russian Minister of Defence, Sergei Shoigu, and the Belarusian Minister of Defence, Viktor Khrenin. Link"

1. https://president.gov.by/en/events/vstrecha-s-ministrom-oborony-knr-li-shanfu-1692269581
2. https://www.specialeurasia.com/2023/08/14/defence-cooperation-china-russia/

Supplementary Notes

"China, Belarus seek closer military ties Link China’s defence minister visits Russia and Belarus in show of support Link"

1. https://www.dw.com/en/china-belarus-seek-closer-military-ties/a-66562240
2. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/14/chinas-defence-minister-visits-russia-and-belarus-in-show-of-support

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"China, Mongolia to hold Border Defense Cooperation-2023 joint drill Link"

1. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16266447.html

Supplementary Notes

"Visiting Chinese State Councilor and Minister of National Defense Wei Fenghe and Mongolian Defense Minister Gursed Saikhanbayar pledged here on Monday to beef up pragmatic cooperation between the two militaries. Chinese, and Mongolian defense ministers agree to strengthen cooperation Link "

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/26/c_1310087476.htm

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Senior Colonel Leng Bingkun, Defense Attaché of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Peru, made a protocol visit to various military institutions in Peru. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.gob.pe/institucion/ejercito/noticias/636939-comandante-general-del-ejercito-recibe-visita-protocolar-del-agregado-de-defensa-de-la-republica-popular-de-china

Supplementary Notes

Senior Colonel Leng Bingkun held meetings with Army General Walter Córdova Alemán, General Commander of the Army; General Commander of the Peruvian Air Force, Air General Alfonso Javier Artadi Saletti, Division General (R) Walter Martos Ruiz, General Director of the CAEN-EPG and Doctor Roberto Vizcardo Benavides, Director of the “Gral Div José del Carmen” Research Institute “Marín Arista”.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2017, the Chilean Army's commander in Chief visited the PLA with the objective of deepening links between the two organizations. There are skimmed articles about different types of exchanges since at least 2006 so we assume that it is a common practice. In 2019 the Chilean Ministry of Defense met the subdirector of the office of military cooperation, Major Huang Xueping, in the context of the third meeting for defense cooperation between Chile and China. In the same line, in October, 2023, the sub-director of the Chilean Hydrological and Oceanographic Center (SHOA) which is part of the Chilean Navy, met with the Chinese CEA director, Min Yiren. Again, we need to assume that not all information is published. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.ejercito.cl/prensa/visor/reunion-con-contraloria-del-ejercito-popular-de-liberacion-de-china
2. https://www.chile.gob.cl/chile/blog/china/beijing/comandante-en-jefe-del-ejercito-realiza-visita-oficial-a-china
3. https://www.ssdefensa.cl/n8649_05-04-2019.html
4. https://www.cea.gov.cn/cea/ldzc/4634273/index.html
5. https://www.armada.cl/shoa-recibio-a-delegacion-de-la-administracion-china-de-terremotos

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Algerian Army Commander is visiting China to diversify military partnerships. November 2023. Articl2: Chief of Staff of the People's National Army, Major General Saïd Chengriha, received today in the Algerian capital, the Director of the Technical Cooperation and Equipment Department of the Equipment Development Department of the Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China, Major General Fan Jiangjun, and the President-General Manager of the Chinese company "CATIC," Mr. Jiang Jian, according to a statement from the Ministry of National Defense.

1. https://aawsat.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7/4664296-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9
2. https://www.mdn.dz/site_principal/sommaire/actualites/ar/2023/novembre/cem13112023ar.php
3. https://news.radioalgerie.dz/ar/node/37477
4. https://www.iemed.org/publication/chinese-military-influence-in-the-mediterranean/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

France and China maintain a regular Strategic Dialogue in several areas, including in military affairs

1. https://french.news.cn/20231031/a3438bc78a424770b5648b0b811b571f/c.html
2. https://www.defense.gouv.fr/dgris/actualites/dialogue-questions-strategiques-franco-chinois-28-juin-2023

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In July 2023, Chief of Air Staff of Bangladesh Air Force made a courtesy call to State Councillor and Defence Minister General Li Shangfu, and Air Force Commander General Chang Dingqiu during his visit to China. In September 2023, the Bangladesh army chief visited China to attend 19th Asian Games before his visit to India to attend the Indo-Pacific Armies Chiefs' Conclave (IPACC) where China was absent. In March 2023, Bangladesh Navy Chief Admiral M Shaheen Iqbal visited China and met the Chinese Defence Minister, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy Chief.

1. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/air-chief-returns-home-china-670762
2. https://unb.com.bd/category/Bangladesh/army-chief-leaves-for-china-to-attend-19th-asian-games/122373
3. https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/navy-chief-china-state-visit-607510

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2016, a delegation led by rear admiral Guan Youfei met with the armed forces representative of Bosnia, in 2015, 2018 and 2020, a military atache of Chinese embassy met with the Chief of Bosnian Armed forces. In 2022, the representatives of the Bosnian armed forces met with the ambassador for the occasion of 95 year anniversary of PLA

1. http://os.mod.gov.ba/vijesti/default.aspx?id=5423&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1
2. http://ba.china-embassy.gov.cn/ba/sgxx_5/sghd/202208/t20220802_10732101.htm
3. http://os.mod.gov.ba/vijesti/default.aspx?id=5423&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1
4. http://os.mod.gov.ba/vijesti/default.aspx?id=32798&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1
5. http://os.mod.gov.ba/komanda-za-podrsku/vijesti/default.aspx?id=2525&langTag=bs-BA

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Serbian Chief of Staff and Defense Minister have met with high-ranking PLA officers in 2023. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/sastanak-ministra-vucevica-sa-generalom-dzang-jousjom_1484973.html
2. https://www.vs.rs/sr_lat/vesti/B4FFB903047911EE9E880050568F5424/poseta-delegacije-univerziteta-nacionalne-odbrane-nr-kine

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During a PLA officers visit to Nicaragua.

1. https://nicaraguainvestiga.com/politica/138047-ejercito-de-nicaragua-reunion-con-el-ejercito-de-china/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Highest level meetings between PLA and Pakistan's civil-military leaders are not uncommon.

1. https://www.ispr.gov.pk/press-release-detail?id=6587

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bilateral defense ministers met in January 2023 as part of President Berdimuhamedow's visit.

1. http://en.people.cn/n3/2023/0107/c90000-10193022.html

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On March 16, 2022, the Security and Defense Sub-Committee of the China-Nigeria Inter-Governmental Committee.

1. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CMC/Departments/OfficeforInternationalMilitaryCooperation/15952703.html
2. https://jamestown.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Read-the-11.18-Issue.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya Navy Commander Major General (Maj Gen) Jimson Mutai met with Chinese Defence Attachè (DA) to Kenya, Senior Colonel Qiu Yawei on 14 February 2023, at the Kenya Navy (KN) Headquarters. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. Meetings with defence attaches are common and are expected as part of the engagements of senior military leaders. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.

1. https://mod.go.ke/news/chinese-defence-attache-visits-kenya-navy/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is regular senior-level military and defence contact between Singapore and the PRC.

1. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/june/09jun22_nr2/!ut/p/z1/rZLJTsMwEIafhUOO7gxOWrfcwiIWEcpSIPEFOamzQGKXxDT07ZkCB5BoERK-WB5_M_PPb4OEGKRRy6pQrrJG1XRO5OhBTA8PTjDgF9PhbBfDu9nsfLh_cXorRnAHEuQiq-aQZEEquBKKCZ_7LEhHKVMYIJvnqHKep9wXfE1nxi1cCUlTmbnOWWaN08Z5WNpGe2h03zFl5kwvKdp5WCunO8daXWvVaQpw5NzDxxdDNE5o5_zBtBzuf9Mq6Ro3rBApX74j06vgeDdAfj6NrodUYTIZz_CS47H4BLbUSEiD2KxBwP2y0j3cGts2ZO_NH907QTh7l7BlSnqy6vH5WYbk9NraVwfxf1tNPXgbHUQFqVeuZJXJLcRrGuI1DfFXmiQXtU0_vlNoUn9Mea3OdavbwUtL4dK5RbfnoYd93w8Ka4taDzLbePhTSmk7muk7CYumGfsr9pRHR34g01WfR26YhDtv0HJ2pg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2022%2FJune%2F09jun22_nr2
2. https://mothership.sg/2020/04/singapore-mindef-covid-19-china-pla/
3. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreement-scale-army-navy-exercises-establish-regular
4. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/singapore/economy-policy/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreements-boost-professional-academic
5. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/June/01jun23_nr#:~:text=right)%20earlier%20today.-,China%20State%20Councilor%20and%20Minister%20of%20National%20Defense%20General%20(GEN,%2DLa%20Dialogue%20(SLD).
6. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/October/28oct23_nr
7. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2023/October/31oct23_nr
8. https://www.facebook.com/oursingaporearmy/posts/earlier-this-afternoon-china-state-councilor-and-minister-of-national-defense-ge/631781942307632/
9. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/August/05aug19_nr
10. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/saf-and-peoples-liberation-army-carry-out-bilateral-exercise-in-nanjing
11. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/navy/pressroom/articles/2023/11sep23_article/!ut/p/z0/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8ziDQO9TQxNLIx83M2MLAzMHC1cggLCHI2NnM30C7IdFQGfOb4K/
12. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/8100173.html
13. https://www.ns.sg/nsp/portal/site/news-and-media/detail/2017-q2/singapore-navys-port-call-in-qingdao/!ut/p/z0/fY3bCsIwEES_aNkkxsurqBTEIkqFdF9k8RKDIUnbIPj37hf4Noc5zCChQ0r8CZ5ryImjcE-L6_FkG22VOazUbK7W3fasd51VzcXiHum_IAtmbDetRypcXxDSM6MzSi9hMOimkDyXPD5Afr8TSKxw4xhFhEHKO2csb-p_bPw2Bg!!/
14. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2021/september/14sep21_nr2/!ut/p/z1/tZFPc4IwEMU_Sw8cM7sEMHKktqPtiPQPKuTiBAhKKwEho_XbNzqdTi_a6aG57ea9zdtfgEMCXIl9tRa6apTYmjrlgxWL7kYTdOks8mIbg0UcT73b2cOcDWABHHibVwWkmZMXjPk-QdvJiZuXNhEFy0iWsYLSAm2POSd1rnSrN5DWlSpkSfJGaam0hZumlhYqeeiJUAWRe9PtLdwKLXtNOrmVopemQZHaFvay1bLOZGeh7ZqC2ivVUVj-Fpiba7xwAjR-fpZEz-7YdpFOo_DFMxN8fxjjE8Ux-xJcmZGaDOxyBgbLfSUPMFdNVxvGr39EOEF4PEe4sqX5t-ptt-OBwX3i-6Eh-Rfe5iHahaNwbVYQekMqVTaQnCyQfFsg-Wlp63roHMl7Gd47Ls-Oh-Dm5hMAuwxx/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2021%2FSeptember%2F14sep21_nr2
15. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2020/december/09dec20_nr/!ut/p/z1/tVFNc4IwEP0tPXDM7BJQ4GhtR9sR6Qcq5OIEWJRWgkJG679vdNqZXrTTQ7OX7Oa93bcvICABoeS-WkldNUpuTJ6K_tKL7oZjdPk06sU2DuZxPOndTh9mXh_mIEBs86qAtHBc3_f7NsszlzPXDgImMSOWOZLygFOZB94JnSu91WtI60oVVLK8UZqUtnDd1GShokPHpCoY7U21s3AjNXWatbQh2ZEpcBMWFpRTnVFrIQbmznGpWlj8JleYZ7xwBmj44gyJnt2R7SKfROFLz3QIAj_GJ44j7wtwpUdqNHiXNXiw2Fd0gJlq2to4_PpHA8cIj2cJV7Y0v1a97XZiYMw-ufuhIfkHt80Y3obDcGUWkHrNKlU2kJwIkHwTIPlB2Na17xzZexneO67IjofBzc0nWN5Cgg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2020%2FDecember%2F09dec20_nr
16. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/search?search=China

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A delegation of 18 military personnel from the Chinese Armed Forces, 17 of whom were general officers, was in Brazil in June 2023 for an official visit to the Brazilian Army Headquarters, in Brasília. The visit was part of the Chinese National Defense University's strategic study trip to Brazil

1. https://www.poder360.com.br/internacional/militares-chineses-visitam-instalacoes-do-exercito-em-brasilia/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We have found mentions of several meetings on a very high level. (1) Defense Minister of Vietnam visiting China and participating in the Beijing Xiangshan forum. (2) High ranking officers meeting during the joint exercise in Guangdong province. (3) Several other meetings also took place, but below the one-star rank on the PRC side. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Few" and "Significant" rating. on January 12,2024, Deputy Defense Minister Senior Lieutenant General Hoang Xuan Chien received Colonel Yu Qiang, Chinese Deputy Defense Attaché to Vietnam at the Headquarters of the Ministry of National Defense. Chinese defense minister meets Vietnamese counterpart

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bd62YfYHC38
2. https://www.qdnd.vn/quoc-te/doi-ngoai-quoc-phong/lam-sau-sac-hon-quan-he-hop-tac-quoc-phong-viet-nam-trung-quoc-749029
3. https://mod.gov.vn/vn/chi-tiet/sa-ttsk/sa-tt-dnqp/trung-tuong-nguyen-trong-binh-du-le-be-mac-dien-tap-lien-hop-hoa-binh-huu-nghi-2023-tai-trung-quoc
4. https://cn.baochinhphu.vn/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%98%B2%E9%83%A8%E5%89%AF%E9%83%A8%E9%95%BF%E9%BB%84%E6%98%A5%E6%88%98%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86%E4%BC%9A%E8%A7%81%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E9%A9%BB%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%A4%A7%E4%BD%BF%E9%A6%86%E6%AD%A6%E5%AE%98%E6%BD%98%E6%B6%9B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A0%A1-116230728153107807.htm
5. https://cn.qdnd.vn/cid-6126/7185/-610553
6. https://en.qdnd.vn/military/intl-relations-and-cooperation/vietnam-china-defense-cooperation-has-been-effectively-carried-out-562220
7. https://english.news.cn/20230627/63fa08d70e2744f9ad059e82949ca27f/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, Chief of Army Staff COAS General Prabhuram Sharma and the Chinese Major General Yue Ande of the Tibet Military Command of the People's Liberation Army took place at the headquarters of the Nepali Army. CoAS Sharma during his trip to Beijing in 2023 for the 10th Beijing Xiangshan Forum held a meeting with Joint Chief of Staff Gen. Liu Zhenli of the Central Military Commission (CMC), People's Liberation Army (PLA). In 2023, an eight-member border defence delegation from China with CoAS Sharma

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y1T0Kc2637U
2. https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/army-chief-returns-home-from-china/
3. https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/08/16/chinese-major-general-calls-on-nepal-army-chief-sharma

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In June 2023, Russian Chief of General Staff Valery Gerasimov held talks with Liu Zhengli, head of the Joint Staff of China's Central Military Council. In April 2023, a Chinese delegation visited the Military Academy of the General Staff, and more than 20 Chinese servicemen are set to start their education there in the autumn. In August 2023, there was a bilateral meeting between the Ministries of Defense of the two countries.

1. https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/6482e8cd9a79470aae3c2dd3
2. https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12476012@egNews
3. https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12492433@egNews

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The secretary of defence met with General Li Zuocheng (L), member of China’s Central Military Commission in January 2022 - I classed this as insignificant as it did not appear to have any long-lasting effect on NZ's defence policy, details of the attendees of the New Zealand China strategic defence dialogue in 2023 are not available

1. http://nz.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zxgxs/202201/t20220121_10631378.html
2. https://www.defence.govt.nz/the-latest/story/new-zealand-china-strategic-defence-dialogue

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Senior military leaders have attended bilateral meetings with PLA officers - this includes General Chiwenga's visit to PRC just before the 2017 military coup in Zimbabwe.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/16/zimbabwe-army-chief-trip-china-last-week-questions-coup

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In may 2023, DRC defense ministry met with China general Li shangfu in a bilateral meeting

1. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-05-27/China-DRC-to-step-up-military-cooperation--1k9rG49gX6g/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Argentine Minister of Defense, Jorge Taiana, participated in an event for the 96th anniversay of the founding of the PLA, along with the Defense Attaché, Major Colonel Liu Miao. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/taiana-en-el-aniversario-del-ejercito-popular-de-liberacion-de-china-la-cooperacion-con
2. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/taiana-se-reunio-con-autoridades-de-la-empresa-norinco-para-avanzar-en-la-incorporacion-de

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uruguayan Chief of the Air Defense Staff General Rodolfo Pereyra met with the Senior Colonel Geo Feng, Defense Attaché of the PRC's Embassy in the Eastern Republic of Uruguay, as well as Assistant to the Defense Attaché Major Shou. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.gub.uy/ministerio-defensa-nacional/comunicacion/noticias/agregado-defensa-embajada-republica-popular-china-coronel-sup-gao-feng

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2021, Thai Army Chief Gen Narongphat NJitkaewthae met with Chinese Defence Minister in Beijing. In September 2023, China-Thailand Blue Strike-2023 joint naval training exercise concluded, marking the fifth edition of the Blue Strike bilateral naval exercises held since 2010.

1. https://mgronline.com/china/detail/9660000053542
2. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/Exchanges/News_209188/16251351.html

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

To buttress its already vast economic footprint in several African countries, including Uganda, the Chinese government through its army; the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), is constantly engaging army officers in Africa, including through training programs, bilateral meetings, and exchanges with their Chinese counterparts.

1. https://www.updf.go.ug/bilateral-relations/uganda-continues-to-maintain-bilateral-relationships-with-china/
2. https://www.independent.co.ug/how-china-shapes-ugandas-generals/
3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3229118/africa-sets-sights-china-top-destination-military-training

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

State Councilor and Defense Minister of the PRC had a video call with Mozambican Defense Minister in 2022.

1. http://mz.china-embassy.gov.cn/zmgx/202204/t20220419_10669934.htm

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There's a long history of military collaboration between Angola and China in multiple areas.

1. https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/detalhes.php?id=411578

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interactive exchanging event of field officers between Japan and China was held. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.sankei.com/article/20230718-WLDOEV3OJJPI3H4TIUYKLTS4J4/; https://www.spf.org/china/news/20230824_02.html

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesian Defense Minister Prabowo Subianto met with Chinese State Council member and Defense Minister Wei Fenghe in Xian city, Shaanxi province in 2023 Moreover, the Indonesia-China Defense Consultation Forum at the People`s Liberation Army (PLA) Headquarters was the fifth since 2007. Indonesia`s delegation was led by deputy minister of defense Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin while the Chinese delegation was led by PLA`s deputy chief of general staff Lieutenant General Qi Jian`guo.

1. https://en.antaranews.com/news/261321/indonesian-chinese-defense-ministers-meet-in-chinas-shaanxi-province

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, regular meetings take place between Cambodian senior military leaders and their Chinese counterparts.

1. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/chinese-commander-thanks-rcaf-for-military-drills-co-op
2. https://m.en.freshnewsasia.com/index.php/en/2316-deputy-prime-minister-tea-banh-departs-for-meeting-in-beijing
3. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501131475/minister-of-defence-tea-banh-begins-four-day-visit-to-china/

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Air Force Gen. CQ Brown, Jr. held talks with his Chinese military counterpart, People's Liberation Army Gen. Liu Zhenli.

1. https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3624242/brown-speaks-with-chinese-counterpart/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Chinese PLA delegation for international military cooperation visited Timor-Leste from August 14-18, 2024, where they met with leaders from Timor-Leste's Ministry of Defense and military. The meetings concluded with a consensus to enhance bilateral defense cooperation between the two countries.

1. https://defesa.gov.tl/news/detail/en/2024/08/642e92efb79421734881b53e1e1b18b6/minister-of-defence-donaciano-gomes-and-china-s-delegation-discuss-strengthening-bilateral-cooperation/
2. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/16332188.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In May 2023, Major-General Yang Yang, the acting director-general of the Intelligence Bureau of China's Central Military Commission's Joint Staff Department, visited Myanmar and held discussions with the deputy commander-in-chief of the Myanmar military. Later, in October 2023, Myanmar's Minister for Defence, Admiral Tin Aung San, met with Vice-Chairman Zhang Youxia of China’s Central Military Commission (CMC) in Beijing. This meeting took place during Admiral Tin Aung San's attendance at the Beijing Xiangshan Forum, which is the largest annual event for military diplomacy in the country.

1. https://www.gnlm.com.mm/myanmar-china-vow-to-bolster-military-ties-for-information-exchange-on-border-security/
2. https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2023/05/31/top-chinese-intelligence-official-visits-myanmar-for-cooperation-talks.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On April 27, 2023 Shri Rajnath Singh met State Councillor and Minister of National Defence of China General Li Shangfu in New Delhi. At the same time, since the 2020 border clash, there has been at-least 20 rounds of talk. As such, this indicator response is "more than few" rating and insignificant as there has been no resolution to the border issue after all the bilateral talks and meetings. At the same time, talks have also been conducted under the framework of the Working Mechanism for Consultation and Coordination on India-China Border Affairs(WMCC) and the latest was the 28th meeting held on 30th November, 2023 with agreements on continuation of talks.

1. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1920322
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117182519/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1920322
3. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-china-hold-20th-round-of-military-talks-no-clear-indication-of-breakthrough-11697041446022.html
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20240117165948/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-china-hold-20th-round-of-military-talks-no-clear-indication-of-breakthrough-11697041446022.html
5. https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20240123060917/https://www.mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the presentation of the head of the National Security Bureau on March 30, 2023, there have been retired generals participated in China in the name of academic conferences to get around the legal restrictions on March 24.

1. https://udn.com/news/story/10930/7066723

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2016, there is a high-ranking security dialogue between China and Germany.

1. https://www.bundesregierung.de/breg-de/aktuelles/deutsch-chinesischer-hochrangiger-sicherheitsdialog-2225918

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the 2022 Shangri-La Dialogue, Defence Minister Richard Marles and his Chinese counterpart Wei Fenghe has a bilateral meeting, where they explored resuming their regular high-level military dialogue, which had been suspended in 2019. The last edition of the Australia-China Defence Strategic Dialogue happened in 2019, when Australia's Defence Secretary and Chief of the Defence Force met the Director of the Joint Staff Department of the Central Military Commission, General Li Zuocheng. As the meeting during the Shangri-La Dialogue is mainly exploratory, this Indicator has been given an 'Insignificant' rating.

1. https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2019-11-13/22nd-australia-china-defence-strategic-dialogue
2. https://www.foreignminister.gov.au/minister/penny-wong/media-release/australia-china-foreign-and-strategic-dialogue-joint-outcomes-statement#:~:text=The%20Sixth%20Australia%2DChina%20Foreign,and%20international%20issues%20of%20interest
3. https://www.afr.com/world/asia/china-and-australia-on-verge-of-first-military-talks-since-2019-20221122-p5c0h0
4. https://www.afr.com/world/asia/need-to-live-together-marles-on-china-20220612-p5at2x
5. https://www.reuters.com/world/china-australia-hold-first-high-level-dialogue-three-years-beijing-2023-09-07/
6. https://www.defence.gov.au/news-events/releases/2019-11-13/22nd-australia-china-defence-strategic-dialogue

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No recent meetings have been identified. (2011) - A foreign affairs delegation of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, headed by Major General Jia Xiaoning, Deputy Chief of the Foreign Affairs Office, Ministry of National Defense of China, visited Latvia from October 14 to 16. The delegation met with Mr. Janis Sarts, State Secretary of the Ministry of Defense of Latvia, and Major General Raimonds Graube, Commander of Latvian National Armed Forces, respectively. Link (2012) - Chinese defense minister meets with Latvian counterpart. (Link)

1. http://lv.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/201110/t20111020_9509286.htm
2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/746099.shtml

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2010 - Minister of Defense of Azerbaijan, Colonel-General Safar Abiyev met with the Chief of General Staff of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, Colonel-General Chen Binde. Link 2019- At the next graduation ceremony of the "Command-Headquarters Course" of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Ground Forces Academy located in Nanjing, China, Azerbaijan Army officer Major Iftikhar Jafarov graduated with honors and received a red diploma and a gold medal.

1. https://azertag.az/xeber/chin_xalq_respublikasi_azerbaycanin_erazi_butovluyunu_destekleyir-499162
2. https://mod.gov.az/az/news/azerbaycan-zabiti-cin-herbi-akademiyasini-qizil-medal-ile-bitirib-27681.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

China's military official meets Uzbekistan minister Link China, Uzbekistan vow to strengthen military cooperation Link

1. http://en.people.cn/90786/8406816.html
2. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/8012465.html

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Chinese PLA Chief of General Staff holds talks with Kyrgyz. Link Kyrgyz President meets with Chinese Defense Minister. Link Chinese Defense Minister Chang Wanquan on Thursday called for further development of China-Kyrgyzstan military ties as a high-ranking Kyrgyz military delegation visited Beijing. Link

1. http://en.people.cn/200112/17/eng20011217_86908.shtml
2. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-04/30/content_4840881_2.htm
3. http://np.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/News/201311/t20131129_1583117.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Link 2016: Lieutenant General Sedki Sobhi, Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and Minister of Defense and Military Production, met with Lieutenant General Wu Shengli, Commander of the Naval Forces of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and his accompanying delegation in Egypt.

1. https://www.youm7.com/story/2016/5/11/%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%89-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89/2712948

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

In Costa Rica there are no senior military commanders or military corps.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.defensa.com/venezuela/ministro-defensa-venezuela-reune-delegaciones-china-rusia-cuba

Supplementary Notes

Tha last mention related to a High Level meeting between senior military leaders from both countries dated from 2015. In that moment, the venezuelan Defense Minister, Vladimir Padrino López met in Caracas with Liu Yuejun (刘跃军), General from the PLA.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is unclear whether the example in the URL would count: it is not a bilateral military to military meeting, but military representatives were clearly present on both sides

1. https://kki.hu/a-kinai-nepkoztarsasag-kozponti-katonai-bizottsaga-nemzetkozi-katonai-egyuttmukodesi-hivatala-delegaciojanak-latogatasa-a-kki-ben/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://nyheder.tv2.dk/politik/2023-11-28-kinesiske-militaerfolk-besoegte-danske-baser-eksperter-kalder-det-normalt-men-politikere-kraever-svar

Supplementary Notes

In the past, yes.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.msb.gov.tr/SlaytHaber/2162019-11714
2. https://ictmedia.com.tr/haber/afad-heyeti-cinde-huawei-ar-ge-merkezini-ziyaret-etti
3. https://www.afad.gov.tr/turkiye-ve-cin-afet-yonetiminde-isbirligini-guclendiriyor

Supplementary Notes

No meeting found on open sources after 2022. However, prior to this date, there were meetings between high ranking general including Air Force Commanders. Turkey's state agency for civil defence also signed an agreement with China to increase civil defence cooperation with China in 2019.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Iceland does not have a military.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indication that such meetings might have taken place

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such evidence found and, given the China-Russia alignment oner the past two years, and Moldova's commitment to EU and NATO, such contacts are very unlinely

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are not aware of any such case.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not during this period. There was a visit from a military delegation from the PRC back in 2017 and they were retired military.

1. https://www.europapress.es/nacional/noticia-aume-recibe-delegacion-ejercito-chino-interesada-conocer-politicas-personal-militar-espana-20071108175833.html

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Afghanistan's ambassador to Beijing stated that China would train Afghan troops on Chinese soil. This military cooperation was described as an effort to fight al Qaeda and Islamic State militants, with Afghanistan also requesting China provide combat helicopters for Afghan security forces. While there have been denials of Chinese troops stationed in Afghanistan, the provision of military training on Chinese soil indicates a level of military cooperation between the two countries.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-afghanistan-idUSKCN1LM1MR/

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://raport.valisluureamet.ee/2023/en/china/6-1-chinas-global-embrace/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such meetings after the new government took power in 2023.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Senior Malaysian military and civilian defense leaders have participated in bilateral meetings with PLA officers at or above the one-star rank in the past, peaking in 2017 before declining and stagnating. There is no evidence of such meetings taking place after 2022. Even though two Chinese naval vessels visited Penang, Malaysia, in early October 2024, led by Chinese Rear Admirals, no reports indicate that senior Malaysian military or civilian defense leaders met with them.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Defense Secretary Gilberto Teodoro and Armed Forces of the Philippines Chief of Staff General Romeo Brawner never had a bilateral meeting with PLA officers. Both officers, however, were able to have a closed-door meeting with Chinese Ambassador Huang Xilian in July 2023. Huang also had a courtesy call with Brawner's predecessor, General Andres Centino back in February 2023.

1. https://www.rappler.com/nation/chinese-ambassador-meets-afp-chief-centino-laser-incident-west-philippine-sea/
2. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/philippine/chinese-envoy-meets-defense-chief-07062023112558.html
3. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/891309/brawner-confirms-telling-chinese-envoy-not-to-block-resupply-missions-istmas-convoy/story/

Supplementary Notes

In December 2023, Senator JV Ejercito revealed that AFP Chief of Staff General Romeo Brawner Jr. told him that in one occasion, Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Huang Xilian confronted the general and even aggressively pointed at him while saying, “Don’t provoke us,” in relation to the issue of the South China Sea. 1) Link

1. https://www.onenews.ph/articles/dinuro-pa-jv-ejercito-reveals-chinese-ambassador-bullied-afp-chief

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this statement.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Without comprehensive data or clear evidence, attempting to answer this question could result in inaccurate or incomplete information. It may be better to skip the question instead.

Answered by , and has been reviewed by

Answer

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama