Military
In my country, military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC.
2024
41/ 96
Affected Countries
Country
Score
Armenia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
"Armenian military officers and doctors’ study in China’s military Universities. Link Armenian soldiers in China, Chinese in Armenia are undergoing effective training. The National Defense Academy of China is one of the best in the world. Armenian officers are also educated or trained here. Link"
- https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/11/30/prospects-of-developments-of-sino-armenian-political-and-military-cooperation/
- http://www.hayzinvor.am/49418.html"
Supplementary Notes
Establishing Joint Armenia–China Peacekeeping Training Center in Armenia Link
Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Armenia >Azerbaijan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Link Today, relations between the two countries in the field of military education are at a high level. According to the agreement reached in the field of military education, representatives of the Azerbaijani Army are studying in the Russian-speaking group at the "High Strategic Command" course. Participation in the course and the high conditions created there allow you to get acquainted with the history, culture and achievements of China. Sightseeing and familiarization tours organized to other cities, scientific research centers, military industrial complexes, military commands, units and military educational institutions, as well as museums and historical places serve to create a broad perception of China. LinkÇində-xüsusi-təlim-keçmiş-aprel-şəhidi---Məhəbbət-Mirzəyevin-həyat-hekayəsi In After successfully completing the Special Forces military course, most of Mahabbat Mirzaev’s colleagues chose him and his friend Elvin and sent him to Guangzhou, People's Republic of China on August 18, 2015 for special training. Here he mastered all the secrets of the shooter-sniper profession and the military. Link With the help of the People's Liberation Army of China, more than 100 officers of the Azerbaijani army received relevant courses in China. China is also interested in developing cooperation with Azerbaijan in the military-technical field, promoting military and dual-use technologies, using the scientific and constructive potential of Azerbaijan. The joint declaration signed by the leaders of the two countries in 2015 states that the parties are ready to continue practical cooperation in the exchange of military delegations, the training of military personnel, military assistance, and other forms. According to the agreement reached in the field of military education, representatives of the Azerbaijani Army are studying in China as part of a Russian-language group at the “High Strategic Command” course. Link
- https://mod.gov.az/az/pre/25450.html
- http://femida.az/az/news/48230/%C3%87ind%C9%99-x%C3%BCsusi-t%C9%99lim-ke%C3%A7mi%C5%9F-aprel-%C5%9F%C9%99hidi---M%C9%99h%C9%99bb%C9%99t-Mirz%C9%99yevin-h%C9%99yat-hekay%C9%99si
- https://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/3462950.html
- https://bakuresearchinstitute.org/en/azerbaijan-china-relations-2/
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Azerbaijan >Kazakhstan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Between 1990 and 2005, only 15 Kazakh officers were sent to China for training. However, this cooperation has grown significantly. Between 2003 and 2009, 65 members of the Kazakh military took courses in Chinese institutions. Link On the occasion of the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) of China, the ambassador noted that the two sides have conducted military exchanges, competitions, and training. They have also closely cooperated on the fight against terrorism, separatism, extremism, and "color revolutions" in the region. Link
- https://jamestown.org/program/military-cooperation-between-china-and-central-asia-breakthrough-limits-and-prospects/
- http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-08/01/c_139257481.htm
Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Kazakhstan >Uzbekistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
2018 - A delegation of the Armed Forces of Uzbekistan visited the National Defense University of China. Then the representatives of the countries decided to establish cooperation between the military universities of the two states. Link 2021 - In the past decade, Chinese universities have been inviting mid- and senior-level military officers from Central Asia and other countries in Eurasia. Chinese military education programs are especially attractive to officers from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, which have limited access to Russian military training. Chinese universities offer dozens of slots for students from Uzbekistan, but Tashkent only takes one-third of them. Students and staff of the Military-Technical Institute of the National Guard of Uzbekistan take Chinese-language classes to build proficiency in case they have an opportunity to study in China. Link Uzbekistan has now educated its senior military officials at Chinese universities. The People’s Liberation Army National Defence University (PLA NDU) and the Armed Forces Academy of Uzbekistan are cooperating on educational exchange. Students and staff of the Military-Technical Institute of the National Guard of Uzbekistan take Chinese-language classes to build proficiency, in case they have an opportunity to study in China. The Chinese PAP has trained local police officers from Uzbekistan in counterterrorism operations using the Cooperation 2019 series. Link In 2022 Uzbekistan participated in PLA Bilateral and Multilateral Exercises (International Army Games 2022: Multinational Military Skills Competition). Link Joint exercises within the Shanghai Cooperation Organization - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) in June 2001, in order to maintain the geopolitical status quo, pledging to fight the ‘three evils’ of terrorism, separatism, and extremism. Link In the past decade, Chinese universities have been inviting mid and senior-level military officers from Central Asia and other countries in Eurasia. Chinese military education programs are especially attractive to officers from Uzbekistan.
- https://uz.sputniknews.ru/20190515/Kitaytsy-perenimayut-opyt-obucheniya-uzbekskikh-voennykh-11507720.html
- https://www.ponarseurasia.org/chinas-expanding-military-education-diplomacy-in-central-asia/
- https://nesa-center.org/dev/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-0426_Chinas-New-Military-Posture-in-Central-Asia.pdf
- https://media.defense.gov/2023/Oct/19/2003323409/-1/-1/1/2023-MILITARY-AND-SECURITY-DEVELOPMENTS-INVOLVING-THE-PEOPLES-REPUBLIC-OF-CHINA.PDF
- https://www.gisreportsonline.com/china-is-winning-the-new-great-game-in-central-asia,politics,1782.html
Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Uzbekistan >Tajikistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
As of mid-2013, the Chinese have been constructing an operational center for the Tajik defense ministry in Dushanbe and inviting several Tajik officers to study in Chinese defense colleges. Link Chinese and Kyrgyz troops trained together in 2021. Link Tajik military officers and border guards went to China for training. Link
- https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/26326365.pdf
- https://eurasianet.org/china-stepping-up-military-cooperation-with-tajikistan
- https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/12/07/how-china-s-foreign-aid-fosters-social-bonds-with-central-asian-ruling-elites-pub-88579
Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Tajikistan >Kyrgyzstan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
The armies of China and Central Asian countries cooperate by sharing experience, and through training provided by the PLA to the region’s militaries. From 2003 to 2009, sixty-five Kazakh officers, along with thirty Tajik and thirty Kyrgyz military specialists, underwent training at Chinese academies. Link Beijing has also moved to train Central Asian military personnel on a bilateral basis. While its numbers still trail those of Russia, both China’s People’s Armed Police (PAP) paramilitary unit and People’s Liberation Army (PLA) academies are training officers from the region, although exact figures are not made public. Link In the last five years, about 30 Kyrgyz officers have been trained by China (2020). Link Participation of the PLA in the Fanfare for Peace Military Tattoos from August 20th to 29th, 2014, in China included nine military bands from China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, with a total of 660 participants. The opening ceremony and marching performance were held at China's National Indoor Stadium, followed by a parade and pageant performance at the Olympic Center, and the closing ceremony of the military tattoo and the Peace Mission-2014 joint counter-terrorism exercise at Zhurihe Training Base in Inner Mongolia. Link
- https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402
- https://www.rferl.org/a/china-seen-as-rising-military-power-in-central-asia-foreshadowing-future-friction-with-russia/30639964.html
- https://www.idsa.in/issuebrief/understanding-chinas-growing-military-outreach-dkumar-030222
- http://www.china-un.ch/eng/dbtyw/cjjk_1/cjjzzdh/t1683060.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Kyrgyzstan >Egypt
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Link The Army Engineering University of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) hosted the third International Army Forum on Military Education via video link. Experts from 21 military academies in 10 countries, including China, Pakistan, Greece, Egypt, and Argentina, participated in the event and exchanged views on the cultivation of junior army officers, the training mode and path for junior army officers, as well as the core competence of the new-type military talents. “China has trained more than 1,800 peacekeepers from other countries, provided demining equipment to Cambodia, Laos, Egypt, and the ASEAN, and trained more than 200 demining personnel” Link The article states that: "military ties between the two countries have been further strengthened through joint military exercises and training programs.". (Source: Link )
- https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/egypts-strategic-partnership-with-china-opportunities-and-implications/
- https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/china-peacekeeping-ministerial.pdf
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/CHINA_209163/TopStories_209189/10198402.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Egypt >Belarus
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Around 77 servicemen of the Armed Forces of Belarus received education in the institutions of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. The two countries also hold regular joint army training exercises. For example, “Hunting Falcon” is a regular exercise designed to strengthen the partnership between the two armies in counteracting terrorist threats. This commitment to military cooperation is further evidenced by the amount of high level exchanges between the two countries. From 2013 to 2017 representatives of the Belarusian Defense Ministry visited China seven times while delegations of the Chinese Defense Ministry paid eleven visits to Belarus. Link JINAN, Aug. 7 (ChinaMil) -- Chinese and Belarusian special operations forces commenced the joint training entitled “Eagle Assault 2018” at a comprehensive training base attached to the Northern Theater Command of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in Jinan City of east China's Shandong Province on the morning of August 5, 2018. Link Belarus, China to advance cooperation in military education Link
- http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-08/07/content_9244657.htm
- https://www.belarus.by/en/government/events/belarus-china-to-advance-cooperation-in-military-education_i_0000128626.html
Supplementary Notes
Belarus, China planning joint military drills for 2024 — media Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Belarus >Mexico
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence that show trainings made by members of Mexican Army in China during 2014. Apart from this information, there is no more about this topic. Therefore, this indicatore deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Mexico >Peru
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
In June 2023, the Ministry of Defense authorized the travel of Major General (r) Walter Roger Martos Ruiz, General Director of the Center for Higher National Studies - Graduate School to participate in the l Forum of Chiefs of National Defense Academies of China, Latin America and the Caribbean, to be held at the International College of Defense Studies of the National Defense University of the People's Liberation Army of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a “Yes” response.
Supplementary Notes
Many more authorizations are registered for different officers of the Armed Forces to participate in courses and events held in the People's Republic of China.
Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Peru >Venezuela
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence that prove realization of military trainings provided by the PLA to venezuelan military officials. Threfore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Venezuela >Chile
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
According to the Ministry of defense “There are exchanges between Chile and China where Chilean officials have traveled to China to participate in some courses, as well as Chinese officials have come to the Chilean academies. Professional exchanges have been channeled through the Joint Commission for Exchange and Cooperation. Instance where China raises its needs and delivers the invitations for Chileans. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3075479/ejercito-chile-estudia-china-metodos-militares-gestion-emergencias
- http://www.oas.org/MFCS/CountryDetailMFCS.aspx?Lang=ENG&Country=CL&MFCS=2&Year=2018
Supplementary Notes
However, all these examples are from before 2018, so maybe we should desestimate this response or assume that, due to the signed agreement, these will continue in the future.
Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Chile >Ecuador
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese state-owned Xiamen Meiya Pico Information Co. Ltd. trained Ecuadorian military forces. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Ecuador >Gambia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
yes
Supplementary Notes
Masanneh Nyuku Kinteh, Gambia's ambassador to China was a for Chief of Defence Staff of The Gambia, and did receive in his military days some training from the PRC
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Gambia >Algeria
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
After Moscow, Algeria is looking to China for a new defense and armament foothold. Algeria is seeking to diversify its sources of arms procurement, enhance the arsenal of the army with modern systems, and train military personnel, especially amid fears of unforeseen developments that may occur regionally or in the balance of international power. July 2023. Article 2: The supervisors of the defense sector in Algeria aim to launch a partnership to develop, at an early stage, activities related to assembly, research, and training for the benefit of the emerging Algerian military industry in this field. November 2023 Article 3: Although Algeria does not have an allied relationship with either China or Russia, in contrast to Russia and Syria, it is important to note that Algeria has participated in multinational military manoeuvres in which China has also taken part, and hence said activity should be listed in this article. The Panamax 2022 manoeuvres, held from 12 to 27 August 2022 in Venezuela, allowed military personnel from both countries, as well as contingents from Russia, Belarus, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Myanmar, Uzbekistan and Venezuela to share resources and procedures and become familiar with one another.
- https://www.alaraby.co.uk/politics/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%B2-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AD
- https://aawsat.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7/4668396-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%C2%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%91%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%C2%BB
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Algeria >Serbia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Serbian and Chinese armed forces have been participating in mutual training and education activities for over a decade. They are mostly tied to NBC protection and cyber security. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
- https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/429445/Drustvo/Kineska-delegacija-obisla-Vojnu-akademiju
- https://www.axios.com/2023/02/28/china-training-developing-countries
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Serbia >Turkey
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Traditionally, Turkey has sent its officers to the US and other Western allies for education at military academies. However, since 2014, the Turkish Armed Forces have been sending their officers to China for military education. For this purpose, Chinese language instructors were hired by Turkish military high schools and academies.
- https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turk-askeri-artik-cinde-egitim-alacak-50897
- https://www.trmilitary.org/viewtopic.php?t=4336
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Turkey >Moldova
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Acording to the commanders of the Moldovan army, study grants have been offered in the past to young officers by the Chinese party, on medical and logistics specialities, but no further details are available
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Moldova >Pakistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Pakistan and China have a deep military to military cooperation. They regularly hold joint exercises and drills. Pakistan law enforcement officers have been trained by the PRC.
Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Pakistan >Afghanistan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Reports indicate that Afghan troops received military training in China during the former Afghan government.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-afghanistan-idUSKCN1LM1MR
- https://www.bbc.com/pashto/afghanistan/2014/02/140222_hh-china-fm-visitst-kabul
Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Afghanistan >Nigeria
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Nigeria is mentioned in an article about the dispatching of a taskforce to do anti-piracy exercises. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Nigeria >South Africa
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Joint military exercises are held with the PRC, so this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore South Africa >Senegal
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Senegal sends 10 participants to China each year for training with the Central Military Commission.
- https://merics.org/en/report/chinas-growing-peace-and-security-role-africa
- https://africacenter.org/fr/spotlight/le-travail-politique-militaire-de-la-chine-et-la-formation-militaire-professionnelle-en-afrique/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Senegal >Kenya
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is evidence that one ranking members of the military studied and earned their masters degrees from the National Defence University-China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Kenya >Singapore
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Singapore military personnel have received some level of training and education in the PRC given existing arrangements for military education and academic exchange.
- https://mothership.sg/2020/04/singapore-mindef-covid-19-china-pla/
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2022/june/09jun22_nr2/!ut/p/z1/rZLJTsMwEIafhUOO7gxOWrfcwiIWEcpSIPEFOamzQGKXxDT07ZkCB5BoERK-WB5_M_PPb4OEGKRRy6pQrrJG1XRO5OhBTA8PTjDgF9PhbBfDu9nsfLh_cXorRnAHEuQiq-aQZEEquBKKCZ_7LEhHKVMYIJvnqHKep9wXfE1nxi1cCUlTmbnOWWaN08Z5WNpGe2h03zFl5kwvKdp5WCunO8daXWvVaQpw5NzDxxdDNE5o5_zBtBzuf9Mq6Ro3rBApX74j06vgeDdAfj6NrodUYTIZz_CS47H4BLbUSEiD2KxBwP2y0j3cGts2ZO_NH907QTh7l7BlSnqy6vH5WYbk9NraVwfxf1tNPXgbHUQFqVeuZJXJLcRrGuI1DfFXmiQXtU0_vlNoUn9Mea3OdavbwUtL4dK5RbfnoYd93w8Ka4taDzLbePhTSmk7muk7CYumGfsr9pRHR34g01WfR26YhDtv0HJ2pg!!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/?urile=wcm%3Apath%3A%2Fmindef-content%2Fhome%2Fnews-and-events%2Flatest-releases%2F2022%2FJune%2F09jun22_nr2
- https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/singapore-china-sign-defence-agreement-scale-army-navy-exercises-establish-regular
- https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/20oct19_nr
- https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-defence-cooperation-ng-eng-hen-wei-fenghe-2737176
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Singapore >Brazil
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
One Brazilian Army officer will attend the National Military Security and Command Course, to be held at the International College of Defense Studies of the National Defense University of China, in the city of Beijing, starting in February 2024. Before, in 2020, three other Brazilian Army officers completed a course at the same institution. The course lasted for 1 year. Also in 2020, another Brazilian army officer completed a General Staff course at the China People's Liberation Army (PLA) Land Force Command School. In 2019, another Brazilian army officer also completed the General Staff course at the Command School of the Land Force of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA).
- https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/06/coroneis-brasileiros-foram-a-china-seguidas-vezes-cursar-estudos-estrategicos-e-ministrar-curso-de-guerra-na-selva.html
- https://www.sociedademilitar.com.br/2023/12/mais-um-oficial-do-exercito-brasileiro-e-enviado-para-a-china-curso-de-seguranca-nacional.html
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Brazil >Vietnam
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
At the end of 2023, China organized a joint military exercise Peace and Friendship with 5 ASEAN members. The drills focused mainly on anti-terrorism and anti-piracy activities. Representatives of the participating ASEAN countries including Vietnam claimed that the exercise did not signalize inclination to China but rather the effort to interconnect the region in terms of naval security. Both defense ministers of two countries witnessed the signing of cooperation agreements between the agencies of their two ministries, which included a memorandum of understanding on military medical cooperation, an agreement on military staff education, and a memorandum of understanding on military education between Vietnam’s National Defense Academy and China’s Defense University.
- https://www.voanews.com/a/china-hosts-military-exercises-with-5-asean-members/7360416.html
- https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/china-vietnam-military-ties-in-the-headlines-with-defense-ministers-meeting/
- http://www.81.cn/szb_223187/szbxq/index.html?paperName=jfjb&paperDate=2023-06-28&paperNumber=02&articleid=908991
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Vietnam >Nepal
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
In 2009, China said it will train the Nepalese Army and pledged Rs 220 million as military assistance for procuring "non lethal" hardware and logistics. IN 2023, it was reported that Nepal Army is soon sending some of its officials to China to pursue the National Defense Course (NDC). In 2023, Nepal's Army chief visited different units and training centres of the Chinese Army in Xi’an, Shanghai and Guangzhou.
- https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/08/18/nepal-china-to-resume-joint-military-drills
- https://kathmandupost.com/national/2023/10/27/nepal-army-chief-leaves-sharma-for-china
- https://www.indiatoday.in/world/neighbours/story/china-to-train-nepal-army-pledges-rs-220-mn-aid-63139-2009-12-15
Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi
Explore Nepal >Zimbabwe
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Offcials from Zimbabwe's defence forces including the airforce and the army have received various forms of training in the PRC.
Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi
Explore Zimbabwe >Democratic Republic of the Congo
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
It's a regular cooperation between the two countries. Many DRC military officials had, or do receive military training from China
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula
Explore Democratic Republic of the Congo >Malaysia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) has completed the 10-day long Exercise Aman Youyi-2023 (Peace and Friendship 2023) joint military exercise which also featured Cambodian, Lao, Malaysian, Thai and Vietnamese forces.
- https://www.halldale.com/articles/22132-mst-chinese-pla-concludes-aman-youyi-2023-joint-counterterrorism-and-maritime-security-exercises
- http://my.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgxw/202308/t20230801_11120846.htm
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Malaysia >Philippines
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
In August 2023, Philippine senators found out that a number of military officials graduated from "Beijing military academy," which turned out to be People's Liberation Army National Defense University. A defense senior official confirmed this, but clarified that the programs were only availed by senior military officers with ranks of lieutenant colonel and higher. The courses usually take a year, with the Chinese government providing allowance and billeting.
- https://web.archive.org/web/20230807114826/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/8/7/filipino-cadets-chinese-military-academy-.html
- https://legacy.senate.gov.ph/press_release/2023/0808_tulfo1.asp
- https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/philippinessenatechinamiltaryexchangeprograms.htm
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Philippines >Thailand
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Thai military participated in shared destiny exercise in 2021 in China's Henan.
Supplementary Notes
Falcon Strike-2023 in Udorn Royal Thai Air Force Base. Link Joint Strike-2023 in Lop Buri Province, Thailand, focus on joint counter-terrorism operations. Link
- http://eng.mod.gov.cn/xb/News_213114/TopStories/16236106.html
- https://smninewschannel.com/thailand-china-to-hold-more-joint-drills/
Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Thailand >Uganda
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Top Ugandan Generals who have key roles in the army leadership and served in strategic positions abroad have been some of the beneficiaries of such training/educational activities.
- https://www.independent.co.ug/how-china-shapes-ugandas-generals/
- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/china-pla-military-political-work-pme-africa/
Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Uganda >Mozambique
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
According to the Mozambican government's platform, the Nanjing Military Academy in China has a long and close connection with Mozambique in the training of officers for the Mozambican Armed Defence Forces. In my country , military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by PRC.
- https://portaldogoverno.gov.mz/por/Imprensa/PR-recebe-primeira-ministra-da-Italia-Giorgia-Meloni/PR-elogia-Academia-Militar-de-Nanjing
- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/china-pla-military-political-work-pme-africa/
Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Mozambique >Japan
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
The National Defense Academy has a short-term exchange program with a Chinese service academy. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.
Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki
Explore Japan >Indonesia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There was a joint military exercise that was carried out by the Chinese military with the Indonesian military, and even invited the militaries of countries such as North Korea, Russia, South Korea and the United States amid tensions in the Asia Pacific region.
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Indonesia >Saudi Arabia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
In 2016, Saudi Special Forces traveled to Chengdu for joint training exercises with their Chinese counterparts, including anti-terrorism drills, hostage situations, and extreme weather condition drills.59 In late 2019, the two countries held a three-week joint naval exercise at a Saudi base “to build trust between the two sides to combat maritime terrorism and piracy."
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Saudi Arabia >Qatar
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
As stated, Qatar and China have good military relations, they have even established various collaborations, one of which is military exchanges.
- https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/11919/nation/qatar-china-ties-have-seen-rapid-development-defence-attache
- http://en.people.cn/n3/2017/1220/c90000-9306770.html
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore Qatar >Cambodia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Yes, most notably through the annual "Golden Dragon Drills"
Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.
Explore Cambodia >Australia
Yes
Answer ( 4 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Some Australian air force pilots have allegedly been offered lucrative packages to teach Chinese pilots how to fly Western attack aircraft. A former US Marine Corps aviator, now a naturalised Australian citizen, was arrested for training Chinese fighter pilots to land on aircraft carriers. There is no record of Australian military professionals being trained in PRC-run military training programmes.
- https://www.ft.com/content/91ec25af-6dcd-47da-995d-2a07510eac01
- https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/dec/13/australian-daniel-duggan-former-us-marine-pilot-training-chinese-fighter-pilots
- https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/9/australia-moves-to-block-pilots-from-training-chinese-military
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh
Explore Australia >Georgia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
The meeting between Juansher Burchuladze, the Georgian Minister of Defense, and Zhou Qian, the new Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the People's Republic of China, focused on Georgian-Chinese defence cooperation. Link
Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Georgia >Latvia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Latvia >Jordan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
Defence Attaché Col. Li Pengfei said that the Jordanian-Chinese military relationship is an important part of the strategic partnership between the two countries, especially in terms of joint personnel education. Link
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Jordan >Lebanon
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
No evidence was found.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova
Explore Lebanon >Mongolia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Supplementary Notes
The militaries of China and Mongolia will hold a joint exercise in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region on Friday, according to the annual plan for border defense exchanges and cooperation between the two countries, the Chinese Defense Ministry announced on Thursday. Link The Chinese military will send troops to attend a multinational peacekeeping exercise in Mongolia, a new defense spokesman announced on Friday. Link
- https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/360608#Chinese-Mongolian-militaries-to-hold-joint-exercise
- https://www.chinadailyhk.com/article/336382
Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili
Explore Mongolia >Panama
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Panama >Costa Rica
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Supplementary Notes
On December 1, 2023, Costa Rica commemorated 75 years since the visionary decision was made to abolish the army in the country.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Costa Rica >Colombia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is currently no recent evidence that Colombian military personnel have received training in China in recent years. However, visits by Chinese military personnel to Colombia for training are more common.
- https://www.eslog.mil.co/generales-del-ejercito-de-china-admirados-del-entrenamiento-militar-del-cenae/
- https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3073907/china-estudia-cenae-sistemas-capacitacion-militar-colombia
- https://www.csis.org/analysis/colombias-relationship-prc
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano
Explore Colombia >France
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore France >Bangladesh
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
We could not get definite information about any military training in 2023 participated by Bangladesh forces. But there were some visits.
- http://bd.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dshd/202308/t20230823_11130854.htm
- https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/armed-forces/news/air-chief-china-3370561
- https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/319552/bangladesh-air-force-chief-returns-from-china
- https://features.csis.org/snapshots/china-submarine-diplomacy/
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel
Explore Bangladesh >Lithuania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis
Explore Lithuania >Bulgaria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík
Explore Bulgaria >Austria
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
While a cooperation agreement on education and training has been made in 2005, there is no evidence suggesting that Austrian military professionals have participated in military education or training programs provided by the PRC. As of 2021, the Confucius Institute in Vienna provided Chinese language courses for Austria's military forces. It is unclear, however, whether that is still the case. Moreover, this cannot be deemed military education or training.
- https://www.bmlv.gv.at/cms/artikel.php?ID=2494
- https://www.diepresse.com/5979536/das-bundesheer-und-die-china-versteher
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl
Explore Austria >Hungary
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Hungary >Belgium
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Belgium >Slovakia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Slovakia >Sweden
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
No evidence to suggest otherwise.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Sweden >Finland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Finland >Denmark
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Denmark >Ireland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi
Explore Ireland >Albania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Albania >Montenegro
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Montenegro >Greece
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Greece >North Macedonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore North Macedonia >Iceland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Iceland has no military professionals.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Iceland >Portugal
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Portugal >Romania
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
A few members of the military went to China for language courses in the 1990s and early 2000s, but these were isolated cases there is no information that they proper received military education in the PRC. The Geandarmerie also benefited from trainings in traditional Chinese martial arts after 2013. Both these programs seem to have involved a limited number of people and were stopped many years ago. Military colaboration is unthinkable today, given the political alignment in our region after Russia's aggression against Ukraine and PRC's support for the former
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Romania >Italy
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of such a phenomenon and due to Italy's NATO membership, it is likely impossible.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Italy >Netherlands
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no indication of such a phenomenon and due to NATO membership, it is likely impossible.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Netherlands >Ukraine
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita
Explore Ukraine >Spain
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
It is not the military and it is not military training but Guardia Civil (Spanish police) participates in a cybersecurity contest with Huawei that trains the officers.
- https://www.elconfidencialdigital.com/articulo/seguridad/guardia-civil-acepta-patrocinio-huawei-competicion-ciberseguridad-mientras-ue-estados-unidos-vetan-miedo-espionaje-chino/20230925170338641260.html
- https://www.huawei.com/es/news/es/2019/huawei-espana-colabora-con-la-guardia-civil-para-promover-la-ciberseguridad
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Spain >Nicaragua
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Only law enforcement officers (police) participated in seminars.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez
Explore Nicaragua >Bolivia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
No evidence found of Bolivian military being trained by the PRC.
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Bolivia >Paraguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan
Explore Paraguay >Turkmenistan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Not Found
Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau
Explore Turkmenistan >India
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon
- https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-enlists-five-more-countries-to-send-their-officers-to-train-at-the-national-defence-college/articleshow/79039519.cms
- https://web.archive.org/web/20240108062306/https://www.businessinsider.in/defense/news/india-enlists-five-more-countries-to-send-their-officers-to-train-at-the-national-defence-college/articleshow/79039519.cms
Supplementary Notes
India provides military training to other countries to counter China's influence.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore India >Ethiopia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Ethiopia >Taiwan
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
Taiwan would not recognize the military education in PRC, since China is a military hostile country to Taiwan.
- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-defence-idUSKBN2BB16V
- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729538
Supplementary Notes
China has viewed Taiwan as its breakaway province since KMT lost the civil war and fled to the island in 1949. And it has ramped up military activities in recent months, seeking to assert its sovereignty. The BBC article gives an overall description of the conflict between China and Taiwan.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Taiwan >Czech Republic
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There used to be a limited cooperation between the police forces, as well as the emergency medical services.
- https://www.lidovky.cz/svet/sanghaj-pozastavila-oficialni-styky-s-prahou-reaguje-na-smlouvu-ceske-metropole-s-tchaj-peji.A200114_084351_ln_zahranici_vag.
- https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/cina-policie-bis-tajne-sluzby-zima.A191122_190819_domaci_jum
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Czech Republic >Estonia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon, but a delegation of Chinese military school personnel did visit the Estonian Defence Force in 2016.
Supplementary Notes
In 2000, the Chinese Defence Ministry sent a delegation to visit Estonian Defence Training Institute.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Estonia >Poland
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Poland >Russia
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.
Explore Russia >New Zealand
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
No, but former NZDF staff hav been involved in training PLA pilots (see link)
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore New Zealand >Timor-Leste
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There are joint military exercise, however it is unclear who provided it.
Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Timor-Leste >Argentina
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Argentina >Uruguay
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro
Explore Uruguay >El Salvador
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.
Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz
Explore El Salvador >Angola
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Angola >South Korea
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
We are unable to find any source which indicates it
Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama
Explore South Korea >Canada
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Not Found
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin
Explore Canada >United States
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.
Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore United States >Germany
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
There has been little training offered to PLA soldiers by the German army in the past. (See Indicator no. 9)
Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Germany >United Kingdom
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
No publicly available evidence to support this statement.
Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh
Explore United Kingdom >Israel
No
Answer ( 0 / 4 )
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
According to sources in the IDF, there is no indication of that.
Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Israel >Bosnia and Herzegovina
Skip
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska
Explore Bosnia and Herzegovina >Myanmar
Skip
Answer
Skip
No
Yes
Supporting Evidence
The evidence of the data of participation of military professionals are being kept as confidential though there are verbal reports on the pariticipation of Myanmar military professionals in the training programs of PRC.
Answered by 3 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.
Explore Myanmar >
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