Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The State Committee for the Defense Industry of Uzbekistan intends to involve Chinese technologies in joint projects, according to the department's press service. A delegation from the Main Directorate for the Development of Arms and Military Equipment of the Central Military Council of the People's Republic of China is currently in Tashkent. During the visit, Uzbek and Chinese officials will discuss existing and future cooperation projects in the fields of weapons, military equipment, and technologies. They will also address the timing of these projects and the systematic development of cooperation. The Chinese delegation has already been introduced to military and dual-use products manufactured by Uzbekistan's military-industrial complex.

1. https://www.gazeta.uz/ru/2021/08/19/china/

Supplementary Notes

Beijing is also funding language courses at Uzbekistan’s National Guard’s Military-Technical Institute. The Chinese military, the People’s Liberation Army, has established educational exchanges with the Uzbek Armed Forces Academy. The People’s Liberation Army National Defence University (PLA NDU) and the Armed Forces Academy of Uzbekistan are cooperating on educational exchanges. Students and staff of the Military-Technical Institute of the National Guard of Uzbekistan are taking Chinese-language classes to build proficiency, in case they have the opportunity to study in China. Link Link

1. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-uzbekistan-bilateral-relations
2. https://nesa-center.org/dev/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/2022-0426_Chinas-New-Military-Posture-in-Central-Asia.pdf

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"In addition to expanding the Saudi fleet, the new facility can operate as a hub for manufacturing and servicing for other CH-4 operators in the Middle East, including Egypt, Iraq and Jordan." Link Link This then came around the same time as the Jordanian Armed Forces (JAF) accepted a Chinese grant of around $4.7 million to purchase Chinese military equipment Link

1. https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/03/28/china-to-open-a-drone-factory-in-saudi-arabia/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-middle-east-an-emerging-market-for-chinese-arms-exports/
3. https://encyclopediageopolitica.com/2020/09/23/chinas-ambitions-in-the-kingdom-of-jordan/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"In addition to expanding the Saudi fleet, the new facility can operate as a hub for manufacturing and servicing for other CH-4 operators in the Middle East, including Egypt, Iraq, and Jordan." Link Link The China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC) and the Egyptian Navy have put in place plans to collaborate on potential defense trade and industrial and technological collaboration. Link

1. https://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/03/28/china-to-open-a-drone-factory-in-saudi-arabia/
2. https://thediplomat.com/2021/06/the-middle-east-an-emerging-market-for-chinese-arms-exports/
3. https://www.military.africa/2019/05/csic-egyptian-navy-to-collaborate-on-the-technology-industry-and-defense-trade/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Belarus co-produced or received technology of multiple launch rocket system “Polonez” Link Link(multiple_rocket_launcher)"

1. https://www.imemo.ru/en/publications/periodical/RNSE/archive/2018/3/international-relations/military-technical-cooperation-between-belarus-and-china-in-rocketry
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonez_(multiple_rocket_launcher)

Supplementary Notes

The sides discussed the next year's Belarusian-Chinese planned military cooperation events. A memorandum on establishing twinning relations between the defense ministries of Belarus and China in the area of international military cooperation was signed.Oleg Voinov and Ci Guowei underlined the presence of good prospects for Belarus-China military cooperation and the importance of further enhancement and development of these prospects. Belarus-China relations of trustful comprehensive strategic partnership and mutually beneficial cooperation were emphasized. Link A big Belarusian military delegation visited China back in April this year. They negotiated with representatives of the air forces and 11 companies. Increase of military and technical cooperation was the subject of these negotiations. They spoke about modernization of system of operation and control over the air forces, as well as about manufacturing of heavy chassis for launchers of rockets of different types. Link Belarus aims to step up defence cooperation with China Link

1. https://eng.belta.by/society/view/belarusian-chinese-defense-ministries-sign-military-technical-cooperation-memorandum-145668-2021/
2. https://euroradio.fm/en/belarus-and-china-increase-military-cooperation
3. https://belarusinfocus.pro/belarus-russia-relations/belarus-stance-syrian-crisis-had-no-impact-bilateral-relations-and/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Algeria embarks on manufacturing heavy Chinese weaponry June 2023. Algerian Army Seeks China’s Expertise in Drone Manufacturing Nov 2023

1. https://www.military.africa/2023/06/algeria-embarks-on-manufacturing-heavy-chinese-weaponry/
2. https://english.aawsat.com/arab-world/4669446-algerian-army-seeks-china%E2%80%99s-expertise-drone-manufacturing

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Austrian aircraft producer Diamont Aircraft entered a comprehensive technical cooperation with CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (referred to below as CETC Wuhu) 中电科芜湖钻石飞机制造有限公司. In 2019, CETC Wuhu announced the completion of first flight of its TA-20 basic military trainer aircraft – “[…] a joint venture between CETC and the Wuhu Municipal Government, which builds aircraft under licence from Austria’s Diamond Aircraft Industries”. The TA-20 is a development of Diamond's DART-450. In addition, the Austrian aircraft parts maker FACC is under majority ownership (91.25%) of Chinese planemaker Xi'an Aircraft International (XAC) 西安飞机工业集团股份有限公司, a subsidiary of Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC) 中国航空工业集团公司, since 2009. As part of AVIC XAC, FACC supplies components to major Western aircraft producers and to Chinese producers. According to reports, AVIC XAC produces military and civilian aircraft (components), suggesting that FACC co-develops military equipment with PRC-related entities. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.key.aero/article/diamond-dart-450-reborn-chinas-ta-20
2. https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/CN/000768/company-people
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE5931LT/
4. https://www.faz.net/aktuell/finanzen/finanzmarkt/portrait-chinas-luftfahrt-lockt-facc-15189711.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of early 2023, the Pegasus unmanned aerial vehicle, produced through Serbian-Chinese military-technical cooperation, has been introduced as part of the equipment used by the Army of Serbia. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.novosti.rs/drustvo/vesti/1187452/pegazov-let-vojsku-srbije-vojnotehnicki-institut-spreman-isporuku-prvih-domacih-bespilotnih-letelica

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan and China's defense ties are deep and they go back decades. The two countries cooperate in the production and transfer of tanks, missiles, aircrafts and other military equipment.

1. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202211/1279689.shtml

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In terms of Russian aircraft engine supplies to China, cooperation is being seriously curtailed, if not phased out, as China develops its own aircraft engine production. On its part, Russia is trying to extend these supplies as long as possible.

1. https://www.trtrussian.com/tehnologii/knr-nachala-osnashat-istrebiteli-sobstvennymi-dvigatelyami-vzamen-rossijskih-11064559
2. https://interaffairs.ru/news/show/24125

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is reported that a reception was held on board the People's Liberation Army (PLA) destroyer Nanning, which docked at Port Klang, in a city in Malaysia.

1. https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2023/08/944772/friendship-sea-china-malaysia-naval-exchange-strengthened-pla-ship

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Argentina and China have been collaborating on the Chinese-Argentine radio telescope (CART) for over a decade. At least 30 Chinese scientists and technicians will move to San Juan to continue working on the project, which will be a huge step towards space and terrestrial exploration. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://sisanjuan.gob.ar/ciencia-tecnologia-e-innovacion/2023-07-10/50255-grandes-avances-en-el-proyecto-del-radio-telescopio-chino-argentino-cart
2. https://newsargenchina.ar/contenido/4391/cientificos-chinos-se-instalan-en-san-juan-para-trabajar-en-el-radiotelescopio-c
3. https://sisanjuan.gob.ar/ciencia-tecnologia-e-innovacion/2023-08-10/50892-proyecto-cart-explorando-los-cielos-y-la-tierra-desde-la-provincia-de-san-juan
4. https://www.pagina12.com.ar/582968-arriban-a-san-juan-las-piezas-para-la-instalacion-de-cart-el

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there have been no public reports of its implementation, a law was passed in 2022 providing a framework for cooperation between the two defense ministries, in which "research" is one of the first items of the agreement. Therefore, this agreement deserves a "yes" response.

1. http://www.diputados.gub.uy/data/docs/LegActual/Repartid/R0694.pdf
2. https://medios.presidencia.gub.uy/legal/2022/leyes/12/mdn_406.pdf
3. https://www.impo.com.uy/bases/leyes-internacional/19558-2017
4. https://ceiso.com.ar/ries/index.php/ojs/article/download/39/13/35

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has been the among the top destinations of Philippine products. In 2022, China ranked as the Philippines' No. 1 trading partner out of 230 countries, and the third-largest export market. The top Philippine products exported to China are integrated circuits, nickel ore, and refined cooper, which are components of military and law enforcement equipment. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://innovate.dti.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/China-TIR.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Equipment and assets of the Armed Forces of the Philippines are imported from Western countries, as well as Japan, South Korea, Israel and Turkey, under government-to-government procurement. Basic weaponry and ammunition of the Philippine military and police are produced by the Government Arsenal. In April 2019, the Philippines’ Government Arsenal and South Korea firms Samyang Comtech and Buhueng Precision launched the construction of manufacturing plants for force protection equipment and 5.56 mm magazines in Bataan province.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A joint defense facility was established in Khon Kaen, Thailand, through a partnership between Thailand's Defence Technology Institute (DTI) and China North Industries Corporation (Norinco). This facility focuses on assembling, producing, and maintaining Chinese land weapon systems for domestic Thai military use, with potential to support other ASEAN nations. A joint maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility is being developed to support Thailand’s expanding Chinese military equipment fleet. It will focus on military vehicles like VT4 main battle tanks and VN-1 armored vehicles, offer component production capabilities, and include technology transfer and training from Chinese personnel. This cooperation is part of a broader military-technical relationship that includes annual defense talks to coordinate military efforts, joint research and development, and an increasing reliance on Chinese military imports, now comprising 44% of Thailand's total imports. It also involves technical support from Chinese military professionals, especially in submarine technology.

1. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1361683/thailand-plans-joint-arms-factory-with-china
2. https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/thailand-china-progress-plan-to-establish-joint-mro-facility
3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/2162944/chinese-shipbuilder-starts-work-us411-million-submarine-thai
4. https://jamestown.org/program/china-and-thailand-enhancing-military-security-ties-in-the-21st-century/
5. https://thediplomat.com/2024/10/whats-behind-the-china-thailand-strike-2024-exercise/

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uganda signed agreements for the creation of national security communication systems. This system is reported to be used by the police, army, and intelligence agencies in Uganda.

1. http://www.chinaafricarealstory.com/2019/04/chinese-lending-to-africa-for-military.html

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Saudi and Chinese industry have joined forces to design and build military drones in the kingdom. Advanced Communications and Electronics Systems Co. signed an agreement with China Electronics Technology Group Corp. In 2022, the two countries' defense ministries were also said to be discussing the establishment of joint military production lines in the Kingdom. The General Authority for Military Industries (GAMI) is said to be taking part in this project.

1. https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2022/03/09/chinese-and-saudi-firms-create-joint-venture-to-make-military-drones-in-the-kingdom/
2. https://www.tacticalreport.com/daily/60472-saudi-gami-china-and-joint-military-production-industries

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Researchers at 50 Canadian universities have conducted and published numerous joint scientific papers from 2005 to 2022 with Chinese military scientists at the National University of Defence Technology (NUDT, 国防科技大学), a university under the supervision of Chinese Communist Party’s Central Military Commission.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240912061036/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/politics/article-chinese-military-scientists-canadian-universities/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Boeing, a major commercial and defense aircraft manufacturer, has joint ventures in China producing parts and completing and converting jets.

1. https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-puts-lockheed-raytheon-on-trade-blacklist-over-taiwan-arms-sales-5006c360

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While no research institute in the UK has explicitly entered into agreements to codevelop or coproduce military equipment, research centres have entered into partnership agreements on research with potential military applications with Chinese companies. For example, Imperial College London (ICL) had joint labs with state-owned Chinese arms manufacturers governed by partnerships that ended only in 2022. Cambridge University involved a Chinese arms manufacturer as a core research partner in a photonics centre. There are a number of other examples. The extent to which the collaboration involves the co-developmement of 'military equipment' per se varies: in ICL's case, the UK government deemed that military equipment was being co-developed and refused to grant an export license; in Cambridge's case, the university maintains that there was no 'dual use' or military research and there is no evidence of an export license issue being involved in the termination of the partnership (in September 2023).

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/ukunis-chinafund-11172023021938.html
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/sep/11/imperial-college-to-shut-joint-research-ventures-with-chinese-defence-firms
3. https://ukctransparency.org/projects-2/cambridge-university-and-the-chinese-military/
4. https://www.varsity.co.uk/news/26026
5. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/2/8/uk-academics-investigated-over-china-military-research-report

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Defense Memorandum with “Motor Sich”-Link This evidence is in supplementary notes because the case about the ownership of the company is in arbitration court, the process isn't finalised Link

1. https://civicidea.ge/en/echo-of-the-rocket-fraud-in-georgia-defense-memorandum-with-motor-sich/new/
2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202211/1279272.shtml

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Armenia seeks to cultivate defense cooperation with China, notably with the Norinko and Poly Group companies. Link In the framework of the BRI initiative, China will strive toward growth of military-technical and military-political cooperation with the BRI participating countries. This firstly means that those countries’ and China’s military bodies will strengthen cooperation. They will build joint centers for military production. The Chinese will work toward the acquisition of military bases or similar structures in these countries, and toward increasing the volume of Chinese arms exports to them. The next recommendation is that in the context of Belt and Road Initiative Armenia and China establish production of aforementioned weapons which will be possible to sell in the Middle East and Eurasian Economic Union as well. Link

1. https://cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13564-military-procurements-on-armenias-and-azerbaijans-defense-agendas.html
2. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2019/11/30/prospects-of-developments-of-sino-armenian-political-and-military-cooperation/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Supplementary Notes

During the sixth meeting of the Chinese-Kazakh Business Council, Tokayev stated that Kazakhstan was strategically interested in the establishment of joint innovation companies, technology parks, and information technology (IT) centers. He highlighted that in the capital, an international technology park for IT start-ups, “Astana Hub,” has been opened. Tokayev emphasized the focus on “big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence (AI), cloud technologies, and supercomputers.” Link

1. https://jamestown.org/program/tracking-the-digital-component-of-the-bri-in-central-asia-part-two-developments-in-kazakhstan/

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite the mutual intentions to develop together military technology showed in a 2016´s meeting between mexican top officials and their counterparts in China, there is no evidence os the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.infodefensa.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3079140/china-mexico-cooperaran-desarrollo-tecnologia-militar

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://presidencia.gobiernocarlosalvarado.cr/comunicados/2021/02/china-dona-a-costa-rica-mas-de-%E2%82%A13-000-millones-en-motocicletas-y-equipos-para-resguardar-seguridad-ciudadana/

Supplementary Notes

Costa Rica is one of the two countries in the Americas that has no armed forces. Although at some point it receives donations for the police from China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://mppre.gob.ve/2019/10/15/venezuela-china-acuerdos-transferencia-tecnologica
2. https://www.controlciudadano.org/web/wp-content/uploads/FANB-Adquisicio%CC%81n-Armas.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Venezuela has been purchasing chinese miliatry or law enforcement equipment. Despite both countries have signed technology tranfers in this field, none of this agreements had brought vo-developing activities between both countries.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This question was answered by the Defense Minister in 2021. We also provide a complete list of military equipment referred to on their respective Wikipedia pages (which have their own referrences).

1. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Material_b%C3%A9lico_del_Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Chile
2. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Material_b%C3%A9lico_de_la_Armada_de_Chile
3. https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Material_b%C3%A9lico_de_la_Fuerza_A%C3%A9rea_de_Chile

Supplementary Notes

In 2021, the email with the full response of the defense ministry was attached as an annex.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Supplementary Notes

There is no history of this in Colombia, and there does not seem to be any indication of such an agreement being a possibility between the two countries as the focus of the relationship remains mainly diplomatic and economic.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No reports about co-development or co-producing observed.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not a case in Bosnia

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Iceland does not develop or produce any military or law-enforcement euipment.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Romania is an EU and NATO member state, so it does not collaborate with the PRC on weapons development

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Moldova is not ană producer and/or exporter of military or law enforcement equipment

1. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indication of such cooperation and it is highly unlikely something like this would be accepted by the current government in Italy. Further, it would more likely be rescidended, similar to the Golden Powers case. Therefore, the indicator deserves a "No" rating.

1. https://first.art-er.it/_aster_/viewNews/46950/italia-cina-online-il-piano-d-azione-per-il-2025

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indication of such cooperation and it is highly unlikely something like this would be accepted in the Netherlands. Therefore, the indicator deserves a "No" rating.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ukraine and China do not have join production, although such plans existed in the past. However, China is building certain military products based on technical documentation from Ukraine.

1. https://chinaobservers.eu/why-ukraine-is-reassessing-its-defense-cooperation-with-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

They signed a cooperation agreement in 2016 but no co-development or production of military or law enforcement equipment informed to have been the result.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At the moment, there is neither the capacity nor any agreement for the co-production of military equipment with China.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At least not publicly disclosed, but as noted in the report "China Intends to Become an Investment Partner in Turkmenistan's Shipbuilding Industry," Turkmenistan has some warship and submarine capacity, and Chinese companies have expressed interest in working with the shipbuilding sector in Turkmenistan.

1. http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=13929

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/india-bars-makers-of-military-drones-from-using-chinese-parts-393198-2023-08-08#:~:text=India%20in%20recent%20months%20has,and%20documents%20reviewed%20by%20Reuters.
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240108061157/https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/in-focus/story/india-bars-makers-of-military-drones-from-using-chinese-parts-393198-2023-08-08

Supplementary Notes

India does not co-develop or co-produce military or law-enforcement equipments with the PRC, rather it has been developing more restrictions on usage of PRC technology in this space as evidenced by the barring of importing of components from PRC for sensitive military equipments.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

None is known, but the Singapore defence and security establishment is highly secretive. The current level of engagement in public appears to be over military education and academic exchanges.

1. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/20oct19_nr
2. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/china-singapore-defence-cooperation-ng-eng-hen-wei-fenghe-2737176

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan doesn't co-develop or co-produce military or law-enforcement equipment with PRC, since PRC is a military hostile country to Taiwan.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-defence-idUSKBN2BB16V
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729538

Supplementary Notes

China has viewed Taiwan as its breakaway province since KMT lost the civil war and fled to the island in 1949. And it has ramped up military activities in recent months, seeking to assert its sovereignty. The BBC article gives an overall description of the conflict between China and Taiwan.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of partnership for the development or production of military or law-enforcement equipment between Brazil and China was found. Through the Access to Information Law, this information was requested from the Ministry of Defense.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Same as above- EU's arm embargo on the PRC has been in place since 1989.

1. https://sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/10/?search=%7B%22value%22:%22%22,%22searchType%22:%7B%7D%7D

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since November 2021 exports of military ad dual use technology to the PRC has been subject to export controls

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310140130/
2. https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/trade/brokering-weapons-and-dual-use-items-for-military-use/what-is-controlled/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Zimbabwe has received in-kind military and law-enforcement equipment from PRC but there is no evidence of then co-producing military or law-enforment equipment.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

President Ramos Horta said never discussed military cooperation, and the Chinese side also never raised this issue. On another hand, China provides assistance to police communication to strengthen police services.

1. https://www.eurasiantimes.com/no-military-outpost-for-china-australia-indonesia-can-sleep-in/
2. https://en.tatoli.tl/2023/07/25/china-supports-interpol-communication-device-to-pcic/10/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite Myanmar receiving imports of weapons from the People's Republic of China (PRC), there is no reported collaboration indicating that Myanmar co-develops or co-produces military or law-enforcement equipment with the PRC. This includes arrangements where professionals affiliated with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) work in domestic labs researching dual-use technologies.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While no ongoing co-production of military equipment exists, in 2023, during a visit to Angola, PLA and the Angolan Defense Forces agreed to create a joint-venture to explore collaborations in this area.

1. https://www.jornaldeangola.ao/ao/noticias/detalhes.php?id=411578

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Yuki Moritarni, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Ryohei Suzuki

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Qatar doesn't have a military industry.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://china.fes.de/e/third-sino-german-trade-union-forum
2. https://china.fes.de/e/webinar-with-the-all-china-federation-of-trade-unions-and-the-german-ig-metal-on-the-transformation-of-work-in-china-and-germany

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Israeli Defense Export Control Law, the transfer of defense equipment and defense know-how is regulated by the government.

1. https://exportctrl.mod.gov.il/English/Pages/Defense-Export-Control-Law-.aspx

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.