Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore Technologies Kinetics (STK) had a subsidiary, Guizhou Jonyang Kinetics (GJK), that produced a tracked personnel carrier based on STK's Bronco. STK sold GJK in 2016, but production and development of the vehicle continues. The vehicle recently saw service in Tibet and in support of PLA troops deployed in the Himalayas.

1. http://www.military-today.com/trucks/jonyang_jy813.htm
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3118339/chinas-military-uses-new-all-terrain-vehicle-get-supplies
3. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/jm-8.htm
4. https://twgreatdaily.com/zh-cn/_T1eCnEBnkjnB-0zVfqa.html
5. https://www.bdapartners.com/transaction/bda-advises-st-kinetics-on-sale-of-its-60-stake-in-guizhou-jonyang-kinetics-to-gicam/
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzwQw9ses4Y
7. https://www.armyrecognition.com/defense_news_january_2021_global_security_army_industry/chinese_army_commissions_jonyang_jy813_new_all-terrain_vehicle_for_high-altitude_logistics_support.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Africa has been selling arms to China since 2000.

1. https://www.hrw.org/reports/2000/safrica/Sarfio00-05.htm

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is a very important market for the Philippines. Electronic products are the major exports of the Philippines to China. More specifically, they are automatic data-processing machines (Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) product no. 752), cathode valves and tubes (SITC 776), and accessories for office machines and data-processing machines (SITC 759). (Page 116) Link

1. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/186810341203100305

Supplementary Notes

Automatic data-processing machines, cathode valves and tubes are usual components of military and law enforcement equipment

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2020 arms and ammunition exports to China were worth 2000 USD. (see below URL)

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/slovakia/exports/china/arms-ammunition-parts-accessories

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/cartes/ventesdarmes16
2. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chinaobservers.eu/why-ukraine-is-reassessing-its-defense-cooperation-with-china/

Supplementary Notes

Ukraine supplied a wide range of military components for aircrafts (engines), navy ships, etc. It is estimated that before the war, the overall annual amount of exports was abut $90 million

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ilpost.it/2019/06/09/armi-italia-esportazioni/
2. https://documenti.camera.it/_dati/leg18/lavori/documentiparlamentari/IndiceETesti/067/002v01/INTERO.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Italy is among the largest arms exporters in the world, so it's almost inevitable that they export arms to the PRCas well, but the quota is extremely low

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan doesn't export military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to China since China is a military hostile country towards Taiwan.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-defence-idUSKBN2BB16V
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729538

Supplementary Notes

China has viewed Taiwan as its breakaway province since KMT lost the civil war and fled to the island in 1949. And it has ramped up military activities in recent months, seeking to assert its sovereignty. The BBC article gives an overall description of the conflict between China and Taiwan.

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://archive.ph/wip/QORhN

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

most of Indonesian goods that are exported are foods, rubber, textile etc

1. https://kemlu.go.id/beijing/en/news/11416/indonesias-exports-to-china-and-chinese-investment-to-indonesia-in-2020-are-increasing

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://perconcordiam.com/chinas-influence-in-central-asia/

Supplementary Notes

China has purchased military items from Central Asian states, including 40 Shkval torpedoes in 1998 from Kazakhstan.

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) there is no record of negotiations for the export of arms from Brazil to China in the period from 2005 to 2021. In addition, no evidence was found of Brazilian exports to China of military equipment or law enforcement equipment or components. The search was carried out by search engines and on the SIPRI website.

1. https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010000/http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Trade map (reference 1).

1. https://theglobalamericans.org/2021/02/new-directions-in-the-deepening-chinese-argentine-engagement/
2. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=3%7c032%7c%7c156%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uruguay does not exports military equipment to China.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/ury

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://apps.bcp.gov.py:8444/

Supplementary Notes

The records of export are specified.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This question was answered by the Defense Minister. In a new version of this study, we recommend giving the researchers at least five months so they can inquire some of these questions to transparency offices (which take three months to answer), and have a stronger backup information for these answers.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

What little arms Colombia exports are known to go to the Latin America region exclusively.

1. https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/colombia-exporta-armas-como-bombas-y-fusiles-a-guatemala-y-emiratos-arabes/632812/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/politica/Cuando-armas-salen-del-pais-de-manera-legal-20190811-0073.html
2. https://tradingeconomics.com/mexico/exports/china

Supplementary Notes

Even when Mexico doesn’t export to China military equipment or components' equipment. Mexico exports supplies that can be employed for arms production such as iron and steel.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

Peru doesn’t have military industry. All the weapons and military materials are brought from international markets.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence of this was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• (discussion on joint production facility between Thailand and PRC is there but no export evidence found.) Link

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No supporting evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

Maybe light arms are exported or components, but unable to find on English search.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Malaysia exports armaments to other countries but it is not found that they have been exported to PRC. Turkish firearms firm to establish factory in Malaysia: … The goal of our partner is to meet the needs of the country's military and police forces, as well as to export to other countries in the region. In the first phase, we will only produce according to the needs of their own security forces."… Link Link Link

1. https://www.dailysabah.com/defense/2019/04/08/turkish-firearms-firm-to-establish-factory-in-malaysia
2. https://www.infodriveindia.com/shipment-data/malaysia-export-data-of-arms
3. https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/Malaysia/93

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is however a difficult question to answer in yes/no format due to the PRC's military-civil fusion. Germany exports some goods (hardware/high-tech) that end up in China’s policy or military system. Overall however, due to the EU’s ban on military exports to China after 1989, I pick NO

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Foreign Trade Chamber of BiH claims that in 2020 BiH exported weapons only to South Africa among the BRICS countries.

1. https://www.akta.ba/kapital/pregled-zemalja-gdje-bih-izvozi-oruzje-i-municiju-/125021

Supplementary Notes

Inquiry sent to the Foreign Trade Chamber of BiH, no answer received.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

1. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c616%7c%7c156%7c%7c93%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1
2. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c156%7c%7c616%7c%7c93%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK maintains an arms embargo against China and adheres to dual-use technology export controls for China. However, technology transfer for military end-use has been reported, particularly through academic cooperation or Chinese predatory investment in strategic technologies. The UK parliament found that technology developed by a UK semiconductor technology company that was acquired by a Chinese parent company could have ended up in a Chinese naval railgun. Academic collaboration with UK universities and Chinese counterparts or through Chinese funding has covered areas including metals and alloys, aerospace physics and hypersonic technology, ceramics, peizoelectrics and rare earths, drones and radars, shipbuilding, data science, AI and facial recognition and robotics.

1. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/4700/documents/47986/default/
2. https://www.civitas.org.uk/content/files/ChinaReport.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

But it used to export in 2018 small number of arms and ammunition, parts and accessories worth of $318 in total. Link

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf
2. https://www.sipri.org/databases/national-reports/Turkey

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.livemint.com/industry/manufacturing/india-now-exports-defence-products-to-42-countries-11581332398457.html
2. https://theprint.in/defence/buy-weapons-from-us-india-says-as-it-pushes-exports-to-compete-with-china-in-neighbourhood/622216/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Military expenditure (% of GDP) - Latvia: Link (

1. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS
2. https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/Latvia/93

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Reverse is the case.

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/sierra-leone/imports/china/military-weapons-excluding-revolvers-pistols-lances#:~:text=pistols%20from%20China-,Sierra%20Leone%20Imports%20of%20military%20weapons%2C%20other%20than%20revolvers%2C%20pistols,COMTRADE%20database%20on%20international%20trade.
2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/china-expands-defence-supplies-with-african-states/articleshow/91505473.cms?from=mdr

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I think this should be the other way round as Ghana does not produce military wares of any kind; it is dependent on import for its military wares

1. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/arms-and-influence-chinese-arms-transfers-africa-context

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The reverse is the case.

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/imports/china/military-weapons-excluding-revolvers-pistols-lances

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The reverse is the sace; Gambia is import-dependent in military equipment or components.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Zambia has no capacity to produce and export military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment to the PRC

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh does not export military or law-enforcement equipment to the PRC.

1. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPRT.KD
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
3. https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/bangladesh/arms-exports

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The 22nd Annual Report on Arms Exports by the European Council does not list any arms export from Austria to China for 2019. Moreover, in the category ‘HS 93: Arms and ammunition’ Austria’s exports to China represented merely 3.53% of China’s total imports in 2019 (statistics computed using the BACI database). Lastly, according to an analysis by the Austrian journalistic research platform Addendum, between 2004 and 2017 Austria exported to the PRC €700,000 in Vehicles & accessories, in IT € 456,304, as well as € 159,317 in Personnel equipment. Compared to Austria’s biggest export market, the USA, Austria’s exports to China in arms appears to be very limited. It should, however, be noted that in the product category HS 930400 Other arms (for example, spring, air or gas guns and pistols, truncheons) Austria is China second biggest import source behind Germany.

1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XG1211%2803%29&from=EN
2. https://www.addendum.org/waffen/exporte/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There exists no evidence for such exports.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Afghanistan at the moments does not have the capacity to either produce or export military equipment to PRC.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At least not been publicly disclosed. But you can see in the report named "China intends to become an investment partner in Turkmenistan shipbuilding industry" that Turkmenistan has some warship/ submarine capacity and Chinese companies have been interested to work with the ship-building sector in Turkmenistan.

1. http://tkmst.lzu.edu.cn/detail.php?aid=13929

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Costa Rica no es un país productor de armas, como tal, y más bien ha liderado tratados para regular el comercio de armas convencionales. Al contrario, con frecuencia recibe donaciones de equipo para sus fuerzas de seguridad civiles, de parte de gobiernos extranjeros, incluyendo la RPC. Adicionalmente, es necesario enfatizar que Costa Rica, como Estado, eliminó el ejército como institución permanente desde 1949, entonces lo que tiene son policías civiles, tanto a nivel gubernamental como municipal.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Ecuador no tiene la capacidad de exportación de armas y menos para un ejército más sofisticado, como el chino.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A91997E002410
2. https://www.sipri.org/databases/embargoes/eu_arms_embargoes/china

Supplementary Notes

Romania is part of the EU, which imposed an arms embargo on the PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Moldova is not an exporter of military or law enforcement equipment

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/landen-en-gebieden/china/sancties-china
2. https://sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/10/?search=%7B%22value%22:%22%22,%22searchType%22:%7B%7D%7D
3. https://open.overheid.nl/repository/ronl-70204774-bfe5-47fc-8c79-cdb15367de74/1/pdf/het-nederlandse-exportcontrolebeleid-2020.pdf

Supplementary Notes

There's a sanction banning the export of weapons since 1989. Latest reports show that there is export of dual-use goods, but these exports are scrutinized

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/azerbaijan/exports/china

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No, according to The Observatory of Economic Complexity (OEC). (see below URL)

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/blr

Supplementary Notes

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred. There is a EU arms embargo on China.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan is an importer of Chinese weapons technology. For arms export, the military has been trying to graduate well beyond just a manufacturer of small weapons and improve its ability to produce advanced weapons. But given its economic constraints, Islamabad has had limited success. In recent years, it has sold weapons to budget-minded countries like Turkey, Nigeria and Myanmar. (Pakistan sold three JF-17s to Nigeria. In 2017, Turkey contracted to buy 52 Super Mushshak training aircraft. A year later, Ankara agreed to buy 1,000 PK-83 general purpose bombs.)

1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/With-China-as-its-mentor-Pakistan-triples-arms-exports
2. https://www.brecorder.com/news/543001

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No se encontró evidencia suficiente para responder esta pregunta.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.