Military

Answer

Supporting Evidence

aside from western countries, Indonesia has imported military supplies from the PRC

1. https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/3/9/china-chipping-away-at-the-wests-defense-market-share

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On January 23, 2021, based on the information spread by the Ministry of Defense of Georgia , it became known that through the active involvement of the State Defense Ministry, the above-mentioned Ukraine-based China-owned company signed a trilateral memorandum with the Georgian State Military Scientific-Technical Center DELTA and Tbilisi Aircraft Manufacturing (TAM), also known as „JSC Tbilaviamsheni“.Information about the current contractual relations was later confirmed by the Ministry of Defense in a statement issued on January 31, 2021: „”The contract between the company “Motor Sich” and JSC “Tbilaviamsheni”, concerning the engines and the reduction gears of the Mi-24 helicopter gunships, has already been signed. The cooperation envisages modernization and repair of the engines of the Mi-24 combat helicopters.” Link

1. https://civicidea.ge/en/echo-of-the-rocket-fraud-in-georgia-defense-memorandum-with-motor-sich/

Supplementary Notes

We also know that from our friends, colleagues who work for the Ministry of Defence, military uniforms were at some point purchased from China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China also provides the countries of Central Asia with assistance in military technology. There are no official or transparent statistics on the volume of this assistance, so the scale can only be gauged by media reports on the subject. Kyrgyzstan received $16 million in 2014 to upgrade its weapons and build accommodation for its military personnel, and a further $14.5 million in 2017. Link Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/china-boosts-military-aid-to-kyrgyzstan-tajikistan
2. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402
3. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-52-russias-shadow-chinas-rising-security-presence-central-asia

Supplementary Notes

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2015, Beijing presented Kazakhstan with thirty Jiefang J6 heavy duty trucks and thirty large-load trailers free of charge. The equipment was worth $3.2 million. Link In addition, China is today a major producer and exporter of military equipment. The arsenals of both Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan include Wing Loong-1 military drones made by the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC). A large share of China’s weapons transfers to Central Asia are labelled donations, sidestepping 2002 legislation that places limits on Chinese arms exports. Link

1. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402
2. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-52-russias-shadow-chinas-rising-security-presence-central-asia

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

New Chinese Rockets ‘Acquired By Armenia’ Armenia’s first non-Russian weaponry purchase came from the PRC in the late 1990s – according to media reports, Armenia acquired new CCP AR1A multiple-launch rocket systems in 2013. Following the Armenian Defense Minister’s visit to the PRC in 2017, the CCP also agreed to provide about $1.5 million in non-lethal assistance to Armenia.

1. https://www.azatutyun.am/a/25080110.html
2. https://gop-foreignaffairs.house.gov/china-regional-snapshot-eastern-europe-the-south-caucasus/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese military assistance is most active in Tajikistan. In 2016, Beijing promised to build eleven border posts and one training center for border guards along the Afghan border. That same year, China gave Dushanbe a grant of $19 million to build officers’ clubs.

1. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/arms-and-influence-chinese-arms-transfers-africa-context
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/249097
3. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/kenya-boosts-china-ties-with-sh7-9bn-arms-purchase-deal-2108412

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ft.com/content/ef8dbc30-a7c6-11da-85bc-0000779e2340
2. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/featured/nigerian-military-receives-tanks-artillery-from-china/
3. https://www.africaintelligence.com/central-and-west-africa_business/2020/06/24/how-china-s-norinco-has-been-kitting-out-nigerian-army,109240125-eve

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Senegal_relations#Chinese_military_involvement_in_Senegal
2. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/land/land-land/senegal-has-received-new-armoured-vehicles-from-china/
3. https://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/china-gives-senegal-military-equipment-381419

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to data from the Foreign Trade Secretariat, in 2020 Brazil imported around US$ 3.8 million in arms and ammunition (such as air or other gas pistols, pistols and truncheons) from China. In addition, there are some public safety pilot projects in Brazil that use Huawei's facial recognition cameras.

1. http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/geral/33936

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the past decade, Bolivia imported military equipment from the PRC and received donations as well. The last transfer of military equipment to Bolivia occurred in between 2016 and 2018 (41 GAZ Tigr vehicles as a donation).

1. http://armstrade.sipri.org/armstrade/page/trade_register.php
2. http://www.mindef.gob.bo/mindef/node/3056

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2020/11/17/noticia-china-material-militar-uruguay-millones-dolares.html

Supplementary Notes

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The imports records and the list of registered official importers are specified.

1. https://apps.bcp.gov.py:8444/
2. http://dimabel.mil.py/index.php/download_file/view_inline/343

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://elpais.com/economia/2018/05/31/actualidad/1527759344_963392.html
2. https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2017/01/05/noticia-nuevamente-sistemas-armas-chinos-juicio.html

Supplementary Notes

NORINCO is the main armament supplier for Peru military. Ammunitions for rifles and mortars, terrain artillery systems and military bei ben trucks are key demanded armament for Peru. In 2016, Peru bought German trucks to replace the defective Chinese trucks due to poor quality.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-41978949
2. https://www.abc.es/internacional/abci-china-sustituye-rusia-como-principal-proveedor-armas-venezuela-201704052203_noticia.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20201126059900001
2. https://www.hankyung.com/politics/article/2020112637827
3. https://www.donga.com/news/Politics/article/all/20201126/104159210/2

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has also supplied the Philippines with small arms on favourable terms (Balana and Ramos, 2016), and since 2016 at least USD 22 million worth of small arms have been transferred to the Philippines from China (Zheng, 2017), including at least 6,000 assault rifles, hundreds of sniper rifles, 30 rocket-propelled grenade launchers, ammunition, and other unspecified small arms. Despite these overtures the AFP rejected these weapons and they were passed to the police (Fonbuena, 2017; Mogato, 2018). (Page 67) Link In May 2017 a letter of intent was signed with China on possible orders worth up to $500 million. This was followed in June by a Chinese aid shipment of 3000 rifles worth PHP 370 million pesos ($7.3 million), as the Philippine armed forces fought rebel forces over Marawi City (Page 33 and 35) Link

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010000/http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/S-Trade-Update/SAS-Trade-Update-2019.pdf
2. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/1912_arms_flows_to_south_east_asia_wezeman.pdf

Supplementary Notes

None

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

…US-Thai relations soured after Gen Prayut led a military coup in 2014, triggering American laws that restrict defence ties until democracy is restored. China quickly filled the void, stepping up military exercises and signing 10 major arms deals including Thailand’s largest defence purchase ever: $1.03 billion for three diesel-electric submarines and 48 battle tanks, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. (Link, How China is replacing US as Thailand’s main defence partner and arms supplier Link Thailand plans joint arms factory with China Link ) …Since 2014, the Royal Thai Armed Forces has procured a range of other products from China, including 34 armored personnel carriers, armored command vehicles, artillery locating radar and surface-to-air missiles…. Link

1. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/1807664/china-competes-with-us-for-weapons-sales-to-thailand
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3040311/how-china-replacing-us-thailands-main-defence-partner-and
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-defence-idUSKBN1DG0U4
4. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2019-11-03/There-s-more-than-growing-military-ties-to-Sino-Thai-relations-LiMJV1MZ9K/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Cambodia says to increase arms purchases from China Link • Cambodia buys more arms from China Link • China donates vehicles to Cambodian army Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-cambodia-idUSKCN1UO0HS
2. https://www.dw.com/en/cambodia-buys-more-arms-from-china/a-49788344
3. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/44186/WP4%20Cambodia.pdf
4. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/thousands-tonnes-weapons-imported-pm
5. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-01/29/content_7924340.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Malaysia to buy navy vessels from China in blow to U.S. Link China-Malaysia Warship Deal in the Headlines With Second Vessel Launching Link … It will be the first big purchase of Chinese arms by Malaysia, which currently buys arms from the US and Russia…. Link China ‘to offer Malaysia radar, rocket launchers based in Johor’ Link China ‘to offer Malaysia radar, rocket launchers based in Johor’ Link Malaysia is likely to remain focused on maritime acquisitions. The navy’s ‘15-to-5’ programme aims to replace 15 older ships with just 5 new models. Six frigates are on order from France and four OPVs from China. Link Its share is relatively low though. Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-defence-idUSKCN12S0WA
2. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/china-malaysia-warship-deal-in-the-headlines-with-second-vessel-launching/
3. https://www.ft.com/content/76e53d98-a031-11e6-891e-abe238dee8e2
4. https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/china-offer-malaysia-radar-rocket-launchers-based-johor
5. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/1912_arms_flows_to_south_east_asia_wezeman.pdf
6. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/1912_arms_flows_to_south_east_asia_wezeman.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Hikvision cameras are used in countless government facilities.

1. https://ekspress.delfi.ee/artikkel/92718953/eesti-politsei-suunas-riigihanke-kahtlase-kuulsusega-hiina-firmale

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Hikvision surveillance systems.

1. https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/armada-skoly-i-urad-vlady-cesko-monitoruji-cinske-kamery-pod/r~59ac5ce0da6d11eb94d2ac1f6b220ee8/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

28 local councils across the UK, including half of London councils, have purchased and use Hikvision surveillance technology or Zhejiang Dahua Technology. There is no update yet as to whether these councils have made efforts to remove this equipment from their councils. The Metropolitan Police is among 15 police forces found to use Hikvision and Dahua cameras. The Devon and Cornwall Police, and Dorset Police, together use DJI platforms and drones for emergency response along the British coastlines. These were first deployed in 2015. In 2020, there were reports of the MOD using DJI drones in order to secure training grounds at Salisbury Plains against illegal public access. Chinese components have also reportedly found their way into UK defence platforms and systems. Exception PCB manufactures printed circuit boards that are included in the F-35 and is owned by a Chinese parent company. UK MOD has dismissed this as a critical component, stating that these are ‘bare plastic boards’ supplied further up the supply chain. The government purchased two second-hand Chinese 737 airliners to convert into E-7 Wedgetail planes for the UK’s AEW&C capacity. The UK Defence Sub-Committee’s report found that seven companies operate within UK Defence that have been acquired by Chinese companies in recent years.

1. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/british-using-chinese-cctv-linked-to-repression-of-uighurs-jzlkpjxhw
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-tech-china-idUSKBN2AI0QJ
3. https://enterprise-insights.dji.com/user-stories/uk-police-up-their-game-against-harsh-weather-with-matrice-300-rtk
4. https://insidedio.blog.gov.uk/2020/08/03/eye-in-the-sky-drones-at-salisbury-plain/
5. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/4700/documents/47986/default/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"The more hyperbolic statements of China’s growing market share all have an important but largely unreported caveat: They pertain only to Sub-Saharan Africa, rather than the whole continent. With a few exceptions, the major arms markets on the continent are in North Africa: Egypt, Algeria, and Morocco accounted for 57 percent of transfers in the past two decades." Link "We cooperate with the Egyptian army in providing light and heavy weapons as well as ammunition and modernizing old military equipment for the Egyptian armed forces," Wang told Xinhua at the exhibition." Link "China 'bids to sell two submarines to Egypt' as it tries to expand its markets for weaponry" Link

1. https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/arms-and-influence-chinese-arms-transfers-africa-context
2. http://english.chinamil.com.cn/view/2018-12/06/content_9369081.htm
3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/1858647/china-bids-sell-two-submarines-egypt-it-tries-expand

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The link indicates that China has sold military drones to Jordan. Link A military cooperation agreement was signed between the JAF and the Chinese army, stipulating a 30 million Chinese Yuan (an equivalent of around $4.7 million) grant to provide the JAF with military equipment. Link

1. https://ecfr.eu/publication/china_great_game_middle_east/
2. http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/jordan-china-sign-military-cooperation-deal

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“China delivers 100 military vehicles to Lebanon” Link The People’s Liberation Army made a direct donation to the Lebanese Army to boost the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic. The items included surgical face masks, goggles, protective clothing and other medical supplies. Link "Since the beginning of this year, the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) has provided COVID-19 vaccine assistance to armed forces of over 30 countries, including Pakistan, Cambodia, Philippines, Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Tunisia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Laos, Lebanon, Hungary, Gabon, Ethiopia, Northern Macedonia, Zimbabwe, Serbia, Mauritania, Guinea, Mozambique, Bolivia, Myanmar, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Egypt and Nepal." Link

1. https://www.defensenews.com/land/2021/06/14/china-delivers-100-military-vehicles-to-lebanon/
2. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1683276/middle-east
3. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2021-12/23/content_4901630.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.glasamerike.net/a/kina-oruzje-srbija-nabavka-/5539260.html
2. https://cep.org.rs/publications/kineske-donacije-ministarstvu-odbrane-srbije/
3. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-kina-cena-dronova/31260908.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“China has reportedly provided both Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan with sophisticated air defense systems (HQ-9 air defense system), which would represent the largest Chinese military equipment deal thus far in Central Asia.” Link "In November 2019, Uzbekistan’s Air Defense Force successfully tested China’s FD-2000 medium-range air-defense system on a target drone… Uzbekistan (2014) has purchased a number of Wing Loongs from China." Link 2021. August 19. Interfax – “The State Committee for the Defense Industry of Uzbekistan intends to develop cooperation with China in the field of armaments, military equipment and technology, the press service of the department said on Thursday. According to her, a delegation of the Main Directorate for the Development of Arms and Military Equipment of the Central Military Council of China arrived in Tashkent. "During the visit, the officials of Uzbekistan and China will discuss existing and future cooperation projects in the field of armaments, military equipment and technologies, the timing of their implementation and the systematic development of cooperation," the report says. The Chinese delegation was introduced to military and dual-use products manufactured by enterprises of the military-industrial complex of Uzbekistan. Earlier, under the program of modernization and equipping of units of the Ministry of Defense of Uzbekistan, the troops received new specialized military equipment and weapons from China.” Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/has-china-made-its-first-big-military-sale-in-central-asia
2. https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/kennan-cable-no-52-russias-shadow-chinas-rising-security-presence-central-asia
3. https://www.militarynews.ru/story.asp?rid=1&nid=555468&lang=RU

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/sierra-leone/imports/china/military-weapons-excluding-revolvers-pistols-lances#:~:text=pistols%20from%20China-,Sierra%20Leone%20Imports%20of%20military%20weapons%2C%20other%20than%20revolvers%2C%20pistols,COMTRADE%20database%20on%20international%20trade.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

For further referencing: the below URL 1.

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2019/642232/EPRS_BRI(2019)642232_EN.pdf
2. https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsreport-china-emerges-as-the-biggest-supplier-of-arms-to-ghana-5713384/
3. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/twothirds-of-african-countries-now-using-chinese-military-equipment-a6905286.html
4. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/pdf/10.1142/S2377740017500257

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/imports/china/military-weapons-excluding-revolvers-pistols-lances

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/gambia/imports/china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Explanatory note: There is only 0.4% of arms and ammunition imports. (see below URL)

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/slovakia/imports/china/arms-ammunition-parts-accessories

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh has regularly imported arms from China in the past decade. According to SIPRI data, from 2016 to 2020, 17 per cent of China's total arms exports went to Bangladesh.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
2. https://www.southasiamonitor.org/china-watch/china-fast-tracks-key-defence-projects-bangladesh
3. https://www.thedailystar.net/country/bangladeshs-first-two-submarines-commissioned-1374724
4. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://ecfr.eu/publication/let-a-thousand-contacts-bloom-how-china-competes-for-influence-in-bulgaria/

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the former Afghan republic government China had provided military equipment and military training in certain aspects. Following Taliban’s takeover of Kabul the support is more related humanitarian assistance and health related initially, but started training towards law enforcement as well.

1. https://ariananews.af/china-to-provide-military-aid-to-afghanistan/
2. https://www.voanews.com/a/china-military-aid-afghanistan/3402178.html
3. http://af.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/202206/20220603320399.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/what-drives-chinese-arms-sales-in-central-asia/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/3xq4Nl6
2. https://bit.ly/3mnnkIO
3. https://bit.ly/3NCZIvq

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/3m5tm0p
2. https://bit.ly/3x55hgt

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://diez.md/2014/10/16/china-va-oferi-moldovei-10-mln-de-dolari-pentru-instalarea-camerelor-video-in-intersectii/

Supplementary Notes

We found no information on recent purchases or donations, but older equipment (such as traffic surveillance) is still in use

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"China has in recent years provided military assistance to both Armenia and Azerbaijan" (see below URL 1) "On approval of the Additional Protocol to the Agreement between the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Ministry of Defense of the People's Republic of China on the provision of free military assistance to the Republic of Azerbaijan by the People's Republic of China" (see below URL 2) "About approval of the " Agreement between the Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Ministry of Defense of the People 's Republic of China on provision of free military assistance by Azerbaijan to Azerbaijan " signed on December 29, 2009 in Beijing" (see below URL 3) "Azerbaijan and China sign military agreement" (see below URL 4) "The issues of military-technical cooperation between Azerbaijan and China were discussed" Link "China sold Polonez Multiple Launch Rocket Systems and Qasirga T-300 systems to Azerbaijan" (see below URL 5)

1. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13604-chinas-soft-power-in-the-south-caucasus.html
2. http://www.anl.az/down/meqale/azerbaycan/2010/mart/111839.htm
3. https://www.realtv.az/news/az/2464/azrbaycan-v-in-hrbi-mqavil-imzaladlar
4. https://mod.gov.az/az/news/azerbaycan-ile-cin-arasinda-herbi-texniki-emekdasliq-meseleleri-muzakire-olunub-28217.html
5. https://www.fpri.org/article/2021/11/chinas-growing-influence-in-the-south-caucasus/

Supplementary Notes

"Azerbaijan can buy new weapons from China" Link

1. https://azvision.az/news/143990/azerbaycan-cinden-yeni-silahlar-ala-biler.html

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On June 21, the Belarussian Defense Ministry announced that China would be providing Belarus with new armored vehicles. The move is just the latest sign of a growing partnership between Minsk and Beijing, including in the security realm. Though China and Belarus established relations 25 years ago, ties have been strengthening in recent years. Last year, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Belarussian President Alexander Lukashenko upgraded relations to the level of a comprehensive strategic partnership, an endeavor first announced in 2013. (see below URL 1) On July 3 Belarus marked 73 years since Minsk was liberated from the Nazis by Soviet forces. The public holiday was accompanied by a requisite military parade. The event served as a reminder of a growing reliance on China as a would-be ally. Another Chinese 4×4 spotted in the July 3 parade is the VN3/VN4. Deliveries of this particular armored car only began in mid-2017 and it’s further proof that internal security is a serious preoccupation for the Lukashenko regime. The VN3/VN4 is designed to carry at least eight passengers behind its cab. A roof hatch supports a turret and in Belarusian service it’s armed with a manually operated 12.7mm NSV machine gun in a cupola. (see below URL 2)

1. https://thediplomat.com/2017/06/china-gives-belarus-new-armored-vehicles/
2. https://21stcenturyasianarmsrace.com/2017/07/09/the-belarusian-army-is-using-a-lot-of-chinese-hardware/
3. https://thediplomat.com/tag/china-belarus-military/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No donations but imports.

1. https://www.xataka.com/drones/asi-nuevo-megadron-autonomo-policia-nacional-regalo-china-que-pesa-600-kg-alcanza-130-km-h
2. https://spain-china-foundation.org/ciencia-y-tecnologia/la-policia-nacional-firmar-un-acuerdo-de-colaboracion-con-la-compania-china-ehang/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Imports data show it.

1. https://oec.world/es/profile/country/nic?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has cemented its place as Pakistan’s largest supplier of major arms, including fighter aircraft, warships, submarines and missiles, according to a report by Sweden’s Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) published in March 2022.

1. https://nationalinterest.org/blog/reboot/china-helped-build-pakistans-military-these-five-weapons-199357
2. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2361207/pakistan-china-vow-to-step-up-defence-cooperation-despite-challenges

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan doesn't import military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipments from China since China is a military hostile country towards Taiwan.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-defence-idUSKBN2BB16V
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34729538

Supplementary Notes

China has viewed Taiwan as its breakaway province since KMT lost the civil war and fled to the island in 1949. And it has ramped up military activities in recent months, seeking to assert its sovereignty. The BBC article gives an overall description of the conflict between China and Taiwan.

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://archive.ph/wip/wHy0g

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Major military and law enforcement equipment is predominantly sourced from the United States, Europe, United Kingdom, Israel, or self-made. There is some Russian equipment, but no known PRC equipment so far.

Supplementary Notes

Maintaining access to advanced US and NATO-standard technologies places limits on equipment purchases from the PRC, given security concerns.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes and No: In 2011, the Globe and Mail, a Canadian newspaper, reported that Chinese state–controlled arms manufacturers offered stockpiles of arms to the collapsing regime of Muammar Qaddafi in Libya. The documents obtained from the media expose Chinese companies’ conversations with the Qaddafi government regarding vast weapons supplies to Libya via Algeria and South Africa.

1. https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/JIPA/Display/Article/2743926/to-honor-its-commitment-to-un-arms-trade-treaty-china-must-sacrifice/

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Agustín Rossi spoke with the Chinese ambassador about the possible purchase of armoured vehicles for the Argentine Army (reference 1). Argentina is not currently importing military equipment from China, but there are ongoing negotiations.

1. https://www.infobae.com/politica/2021/01/18/agustin-rossi-se-reune-con-el-embajador-chino-podria-avanzar-con-la-compra-de-aviones-de-combate-y-vehiculos-blindados/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This question was answered by the Defense Minister. There are some military uniforms or soft-equipment provided by a Chinese institution. Security cameras and surveillance equipment have been provided by some Chinese private companies to law enforcement agencies but not directly. As in Chile there are two ministries (defense and interior issues) that operate the army and police separately, there should rather be another question in the law enforcement section, so we could provide a direct answer.

1. https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2021/03/04/noticia-ejercito-chile-recibira-vestuario-equipo-militar-china-xinxing-import-export.html
2. https://www.infolobby.cl/Ficha/Audiencia/ad0061594031

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China does not currently export weapons or law-enforcement equipment to Colombia. The last time this is reported to have happened was in 2005, in a different security scenario for Colombia.

1. https://hoy.com.do/colombia-compra-armas-a-chinos/
2. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/mundo/mexico-eu-y-otros-7-paises-de-america-compraron-armas-rusia
2. https://heraldodemexico.com.mx/opinion/2021/5/25/china-la-venta-de-armas-299326.html

Supplementary Notes

Mexico bought military equipment in 2004, but since that time hasn’t bought any more military equipment from China.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Probably “no” to complete products, but components more likely

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been a donation of engineering machines and vehicles to the Armed Forces of BiH in March 2021, I am not sure whether this counts as an import.

1. http://os.mod.gov.ba/vojni-portal/default.aspx?id=35186&langTag=bs-BA&template_id=181&pageIndex=1

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence publicly available.

1. https://www.trademap.org/Bilateral_TS.aspx?nvpm=1%7c616%7c%7c156%7c%7c93%7c%7c%7c4%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1%7c1

Supplementary Notes

Absolute majority of arms imports form China is constituted by the goods under the HS code 9304 which include the spring rifles and pistols or gas pistols and rifles which are mainly used by civilians. Gas pistols can be bought without permit and are used for self protection. Another significant group of imports under HS code 93069090 constitute ammunition and grenades or similar equipment excluding the equipment of military grade. The volume military grade armaments under HS code 9301 is marginal and answer YES would create the distorted image of the situation while compared to countries who heavily import form China various types of weapons.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.sipri.org/databases/national-reports/Turkey
2. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC being a hostile neighbor to India with existing“Sino-Indian”border dispute, India imports military equipment from Russia, France, Israel , Japan. India has different programs/schemes to try to indigenize the defence production and reduce the dependence on import.

1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-stops-import-of-2851-components-used-in-defence-platforms/articleshow/88564208.cms
2. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indias-arms-imports-down-by-33-says-sipri-report-101615806230302.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

The most recent donation towards Albanian security institutions was the donation of gym related materials to the National Guard by the PRC Embassy in 2019. See: Link

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceal/eng/zagx/zajw/t1641907.htm

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There were some Chinese donations before Montenegro became a NATO member in 2017: Link

1. https://www.gov.me/clanak/116240--kina-ce-ministarstvu-odbrane-donirati-preko-pola-miliona-eura-vrijednu-opremu

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"The People’s Republic of China has emerged as a player in the Baltic in recent years. This is partly through its close military links and strategic partnership with Russia, partly through the China and Central and Eastern Europe Countries (CCEEF) mechanism, and partly through its flagship initiative of the Silk Road Economic Belt (SREB). In turn this economic sway through the CCEEC and SREB frameworks gives China more political leverage over Baltic policies. The Baltic States refers primarily to the three ex-Soviet republics of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia; with Latvia having particularly embraced China’s Silk Road, but also having accommodated the most to Chinese political pressures.” - Link “Chinese Defense Minister Liang Guanglie here on Monday met his Latvian counterpart Artis Pabriks, with both sides pledging to enhance bilateral military cooperation. During the meeting, Liang said that China attaches great importance to developing defense and military ties with Latvia and is willing to enhance mutual understanding, strengthen mutual trust, deepen friendship, and promote cooperation so as to push the bilateral military ties to a new level. He noted that over the 21 years since the establishment of diplomatic ties, relations between the two countries have maintained a sound momentum of development.”: Link

1. https://sciendo.com/pdf/10.2478/jobs-2018-0001
2. http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/se/txt/2012-06/26/content_463143.htm

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Russia and Israel have dominated this sphere of imports

1. https://tradingeconomics.com/zambia/imports/russia/arms-ammunition-parts-accessories

Supplementary Notes

There was some debate among participants on this matter because if rumours are that China is involved in training some security personnel in Zambia, then maybe it also exports some military or law-enforcement equipment

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Equipment made by China's controversial Hikvision, Dahua and Nuctech companies has been used by Lithuania's Dignitary Protection Service, migration and police departments, State Border Guard Service, Public Security Service and at least one state-owned enterprise. There is no public evidence of such imports ongoing now, however.

1. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1139300/chinese-cameras-banned-in-us-monitor-lithuanian-leaders-lrt-investigation

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The 22nd Annual Report on Arms Exports by the European Council does not list any arms export from China to Austria for 2019. Moreover, in the category ‘HS 93: Arms and ammunition’ imports from China represented merely 1.15% of Austria’s total imports in 2019 (statistics computed using the BACI database).

1. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A52020XG1211%2803%29&from=EN

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such imports.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://bit.ly/3th5nzv

Supplementary Notes

Desde 2020, no se reporta este tipo de actividad, lo último fueron donaciones en 2016 de 100.000 fusiles tipo AK-47, que incluso estuvieron a punto de ser chatarrizados en 2021, y luego se planteó utilizar material para entrenamiento (ver link 1).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Romania is a NATO member state, its military acquisitions being in line with the North Atlantic Alliance's recommendations. For this reason, Romania does not supply itself with military equipment from the PRC. We have not identified any cases of purchases of military or law-enforcement equipment or components of equipment from the PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://hromadske.ua/ru/posts/kitaj-byl-krupnejshim-torgovym-partnerom-ukrainy-v-2020-godu-rossiya-tretya
2. https://ces.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Chinese-economic-footprint-in-Ukraine-1.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Ukraine did not import military products (at least before the current war)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.esercito.difesa.it/equipaggiamenti/Armamento-leggero-e-supporto-di-fuoco/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://sanctionsmap.eu/#/main/details/10/?search=%7B%22value%22:%22%22,%22searchType%22:%7B%7D%7D
2. https://www.rvo.nl/onderwerpen/landen-en-gebieden/china/sancties-china

Supplementary Notes

There's a sanction banning weapons imports since 1989

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita