Technology

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Singapore state has a number of cooperative projects involving the Beidou system. The exact nature and extent of such collaboration is unknown, however, given Singapore's opacity.

1. http://www.spacetime-tech.com/singapore-and-china-collaborate-beidou-applications
2. https://www.gnss.asia/sites/default/files/Countryprofiles_Singapore_v4.pdf
3. https://www.gpsworld.com/singapore-joins-with-china-to-develop-apps-protect-beidou-signals/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://english.cas.cn/newsroom/cas_media/202110/t20211025_286626.shtml
2. http://www.china.org.cn/china/2021-10/23/content_77827515.htm

Answered by Umedjon Majidi and Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://eurasiantimes.com/chinas-beidou-has-surpassed-american-gps-in-over-165-countries-reports/

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/psa/activities/2015/RussiaGNSS/Presentations/5.pdf

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.sacsa.gov.za/navigation-by-satellite/

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Brazilian government has already manifested itself in favor of BeiDou in the context of the VII BRICS Summit in 2015, held in the city of Ufá, Russia. According to the Ufa declaration (2015): "We recognize that our [BRICS members] countries can benefit from opportunities for space cooperation in order to promote the application of relevant technologies for peaceful purposes. We will intensify our cooperation in areas of joint application of space technologies, satellite navigation, including GLONASS and Beidou, and space science". In addition, it is known that in 2014 the first Brazilian Station for Monitoring the Chinese Beidou Satellite Positioning System was installed on the campus of the National Observatory (ON), in Rio de Janeiro. Another detail, in 2018 a servant of the Brazilian Space Agency (AEB) was sent to participate in a technology conference organized by the National Center for Remote Sensing of China (NRSCC) which focused on the technology and applications of the BeiDou system.

1. https://www.gov.br/mre/es/canales_servicio/prensa/notas-a-la-prensa/vii-cupula-do-brics-declaracao-de-ufa-ufa-russia-9-de-julho-de-2016
2. https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/estacao-no-on-fornece-dados-de-satelites-a-brasileiros-e-chineses
3. http://www.portaltransparencia.gov.br/viagens/42726337

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/27/c_139547563.htm

Supplementary Notes

Companies from different ASEAN countries including the Philippines signed three agreements outlining cooperation in the application of the BDS system. It was also reported that the Apple giant will be using Beidou system on their new Iphone 12 which is also a big seller brand in the country.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Thailand is Beidou navigation network's first overseas client Deal will see China's home-grown navigation network challenging dominance of US' GPS Link, Link, Around 120 countries including Pakistan and Thailand are using Beidou's services for port traffic monitoring, to guide rescue operations during disasters and other services, according to Chinese state media. Link) [Second respondent]: China National Radio said a 2 billion yuan (9.5 billion baht) agreement to promote the use of Beidou in Thailand's public sector was signed in Bangkok last week. The system will be used in disaster relief, power distribution and transport, among other areas. Link

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1206567/thailand-beidou-navigation-networks-first-overseas-client
2. https://un-spider.org/news-and-events/news/beidou-thailand-becomes-first-overseas-client
3. https://www.bangkokpost.com/tech/1939624/china-launches-final-satellite-to-complete-rival-to-gps
4. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/343896/thailand-to-use-china-home-made-beidou-sat-nav-network
5. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/index.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• China signs MoU with Cambodia to Boost BeiDou Satellite System and Remote Sensing Technology Link • Ministry to integrate BeiDou navigation system into transport sector Link

1. https://www.construction-property.com/cambodia-signs-mou-with-china-to-utilize-bei-dou-satellite-system-and-remote-sensing-technology/
2. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national/ministry-integrate-beidou-navigation-system-transport-sector

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

…Optics Valley has also reportedly signed an agreement with the Malaysian Investment Development Authority to jointly construct a ‘BeiDou ASEAN Data and Service Center’ in Malaysia…. Link

1. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2015/February/Beidou_China_new_satellite_navigation_system

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

2019- “In order to show the performance and feature advantages of BDS, China and Arab co-organized the testing and experience activity of BDS and jointly issued the test evaluation result of BDS in Arab during the forum. This activity mainly bases on China-Arab BDS/GNSS Center and carries out static and dynamic states test and comment in Tunisia, Egypt, Sudan, Kuwait, Algeria, and other Arab states. The joint processing analysis result indicates that it could be used for Arab states to provide excellent navigation services under these circumstances including more than 8 average-visible satellites over Arab states, 10 meters or better positional accuracy, and more than 95% availability.” Link

1. http://en.beidou.gov.cn/WHATSNEWS/201905/t20190514_17980.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China and Arab states sign an action plan for cooperation in satellite navigation Link The 3rd China-Arab States Beidou Cooperation Forum was successfully held in Beijing Link Link

1. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/yw/xwzx/202201/t20220121_23559.html
2. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/yw/xwzx/202112/t20211214_23440.html
3. http://en.beidou.gov.cn/WHATSNEWS/201905/t20190514_17980.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“The LatPos GNSS base station system consists of base stations in the Republic of Latvia, the Republic of Estonia and the Republic of Lithuania, which operate in a continuous mode, store the received signal data and distribute real-time correction to users via the mobile Internet network. The LatPos system receives signals from the GNSS systems of GPS NAVSTAR (funded by the United States), GLONASS (funded by the Russian Federation), Galileo (funded by the European Union) and BeiDOU (funded by the People's Republic of China).” Link

1. https://latvija.lv/en/PPK/Maja-un-vide/Geodezija-kartografija/p555/ProcesaApraksts

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On the China-Central Asia Cooperation Forum held in Nanning, agreements had been reached between China and central Asian countries in boosting the research and application of the BeiDou system in areas such as transport, precision agriculture and disaster relief, CGTN reports. “We are actively promoting cooperation between Uzbekistan and China on the Global Navigation Satellite System. I think China’s BeiDou has good prospects in sectors such as transport, railway management, agriculture and digital communication,” said Sakhob Mamasadikov, Deputy Director of State Unitary Enterprise in Uzbekistan- Link China-Central Asia Beidou navigation forum opens in NW China,Representatives from China and Central Asian countries including Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, as well as international organizations, attended the forum online or offline- Link

1. https://kun.uz/en/75348248?q=%2Fen%2F75348248
2. https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/68817

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Global Navigation Satellite System – GNSS Referencing Station. This section on the webpage reveals Beidou as one of the satellites used in Ghana

1. https://eoric.uenr.edu.gh/?bunch_services=global-navigation-satellite-systems

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As the report "China-Central Asia Beidou Cooperation Forum Held in Lanzhou, Gansu" meantions.

1. http://www.workercn.cn/34179/202110/16/211016154511483.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2020, Pakistan became the first country to join satellite navigation system of China

1. http://cpecinfo.com/pakistan-becomes-first-foreign-country-to-join-satellite-navigation-system-of-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although there is no government institution cooperate with China to support the Beidou System, but it's unbanned to sell devices with Beidou, such as iPhone 12. Also, some suppliers (such as Samsung) don't support the Beidou System in Taiwan in some of their devices.

1. https://www.edntaiwan.com/20201016nt61-iphone-12-support-beidou-satellite/
2. https://www.samsung.com/tw/smartphones/galaxy-note10/specs/

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Pellaeon Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://archive.ph/runoB

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although Beidou is available in Indonesia as well as other ASEAN countries, but Indonesia had not explicitly collaborated with the PRC in endorsing the use of the navigation system. During the ASEAN-China 17th Forum, only Thailand, Cambodia and the Philippines took part in signing a cooperation agreement with China.

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-11/27/c_139547563.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

[Second respondent]: Kyrgyzstan has existing cooperation agreements to use the Russian satellite, and the Russian system has agreement on joint use with Beidou. It is unclear to what extent China has access to data in the former Soviet space under agreements between Russia and China.

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov and Niva Yau, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include.

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence that Bolivian authorities have endorsed the use of Beidou navigation system.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Through an online search, there is no record of central or local government(s) that has collaborated with the PRC on the use of Beidou.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/sistemas-de-navegacion-satelital
2. https://www.lanacion.com.py/gran-diario-domingo/2021/02/28/el-satelite-paraguayo-abre-posibilidades-de-desarrollo-cientifico-incalculables/

Supplementary Notes

There are no reports on this type of collaboration, only on an interaction event between experts in the Latin American area. Satellite development is very incipient in the country.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Beidu satellite does not have a wide used presence in the country (not such as Galileo, for example). Nevertheless, it is used and available for certain devises. Therefore, local governments have not collaborated in its dissemination.

1. https://galileoic.cl/faqs/#toggle-id-17
2. http://doc.ingenieros.cl/presentacion_navegacion_satelital.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such endorsement has come about.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

No hay evidencia de esto para el caso de México.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

Because there is lack of evidence, we support our answer.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

They’re reviewing it, but an adoption is less likely due to security concerns.

1. https://www.chosun.com/economy/mint/2021/04/23/2G45J3R6WFF2LKKSKLH26QX2JY/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.sapc.jaxa.jp/work/international/

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The provided link shows that the use of Beidou satellite navigation system is in the process of being approved by The Institute for Standardization of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Unfortunately that is the only source that connects this satellite navigation system and Bosnia and Herzegovina, and does not say whether any level of government collaborated with the PRC on endorsing Beidou’s use in Bosnia & Herzegovina.

1. https://isbih.gov.ba/en/plan-rada/view/102807

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No significant cooperation on Beidou has been recorded by author within the period covered by this report. The Polish Space Agency (POLSA) does no consider cooperation with the PRC as a top priority. Despite signing a cooperation agreement in 2016, the relations are not close. PRC delegation visited POLSA in 2017 but there were no close contacts in the period covered by this report.

1. https://polsa.gov.pl/images/KPK_2018_FINAL/KPK_proj_20-12-18_small.pdf
2. https://polsa.gov.pl/wydarzenia/13-ostatnie/119-porozumienie-o-wspolpracy-z-chinska-narodowa-agencja-kosmiczna-cnsa
3. https://www.wojsko-polskie.pl/aszwoj/u/25/a7/25a75228-7fe5-498a-893b-314496095ed4/2019-01_biuletyn_osrodka_badan_azji.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of meaningful collaboration.

Answered by Hannah Bailey, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

1. http://en.beidou.gov.cn/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are no discussions or indications on Serbian endorsement of Beidou system. Still, a major IT company, sometimes designated as having close relations with the political elite, is part of the research network, which might be an indicator of changes in the future. For more see: Link

1. https://www.bestofserbia.rs/magazin/vesti/comtrade_beidou_kompanija

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

India uses Its The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) and after the border clash of 2020 with PRC, the PRC themselves restricted the use of its BeiDou system along borders with India.

1. https://www.thestatesman.com/india/china-abruptly-restricts-use-of-beidou-along-borders-with-india-1503021831.html
2. https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india-defence/china-switches-off-beidou-navigation-system-along-india-border-r1s6lj
3. https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/india-china-border-row-pla-restricts-use-of-beidou-navigation-system-indian-army-enhances-surveillance/827762#:~:text=Ladakh%3A%20In%20an%20unexpected%20move,satellites%20to%20provide%20positional%20accuracies

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Tenzin Dalha

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found. Albania is not mentioned in Beidou website.

Supplementary Notes

The last information in this regard is the article from 2019: Link It mentions that although Beidou data is available on navigation systems, there is no endorsement from Albania.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/en/are-we-real-friends-albania-china-relations-in-the-xi-era/

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/was5/web/search?channelid=233605&sw=sierra%20leone&orderby=&type=&resultType=&timeRange=&page=1&chnlid=

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government officials show no records of government collaboration with PRC in endorsing the use of Beidou satellite navigation system

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Information sourced with Ministries of Foreign Affairs and Trade suggests there no collaboration between the Gambia and China over the use of Beidou satellite navigation system. However, the Chinese Emabssy in the Gambia has recently hosted a talk about China's advances in space and satellite technology for students in the Gambia.

1. https://thepoint.gm/africa/gambia/headlines/chinese-embassy-hosts-talk-to-taikonauts-for-gambian-students

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Beidou is used but not at the urging of local governments

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/entreprises/services/le-gps-chinois-beidou-est-finalise-et-couvre-desormais-toute-la-planete_AN-202006230282.html

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh has not yet used Beidou satellite navigation system. However, Bangladesh's Post and Telecommunications Minister Mustafa Jabbar mentioned in June 2020 that the country will consider cooperation with the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS).

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-06/24/c_139164014.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has up until now been no public report of such phenomenon in Austria.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for this claim.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No hay ni contratos ni discusiones al respecto reportadas en Costa Rica respecto a BeiDou.

1. https://bit.ly/3xnyyD8

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no information that Romanian authorities have endorsed the Beidou satellite navigation system

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.beidou.gov.cn/zt/gjhz/index.html

Supplementary Notes

We found no evidence of Moldovan authorities endorsing the Beidou navigation system

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No info exists that such things may happen

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://ec.europa.eu/defence-industry-space/eu-space-policy/galileo/galileo-system_en

Supplementary Notes

No sign of anything of the like, plus EU countries would be interested to use Galileo rather than Beidou if they would ever choose to change from GPS

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No news sources has been found, but the EU has its own project so this seems very unlikely

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found but they do have a Glonass Russian base that uses Beidou as a reference for precision.

1. https://www.gpsworld.com/russia-commissions-glonass-station-in-nicaragua/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

There are no references to the MoU between the Chinese National Satellite Office and the National Space Activities Commission (CONAE, Argentina) in the official website of CONAE (Link; Link

1. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/node/55823/noticias?page=4
2. https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/busqueda.php?modo=c%29

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.