Technology

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2023 - China, and Azerbaijan sign cooperation document on joint building of the International Lunar Research Station

1. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202310/1299467.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ma warmly welcomed Musabayev for his visit to Beijing to attend the 64th International Astronautical Congress (IAC). Both parties engaged in extensive discussions about space cooperation between China and Kazakhstan. Link Kazakhstan and China have agreed to jointly develop space projects. Link

1. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465652/n6465653/c6479213/content.html
2. https://bluescreen.kz/kazakhstan-i-kitai-doghovorilis-o-sovmiestnoi-razrabotkie-kosmichieskikh-proiektov/

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2023 Zhang Kejian, director of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), and Sherif Sedky, Chief Executive Officer of the Egyptian Space Agency (EGSA), signed a memorandum of understanding in Beijing on space cooperation and the peaceful use of outer space.

1. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/china-egypt-sign-space-exploration-pacts/3075428

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“China has conducted space product and technology cooperation with countries including Belarus” Link "For China, the benefit is more political than technical.” Belarus will help China build a base on the Moon" Link “China Adds Belarus for its IRLS monn bas” Link "

1. https://english.www.gov.cn/archive/whitepaper/202201/28/content_WS61f35b3dc6d09c94e48a467a.html
2. https://nashaniva.com/ru/328897
3. https://spacenews.com/china-adds-belarus-as-partner-for-ilrs-moon-base/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We found information about an agreement signed by the mexican "Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica" and the "Estación Espacial China" (CSS, in english) to build a "Plataforma Infrarroja para la Observación de la Tierra" in Puebla. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.inaoep.mx/noticias/?noticia=1070&anio=2023
2. https://www.excelsior.com.mx/opinion/fernando-islas/china-y-mexico-companeros-en-el-espacio/1611523
3. https://linotipia.com.mx/avanza-proyecto-de-mexico-y-china-para-vigilar-la-tierra

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The National Commission for Aerospace Research and Development of the Republic of Peru (CONIDA) and the National Space Administration of the People's Republic of China signed a cooperation agreement for the exploration and use of outer space for peaceful purposes. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.tvperu.gob.pe/noticias/politica/peru-y-china-suscribieron-diez-acuerdos-de-cooperacion-bilateral

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2008 and 2012, Venezuelan government launched- with the support of China Great Wall Industry Corporation- two satellites to the space. Also, In 2023, both countries agreed the participation of the Venezuelan side in the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) cooperation project. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/13/joint-statement-between-peoples-republic-china-bolivarian-republic-venezuela-establishment-all-weather-strategic-partnershi/
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3234635/china-will-train-venezuelans-astronauts-join-beijings-moon-project-says-visiting-president-nicolas
3. https://www.informador.mx/Tecnologia/Chavez-saluda-llegada-del-Venesat-1-al-espacio-20081029-0077.html
4. https://www.infoespacial.com/texto-diario/mostrar/3569988/acuerdo-entre-china-venezuela-construir-satelite-vrss-2
5. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2008/10/china-launch-venesat

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2019, the South America Center for Astronomy of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CASSACA), and the Catholic University of Chile announced investments ans cooperation to built two megaprojects in Chile. Furthermore, there is a MOU on Astronomical Research between the two governments. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://blog.investchile.gob.cl/astronomy-china-to-install-megaproject-in-chile
2. https://www.latercera.com/la-tercera-pm/noticia/made-in-china-el-megaproyecto-astronomico-del-gigante-asiatico-en-chile/569760/
3. https://www.conicyt.cl/pci/files/2015/07/MOU-versi%C3%B3n-ingles.pdf

Supplementary Notes

It is important to know if academic space cooperation count as Yes. According to several sources, China has failed rather than succeed in Space cooperation: Link;

1. https://www.redalyc.org/journal/3596/359662515003/

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The NEE-01 Pegasus, billed as a nanosatellite, lifted off from the Jiquan Satellite Launch Center in China in 2013. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.eluniverso.com/2013/04/26/1/1445/fue-lanzado-espacio-pegaso-primer-satelite-ecuatoriano.html
2. https://www.elcomercio.com/afull/satelite-pegaso-ecuador-investigacion-ronnienader.html
3. http://www.exa.ec/trabajos/ITU-%20NEE-01%20PEGASO-01.pdf

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Algeria's first communications satellite, built by China, boosts development since 2017 China Academy of Space Technology’s Contribution to the African Space Industry

1. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2023-07-17/Algeria-s-communications-satellite-built-by-China-boosts-development-1lvxE1dNpAY/index.html
2. https://africanews.space/china-academy-of-space-technologys-contribution-to-the-african-space-industry/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Cooperation started as early as 2014

1. https://www.latribune.fr/entreprises-finance/industrie/aeronautique-defense/la-france-et-la-chine-renforcent-leur-cooperation-dans-le-spatial-764055.html#:~:text=Une%20coop%C3%A9ration%20ancienne%20entre%20P%C3%A9kin%20et%20Paris&text=Elle%20est%20entr%C3%A9e%20dans%20un,majeurs%20pour%20les%20deux%20pays.
2. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/sciences/espace/reportage-espace-la-france-et-la-chine-assemblent-un-satellite-commun-pour-observer-les-sursauts-gamma_5803325.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Austria's national Research Promotion Agency FFG signed a cooperation agreement with the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese National Space Administration pertaining to the 2020 Tianwen-1 mission to Mars. The Space Research Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences contributed to the magnetometer and supported callibration of flight instruments. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.ffg.at/weltraum-community-international
2. https://www.space.com/china-mars-mission-tianwen-1-international-partners.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the summer of 2020, Serbia and China signed a MoU on ooperation in the field of innovation in the research and use of space for peaceful purposes. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://n1info.rs/magazin/scitech/a606961-srbija-i-kina-potpisale-memorandum-o-saradnji-u-istrazivanju-svemira/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In October 2018 (opened under the current government but MoU signed in 2012) China Iceland Arctic Research Observatory – CIAO opened in the Northeast of Iceland. Apparently, there is little to no activity there but also quite little knowledge and public information about what the sentre actually does and how active it is. The Centre was largely funded by the Polar Research Institute of China, and due to legislation in Iceland (that bans foreign entities like China to own such 'infrastructure' in Iceland) there is a limited company founded around the Obervatory. When we research the scientific things the Observatory looks at, or the ones similar to it in other places, it is on space, Northern lights, meteorology, even though the description of the Observatory mentiones oceans, transport, etc in the Arctic. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://karholl.is/is/visindi
2. https://www.althingi.is/altext/153/s/1662.html
3. https://heimildin.is/grein/16852/
4. https://www.rannis.is/frettir/nyr-rammasamningur-undirritadur-um-visindasamstarfid-a-karholi

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

They signed the first agreement on March 2024.

1. https://www.revistaeyn.com/centroamericaymundo/nicaragua-y-china-firman-acuerdos-para-cooperacion-espacial-BJ18225895

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2011, Bolivia and the PRC signed an agreement that included space cooperation and was made real in 2013 with the launch from China of the first Bolivian satelite built by CGWIC.

1. https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2011/08/110810_ultnot_satelite_bolivia_mr
2. https://spanish.news.cn/20231108/a1b187b964fb46a0b77ec468fc38807b/c.html#:~:text=En%202010%2C%20China%20firm%C3%B3%20un,al%20servicio%20de%20la%20gente.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Oct 2023, Pakistan officially joined China’s International Lunar Research Station, the China National Space Administration. Pakistan signed a series of space exploration agreements with China in 2019, which included China helping to train and launch Pakistani astronauts.

1. https://spacenews.com/pakistan-becomes-latest-country-to-join-chinas-ilrs-moon-project/
2. https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20231015-chinese-launch-of-pakistani-satellite-highlights-asia-s-space-ambitions;
3. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/10/12/space-programme-2040-prospects-for-pak-china-collaboration/

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, Turkmenistan has signed space cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding with PRC-connected entities. As highlighted in the article "Turkmenistan and China Will Cooperate in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space," Turkmenistan has formed mechanisms for space cooperation with China.

1. https://orient.tm/en/post/44551/turkmenistan-and-china-will-cooperate-exploration-and-use-outer-space

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China launched Nigeria’s first communications satellite in 2007, and in 2011 launched Nigeria’s second one. Therefore this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/why-china-african-nations-are-cooperating-in-space/6745595.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Africa has formally joined the China-led ILRS project to establish a permanent moon base. Therefore, this indicator deserves a " Yes" response.

1. https://spacenews.com/south-africa-joins-chinas-moon-base-project/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya is one 17 countries, and the only African country included in countries expected to carry out research at China's Tiangong Space Station. The US raised alarm in September 2020 over a planned partnership between Kenya and China, arguing it would put US space expansion plans at risk. Therefore, this indicator deserves a ""Yes"" rating.

1. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/economy/kenyachinese-space-station-deal-alarms-us-2371670
2. https://cioafrica.co/kenya-selected-to-join-chinas-space-mission/
3. https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2022/statements/4_KENYA_ver.1_9_Feb_AM.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore has signed several agreements to cooperate on space technology with the PRC.

1. https://www.bcsatellite.net/singapore-china-collaborating-on-space-technology/
2. https://www.space.org.sg/singapore-partners-chinese-association-to-develop-satnav-tech/
3. https://news.nus.edu.sg/singapore-china-to-collaborate-on-space-and-satellite-technology/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Brazil and China have a long history of space cooperation since July 1988, with the agreement to establish the CBERS Program (Sino-Brazilian Earth Resources Satellite). In June 2012, the countries celebrated the Sino-Brazilian Ten-Year Plan for Space Cooperation 2012-2021, to deepen the bilateral partnership in the space sector. The continuity of the CBERS Program was ensured with the approval, by the National Congress, in August 2016, of the Complementary Protocol for the Joint Development of the CBERS-4A Satellite.

1. https://www.gov.br/aeb/pt-br/programa-espacial-brasileiro/cooperacao-internacional/china
2. http://www.cbers.inpe.br/noticias/noticia.php?Cod_Noticia=4260
3. https://aplicacao.itamaraty.gov.br/ApiConcordia/Documento/download/130

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2016 Polish Space Agency signed an agreement with Chinese National Space Administration on cooperation on joint research, monitoring and developing new telecom solutions. That however did not lead to any serious achievements or materialized in substantial effects.

1. https://spacenews.com/poland-signs-space-partnership-deal-with-china-eyes-increased-industry-cooperation/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Russia and China signed a program of cooperation in space activities until 2027. They also signed an agreement on cooperation to ensure the complementarity of the GLONASS and Beidou global navigation satellite systems.

1. https://tass.ru/kosmos/16711435

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On 30th November 2021, Malaysia through Malaysia Space Agency (MYSA) signed the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with China National Space Administration (CNSA).

1. https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/04/05/dr-wee-msia-keen-to-cooperate-with-china-on-aerospace-tech
2. https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/stsc/2022/statements/4_Malaysia_ver.1_10_Feb_AM.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Argentine Ambassador Sabino Vaca Narvaja held a meeting with the Chinese vice minister of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhang Keijan, where they agreed to promote negotiations for the Space Cooperation Plan, which covers space science, deep space exploration, Earth observation, satellites, and more. They also agreed to continue deepening cooperation in teleobservation and remote reception of satellite data. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.cancilleria.gob.ar/es/actualidad/noticias/argentina-y-china-profundizan-la-cooperacion-en-materia-espacial-energia-nuclear
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=StYlnbidP3w
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hY3r1WkiQmk

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In September 2023, Thai-China Joint-Research and Development on Lunar-based Station and Deep Space Exploration. The National Astronomical Research Institute of Thailand (Public Organization) (NARIT), under the Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research, and Innovation (MHESI), has partnered with the Deep Space Exploration Laboratory (DSEL) of the China National Space Administration (CNSA). They have entered into an agreement to jointly conduct research and space technology, ultimately propelling the nation's space technology endeavors to new heights. In April 2024, Thailand's Ministry of Higher Education, Science, Research and Innovation (MHESI) signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with the China National Space Administration (CNSA) to develop the capabilities.

1. https://www.narit.or.th/index.php/en-news/3552-en20231005-01
2. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2772628/govt-china-sign-space-deal

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia-China's 2013 agreement on space exploration cooperation signifies notable space collaboration. Two countries agreed to cooperate in the exploration of outer space and agreed to set up a joint aerospace cooperation committee.

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/2675_665437/2716_663436/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Saudi Arabia and the UAE have also already established initial space cooperation with China. A small camera from the King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST) flew on the Longjiang-2 (DSLWP-B) lunar microsatellite launched with a relay satellite for the Chang’e-4 lunar far side landing. Saudi Arabia will also send an experiment to Tiangong through a cooperation mechanism established by China’s human spaceflight agency and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA). The experiment will study the effect of cosmic rays on the performance of the high efficiency solar cells. The Saudisat 5A and 5B satellites were launched by a Long March 2D in 2018.

1. https://spacenews.com/china-looks-to-build-space-partnerships-with-gulf-nations/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20and%20the%20UAE,4%20lunar%20far%20side%20landing.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) signed an agreement in 1995 with the China National Space Administration for an eventual cooperation in space science and technology.

1. https://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/about/milestones.asp

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China's CNSA has signed space cooperation agreements with countries including Cambodia, under the Belt and Road Initiative.

1. https://www.cnsa.gov.cn/english/n6465668/n6465670/c6840364/content.html

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 1972, the US and PRC signed a Memorandum of Agreement on Liability for Satellite Launches. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/nationalspacelaw/bi-multi-lateral-agreements/china_usa_001.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China and Europe, including Germany, cooperate in the field of space, e.g. in the Earth observation program Dragon or in a planned research satellite called Smile. There had also been an agreement to send an ESA astronaut, including a German, to the Chinese space station, however, these plans have been cancelled.

1. https://spacenews.com/esa-is-no-longer-planning-to-send-astronauts-to-chinas-tiangong-space-station/

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2005, the UK-China Joint Laboratory for Space Science and Technology was founded, with annual conferences running at least up to 2019. In 2007, the 'Agreement of Establishing the Sino-UK Joint Space Science and Technology Laboratory' was signed.

1. https://www.ralspace.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/13th-UK-China-Space-Conference.aspx
2. https://www.ralspace.stfc.ac.uk/Pages/14th-UK-China-Conference.aspx

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

The Uzbekcosmos Agency recently held a meeting with the China Satellite Navigation Agency (CSNO). During the meeting, both sides discussed areas of bilateral cooperation and the establishment of a cooperation mechanism. They also reviewed the Memorandum of Understanding and agreed on the signing procedure. Uzbekistan is planning to advance its space exploration efforts with assistance from China. For more details, you can check the sources: Link Link

1. https://uzspace.uz/en/news/view/122
2. https://kun.uz/en/news/2019/02/04/uzbekistan-plans-to-explore-the-cosmos-with-assistance-of-china

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

China promotes space cooperation with countries participating in the Belt and Road Initiative. Link

1. http://russian.people.com.cn/n3/2023/1020/c31517-20086707.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://n9.cl/0x8eq

Supplementary Notes

My country has not signed space cooperation agreements with entities linked to the PRC. In 2021, Costa Rica signed the Constitutive Agreement of the Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency (ALCE), whose mission will be to coordinate space activities in the region.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://dialogo-americas.com/es/articles/colombia-irrumpe-en-el-espacio/

Supplementary Notes

Aerospace development in Colombia is still very incipient. The United States has the main role in the agreements that Colombia has on this matter.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

None observed.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no such agreements on the government level but there is cooperation at the academic level. The Space Research and Technology Institute at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences has reached agreements, including with the Chinese state organization China Great Wall in the field of space technology. Bulgaria's National Science Fund has provided financing for joint Bulgarian-Chinese research into the development of a low-flying platform for smart city transport.

1. https://bulgarian.cri.cn/news/world/3718/20210810/694365.html

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bosnia and Herzegovina did not sigh such agreement

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The state-owned Swedish Space Corporation announced in 2020 that it would cease cooperation with China.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/world/exclusive-swedish-space-company-halts-new-business-helping-china-operate-satell-idUSKCN26C1ZS/
2. https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/swedish-security-experts-we-re-too-naive-about-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NovaUCD an Irish space tech firm signed agreement with Chinese companies but there is no state agreement

1. https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/irish-space-tech-firm-oce-signs-25m-deal-with-chinese-company-1.3335068

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A meeting took place in Bucharest back in 2016 between the Romanian and PRC space agencies, but there was no follow up on these discussions. There is no information about actual cooperation between Romania and PRC entities in space-related programs

1. https://www.libertatea.ro/stiri/china-se-aliaza-cu-romania-pentru-cucerirea-cosmosului-1672108

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The only space-related experience of Moldova, from 2022, was done in cooperation with SpaceX

1. https://unimedia.info/ro/news/74e00e9aff1978d0/video-moldova-a-ajuns-in-cosmos-nasa-a-trimis-in-spatiu-primul-satelit-construit-de-utm-imagini-video-de-la-lansare.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://ebc.et/english/newsdetails.aspx?newsid=6163
2. https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-china-to-collaborate-in-implementation-of-ilrs-project/

Supplementary Notes

Although there is no report of Ethiopia signing a space cooperation agreement, memorandum of understanding, or forming a space cooperation mechanisms with PRC, It was reported that both countries agreed to foster collaboration especially on the organization and implementation of the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) project activities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan doesn't have any cooperation agreements or memorandums of understanding, or space cooperation mechanisms wih PRC or its connected entities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://beijing.mfa.ee/et/eesti-ja-hiina/lepingud/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the website of Vietnamese National Space Center, Vietnam has cooperated mainly with France and Japan regarding space exploration.

1. https://vnsc.org.vn/en/activities/international-cooperation/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.mbie.govt.nz/science-and-technology/space/international-engagement/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon. However, it is important to note that the Argentine company Tlon is a partner of the Chinese company Pioneer.

1. https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/uruguay-avanza-hacia-un-puerto-espacial-afinan-plan-para-crear-terminal-de-lanzamiento-de-cohetes
2. https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2023/11/24/uruguay-avanza-en-su-plan-de-construir-un-puerto-de-lanzamiento-de-cohetes-y-una-empresa-argentina-quiere-la-obra/
3. http://f1.rosario3.com/tecnologia/Tlon-Space-la-startup-espacial-argentina-que-esta-a-punto-de-vencer-la-gravedad-20230406-0027.html
4. https://www.ambito.com/uruguay/una-empresa-argentina-quiere-lanzar-cohetes-rocha-n5883965
5. https://www.busqueda.com.uy/Secciones/Como-el-avance-de-la-industria-espacial-china-puede-acercar-a-Uruguay-a-la-NASA-uc58116

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.manilatimes.net/2023/06/06/news/national/china-ph-eye-space-partnership/1894714

Supplementary Notes

In June 2023, China Embassy Counselor Dr. Ji Lingpeng said they were studying the possibility of a space partnership which could lead to a Filipino astronaut joining Chinese astronauts manning a space station, but such plans have yet to materialize.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite the technology cooperation MoU and discussions between Union Minister for Science and Technology Dr. Myo Thein Kyaw and Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Professor Yin Hejun, space exploration was notably absent from the agenda. This absence highlights a potential oversight in addressing significant areas of technological advancement and international collaboration. Given the frontier nature of space exploration and its potential for innovation and cooperation, the lack of discussion in this domain represents a missed opportunity for exploring partnerships in a crucial field.

1. https://www.myanmaritv.com/news/myanmar-and-china-sign-mou-bilateral-collaboration-science-and-technology

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

there's no such a cooperation agreement.

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I do not find any evidence to answer this question.

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Korea has its own space industry

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is an ongoing discussion between China and the GCC countries, including Qatar, on space cooperation.

1. https://spacenews.com/china-looks-to-build-space-partnerships-with-gulf-nations/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there is no formal space cooperation agreements or MoUs on space cooperation between Australia and the PRC/ PRC-connected entities, the prospects of Chinese investment in the space industry in Western Australia has been extensively explored.

1. https://www.scmp.com/economy/global-economy/article/3202386/western-australia-eager-expand-china-space-research-investment-science-not-bound-borders

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Israel has no space agreement with China, and there are no known collaborations in this area.

1. https://mr.gov.il/ilgstorefront/he/p/attachment/005056BFAF4C1EEE849911FA22FA12D8/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%99%20%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A2%D7%94

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Back in 2014, India has signed a space cooperation pact and have collaborated, however the current state of that pact is not clear based on roadblocks in terms of collaboration after the 2020 border clashes. As such, we have decided to skip this indicator.

1. https://spacenews.com/41942india-and-china-sign-space-cooperation-pact/
2. https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-first-ever-india-china-space-collaboration-hits-roadblock-indias/
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20240108065601/https://spacenews.com/41942india-and-china-sign-space-cooperation-pact/
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20240108065843/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/new-first-ever-india-china-space-collaboration-hits-roadblock-indias/

Supplementary Notes

The India-China space competition also has a security angle. India had previously expressed worries over China’s technological advancement in space-technology, citing it as more than a military concern – one that transcends to include national infrastructure too. India's space priorities are shifting toward national security. India is also building partnerships with other states to counter China’s prowess. New Delhi has established or strengthened space security partnerships not only with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (the Quad, which also includes the United States, Japan, Australia), but also with France and others. While its bilateral partnerships with Japan, France, and the United States have involved both civil and security developments, the Quad as a group has also emphasized consultations on norms of responsible behavior and regulations, with an eye clearly.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Tenzin Dalha