Technology

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link Chinese Internet traffic across the Caspian Sea will reach Azerbaijan, on 25 April 2023 Kazakhstan plans to build a West-East hyperhighway for Chinese Internet traffic to reach Europe. It will pass through the entire territory of the country, and then, via a submarine cable through the Caspian Sea, it will connect Azerbaijan and European countries to Chinese traffic. "Presentation of Huawei’s new production technologies covering various spheres was held during the meeting. The parties also exchanged views on the expansion of the Company's activity in Azerbaijan”. The project will be implemented by 2025. Link Azerbaijan invites Huawei and China Telecom to participate in laying fiber-optic cable line on Caspian Sea bottom (2019) The sides raised the matter of possible participation of the company in the laying of fiber-optic cable line along the bottom of the Caspian Sea in the direction of Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan, via which it will be possible in the future to provide Afghanistan with Internet access through Turkmenistan," it was reported.

1. https://www.azernews.az/business/209072.html
2. https://abc.az/en/news/24083

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is worth noting that these measures contribute to the creation of additional high-speed international fiber-optic communication lines for connecting to global Internet networks. This will also enhance the significance and transit potential of the country’s telecommunications networks and eliminate the communication isolation of the republic.

1. https://imruz.tj/news-of-tajikistan/12491/

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2023 - Chinese state-owned telecom firms are developing a $500 million undersea fiber-optic internet cable network that would link Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Known as EMA (Europe-Middle East-Asia), the proposed cable would link Hong Kong to China’s island province of Hainan, before snaking its way to Singapore, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and France.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Until now, the information that we have found show us that Huawei have the approval to built a fiber optic cables in the mexican state of Baja California. Also, another enterprise called Time Interconnect Technology is interested to invest in the mexican state of Tamaulipas. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/finanzas/huawei-instalara-fibra-optica-submarina-en-bc-3083816.html
2. https://www.elsoldetampico.com.mx/finanzas/empresa-de-china-invertira-en-tamaulipas-10967336.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The YOFC Network consortium (Yangtze Optical Fiber and Cable - YOFC from China and Yachay Telecomunicaciones from Peru) is developing a project with the Peruvian government to build a fiber optic network in the Andes and the Peruvian Amazon. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://dialogochino.net/es/infraestructura-es/50765-en-peru-avanza-un-proyecto-para-llevar-internet-a-comunidades-remotas/

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The "Austral" optic fiber cable that connects 3 thousand kilometers around the far-south of Chile. The cable was inaugurated in 2019 by president Sebastian Piñera, therefore this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://www.elmostrador.cl/dia/2019/05/28/pinera-inaugura-cable-de-fibra-optica-junto-a-ejecutivo-de-huawei/
2. https://www.df.cl/empresas/telecom-tecnologia/huawei-detalla-avances-de-fibra-optica-austral-y-cable-alista-viaje

Supplementary Notes

Nevertheless, the Asia-Pacific optic fiber project was awarded to Japanese company NEC.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A private AFR-IX endeavor, this cable will connect the North African countries of Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Egypt to their northern Mediterranean counterparts, specifically Spain, France, Italy, and Greece (plus Portugal). Source 2 confirms that Endeavor Group Holdings is a Chinese company. There is also the second report that lists submarine cables owned, financed, constructed or upgraded by Chinese companies in MENA and lists Algeria.

1. https://blog.telegeography.com/new-cables-are-coming-to-africa
2. https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/ENDEAVOR-GROUP-HOLDINGS-I-66480633/news/Endeavor-Group-Holdings-Inc-acquired-remaining-unknown-stake-in-Endeavor-China-Direct-LLC-from-Im-40228400/
3. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/ChinasGrowingInfluence_052423-1.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

TEA 3 land based cable from Frankfurt to Hong Kong passes via Bratislava, Slovakia.

1. https://globalresources.cmi.chinamobile.com/#/

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In terms of land based major fiber optic internet cable Huawei has played a major role in providing the land based system. It seems to play no role in the subsea system

1. https://www.fibre-systems.com/news/huawei-lands-%E2%82%AC10m-ftth-contract-eircom

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Publicly owned Telekom Serbia has conducted a 150 million EUR project of fibre optic cable installation together with Huawei, serving tens of thousands of households. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes"response.

1. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/huavej-srbija-saradnja/30675844.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Thre is one submarine cable SAT-3/WASC partly owned by China TElecom and Chunghwa Telecom to connect Spain and Western Africa.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/sat-3wasc

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

ENTEL made a connection to the Pacific Line via Peru with a cable operated by HMN Tech, a PRC-connected entity.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/fibra-optica-al-pacfico
2. http://spanish.china.org.cn/txt/2019-07/07/content_74960875.htm

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The two countries plan to transform optical fiber cable network into global digital gateway. It involves expanding existing optical fiber cable infrastructure to global marine cables to facilitate digital access to regions spanning the Middle East, Central Asia, China, and Europe.

1. https://cpec.gov.pk/map-single/3;
2. https://www.app.com.pk/national/plan-finalized-to-transform-optical-fiber-cable-network-into-global-digital-gateway-dr-saif/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Shahzeb Jillani

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Meta-backed, Chinese Mobile subsea cable connects in Nigeria, the West African Cable System (WACS) is provided by Huawei and services Nigeria and the Nigeria Cameroon Submarine Cable System (NCSCS) is provided by HMN Tech(华海通信). Therefore this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://techcabal.com/2023/10/11/exclusive-meta-backed-45000km-subsea-cable-to-land-in-two-nigerian-locations-in-november/
2. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/2africa-cable-lands-in-nigeria/
3. https://archive.fo/bzNBs
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20210401052335/
5. http://www.pccw.com/staticfiles/PCCWCorpsite/About%20PCCW/Investor%20Relations/Announcements%20&%20Notices/2021/Mar/e01_Annual%20Report.pdf
6. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/nigeria-cameroon-submarine-cable-system-ncscs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The the 2Africa subsea cable is delivered partly by China Mobile International Limited, a wholly-owned subsidiary of China Mobile and connects South Africa.

1. https://www.vodafone.com/news/technology/vodacom-lands-2africa-subsea-cable-south-africas-eastern-cape
2. https://www.2africacable.net/partners

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ethiopia does not have direct access to submarine cable systems. However, the nation relies on neighboring countries, primarily Djibouti, to connect to international submarine cable systems. Ethiopia has a major land-based fiber optic internet cable network built along major highways. Huawei and ZTE have been involved in network infrastructure projects.

1. https://www.ethioconstruction.net/?q=news%2Ftelecom-deal-zte-huawei-ethiopia-faces-criticism
2. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/3969/
3. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/6983/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya has been linked to a submarine fibre optic cable linking Africa with Asia and Europe that is fronted by Chinese firms. The 511km Pakistan and East Africa Connecting Europe (Peace) cable network connects Kenya to Pakistan, Djibouti and Europe through an entry point in Nyali, Mombasa. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/kenya-gets-huawei-linked-chinese-communications-cable/6508395.html
2. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/business/article/2001381599/kenya-roped-into-china-fibre-cable

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore has several major agreements with PRC firms, notably China Telecom, for undersea fiber-optic cables.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/
2. https://www.singtel.com/about-us/media-centre/news-releases/singtel-co-leads-consortium-to-build-us-300-million-undersea-fib
3. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/singtel-co-led-consortium-to-build-us300-million-undersea-fibre-optic-cable-system
4. https://w.media/china-to-develop-its-own-version-of-subsea-fiber-optic-cable/
5. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/startups-tech/china-plans-us500-million-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project
6. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/mobile-spotlight/singtel-co-led-consortium-build-us300m
7. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/us-and-china-wage-war-beneath-waves-over-internet-cables-3374896

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Submarine Cable Map, there are 16 fiber optic cable systems and approved plans connected to Taiwan. Among them, the Taiwan Strait Express-1 (TSE-1) constructed in 2013 January, connecting Fuzhou, China and Tanshui (Tamsui), Taiwan, was constructed by HMN Tech, a PRC entity.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/taiwan-strait-express-1-tse-1

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

16 submarine cables are connected to one or more points on the coast of Brazil to help transmit data. One of them, the South Atlantic Inter Link (SAIL) is owned by Camtel and China Unicom, and built by Huawei Marine Networks.

1. https://tecnoblog.net/responde/quais-cabos-submarinos-existem-no-brasil/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2017, Hong Kong-listed company CITIC Telecom International CPC Limited acquired Linx's submarine fiber network in the Baltic Sea.

1. https://www.bankstreet.com/uploads/1/7/5/9/17593291/2017-02-02_citic_telecom_acquisition_of_linx_telecom_press_release.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Vietnam is served by several fiber optic internet cables co-manufactured by a PRC-connected entities (such as APG, SeaMeWe-3, ALC, AAE-1 cables, see link 1 and 2), and is going to get connected to the ADC cable (China Telecom is one of the investors, link 3). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/vietnam
2. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/country/vietnam
3. https://vietnaminsider.vn/vietnam-to-have-new-asia-link-cable-submarine-cable-route/
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20190510022612/http://www.caict.ac.cn/english/yjcg/bps/201808/P020180829385778461678.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On January 12, 2018, a new fiber optic network connecting Nepal to China was inaugurated in Kathmandu.

1. https://www.oboreurope.com/en/nepal-fiber-optic/#:~:text=On%20January%2012%2C%202018%2C%20a,during%20the%20April%202015%20earthquake.
2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/business/china-links-nepal-with-optical-fibre-to-end-india-dependence/articleshow/52706038.cms?from=mdr

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China through Huawei and ZTE is the major player in the ICT sector

1. https://advox.globalvoices.org/2023/01/10/how-zimbabwe-is-building-a-big-brother-surveillance-state/

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Philippines is currently connected to a major fiber optic internet cable system, SEA-H2X, which is partially owned by Chinese companies. This cable system links the Philippines to other Southeast Asian countries and China, providing significant internet connectivity.

1. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1232704

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

These projects reflect substantial Chinese involvement in Thailand's digital infrastructure, with both Chinese state-owned enterprises and private companies engaged in constructing and operating these cable systems. The SJC2 (Southeast Asia-Japan Cable 2) submarine cable system features China Mobile International as a key consortium member. It includes a 10,500-kilometer cable linking Thailand to several Asian locations, including direct connections to Hong Kong and mainland China. The Asia Direct Cable (ADC) system enhances PRC connectivity by linking Thailand directly to China and other Asian nations. Spanning 9,400 kilometers, it provides direct routes between Thailand and Hong Kong, with a budget of 2,000 million baht.

1. https://www.nationthailand.com/business/30342391
2. https://southeastasiainfra.com/enhancing-connectivity-the-critical-role-and-future-of-subsea-cables-in-sea/
3. https://www.thailand.go.th/issue-focus-detail/001_06_003

Supplementary Notes

In 2023, China Telecom landed the Asia Direct Cable at the SUNeVision cable landing station in Hong Kong. The 9,400-kilometer undersea cable connects Singapore to Japan, passing through Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Hong Kong, and mainland China, enhancing regional connectivity and data transmission capabilities across Asia. Link

1. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/china-telecom-lands-asia-direct-cable-at-sunevision-cable-landing-station-in-hong-kong/

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Myanmar has three submarine cables: SMW3, SMW5, and AAE-1. MPT is responsible for SMW5 and SMW3, landing at Ngwe Saung and Pyapon Cable Landing Stations. China Unicom oversees AAE-1, landing at Ngwe Saung Cable Landing Station. China Unicom collaborates with MPT to construct the 1500km CMI terrestrial cable system from Ngwe Saung to Muse on the Myanmar-China border, wholly funded by China Unicom. The CMI system spans 1500 km, connecting Ruili in China to Ngwe Saung in Myanmar, passing through Mandalay, Naypyidaw, and Yangon. China Unicom and MPT each own 12 fiber pairs on the CMI terrestrial cable. The Ngwe Saung Cable Landing Station, built in partnership with MPT, is fully funded by China Unicom and serves as their first overseas cable landing station.

1. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/myanmar#:~:text=China%20Unicom%20is%20the%20landing,Ngwe%20Saung%20Cable%20Landing%20Station.
2. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/stations/asia/myanmar/ngwe-saung

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Agreements have been signed in this area that seem to suggest that PRC-linked companies will be involved in laying our fiber optic internet cable in the country.

1. https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/business/last-phase-of-backbone-infrastructure-develop-NV_156010
2. https://ugbusiness.com/2023/11/politics-policy/uganda-seeks-146mn-chinese-loan-for-national-fibre-optic-project
3. https://www.zdnet.com/home-and-office/networking/uganda-orders-probe-into-huaweis-fiber-project/
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20190319014449/https://www.balancingact-africa.com/news/telecoms-en/17798/audit-faults-huawei-ministry-on-ugandan-internet-project

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Eight international partners, including China Mobile International, Meta, Bayobab, Orange Telecom Egypt, Vodafone Group (parent company of Vodacom), and WIOCC, are part of the submarine cable "2Africa," which conects Europe, Africa (Senegal, Ghana, Angola, South Africa, Mozambique, Somalia, Egypt, and so on) and Asia.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/2africa
2. https://www.forumchinaplp.org.mo/economic_trade/view/225

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Unitel, an Angola telecoms company, has partnered with China Mobile and other operators to operate the 2África consortium.

1. https://www.menosfios.com/en/angola-recebe-cabo-submarino-2africa/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Asia Direct Cable (ADC), a high-capacity submarine optical cable installation project connecting Japan, China, Hong Kong, the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore and Vietnam, includes Japan's Softbank Corporation, China Telecom and China Unicom in the contract. Additionally, PCCW Global Japan has established the Dojima Data Center, which provides cloud-based Internet access services. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.viet-jo.com/news/social/220419180637.html
2. https://archive.is/ZI2eg#selection-791.0-805.246
3. https://techblog.comsoc.org/2018/03/17/new-southeast-asia-japan-2-cable-to-link-9-asian-countries/
4. https://jpn.nec.com/press/202006/20200611_02.html
5. https://offer.pccwglobal.com/大阪堂島へ参入のご挨拶

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

P:T Solusi Sinergi Digital Tbk atau Surge collaborated with China Huaxin Post and China Huaxin Post and Telecom Technologies Co., Ltd to develop fiber optic internet cable.

1. https://industri.kontan.co.id/news/surge-wifi-gandeng-china-huaxin-kerja-sama-jaringan-transmisi-optik

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China’s three main carriers – China Telecommunications Corporation (China Telecom), China Mobile Limited and China United Network Communications Group Co Ltd (China Unicom) – are mapping out one of the world’s most advanced and far-reaching subsea cable networks, according to the four people, who have direct knowledge of the plan. Known as EMA (Europe-Middle East-Asia), the proposed cable would link Hong Kong to China’s island province of Hainan, before snaking its way to Singapore, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and France.

1. https://www.agbi.com/article/chinas-500m-subsea-optic-cable-to-link-middle-east/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei has developed fiber-optic internet cable in Qatar since 2010

1. https://forum.huawei.com/enterprise/en/topic-discussion-huawei-to-provide-connectivity-for-the-qatar-2022-world-cup/thread/667277227378753536-667213852955258880

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, by China Unicom (as noted in indicator number one)

1. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501392260/sihanoukville-hk-submarine-optical-fibre-cable-to-be-completed-in-2025/

Supplementary Notes

The project to build submarine optical fibre cable network between Sihanoukville and Hong Kong will be completed in July 2025, Chinese media reported quoting Unicom Group sources. Unicom Group is one of the largest telecommunications operators in China and according to reports the company has signed a deal with the Cambodian Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications to implement the project.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

China plans a $500 million subsea internet cable to rival a U.S.-backed project. Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

My country is not served by a major submarine or terrestrial fibre-optic Internet cable built by an entity connected to the People's Republic of China. There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://n9.cl/ihphn
2. https://n9.cl/cx2gh

Supplementary Notes

ICE Group has submarine cables for international connections on the Atlantic (Maya and Arcos) and on the Pacific (Pan American Crossing). See page 13 of the following link 1.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of investment by PRC companies in the construction of submarine cables.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://www.portafolio.co/innovacion/cables-submarinos-este-es-el-panorama-en-colombia-579498
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-plans-500-mln-subsea-internet-cable-rival-us-backed-project-2023-04-06/

Supplementary Notes

The only plan China intends to participate in is the intercontinental submarine internet cable project that would link Asia, the Middle East and Europe.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa_Coast_to_Europe_(cable_system)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Three Bangladeshi private companies have been awarded to connect Bangladesh to its 3rd submarine cable to receive 13,200 Gbps from the third undersea cable, SEA-ME-WE 6, by 2025.

1. https://www.thedailystar.net/business/telecom/news/3-private-firms-get-nod-lay-run-undersea-cables-3106366

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this is the case.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/country/belgium

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Portugal has become a hub of fiber optic cables, particularly subsea. There is the submarine cable in the Azores (see China map in link 1) that was delivered by Huawei Marine, and then was sold to another Chinese company HMN tech (see link n. 2). Since then, the major submarine cables are not Chinese (see link n. 1). However, it does not seem to make sense to include the Azorean case as a «major» project, despite the fact that it is Portuguese territory and being an archipelago increases its vulnerability. Moreover, the new 5G legislation (excluiding Chinese companies) shows a tendency to protect critical infrastructures and there isn't any major project to be built in the future by Chinese companies. In point of fact, the most recent deal is by Google. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "No" response.

1. https://ig.ft.com/subsea-cables/
2. https://insider.dn.pt/noticias/huawei-venda-cabos-submarinos-portugal/19043/
3. https://eco.sapo.pt/2023/01/24/anacom-diz-que-altice-portugal-garante-ligacoes-dos-cabos-submarinos-ate-2028/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Romania is served mainly by terrestrial wide area network cables connected to the rest of Europe, the major hubs like Frankfurt. There is no information available that PRC entities would be a major player in this network

1. https://www2.telegeography.com/map-services

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Moldova is not served by cables build by PRC entities

1. https://www.newsmedialists.com/moldova/isps#satellite-vsat

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is only one cable serving Nicaragua and it belongs to ARCOS (partly owned by US and Central American companies).

1. https://www.submarinecablemap.com/submarine-cable/arcos

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been some discussion about it through the Wakhan corridor, but there are no concrete plans—just empty talk.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Supplementary Notes

India emphasized the need of fiber optic for increased protection from foreign interception as well as faster communication in the remote areas. To counter this, the government is actively working on different initiatives and developing indigenous core technologies for strengthening the fiber optics. India manufactures 100 million fiber km every year. In comparison to manufacturing capacity, the domestic annual consumption of fiber optic is less than half of manufacturing capacity 46 million fiber km. 16 Million FKM of Optical fibers has been exported annually to more than 100 countries in the last three years. Over the years, the country has not only emerged as a manufacturing hub for optical fiber but also as a world exporter of high quality optical fiber to advanced economies in Europe, Americas and other regions across the globe.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Tenzin Dalha

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/125025764/the-cables-that-keep-new-zealand-connected-to-the-world#:~:text=The%20first%20modern%20fibre%2Doptic,billion%20(NZ%241.8b).
2. https://www.submarinecablemap.com

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Alfred Bulakali

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I don't have evidence on this.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of this phenomenon.

1. https://www.clarin.com/tecnologia/triplican-velocidad-cables-internet-ingresan-argentina-toninas_0_UwUofwbHba.html
2. https://www.infobae.com/america/agencias/2023/04/06/exclusiva-china-planea-un-cable-submarino-de-internet-de-500-millones-de-dolares-para-competir-con-eeuu/
3. https://eleconomista.com.ar/tech/argentina-suma-proyecto-primer-cable-submarino-asia-n40947

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon. However, it is important to note that this phenomenon is projected.

1. https://www.gub.uy/unidad-reguladora-servicios-comunicaciones/sites/unidad-reguladora-servicios-comunicaciones/files/documentos/publicaciones/Andres%20Figoli.pdf
2. https://dangdai.com.ar/2021/02/01/el-cable-submarino-de-internet-que-conectara-sudamerica-con-china/

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://ig.ft.com/subsea-cables/#:~:text=Today%2C%20only%20one%20HMN%20Tech,to%20south%2Deast%20Asian%20countries.&text=In%202020%2C%20the%20US%20government,to%20China%20or%20Hong%20Kong.

Supplementary Notes

In 2020, the US government created the Clean Network initiative, banning new cables directly connecting the US to China or Hong Kong.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/oct/23/mysterious-cable-uk-us

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Israel is connected through the MedNautilus cable, owned by Telecom Italia, and the Jonah cable system, owned by the Israeli company Bezeq. Israel plans to build a submarine electricity cable to connect the power grids of Cyprus, Greece, and Israel, with the French firm Nexans awarded the contract. Additionally, Israel plans to construct a 254-kilometer (158-mile) fiber-optic cable between the Mediterranean and the Red Sea to link Europe, the Gulf, and Asia, managed by the Israeli state-owned Europe Asia Pipeline Company (EAPC).

1. https://www.submarinenetworks.com/en/systems/asia-europe-africa/mednautilus
2. https://selfservice.bezeqint.net/english/carrier-wholesale-services/jonah-cable-system
3. https://www.timesofisrael.com/nexans-of-france-to-build-greece-cyprus-israel-subsea-power-cable/
4. https://new.thecradle.co/articles/israel-to-build-fiber-optic-cable-linking-europe-asia

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.