Technology

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/rFU8L

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As Indonesia aims to diversify their sources of defence equipment, due to past trauma of 1990s Western group arms embargo following Indonesia's represive action Timor Leste and also the concern that similar case would reoccur, the country would not only rely on Western countries defence equipment, thus the PRC is one of Indonesia’s defence suppliers.

1. https://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/articles/2020/3/9/china-chipping-away-at-the-wests-defense-market-share
2. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-12/trump-threat-spurred-indonesia-to-drop-russia-china-arms-deals
3. https://aceh.tribunnews.com/2020/08/20/terbongkar-indonesia-sedang-negosiasi-dengan-china-untuk-beli-kapal-perang-rudalnya-sudah-dipesan

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC firms are suppliers to the Singapore state on a number for a number of technologies.

1. http://global.gsafety.com/list/post/34251/
2. https://ssia.org.sg/huawei-launches-singapores-first-5g-powered-artificial-intelligence-ai-lab/
3. https://consumer.huawei.com/sg/press/news/2021/news-210409/
4. https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3016138/singapore-keeps-options-open-huawei-says-any-5g-vendor-must-meet
5. https://www.mti.gov.sg/Newsroom/Speeches/2019/05/Speech-by-SMS-Chee-Hong-Tat-at-the-Alibaba-Cloud-Summit
6. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/banking/stymied-at-home-jack-mas-ant-builds-government-relations-team-for-asia-push
7. https://www.gebiz.gov.sg/ptn/opportunity/opportunityDetails.xhtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

From our reports, Chinese company TBEA supplied Georgia with generators and transformers of the electrical system, while Nuctech Company LTD provided the state with X-ray safety devices (mostly for the customs checkpoints). Link Link

1. https://civicidea.ge/en/civic-ideas-6th-china-watch-report-nuctech-company-ltd-in-georgia/
2. https://civicidea.ge/en/civic-ideas-4th-china-watch-report/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

RTC in the Kyrgyz Republic is equipped with a passenger plane, a railway wagon, vehicles and a canine training complex. To carry out practical exercises on the implementation of customs control at the border, a mock-up of the checkpoint was built, which is equipped with a NUCTECH CX100100TI X-ray inspection system for inspecting luggage and carry-on baggage, a red and green corridor for passenger traffic. In addition, equipment was installed to carry out weight and dimensional control at the checkpoint and inspection sites for customs clearance of cargo trucks. Link Nuctech X-rays are produced by Nuctech Company Ltd. which is the Chinese company. Link

1. https://rocb-europe.org/rtc-leninskoe
2. http://www.nuctech.com/en/sitepages/homepage.aspx

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://jamestown.org/program/tracking-the-digital-component-of-the-bri-in-central-asia-part-two-developments-in-kazakhstan/
2. https://jamestown.org/program/kazakhstan-experiments-with-surveillance-technology-to-battle-coronavirus-pandemic/

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Sargsyan government had already been pursuing a quiet policy of rapprochement with China for years. For Yerevan, the benefits are apparent: the Armenia would gain access to no-questions-asked financial assistance from Chinese banks and import Chinese technology at a fraction of the cost than the original western IT rate.

1. https://armenianweekly.com/2019/01/03/is-armenia-playing-a-dangerous-game-with-china/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2005, Tajikistan’s dominant fixed line operator Tajiktelecom has signed a contract with ZTE Corp of China for the supply of Central Asia’s first commercial next generation network (NGN), ZTE will deliver a customised end-to-end NGN solution, including VoIP and IP Centrex services, based on its proprietary Softswitch technology. The value of the deal was not disclosed. Link OJSC "Tajiktelecom" is the state-owned national telecommunications operator of the Republic of Tajikistan. The Government of Tajikistan intends to support the operation by providing a sovereign guarantee. The Ministry of Communications will undertake a regulatory development programme. Mobile operator Indigo Tajikistan has signed a deal with Chinese equipment supplier ZTE Corp to roll out a W-CDMA network. Under the terms of the contract, ZTE will deliver a complete W-CDMA system based on UMTS R4 technology, as well as providing W-CDMA handsets. Link In 2006 Tajik mobile operator Tacom has contracted China’s Huawei Technologies to supply GSM and W-CDMA mobile equipment for the expansion of its 2G network and the launch of 3G services. Link

1. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2005/07/28/tajiktelecom-to-deploy-zte-ngn/
2. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2005/11/14/indigo-contracts-zte-for-3g-network/
3. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2006/05/03/tacom-contracts-huawei-for-tajikistans-third-3g-network/

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/counties/article/2000125287/safaricom-reveals-huawei-involvement-in-cctv-tender
2. https://www.bbc.com/future/bespoke/specials/connected-world/government.html

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/154475575.pdf

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese law prohibits PMC contractors from carrying weapons at home. Abroad, PMCs must abide by the laws of the countries where they are working. But companies often find ways around restrictions. In South Africa, which tightly regulates foreign PMCs, Chinese companies operate through specially created local subsidiaries.

1. https://carnegieendowment.org/2020/10/08/chinese-security-contractors-in-africa-pub-82916
2. https://www.defenceweb.co.za/land/land-land/china-turns-to-pmcs-to-protect-its-workers-and-bri-investments-in-africa/

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No law has been found to restrict PRC connected entities from providing technological equipment or services to the Brazilian government in the areas of military or security services. More than that, in 2019, for example, the telecommunications company Oi participated in a pilot project with the Public Security Secretariat of the state of Rio de Janeiro to use Huawei's facial recognition cameras. Campinas and Salvador also use this technology. We looked for evidence of technological equipment that the Brazilian army could use, for example, but we didn't find anything.

1. https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/big-brother-da-vida-real-sistema-de-reconhecimento-facial-da-pm-comeca-ser-testado-na-sexta-em-copacabana-23481555

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC-connected entities supplied tech related equipment to the Bolivia government.

1. https://lostiempos.com/actualidad/pais/20171031/gobierno-entrega-policia-equipos-chinos-seguridad-ciudadana
2. https://dialogo-americas.com/articles/china-exports-citizen-control-model-to-bolivia/

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Safe as China": ZTE finds a very interested buyer in Argentina (reference 1). The Chinese firm ZTE arrives in Jujuy (reference 2). ZTE is a PRC entity, which is provinding security technology to Jujuy. It is the only case in Argentina so far. The reference is about this agreement.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/argentina-china-zte-idLTAKCN1U01EB
2. https://asialink.americaeconomia.com/economia-y-negocios-informatica/la-firma-china-zte-llega-jujuy

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC and the Huawei supplied the Uruguayan government with digital cameras to be used for security services. Although the equipment were donated, services such as maintenance is provided by the company.

1. https://www.gub.uy/presidencia/comunicacion/noticias/ministerio-del-interior-presento-sistema-2100-camaras-seguridad-se-colocan
2. https://www.minterior.gub.uy/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6516

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It can be seen that a company linked to Huawei signed a contract to provide the National Fiber Optic Plan.

1. https://www.lanacion.com.py/destacado_edicion_impresa/2020/12/04/mec-se-suma-a-compras-huawei-con-licitacion-de-g-46429-millones/
2. http://celexx.com.py/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

All enterprises are authorized vendors. GAG China is among the list of most common vendors. Moreover, Huawei regularly asks for meetings to understand how to apply for a Public Tender, as they have had trouble getting their offers accepted.

1. http://datosabiertos.chilecompra.cl/Home/Proveedor
2. https://www.leylobby.gob.cl/instituciones/AE011/audiencias/2020/238543/425612
3. https://www.leylobby.gob.cl/instituciones/AE011/audiencias/2017/111436/208189

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.eleconomistaamerica.pe/empresas-eAm-peru/noticias/10853102/10/20/Alianza-entre-Telefonica-y-Marina-de-Guerra-permitira-mejorar-procesos-ante-ciberataques.html#

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

the Venezuelan government has signed multiple agreements throughout the years with the PRC government and Chinese providers to acquire telecommunications, surveillance, and military equipment.

1. https://elpitazo.net/politica/maduro-pago-1-080-millones-a-empresa-china-por-un-sistema-de-monitoreo/
2. https://www.infodefensa.com/latam/2020/06/19/noticia-armada-venezuela-unidades-drones-mavic.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://biz.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2020/11/26/2020112601423.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/chinas-backdoors-in-philippine-military-camps-inquirer-columnist
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/philippines-security-telecoms-idUSL4N2H42CY

Supplementary Notes

The DITO Telecom is one of the most controversial project in the Philippines supported it explaining that the risk of China spy in the country is very low. As what they said, telecom firm part-owned by a Chinese state company posed no national security threat, and said equipment it will install in army camps will be tightly scrutinised.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2018, China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation (CSIC), a Chinese government entity, agreed to jointly develop military equipment and technology with the Royal Thai Army. Link

1. https://www.posttoday.com/world/547312
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/homepage/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Plainclothes officers from China’s Ministry of Public Security continued to install closed-circuit television cameras (CCTV) at three locations around the city Wednesday, and will have put 200 cameras in place by the beginning of next month, said Min Sovanna, director of the radio communication department at the Cambodian National Police… Link • China donates traffic cameras, anti-cybercrime equipment to Cambodia Link • Chinese Surveillance-Gear Maker Hikvision Has Ties to Country’s Military, Report Says Link • China's 'sharp eyes' offer chance to take surveillance industry global Link • Chinese Police Start Placing Surveillance Cameras: …Chinese police began installing surveillance cameras on the streets of Phnom Penh on Tuesday, following a donation from Beijing to assist authorities in monitoring crime and traffic in the capital, an official said Wednesday. Link

1. https://english.cambodiadaily.com/news/chinese-police-start-placing-surveillance-cameras-88535/
2. http://en.people.cn/n/2015/1222/c90000-8994022.html
3. https://www.wsj.com/articles/chinese-surveillance-gear-maker-hikvision-has-ties-to-countrys-military-report-says-11621941983
4. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/China-tech/China-s-sharp-eyes-offer-chance-to-take-surveillance-industry-global
5. https://jyllands-posten.dk/indland/ECE12234028/overvaagningsudstyr-fra-omstridt-kinesisk-firma-bruges-i-danmark/
6. https://thediplomat.com/2015/11/china-pledges-new-military-aid-to-cambodia/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• …Huawei Technologies has officially become a hardware supplier for Malaysia’s 5G network rollout, marking a break for the Chinese telecom equipment provider after it was locked out of several markets over espionage fears. Huawei on Thursday inked a formal agreement with Maxis — one of Malaysia’s major telecommunications companies — to provide 5G radio equipment, services and knowledge to help build the country’s ultrafast network. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad witnessed the signing ceremony in his office. Link

1. https://kr-asia.com/huawei-officially-lands-role-in-malaysias-5g-rollout

Supplementary Notes

For 5G network rollout Huawei was formally contracted. Supporting evidences on military tech equipment are not found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Some. E.g. The Foreign Ministry recently equipped its staff with hundreds of Lenovo laptops.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“The acquisition includes Linx's 470 kilometer submarine fiber network in the Baltic Sea, and its network operations centers (NOCs) in Moscow and Tallinn, Estonia. The acquisition also includes Linx's data center in Tallinn, which serves as Estonia's largest Internet Exchange (TLL-IX).” Estonian Defense Forces has a direct contract with CITIC, a major PRC state-owned enteprise, and three-quarters of the army’s external internet connection moves through CITIC’s devices and cable. CITIC has close ties to the PLA.

1. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/news/citic-telecom-cpc-completes-linx-100000155.htm
2. https://news.postimees.ee/6771074/chinese-intelligence-increasingly-setting-sights-on-estonia
3. http://congressionalresearch.com/98-197/document.php?study=chinas+military-owned+businesses
4. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-CRPT-105hrpt851/html/ch1bod.html

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Surveillance systems have been provided by Hikvision to police, military, hospitals, etc. Huawei has provided segments of digital infrastructure to the Ministry of the Interior and other state and state-owned entities.

1. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/huawei-kauza-vyrobky-cinska-firma-varovani-nukib-analyza-audit-riziko_1901250600_kno
2. https://www.lupa.cz/clanky/cinske-kamery-hikvision-pobezi-na-ceskem-softwaru-angelcam-ma-jim-dodat-duveryhodnost/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“According to local media, in February 2019, Egypt’s Minister of Telecommunications signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Huawei to establish cloud computing and AI centres in the country” Link In August 2002, ZTE completed the Egyptian Remote Education System using its ZTE EduStation. The project was implemented over five years and received two extensions. In 2004, the program had reportedly provided technology to more than 4,000 Egyptian teachers. Link

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-4104
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-892

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"The following companies are part of Uniview's Partner Program, listed as "partners" in the Middle East. These are likely resellers, distributors, and/or system integrators of Uniview products. Partners: Al-Harib Security Systems, Al Khamar General Trading, Alerta Electronics, Arab Security (ASG), Boyut Security Technologies, Carnival Trading, Digital Link Group, Egemen Elektronik, Ezee Vision Technologies, Gulfstream Infotech Security & Surveillance systems LLC, Innovated Technology Services ITS, Integral Kurumsal Teknoloji Çözümleri San.Tic.Ltd.Şti., Kuwait Secure Security & Devices Co., Netgate for Telecom and Information Security, Neutron Security Technology Co. Ltd, Original for Computer, Polar Electronic Systems LTD., Quqa Trading Co., Safety Control Island Trading, Saudi Company for Site Technology (ST), Smart Security & Safety, Taji Zewi, Tehama Technology, WAN Company for Networking Technology, Zentcom Teknoloji A.Ş., Zoom Tech Electronics S.A.R.L" Link “In 2020, two sets of thermal body temperature monitoring equipment were donated to the Lebanese Government for installation in the Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport.” Link

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-3383
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2896

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://balkaninsight.com/2020/09/15/chinas-huawei-opens-tech-centre-consolidating-presence-in-serbia/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region/zte-otvara-predstavnistvo-u-cg-382673?version=amp

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Manualreport/cia_09.html
2. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/regional/2016-09/16/content_26814626.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://nita.gov.gh/projects/jurong-logistics-hub/
2. https://iipgh.org/e-government-initiatives-in-ghana/
3. https://www.datacenterdynamics.com/en/news/ghana-government-opens-data-center-to-private-business/#:~:text=The%20Government%20of%20Ghana%20has,and%20help%20the%20private%20sector.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government officials show that PRC-connected entities are authorized vendors to supply tech related equipment or service to the government organizations/institutions/Ministries

1. https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Manualreport/cia_09.html
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-4130

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei has been in the forefront of this

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-03/04/c_139783992.htm
2. https://e.huawei.com/za/publications/global/ict_insights/201806041630/success/201808170846

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been reports of Hikvision equipment used in traffic monitoring, border control, prisoner control. (see below URL)

1. https://dennikn.sk/2149583/problem-hikvision-ako-slovensko-pusta-rizikovu-cinsku-firmu-do-bezpecnostnej-infrastruktury/

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh has procured arms from China. According to SIPRI data, from 2016 to 2020, 17 per cent of China's total arms exports went to Bangladesh. We could not find much evidence but reports alleged that Chinese State-owned Poly Technologies Inc (PTI) supplied infrastructure as a vendor. The PRC is implementing several projects now in Bangladesh (see image) - vendor details unknown.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3139603/how-china-grew-buyer-major-arms-trade-player
2. https://www.defseca.com/military/china-constructing-bangladesh-navys-ultra-modern-submarine-base/
3. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/ships-arrive-01092020163510.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has apparently been occurring in the case of Lithuanian local governments. Hikvision equipment is particularly notable in this regard.

1. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1146064/chinese-cctvs-in-lithuania-s-kaunas-raise-security-concerns
2. https://kaisiadorys.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/06/isakymas-del-vaizdo-stebejimo-kameru-ir-ju-fiksuotu-duomenu-naudojimo-.docx and other cases.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Examples of such collaboration include research partnerships with Huawei; point of presence with China Telecom; a subsidiary of Dahua Technology.

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Dahua provided surveillance equipment to Hungarian police.

1. https://dailynewshungary.com/questionable-face-recognition-cameras-to-be-installed-in-hungary/
2. https://www.sourcesecurity.com/news/dahua-technology-headquarters-visited-delegation-hungarian-co-4261-ga.1595239790.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
2. https://www.brusselstimes.com/215899/controversy-as-belgian-defense-uses-chinese-huawei-to-access-the-internet

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei supplied demining tech to Afghanistan as donation from the PRC government. Huawei technology company is providing Digital Telephone switches and CDMA WLL equipment in 12 provinces and the total subscriber lines in this project are 113,000 CDMA and Fixed lines. Both Huawei and ZTE have been players in Afghanistan since before 9/11. They were part of early agreement between PRC and the previous Taliban leadership.

1. https://www.mcit.gov.af/index.php/en/node/6943
2. https://mcit.gov.af/en/annual-mcit-provincial-directors-coordination-conference
3. http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2014-04/28/content_2668254.htm

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As the article on the website "Mapping China's TECH GIANTS" and picture of "Meiya Pico support the Belt And Road to promote international cooperation" show.

1. https://archive.fo/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/39bYKaH
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-1792

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/data/
2. https://bit.ly/3zfKacL

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/3GN6cWl
2. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yVhT0OiKoDlUOdnbnGkubjlVCk_4mfRA/view

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-385
2. https://profiles.rise.md/upload/200624-Raport%20follow%20up%20Curtea%20de%20Conturi%202019%20%20Managementul%20sistemelor%20de%20supraveghere%20a%20traficului%20rutier.pdf
3. https://tv8.md/2019/01/08/doc-firma-care-va-livra-camerele-pentru-sectiile-de-votare-aceeasi-care-asigura-ministerul-sanatatii-cu-seturi-pentru-nou-nascuti

Supplementary Notes

Huawei equipment is used for road traffic monitoring

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/f1-Ukraine

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/overheid-ontbeert-inventaris-hikvision-dahua?share=b63ZxUtERSrJMDw3T3q%2Bd0gO2St%2BRGBqGG7mlNBH1x8U6J6Tdt9kcmcnUE73Z64%3D
2. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/de-ogen-van-chinees-staatsbedrijf-hikvision-zijn-overal?share=ep4xsMX6IrCLZ1rowMjT6aLEqMCksdGb64tD3G2oLVfrUh0nwtHmpV1kwz%2B%2B2YM%3D

Supplementary Notes

Investigative journalists revealed in February and March 2022 that Chinese companines Hikvision and Dahua supply local governments with security cameras. The journalists blame a lack of government oversight

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"How Huawei contributes to digitalization in Karabakh" (see below URL)

1. https://www.dailysabah.com/opinion/op-ed/how-huawei-contributes-to-digitalization-in-karabakh

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no restrictions that I could find evidence of in place.

1. https://www.soy-de.com/noticia-tres-cantos/somos-una-gran-smart-citie-donde-la-tecnologia-tricantina-se-utiliza-para-mejorar-la-calidad-de-vida-43061.aspx
2. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/11/barcelona-city-council-huawei-collaboration-intent-agreement#:~:text=5G-,Barcelona%20City%20Council%20and%20Huawei%20Sign%20Intent,Collaborate%20on%20Technology%20Development%20Projects&text=%5BBarcelona%2C%20Spain%2C%20November%2019,technology%20projects%20in%20the%20city.
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20201125232721/https://e.huawei.com/en/case-studies/global/2019/201901161035

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Found no evidence stating restrictions for PRC-connected entities as vendors of any kind of supply and it would make no sense if they were not authorized.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan relies and trusts China more than the US for its hi-tech needs. The two countries have a deep military cooperation on missile and nuclear program.

1. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2361207/pakistan-china-vow-to-step-up-defence-cooperation-despite-challenges

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the monthly Cyber Security Online Report of Executive Yuan on November 2020, the principles of using information and communication devices in public sectors are: 1. The devices for office purpose can't be of Chinese brand, and it can't be installed with personal applications or softwares. 2. The personal devices are not allowed to use for office issues, and can't be connected to the office environment. 3. All departments shall compile and register all information and communication devices of the office that are Chinese-branded. The devices can't be connected to the office environment and have to be eliminated as soon as possible. However, there was a considerable amount of devices purchased and used before, and it is difficult to fully compile and change all of them in a short period of time. It's revealed in the "report on the the use of communication equipment from Chinese brands by government agencies" that many government offices have procured and are still owning many tech devices and equipments from Chinese brands. This could be a result of the lack of due diligence during the procurement process.

1. https://nicst.ey.gov.tw/Page/8770AD7511CB8DC9/1615e957-9979-42c6-ac94-db6d6c49da5a
2. https://lci.ly.gov.tw/LyLCEW/agenda1/02/pdf/10/01/15/LCEWA01_100115_00298.pdf
3. https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20210126/U5JRX5MMM5B7FD3RCZ2OZ6R4OU/

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Pellaeon Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As recently as 2020, the Minister of Information Technologies and Communications restated that Huawei and other such companies are not banned from participating in bids for the acquisition of these services and products. However, this has not translated into an actual decision on authorizing Huawei or other such companies as official vendors for the government, military, or security services.

1. https://labsnews.com/en/news/technology/colombia-wont-ban-huawei-5g-firm-advances-in-latin-america/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.lapoliticaonline.com.mx/nota/132055-el-pentagono-pide-a-militares-mexicanos-evitar-compras-de-software-de-seguridad-chino/
2. http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2016-10/28/c_135788505.htm

Supplementary Notes

A pesar de que en el año 2016 el exsecretario de defensa Salvadro Cienfuegos admitió públicamente que México podría avanzar hacia una mayor cooperación militar con China, durante el gobierno de López Obrador esta propuesta no ha sido desarrollada, entre otras cosas por la presión del gobierno de Estados Unidos de América.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.nhk.or.jp/politics/articles/lastweek/38326.html

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No, not knowingly

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

All of the public procurement documents lead to local companies as authorized vendors of tech related equipment to official institutions.

Supplementary Notes

All the publicly available documents show that authorised vendors to supply tech related equipment and services to government, military or security services are local companies whose connection to the PRC cannot be traced.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The amendments in the Polish cyber security law have not been yet implemented. Under the current law regulations Chinese suppliers can provide equipment to government agencies (as in the provided example for the Ministry of Finance). The new regulation is still in the legislative process and in the stage of consultations. The institution of authorized vendors has not been yet implemented therefore every supplier that meets requirements under current legal regime can provide the equipment to the government agencies.

1. https://crn.pl/aktualnosci/przetarg-dla-resortu-finansow-rozstrzygniety-kontrakt-na-28-mln-zl/
2. http://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20180001560/T/D20181560L.pdf
3. https://legislacja.rcl.gov.pl/projekt/12337950/katalog/12716624#12716624

Supplementary Notes

The question uses the term „authorized vendor”. Under current law regulations the supplier as e.g. Huawei, Hikvision, Dahua do not have status of authorized vendors and they do not need to be granted the special status to have their equipment supplied to government agencies, military or security forces (e.g. police) with equipment as it was explained in the original response. Their equipment can be provided by local distributors participating in public tenders (examples provided in url 1 and 2). New law regulations (if adopted) would require suppliers to be granted that status but only for specific equipment. Many products such as surveillance systems and solutions will be still provided under the current regulations. If the question was formulated as „Can the PRC connected entities supply tech providing equipment or services to our government, military or security services?” then answer would be YES.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no clear evidence of PRC-connected entities supplying equipment to the UK national government, military or security services as described in the question. However, it is important to note that there is evidence of PRC influence in the UK defence industry supply chains. A Parliamentary report on this matter states “privately held companies are more common in the lower tiers of the defence supply chain and that information on their ownership is not so readily accessible, making it more difficult to clearly define whether they are subject to foreign involvement”1. The report lists several defence companies that have been acquired by Chinese-owned firms since 2010, but also asserts that steps are being taken to prevent PRC involvement in supplying equipment and services to the government.

1. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5801/cmselect/cmdfence/699/69905.htm

Answered by Hannah Bailey, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Tech giants such as Tencent and Bytedance even had their popular apps such as WeChat, PubG, TikTok were removed from Indian iOS app store and android play store, specially after the border clash of 2020 with the PRC.

1. https://edition.cnn.com/2020/12/10/tech/india-china-tech-tensions-intl-hnk/index.html
2. https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-war/article/3167162/indias-latest-ban-chinese-apps-casts-shadow-over-mainland-tech-firms
3. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/04/india-crackdown-on-chinese-tech-opens-doors-for-us-giants.html

Supplementary Notes

India plans to impose stringent quality control measures and higher tariffs on imports from China, Calls for defending India's tech sovereignty has been issued even by the Indian armed forces, cautioning against the dangers of Chinese instant messaging apps.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Tenzin Dalha

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei is the only company present directly in Albania (through Huawei Technologies Albania shpk.). On the other side Hikvision, Dahua, Xiaomi are present in Albania through local partners and distributors/sellers of hardware. None of them has a specific status of authorized vendor in relation to supplying tech or related equipment or services to Government parties. However, Huawei has offered meaningful technological support to Albanian state owned OST (Power Transmission Operator). See: Link

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Information source with ministries of defence and Interior suggest this is not the case in the gambia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No reports about PRC companies supplying equipment or services to government, military and security services. However, Huawei or Xiami mobile phones may very well be used by staff in these services.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/

Supplementary Notes

This has been the case since North Macedonia formally became NATO’s 30th member in 2020. Previously, from the scarce data available, in 2007, North Macedonia’s Customs signed an agreement with Nuctech to buy 4 mobile scanners worth 5.5 million euro. These scanners are now not in use anymore, sources from the Customs office told us (see URL above) .

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-europe-romania-idUSKCN1QO1L2

Supplementary Notes

While the Romanian government signed a memorandum with Huawei in 2013 to support its expansion in the country, the national intelligence service that deals with telecommunications informed that Huawei equipment hasn't been used in critical infrastructure. In the meantime, Romania passed a 5G law that sets strict standards for authorizing vendors and its provisions are seen as making it impossible for PRC companies to supply equipment for 5G networks. The law also mandates telecommunication operators to remove equipment of unauthorized providers in their 3G and 4G networks in a certain timeframe

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaip2152.pdf
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/

Supplementary Notes

The use of the Golden Power tool, used by the Draghi government also retroactively, has severely limited any clear provision of technology by PRC connected entities to the government

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Public information is not available regarding the issue.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze