Technology

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia’s digital transformation has attracted many Chinese tech companies to invest in Indonesia’s digital technology industry this includes contributing in developing the country’s internet network infrastructure

1. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-04-12/China-s-Tencent-Cloud-launches-first-data-center-in-Indonesia-Zpdr74CfhS/index.html
2. https://www.cissrec.org/news/detail/890/China-Indonesia-boost-cooperation-on-cyber-security-and-technology.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore's smart nation initiative makes extensive use of surveillance and cloud computing, including storage. Some providers of these key technologies are PRC firms.

1. https://govinsider.asia/connected-gov/huawei-ai-lab-nicolas-ma-5g-singapore-china/
2. https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/Regulation-Licensing-and-Consultations/Consultations/Consultation-Papers/Second-Public-Consultation-on-5G-Mobile-Services-and-Networks/Second-5G-Consultation-Huawei-International-Pte-Ltd.pdf?la=en
3. https://en.prnasia.com/releases/apac/huawei-launches-intelligent-computing-business-and-announces-talent-plan-to-support-singapore-s-smart-nation-2025-strategy-243958.shtml
4. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2017/7/Huawei-Singapore-strategic-partnerships
5. https://www.imda.gov.sg/-/media/Imda/Files/Regulation-Licensing-and-Consultations/Consultations/Consultation-Papers/Second-Public-Consultation-on-5G-Mobile-Services-and-Networks/Second-5G-Consultation-ZTE-Singapore-Pte-Ltd.pdf
6. https://www.zte.com.cn/global/about/news/350429.html
7. https://www.alibabacloud.com/campaign/smart-nation
8. https://alibaba-cloud.medium.com/alibaba-cloud-partners-with-national-university-of-singapore-to-support-smart-nation-initiative-8d15a38092cf
9. http://global.gsafety.com/list/post/34251/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Asia-Unicom LLC was founded in 2014 and today has its own backbone fiber-optic line based on DWDM technology in the territory of the Kyrgyz Republic. Our network is organized on the basis of the most modern and advanced equipment to provide quality service. Our company will provide an alternative, fast and stable access to the global network through China, has a direct connection to popular traffic exchange points TIER1 HK IX (Hong Kong), M9 (Moscow) The presence of several backup channels allows you to organize a connection to the network at the highest level. A team of professionals guarantees timely, reliable and most advanced telecommunication solutions.

1. http://www.asia-unicom.net/#company

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://guardian.ng/technology/nigerian-chinese-firms-to-site-phone-assembly-plant-in-south-east/

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin and Farida Adamu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Although the Trump administration’s policies successfully curbed Chinese expansion in Western countries, they did not address the growing presence of Chinese technology infrastructure on the African continent." Chinese firms like Huawei, ZTE and China Telecom are behind the core systems of new ICT infrastructure across Africa. And they are providing the next generation of technology. Huawei has expanded across most African countries, including South Africa.

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/economy-business_analysts-china-expanding-influence-africa-telecom-network-deals/6209516.html
2. https://www.dw.com/en/investing-in-africas-tech-infrastructure-has-china-won-already/a-48540426
3. https://www.dw.com/en/africa-embraces-huawei-technology-despite-security-concerns/a-60665700

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the case of Movistar, the core of its mobile network is also 100% owned by Huawei, as well as the connectivity deployed between the provinces. When it comes to Claro, the company has fiber optic extensions and microwave infrastructure also supplied by the same provider.

1. https://www.iprofesional.com/tecnologia/293063-trump-vs-huawei-riesgo-para-movistar-personal-y-claro-en-argentina

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei is interested in investing a lot in Chile’s Telecom industry. Sources for this can be found primary on News Outlets, Government sites and data banks.

1. https://www.latercera.com/pulso/noticia/huawei-afirma-ve-chile-referencia-toda-la-region-latinoamericana/673201/
2. https://www.subtel.gob.cl/mtt-y-huawei-inauguran-primer-cloud-data-center-regional-en-chile-con-una-inversion-de-mas-de-usd-100-millones/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://lexlatin.com/noticias/consorcio-chino-peruano-suscribe-creditos-para-llevar-banda-ancha-zonas-rurales

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei and ZTE are the main equipment providers of CANTV, Venezuela’s state-owned telecommunications provider, also one of the main providers of cellphone coverage in the country.

1. https://www.computerworld.es/tecnologia/nicolas-maduro-anuncia-inversiones-en-huawei-para-el-desarrollo-del-4g-en-venezuela
2. https://www.finanzasdigital.com/2021/02/la-infraestructura-nacional-de-telecomunicaciones-en-la-sociedad-de-la-informacion/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Chinese company builds "green expressway" in Cambodia: …Apart from processing stone, China Road and Bridge Corporation, the contractor of the project, has deployed multiple technologies and equipment for the eco-friendly construction of the project... …Environmentally-friendly technologies are applied to build a "green expressway" and pursue sustainable development, Hu Zhaoguang, general manager of the expressway project, said Link • …Meanwhile, Chanthol said the China-proposed Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has also importantly contributed to the development of transport infrastructure, hydropower plants, airports, ports and special economic zones in Cambodia… Link • Between 2011 and 2015, Chinese firms provided almost US$5 billion worth of loans and investments to the country. Among them was telecommunications giant Huawei, which partnered with a local firm to launch Cambodia’s first 4.5G network…. Link

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-04/06/c_139861724.htm
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-11/19/c_138567236.htm
3. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy-defence/article/2128118/china-pledges-more-investment-cambodia-phnom-penh
4. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-10/01/c_138440541.htm

Supplementary Notes

Since most of the infrastructure projects, telecommunication technology are contracted to PRC connected companies, entities, it is significant that the Chinese companies will be using the technical specifications in infrastructure, energy, mining projects etc.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Much of the Czech telcom market relies on PRC equipment.

1. https://www.idnes.cz/mobil/mobilni-operatori/vodafonu-postavi-3g-sit-huawei-cinane-tak-zcela-opanovali-ceske-site.A090708_151340_mob_operatori_vok
2. https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3825631/exclusive-four-european-vodafone-companies-are-100-huawei

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://kisadalga.net/haber/detay/teknoloji-sirketi-xiaomi-30-milyon-dolarlik-yatirimla-turkiyede-uretime-basliyor_2117
2. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/sirkethaberleri/teknoloji/huawei-ve-orbit-enerji-yerli-lityum-pil-uretimi-icin-birlikte-calisacak/671304
3. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=119118856875353
4. https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-turkiye-ar-ge-merkezine-10-yilda-520-milyon-tl-yatirim-yapildi
5. https://www.huawei.com/tr/news/tr/2021/huawei-den-turkiye-ye-yeni-yatirim-bulut-servislerini-baslatti

Supplementary Notes

In addition to 5G, Huawei also cooperates with local companies regarding wifi and cloud services. Huawei also has the biggest R&D centre in the world in Turkey outside of China. Huawei also signed a contract with Turkey’s Orbit Energy Company for producing batteries. In addition to Huawei, Xiaomi opened a mobile phone factory in Istanbul valued at 30 million US dollars.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoyev visited Huawei’s Innovation Center while in China for the Belt and Road Forum in April 2019. He supported the introduction of 5G into his country, and since then digital cooperation between the countries has accelerated. All three state-operated Uzbek cell phone companies deepened 5G cooperation with Huawei. Two of the companies, Uzmobile and Ucell tested the 5G networks in 2019 to roll out the service commercially in 2020. The third cell phone company, UMS, agreed with Huawei to invest in new technology. In 2019, Huawei announced that its technology enables the communication of more than half of the population of Uzbekistan and celebrated its 19th year in Uzbekistan’s market- Link The state-owned telecommunications company, Uztelecom, has used loans from the Japanese government and the China Development Bank to improve mainline services. The completion of conversion to digital exchanges was in 2010. Mobile services are growing rapidly, with the subscriber base reaching 25 million in 2011-Link China Mobile will follow the capitalization of Uzbekistan Telecom, and will visit the country again later this year, the Economic and Commercial Counsellor's Office of the Chinese Embassy in Uzbekistan said. Last year(2004) Uzbekistan regulators announced plans to sell a 49 to 64.2 per cent stake of Uzbekistan Telecom to foreign investors-Link An investigation by EurasiaNet.org focusing on ZTE and Huawei’s penetration of the Central Asian telecoms sector shows that the companies, with Chinese government backing, have secured contracts in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan-Link

1. https://thediplomat.com/2020/02/before-and-beyond-5g-central-asias-huawei-connections/
2. http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/137912.htm
3. https://eurasianet.org/central-asia-are-chinese-telecoms-acting-as-the-ears-for-central-asian-authoritarians
4. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-1761

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://saiia.org.za/research/china-powered-ict-infrastructure-lessons-from-tanzania-and-cambodia/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Our national broadcaster, the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) is using TopStar from China to navigate from analog to digital television.

Supplementary Notes

The link provided for by Double Think Tank somewhat justifies the positive reading even though the reviewers and the respondent did not entirely agree on the issue

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Decision on 5G using Chinese technology as well as a new national strategy is pending, at the same time Huawei routers are widely used. (see below URLs)

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-huawei-slovakia-idUSKCN1PO1TO
2. https://chinaobservers.eu/china-in-the-slovak-security-strategy-a-step-in-the-right-direction/

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The use of Huawei equipment for the provision of Internet services is a generic phenomenon in Bulgaria. All the major telecom providers in the country use Huawei routers.

1. https://help.a1.bg/internet/fixed-internet/fiber-internet/huawei-echolife-hg8245h/internet-settings
2. https://www.vivacom.bg/bg/files/16440-rykovodstvo-za-4g-huawei-router-b310s-22.pdf
3. https://www.yettel.bg/bg/private/device/list/device_3g_modem/field_device_brand/huawei-22?mode=list

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Up to 2020, Huawei made significant inroads into the Greek telecoms market (see URL1 below). Since 2020, Huawei has been eased out of the core of 5G networks in Greece (see URL2 below).ZTE routers are widely used in Greece (see URL3 below).

1. https://technode.com/2020/12/09/how-huawei-hooked-greek-telcos/
2. https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Huawei-crackdown/Greece-joins-anti-Huawei-camp-as-US-seals-stronger-ties
3. https://www.skroutz.gr/c/775/adsl-modem/m/4834/ZTE.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.zf.ro/business-hi-tech/upc-romania-externalizeaza-catre-huawei-managementul-operatiunilor-de-retea-15080777

Supplementary Notes

As they had already established strong commercial relations with Huawei and/or ZTE for their 3G and 4G networks, most telecom operators also used their hardware for internet or telecommunication services. One Romanian TV, internet and fixed telecom provider, UPC, which was owned by Liberty Global before being acquired by Vodafone, even externalized its network management to Huawei.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://wifi6.starnet.md/ro
2. https://www.moldtelecom.md/files/3.%20Ghid%20configurare%20internet%20unite%20la%20modeme_15.12.20.pdf
3. https://www.orange.md/ro/internet-4g-acasa

Supplementary Notes

Major telecom and ISP companies widely use Huawei routers and modems

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Azerbaijan's telecom provider signs cooperation deal with China's ZTE" (see below URL 1) "Azercell extends its support to Formula 1 by even stronger network" (see below URL 2) "Huawei introducing new projects in Azerbaijan" (see below URL 3) "Huawei provides different communication solutions for our carrier customers, like Bakcell, Aztelekom, and Baktelecom, Azercell and so on." (see below URL 4)

1. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/tech/2017-11/24/content_34929830.htm
2. https://www.azercell.com/en/about-us/press-releases/news/azercell-daha-gecle-bk-il-formula-1-yarilarina-dstk-verir.html
3. http://tc.people.com.cn/n/2014/0508/c183008-24992410.html
4. https://en.trend.az/business/it/3160499.html
5. https://bakutribune.com/en/news/593/what-are-huaweis-plans-for-azerbaijan-exclusive-

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Widely spread.

1. https://www.radiolavozdelnorte.com/2016/04/nicaragua-abre-sus-puertas-compania.html
2. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/12/20/telefonica-zte-deploy-vims-in-latam-ahead-of-volte-rollout/
3. https://clavedemodem.com/como-cambiar-la-clave-wi-fi-en-un-modem-de-claro/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most likely yes, as the country is heavily reliant on Chinese technology for its telecom infrastructure upgrades.

1. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/07/09/chinese-telecom-carrier-helps-bridge-digital-gap-in-pakistan/
2. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2345552/telecom-boom
3. https://theprint.in/world/china-installs-over-500-surveillance-cameras-in-gwadar-city-of-pakistan/1007442/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The internet provider company Silknet is collaborating with leading technology companies , such as " Ericsson " and " Huawei ". Link Through a number of Samsung and Huawei models connected to the Magti (internet provider and mobile telecom company in Georgia) network, users will benefit from new technology, and new models will be added to this list periodically. Link

1. https://netgazeti.ge/news/412035/
2. https://www.magticom.ge/ka/volte-press-release

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

5G Development Center Opens in Kazakhstan in Collaboration with China Mobile Link

1. https://www.huawei.com/kz/news/kz/2020/huawei-news-article-intervyu-generalnogo-direktora-huawei-v-kazakhstane-kursiv-08042020
2. https://www.thefastmode.com/technology-solutions/3792-5g-development-center-opens-in-kazakhstan-in-collaboration-with-china-mobile

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://africabusinesscommunities.com/news/kenya-huawei-partners-with-safaricom-to-deploy-fiber-to-the-home-network/

Answered by Mary Mutisya, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://institucional.entel.bo/inicio3.0/index.php/atencion-en-linea/tutoriales-2/4g

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Huawei-related company signed a contract with the National Fiber Optic Network.

1. https://www.lanacion.com.py/destacado_edicion_impresa/2020/12/04/mec-se-suma-a-compras-huawei-con-licitacion-de-g-46429-millones/
2. http://celexx.com.py/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.elsoldemexico.com.mx/finanzas/huawei-gobierno-de-amlo-internet-a-zonas-rurales-cumbre-negocios-cancun-4348095.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://dict.gov.ph/ph-to-improve-telco-services-to-meet-new-normal-demands/
2. https://business.inquirer.net/269921/ph-china-firms-to-launch-nationwide-wi-fi-digital-tv-services

Supplementary Notes

DITO Telecom which started operating in the country was a PRC-connected entities that provide internet/wifi infrastructure projects. For a few months since DITO started operating, it is now expanding its coverage from Mindanao to Luzon where that National Capital Region is located.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Adoption of compatible technical specification is obvious as most of the telecom hardware are from PRC connected entities. Therefore, few but significant is the influence measure. • Link … From the start, it was supposed to be a wholly China-owned project, like the numerous deals that Beijing had successfully completed in other countries. As the bilateral negotiations deepened, domestic opposition was getting stronger, targeting the lack of transparency and shared benefits, forcing Prayut Chan-o-cha's government to retreat. Forceful voices from some academic circles also argued that the country's bargaining power had been compromised due to the government's decision to pick China as the investor to transform Thailand into Asean's transportation hub. (Link) [2nd respondent] CAT, Thailand's national telecom operator, and Huawei announced that they will build Southeast Asia’s first OTN premium private line network.

1. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/closer-home-china-and-japan-are-helping-develop-thailand%E2%80%99s-rail-infrastructure
2. http://www.vijaichina.com/sites/default/files/5.2_PPT_Ms.Chulaporn%2CPh.D._China%20Roles%20in%20Thailand.pdf
3. https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/1665560/engaging-with-china-on-infrastructure
4. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2020/2/cat-huawei-southeast-asia-international-otn-premium-private-line-network#:~:text=%5BLondon%2C%20UK%2C%20February%2021,government%20agencies%20and%20finance%20customers

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As per the supporting evidences collated in the above questions, adoption of tech specifications in internet/wifi and 4G/5G cellular network is significant. Malaysia's 4G construction is mainly based on Chinese technology, but according to the decision of the Malaysian government in July 2021, the future 5G construction will be won by Ericsson

1. https://www.thenewslens.com/article/153125

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“The acquisition includes Linx's 470 kilometer submarine fiber network in the Baltic Sea, and its network operations centers (NOCs) in Moscow and Tallinn, Estonia. The acquisition also includes Linx's data center in Tallinn, which serves as Estonia's largest Internet Exchange (TLL-IX).”

1. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/news/citic-telecom-cpc-completes-linx-100000155.htm

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the website link Link, certain type of content is blocked by Huawei’s technology in Egypt, which means that Egypt has adopted internet/wifi/telecommunication services by HUAWEI.

1. https://www.top10vpn.com/assets/2021/08/Huawei-Map_updated_full-size.png

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is evidence that Telecom companies in Albania have been extensively using Huawei hardware, however it is not clear what type of hardware they have been purchasing. (see: Link) Currently there are three main Telecom companies in Albania. The second largest company - One Telecommunications - has already joined the Clean Path Initiative (Link ). Vodafone Albania has been relying largely on Huawei technologies (see: Link ), however as part of Vodafone Group of companies, it may have been/ will be influenced by larger group-level policies in regard to network security (See: Link). The third largest operator – Albtelecom - has also been relying heavily on Huawei technology. (see: Link).

1. https://businessmag.al/kompania-kineze-huawei-nder-me-aktivet-ne-fushen-e-telekomunikacionit-ne-shqiperi/
2. https://china-cee.eu/2019/12/09/albania-political-briefing-5g-in-albania-more-about-politics-than-technology/
3. https://china-cee.eu/2021/07/19/albania-economy-briefing-huawei-in-albania-and-the-very-nonvisible-hand-of-free-market-economy/

Supplementary Notes

Recently the Hungarian 4iG plc. has purchased Albtelecom and is negotiating the purchase of One Telecomunications.(see: Link and: Link )

1. https://www.4ig.hu/4iG-Acquires-majority-stake-in-leading-albanian-telecommunications-company
2. https://www.4ig.hu/4ig-could-acquire-the-fastest-growing-albanian-mobile-operator

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://telekom.me/privatni-korisnici/korisnicka-zona/clanak/podesavanja-i-uputstva-internet
2. https://www.1.me/webshop/cg/Privatni-korisnici/Modemi/Huawei/E5576_4G_MiFi_ruter/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_file/Manualreport/cia_09.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The last reference may be irrelevant as Kasapa is no longer in service

1. https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/37373896/surfline-4g-lte-signs-deal-with-huawei-for-nationwide-expansion-in-the-west-african-country-of-ghana
2. https://www.biztechafrica.com/article/huawei-signs-management-deal-vodafone-ghana/440/
3. https://www.lightreading.com/zte-installs-cdma-in-ghana/d/d-id/615373

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://reseau.developpez.com/actu/307390/La-France-aurait-impose-des-limites-aux-equipements-Huawei-5G-qui-reviendraient-de-facto-a-bannir-la-societe-chinoise-de-ses-reseaux-d-ici-2028/

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20110504007597/en/ZTE-Selected-as-Telenor%E2%80%99s-New-Main-Value-Added-Service-VAS-Supplier-in-the-Nordic-Region

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Belgian Military boutght between 2016 and 2019 about 300 Huawei routers. After a political controversy, the Ministry of Defence ordered a replacement.

1. https://www.brusselstimes.com/215899/controversy-as-belgian-defense-uses-chinese-huawei-to-access-the-internet
2. https://www.techzine.eu/news/security/80317/belgian-military-forced-to-replace-huawei-wifi-hotspots/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

ZTE provided GSM and 3G to Afghanistan in 2012. Not many foreign companies are willing to work in Afghanistan due to the instability so Chinese presence is significant.

1. https://it.sohu.com/20121123/n358475075.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As these reports "Turkmen officials optimistic about Huawei", "Huawei Technologies to provide telecommunications equipment to Turkmenistan part of the project will be opened soon", "Huawei wins $2.5 million equipment order from Turkmenistan's Ministry of Communications" revealed, Huawei has been working in Turkmenistan since 2002, it’s the key provider of both hardware and software to the Turkmen telecommunication sector. Beyond consumer use, according to the report "Huawei Helps Turkmenistan Railway Build Steel Silk Road", Huawei also provides to industrial sector of Turkmenistan, for example to the railway sector.

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-09/18/c_127002965.htm
2. https://e.huawei.com/cn/case-studies/cn/2017/201705021506
3. http://tm.mofcom.gov.cn/article/jmxw/200604/20060401981789.shtml
4. https://it.sohu.com/20050510/n225493871.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

La respuesta es 3, porque la empresa estatal ICE es la principal proveedora de servicios de telecomunicaciones en el país, con una importante participación en el mercado.

1. https://bit.ly/3titfm4

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

expert interview

1. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2018/03/27/ukrtelecom-expanding-coverage-with-zte-credit/

Supplementary Notes

The Chinese companies participate in various state projects such as "safe cities" in Kyiv and Kharkiv and wi-fi for Kyiv Metro. The indicator is only an assessment; it is difficult to quantify with precision

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://nos.nl/artikel/2374551-huawei-had-onbeperkt-toegang-tot-miljoenen-klantgegevens-van-telfort
2. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/apr/19/huawei-may-have-eavesdropped-on-dutch-mobile-networks-calls

Supplementary Notes

See 2. In addition, there are reports that Huawei in the past had access to customer data, without the provider (KPN) knowing about it. We are not sure how to grade this situation on the scale

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Apparently, the presence of middleboxes is not as important as to be easily detected and there are measures in place to prevent internet constraints. But at the same time academic studies show the presence of middleboxes and websites being blocked in Spain by Spanish ISP. But they are isolated and not significant cases.

1. https://www.top10vpn.com/research/huawei-china-surveillance-state/
2. https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
3. https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3447535.3462638

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A technopark in Tajikistan, built based on Chinese experience and advanced Chinese technologies, meets the challenge of the times. It is noteworthy that the installation supervision of equipment in the context of the coronavirus pandemic took place remotely for the first time. This technological opportunity was provided by the Chinese company Huawei, which is headquartered in Shenzhen. The world leader in the field of telecommunications has also provided the new technopark with Internet access at the highest speed via the new modern 4G system, which is one of the keys to the success of the new project. And this is another important feature of the park. Source: Link

1. http://russian.people.com.cn/n3/2020/0820/c95181-9736743.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://lokalno.mk/intervju-so-zamenik-generalniot-direktor-na-huavei-ikt-sektorot-mozhe-da-ima-kluchna-uloga-vo-spravuvaneto-so-kovid-19/
2. https://chinaobservers.eu/fortifying-5g-networks-in-north-macedonia-the-need-for-western-partners/
3. https://www.telekom.mk/mobile-device-details.nspx?deviceId=42458&promotion=&contractId=2&tariffId=1795&groupId=117&paymentId=2&name=HUAWEI+NOVA+8i

Supplementary Notes

North Macedonia’s telecom providers are in the process of phasing out this hardware from use in their 4G networks, as well as from their cable telecommunication offerings. Some home routers are still in the hands of Telecom customers but they are being replaced, sources from T-Mobile and from A1, the country’s biggest providers told us. There are no plans for getting equipment from these companies for the 5G network after North Macedonia in 2020 signed a memorandum for safe 5G network with the United States.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-04-30/vodafone-found-hidden-backdoors-in-huawei-equipment
2. https://www.ansa.it/innovazione_5g/notizie/tecnologia/2021/10/06/internet-provideroperatori-nazionali-sono-asset-strategico_79b84c2c-1f05-4cef-bbac-bb390b63c60e.html

Supplementary Notes

This has been mitigated by the fact that the government is pressuring telecom companies to revamp their service provision

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At least on the local government level, Brazilian government allow Huawei to become their 5G partner.

1. https://www.storm.mg/article/1731610
2. https://globalvoices.org/2021/05/28/why-huawei-was-almost-excluded-from-the-5g-race-in-brazil/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is only one known case of this happening. It occurred at the level, and 13 years ago, with no significant consequence, nor leading to any long-lasting relationship.

1. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2008/08/19/emcali-selects-zte-for-mobile-wimax-rollout/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Very limited.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence that would prove or deny this, but the company that produces, delivers and integrates telecommunication and information systems for the telecoms in Bosnia and Herzegovina has a partnership with Huawei (link 1 shows the list of the company's partners). Additionally, there is evidence that the BH Telecom, one of the largest telecoms in Bosnia, uses Huawei's products in their telecommunication infrastructure that is not 4G/5G cellular network (link number 2). Previously attached Reuters article (third link) thematized United Group's (Telemach) connection to Huawei. Given that they provide a wide array of telecommunication services, it is quite possible that their internet/wi-fi infrastructure projects use hardware or technical specifications by PRC-connected entities, but there is no publicly available evidence that would prove nor deny such connection.

1. https://archive.ph/BwBBF
2. https://archive.ph/kcNOL
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-unitedgroup-huawei-idUSKBN2B21WO

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK imposed restrictions on the use of PRC-linked broadband equipment. Operators are in the process of transitioning away from purchasing new Huawei equipment for fibre networks.

1. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-53403793

Answered by Hannah Bailey, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

2021 - "Huawei on Wednesday announced the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Jordan Advanced Fiber Company (FiberTech), the provider of fiber communication services." Link "AMMAN-Talal Abu-Ghazaleh Organization (TAG-Org) and ZTE signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) to develop digital solutions in various fields. According to the Memorandum, the two parties agreed to form a joint strategic taskforce who will cooperate to implement in the provisions of the agreement in the Information Technology and communication, education, transportation and smart devices fields in Jordan." Link

1. https://en.ammonnews.net/article/54262
2. https://www.tagorg.com/news.aspx?id=18585&lang=en

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Beirut - February 15, 2019: touch, the leading mobile telecommunications and data operator in Lebanon, managed by Zain Group, has collaborated with Huawei Consumer Business Group (CBG) to issue a special bundle package dedicated to the newest device release from Huawei, the Huawei Y7 Prime 2019." Link HUAWEI expresses its readiness to equip Beirut's Rafic Hariri International Airport with the world's latest "Wi-Fi 6" Network, but it has not been implemented yet. Link

1. https://www.touch.com.lb/autoforms/portal/touch/about-touch/media-center/press-releases/y7
2. http://arabic.people.com.cn/n3/2019/0628/c31659-9592340.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with staff of Ministry of Information

1. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2013/12/06/gamtel-signs-usd33m-contract-with-huawei-to-transform-national-backbone/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Besides cellular networks, PRC connected entities are also implementing internet/wifi/telco service infrastructure projects.

1. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/asia/china/news/china-firm-implement-tk-3975cr-digital-connectivity-project-3009051
2. https://english.news.cn/asiapacific/20220417/d806ff28d6e74686a30b3b041556e2d3/c.html
3. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2017-09/12/content_31886278.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Much collaboration between telecommunication companies and Huawei as well as Nokia and Chinese companies on OPEN RAN, 5G, and patent issues with OPPO, much secrecy surrounds those

1. https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1705882204850573618&wfr=spider&for=pc

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In May 2018, Po-Tsung Wong, the speaker of National Communications Commission addressed that, the Legislative Yuan has made a resolution in 2013 to stop the 4G telecom providers to use the products of Chinese internet system. NCC has followed the resolution to amend its Regulations for Administration on Fixed Network Telecommunications Business and Regulations for Administration of Mobile Broadband Businesses. And both of the regulations added that, "the competent government authorities, when rendering an approval or overrule decision on networking infrastructure plan, shall have the decision sought in consultation with relevant governmental agencies for national security concerns." And Taiwan has long implemented the code of conduct of not using the core internet equipments made in China.

1. https://iekweb2.iek.org.tw/ITISExt/module/iekPersonal/Forward.aspx
2. https://buzzorange.com/techorange/2019/03/19/china-in-the-house/

Supplementary Notes

It has been a concern that the public Wifi provider (in Taiwan Railway, Taiwan Highspeed Rail and Taipei MRT) Speedlink Telecom Taiwan being controlled by the Chinese capitals. It's known that Speedlink has close relationship with the Chinese company Comba Telecom Systems Holdings Ltd. However, after the investigation, there was no Chinese equipments used in the infrastructures.

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Pellaeon Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No direct evidence found

Supplementary Notes

Link Awaiting the 5G. Huawei is the Avant-Garde of New Technological Developments.

1. https://huaweiarmenia.am/gb/blog-post/21

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include here.

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

This has not occurred in the last 18 months

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The national security concerns for India after border clash with PRC in 2020 resulted in top-down restrictions for PRC-connected entities to operate in India. Government facilitated service providers were mandated to not use Chinese equipment in their facilities.

1. https://indianexpress.com/article/india/telecom-equipment-china-india-ban-7107663/#:~:text=%2C%E2%80%9D%20Prasad%20said.-,In%20recent%20months%2C%20India%20has%20banned%20the%20import%20of%20equipment,embedded%20in%20the%20imported%20equipment
2. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/citing-national-security-govt-set-to-bar-chinese-telecom-gear/articleshow/79769475.cms

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Tenzin Dalha

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Latvia has signed with U.S. a declaration on future of 5G communications Link.

1. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/politics/diplomacy/latvia-and-us-sign-declaration-on-future-of-5g-communications.a349593/#:~:text=Latvia%20and%20the%20United%20States,vital%20parts%20of%205G%20networks.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://bit.ly/3NPOun2

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No publicly available evidence to support this claim. As telecoms are private companies this is hard to verify.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No publicly available evidence to support this claim. As telecoms are private compaies this is hard to verify.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Could not find reliable information about the topic.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-huawei-tech-usa-southkorea-lab/huawei-launches-5g-lab-in-south-korea-but-keeps-event-low-key-after-u-s-ban-idUSKCN1T00AW

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supplementary Notes

The question was skipped because of ambiguity and difficulty with accessing the detailed information allowing the accurate evaluation of the share of PRC connected entities in the infrastructure. As for ambiguity it is not clear what is referred to by „internet/wifi infrastructure projects, in addition to 4G/5G cellular network.”: if the question refers to the backbone network and solutions/equipment for managing the backbone network, then the answer to this question would require in depth research. The backbone network is not build in addition to 5G/4G it is basis. The market of the backbone network is fragmented. Some operators work with Huawei as HAWE Link Other work with other suppliers e.g. Netia works with Nokia Link . Plus which is telco operating cellular network uses Netia’s backbones network Link. Telcos operating cellular network also build/buy the backbone network. It is not clear what is meant by WiFi infrastructure projects offered by Telcos does it concern the complete WiFi solutions for business/local communities/universities. For this question still no answer can be provided even with low level of confidence.

1. https://www.operatorzy.pl/telekomunikacja/news/wiadomosci-firmowe/huawei-wspiera-hawe-telekom-opracowywac-zintegrowane-rozwiazanie-transportowe-ms-otn,p303987271,25
2. https://www.speedtest.pl/wiadomosci/news/netia-pojemnosc-sieci/
3. https://grupapolsatplus.pl/sites/default/files/documents/2021/grupa_polsat_raport_2020.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Not possible to verify.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supplementary Notes

No existe evidencia suficiente para responder esta pregunta.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

ZTE has partnered up with Mobile Digital Communications in 2017 but then, whether the partnership has been prolonged or not, can not be identified. Thus, we skip the question. (see below URL)

1. https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2017/01/19/velcom-zte-claim-world-first-with-commercial-fully-virtualised-core-network/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze