Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In may 2023, Venezuela and the PRC had some discussions to reestructurate the Venezuela´s debts. This information was published off-the-record by Reuters, but it was impossible to certificate officially. Beyond this, in 2018 both countries agreed the transfer os 9.9% of Sinovensa Joint venrture stakes in favour of China. In that moment, that transfer was considered as a collateral payment made by Maduro´s government, which recieved a "grace period" to defer service debt payments.

1. https://www.bloomberglinea.com/2023/05/02/china-y-venezuela-restablecen-sus-vinculos-tras-anos-de-distancia-y-ante-la-mirada-de-eeuu/
2. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/internacionales/China-promete-mas-credito-a-una-Venezuela-empobrecida-pero-no-le-dice-cuando-20180914-0053.html
3. https://www.elmostrador.cl/mercados/2017/11/16/fuerte-espaldarazo-de-china-a-venezuela-tiene-credibilidad-y-ha-convertido-promesas-en-hechos/
4. https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKCN2581W6/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ecuador has restructured of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities, but it have not involved the transfer of Ecuadorian land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness. Therefore, thin indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/economia/ecuador-acuerdo-deuda-china/#:~:text=El%20presidente%20Guillermo%20Lasso%20anunci%C3%B3,millones%20de%20deuda%20con%20China

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China rolled over $2 bln loan to Pakistan in 2023 (different from debt restructuring); It is expected to make the request again in 2024 due to its liquidity crisis

1. https://profit.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/10/17/exclusive-china-tells-banks-to-roll-over-local-government-debts-as-risks-mount-sources/;
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-rolls-over-2-bln-loan-pakistan-finance-minister-2023-03-31/

Supplementary Notes

Link

1. https://tribune.com.pk/story/2454491/pakistan-asks-china-for-2b-debt-rollover

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Supporting evidence confirms debt restructuring of debt between Ethiopia and China under the G20 Common Framework. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/ethiopia-getting-debt-relief-china-asking-others-similar-imf-official-2023-10-13/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

In 2011, due to Dushanbe’s inability to repay loans to Beijing, Tajikistan offered 1,158 square kilometers of disputed territory in exchange for the debt being written off. At the beginning of 2021, China suspended debt repayments from Tajikistan, as Beijing owns nearly half of Tajikistan’s $3.2 billion foreign debt pile (more than $1.2 billion). Link In 2016, Xinjiang-based company TBEA completed work on a 400-megawatt power plant in Dushanbe, known as TETs-2. The Tajik government contributed only $17.4 million to the $349 million project, with the remainder funded by TBEA. Three years later, to pay off the debt, Tajikistan gave TBEA the concession to develop the Upper Kumarg and Eastern Duoba gold mines, both located in the northern Ayni district. Link In 2014, Tajikistan was forced to give mining rights for gold mines to China’s TBEA Company after failing to repay loans for a new combined heat and power plant outside of Dushanbe. Link

1. https://www.specialeurasia.com/2021/10/28/chinese-military-base-in-tajikistan-regional-implications/
2. https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-the-cost-of-chinese-debt
3. https://api.caspianpolicy.org/media/uploads/2020/09/PB-Chinas-growing-influence-in-CA-through-surveillance-systems.pdf

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

According to a report by the Center for Global Development, eight countries heavily indebted to China are in severe debt distress: Djibouti, the Maldives, Laos, Montenegro, Mongolia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Pakistan. Another 15 are in significant danger of default. Since China grants large loans to countries it must know cannot fully repay, some analysts have begun to use the term “debt-trap diplomacy” to describe a practice of offering loans to force a country into debt to China. While it is debated whether China deliberately grants bad loans, alternative explanations seem less likely, as this would suggest China either completely miscalculated the creditworthiness of recipient countries or the viability of the funded projects. Either way, once a country is indebted to China, it can hardly refuse demands from Beijing. Link

1. https://apcss.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/11-Chinas_economic_coercion-mouritz.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There is no new evidence.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

Link “The Chinese side has concerns about whether [Egypt] is capable of reimbursing the loan and through what means, in addition to the debt schedule. Nevertheless, negotiations are underway with the Chinese side to address these unjustified concerns and ease the loan disbursement measures, which the consortium of Chinese banks funding the project has imposed.”

1. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2020/01/chinese-banks-preconditions-impede-first-tranche-loan-egypt.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Mexico, there have been no reported cases of economic coercion by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in response to government statements or policies, private companies, or NGOs that are deemed unfavorable to the PRC.

1. https://theglobalamericans.org/2022/08/the-evolution-of-prc-engagement-in-mexico/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://n9.cl/c4ngd

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are certain this has not happened so far. On the contrary, It has happened that chinese companies struggled to pay their debt in China after making disproportional or very generous offers in Chile that require them to look for loans while facing a challenging change in commodity prices. Moreover, China uses traditional channels for the resolution of conflicts, such as the JoyVio Case in 2023.

1. https://jp.reuters.com/article/tianqi-lithium-deuda-idLTAKBN26K23Y/
2. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Economia/2023/03/31/1090883/mapa-abogados-conflicto-australis-quiroga.html
3. https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Markets/China-debt-crunch/Tianqi-Lithium-cancels-2.5bn-share-sale-after-exchange-objects

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of this.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh's debt with China is low and more investment is in the pipeline.

1. https://fairbd.net/chinese-investment-in-bangladesh-explained/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no public report of such a phenomenon in the observed period of time.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has not happened in the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Romania, there have been no such cases involving PRC, nor loans for infrastructure building or other large projects from PRC-affiliated entities

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no such debts to PRC entities

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not applicable

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Taiwan never undergos default or restructuring of a public debt arrangement with PRC-affiliated financial entities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no obversation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2023-06/ip230_en.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Ambassador Vijay Kant Karna

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. none

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there are reports on the public debt, but there is no evidence of whether alaysia restructure the arrangement.

1. https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2023/04/03/chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-not-a-debt-trap-says-loke
2. https://www.voanews.com/a/malaysia-s-forest-city-teeters-over-china-property-giant-woes-/7252367.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No information or evidence.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. But nevertheless, there is a specific agenda projected on this phenomenon.

1. https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202311/646912-argentina-litio-china-mineria.html
2. https://www.ambito.com/politica/javier-milei-admitio-que-elon-musk-esta-interesado-el-litio-la-argentina-n5906635
3. https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202312/651021-jalil-elon-musk-litio-catamarca.html
4. https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202312/650729-flavia-royon--secretaria-de-mineria-milei.html

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/27/19/finance-department-ph-can-pay-back-china-loans;
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/philippines-marcos-wants-renegotiate-loans-49-bln-china-backed-rail-projects-2022-07-16/
3. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/09/22/2298251/chinese-funded-infrastructure-projects-could-lead-debt-crisis-expert-warns

Supplementary Notes

While there have been fears that the Philippines might default on the huge loans it got from China, the finance ministry has always assured that it would not happen. The outlook became slightly better under President Marcos, who ordered a review into Chinese loans made under the previous Duterte government. Nonetheless, the specter of a debt trap still looms over the country, especially for those projects funded by Chinese ODA or through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although about 40 percent of Myanmar's foreign debt is owed to China, there have been no reported cases involving the transfer of land or infrastructure in exchange for debt forgiveness. However, two years after the military coup, the general consensus on the status of the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) in Myanmar is that projects are gradually resuming, despite ongoing conflicts, albeit at varying paces.

1. https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/beijing-looks-to-get-economic-projects-up-and-running-in-myanmar.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is none, only that there was a rumour of PRC through Exim bank taking control of entebbe airport which is not true. However the terms of contracting gave alot of control over the airport to exim bank.

1. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/chinese-entebbe-loan-deal-is-binding-3739346

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite Angola being Africa’s biggest recipient of financing from China, no default or restructuring has taken place.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I do not find any evidence to answer this question.

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

It is worth noting here that Cambodia's debt to GDP ratio and public finances as a whole have remained highly stable despite its deep engagement with the BRI program. The Cambodian Ministry of Economics and Finance along with the rest of the government go to great efforts to regularly point out this fact which is regularly further confirmed by quarterly IMF reviews.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK has not defaulted on its public debt since the 1930s.

1. https://bondvigilantes.com/blog/2010/02/what-happened-the-last-time-the-uk-defaulted/#:~:text=There%20are%20(at%20least%3F),%2Dcalled%20inter%2Dallied%20debt.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim.

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.