Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"When the Dalai Lama visited Mongolia in 2016, Beijing canceled bilateral economic meetings and later extracted an apology from Ulaanbaatar. Link"

1. https://thehill.com/opinion/international/3923607-chinas-economic-coercion-jujitsu-required/

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has been using economic statecraft and coercion against Lithuania on an increasingly regular basis, with the recent (2021-2022) full-scale economic pressure campaign being among the most notorious and peculiar examples worldwide. Not only did it target sectors particularly dependent on the Chinese market, such as the laser industry, but its unannounced and unofficial so-called secondary sanctions aimed at Lithuanian-made components in global supply chains, eventually triggering an EU-wide response. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.csis.org/analysis/chinas-economic-coercion-lessons-lithuania
2. https://www.cfr.org/blog/analysis-chinas-economic-coercion-against-lithuania
3. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2145566/eu-adopts-legislation-to-resist-economic-coercion-following-china-lithuania-dispute

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Included CCP-directed consumer bocyott of H&M.

1. https://kinacentrum.se/publikationer/chinese-consumer-boycotts-of-foreign-companies/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Paraguay does not have access to PRC markets because it maintains a diplomatic relationship with Taiwan.

1. http://spanish.people.com.cn/n3/2023/0919/c31616-20073609.html
2. https://www.facebook.com/adep.diplomacia/videos/998689567525668

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, Turkmenistan has been the target of PRC economic coercion. For example, China placed Turkmenistan on a military arms sales blacklist in January 2019 following a severe drop in Turkmen gas exports to China, which subsequently led to a significant rise in China's domestic natural gas price. This action demonstrates that Turkmenistan faced economic coercion from the PRC due to unfavorable circumstances related to gas exports.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/what-drives-chinese-arms-sales-in-central-asia/
2. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/research/security-and-politics-program-spp/china-turkmenistan-bilateral-relations#_edn19

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong was not invited to the Belt and Road Forum in 2017, although there was lower level representation. The non-invite, along with any loss in commercial opportunities, was allegedly due to the Singapore government's support for the Arbitral Tribunal process in the South China Sea. Singapore allegedly experienced some freezing of economic ties in 2004, due to a visit to Taiwan by then-Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong before he became prime minister.

1. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-belt-and-road-project-could-pose-challenges-to-spore-minister-lawrence-wong
2. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-snubbed-singapore-belt-road-summit
3. https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/how-china-snubbed-singapore-belt-road-summit
4. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2004/07/Transcript-of-Questions-and-Answers-with-DPM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-on-His-Visit-to-Taiwan
5. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-07/21/content_350412.htm
6. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/10SINGAPORE166_a.html
7. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08SINGAPORE1296_a.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC has implemented sanctions on Taiwanese products as one of the tactics to punish Taiwan. In August 2022, before and after U.S. Congress Speaker Pelosi's visit in Taipei, PRC imposed multiple sanctions on Taiwan including natural sand, citrus fruit, chilled white striped hairtail, frozen horse mackerel, pineapple, wax apple, grouper and more. PRC also threatened to sanction more Taiwanese products before the 2024 national elections.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/economic-sanctions-china-has-imposed-taiwan-over-pelosi-visit-2022-08-03/
2. https://www.afr.com/world/asia/china-threatens-fresh-taiwan-sanctions-as-pre-election-tension-mounts-20240110-p5ewcj
3. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-threatens-more-trade-sanctions-taiwan-election-nears-2023-12-27/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

After Prague Mayor Zdeněk Hřib criticized the sister cities agreements between Prague and Chinese cities, and signed a new sister city agreement with Taipei, the PRC cancelled the tours of several music troupes, whose name contain the word ”Prague”. The PRC also cancelled direct flights between Prague and Beijing, Shanghai, and Chengdu, but that was, however, due to the Covid pandemic.

1. https://zahranicni.hn.cz/c1-66710170-prime-lety-z-prahy-do-pekingu-konci-mohla-by-to-byt-reakce-na-zhorsujici-se-cesko-cinske-vztahy
2. https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/zahranicni/cina-soubor-praha-ruseni-cesko-vystoupeni.A190905_061608_zahranicni_bur

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In January 2022, PRC has tightened checks on imported goods from Vietnam at the Lang Son–China border gate. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/border-01062022185820.html
2. https://www.nst.com.my/world/region/2022/01/760673/thousands-trucks-stranded-vietnam-china-border
3. https://vietnamnet.vn/canh-an-bo-ngu-bui-cua-4800-tai-xe-xe-container-o-cua-khau-lang-son-802606.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This happened in the past, but there is no evidence of it over the past two years, it was also plausibly deniable activity

1. https://archive.ph/MJNBQ

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A ban on imports of Japanese marine products was imposed in connection with the discharge of ALPS treated water. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/papers/contribution/nakagawa-junji/03.html

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Korean tourism entertainment, and retail companies in China were specifically targeted following the installation of the US THAAD antimissile system in 2016 for 18 months (with some residual impact).

1. https://theasanforum.org/chinese-economic-coercion-during-the-thaad-dispute/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China imposed multiple import bans on Canada’s canola oil and pork as retaliation following the arrest of Huawei CFO Meng Wanzhou. These measures ended in November 2019 and May 2022.

1. https://financialpost.com/commodities/agriculture/china-ends-ban-on-canadian-canola-amid-a-global-shortage-of-cooking-oils

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China's cyberspace regulator announced that US memory chip maker Micron Technology poses "serious network security risks" after US export controls on China. China ordered officials at central government agencies not to use Apple’s iPhones for work or bring them into the office after US targetting of Huawei. China's antitrust regulators prevented Intel from acquiring Tower Semiconductor. China imposed sanctions against U.S. aerospace and defence firms Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin for arms sales to Taiwan. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-65667746
2. https://www.wsj.com/world/china/china-bans-iphone-use-for-government-officials-at-work-635fe2f8
3. https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/china-sanctions-northrop-grumman-lockheed-martin-over-arms-sales-taiwan-2023-09-15/
4. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/16/business/intel-tower-semiconductor-china.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2020, Australia has been the target of significant economic coercion from China, with restrictions on Australian exports of wine, lobster, beef, etc., resulting in an estimated loss of AU$24 billion following a diplomatic dispute over WHO investigations into the origins of COVID. By 2023, the situation has improved as China resumed the import of some commodities such as timber and coal, and canceled the tariffs on barley.

1. https://www.economist.com/asia/2023/05/23/australia-has-faced-down-chinas-trade-bans-and-emerged-stronger
2. https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/australian-luxury-wine-china-will-take-years-rebuild-treasury-2023-05-16/#:~:text=The%20world's%20biggest%20standalone%20winemaker,effectively%20ending%20sales%2C%20in%202020
3. https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2023-02-10/australian-beef-producers-confident-china-trade-to-resume/101956060
4. https://apnews.com/article/australia-china-timber-trade-f5e97f398d6144255241fea87743aa2d
5. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-to-lift-restrictions-on-australian-coal-imports/
6. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-66402220

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is helping the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) increase its influence overseas, but the CCP’s heavy-handed practices are also beginning to provoke a backlash. Coercive foreign aid, debt traps, and a lack of transparency are fueling anti-Chinese sentiment abroad, including recently in places like Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where China has invested heavily in infrastructure projects. Many locals view China’s behavior as predatory and corrupt. Link

1. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/atlantic-council-strategy-paper-series/the-china-challenge/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Mexico, there have been no reported cases of economic coercion by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in response to government statements or policies, private companies, or NGOs that are deemed unfavorable to the PRC.

1. https://theglobalamericans.org/2022/08/the-evolution-of-prc-engagement-in-mexico/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. Instead, the PRC and Venezuelan have the intention to deep their economic cooperation.

1. https://fundacionandresbello.org/en/news/venezuela-%F0%9F%87%BB%F0%9F%87%AA-news/venezuela-and-china-reaffirm-commitment-to-strengthen-the-pharmaceutical-industry-and-cooperate-on-hydrocarbons/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Exports to China have overall increased, even with the Pandemic disrupting trade. Moreover, China has used traditional channels for the resolution of their conflicts.

1. https://www.subrei.gob.cl/docs/default-source/estudios-y-documentos/fichas/china-anual10c2b0cc88be48bca8b90595a01e5f11.pdf
2. https://www.reuters.com/article/chile-crime-raspberries-insight-idUSKBN26R1M1

Supplementary Notes

On the contrary, Chinese companies have even used the open and relaxed conditions China has with Chile to falsify certifications of origin when exporting raspberries to Canada and to attempt business ventures.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

None observed

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this is the case.

Supplementary Notes

Austrian jewelry brand Swarovski faced backlash after listing Hongkong as a country on its website in 2016 - however, boycotts targeted the company itself, not Austrian products in general.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence that this is the case

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no public reports about the use of economic coercion. Beijing has largely refrained from using coercive measures against Denmark (with the sanctioning of Alliance of Democracies as a notable exception); see Link

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no such cases of coercion against Romania, and the country is not dependent on the PRC in terms of trade or investments (see items above)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no documented cases of the PRC employing economic coercion against Moldova. There has no been no situation where such measures would make sense

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon and I'm not sure this indicator is applicable to Italy.

1. https://freedomhouse.org/country/italy/beijings-global-media-influence/2022
2. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While there is no news of existing economic coercion actions initiated by the PRC against the Netherlands, a recent Dutch decision will restrict semi-conductor tech to the PRC (in a joint effort with the US and Japan). It is assumed that this decision may generate some sort of economic reaction from the PRC, though none is forthcoming.

1. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/03/08/tech/dutch-china-chips-ban-hnk-intl/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

After 02/24/2022 we are not aware of any such case.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publically avialable evidence to suggest coercion.

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Local businesses in Afghanistan show little interest in China’s sensitive matters.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence that suggests this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no obversation of the indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

The PRC banned Estonian dairy products from importing to the PRC market after Dalai Lama's visit in Tallinn in 2011

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Ambassador Vijay Kant Karna

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has never been the case.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I heard of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There could probably some from think-tanks but no direct evidence found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202310/643636-fernandez-china-foro-franja-ruta-fmi-deuda.html

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1207366
2. https://www.bworldonline.com/the-nation/2023/08/13/539302/boycott-of-chinese-products-unwise-to-hurt-local-companies-economists-say
3. https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/08/23/23/neda-chief-rejects-boycott-vs-china-over-west-ph-sea-row

Supplementary Notes

If anything, the reverse has almost happened: some business groups, fed up with Chinese aggression over the West Philippine Sea dispute, wanted to ban Chinese products in retaliation, while Sen. Miguel Zubiri wanted to ban Chinese firms from government projects. But this has been opposed by the economic chief himself, saying it would hurt the local economy.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though the domestic political groups made statements and movements unfavourable to the PRC, there is no reported valid economic coercion.

1. https://progressivevoicemyanmar.org/2023/03/08/chinas-self-interest-in-myanmar-must-not-undermine-the-peoples-revolution/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There's no evidence of economic coercicion.

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it. Two reasons: Qatar's status as a wealthy nation and relatively pro-China position

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC's sanctions against the UK primarily target political individuals and groups, often related to disputes regarding Xinjiang or Hong Kong issues. In 2021, China sanctioned Essex Court Chambers over the legal opinion it wrote on human rights abuses against Uyghurs. A number of its barristers have since left the Chambers.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/26/china-sanctions-uk-businesses-mps-and-lawyers-in-xinjiang-row
2. https://www.law.com/international-edition/2021/08/18/essex-court-loses-another-qc-after-chinese-sanctions/?slreturn=20231024090832

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.