Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were two sudden embargoes on Taiwanese products to China in the beginning of 2021. One was the ban on pork and its processed food, which was said to be related with the lift on import of U.S. pork containing ractopamine. Another was the ban on pineapples with the excuse of pests. Although the embargoes didn't cause fatal shock to the industries, it still caused short-term unrest on market and public opinion.

1. https://udn.com/news/story/7339/5284738

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chiang Min-yen

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/87kW8
2. https://archive.ph/wip/BSEoz
3. https://archive.ph/bDavv

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/YvNNP
2. https://archive.ph/wip/MJNBQ

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

BRI is helping the CCP to increase its influence overseas, but the CCP’s heavy-handed practices are also beginning to provoke a backlash. Coercive foreign aid, debt traps, and a lack of transparency are feeding anti-Chinese sentiment abroad, including recently in places such as Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, where China has invested heavily in infrastructure projects. Many locals view China’s behavior as predatory and corrupt.

1. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/content-series/atlantic-council-strategy-paper-series/the-china-challenge/

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2019, China has imposed an anti-dumping tariff on Brazilian chicken imports. The measure is expected to last 5.

1. https://economia.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,china-anuncia-tarifas-de-ate-32-4-ao-frango-brasileiro-por-5-anos,70002722443

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC sanctioned Argentine exports of soybean oil in 2010.

1. https://www.ambito.com/portada-ingles/china-strike-backs-bans-argentine-soybean-oil-on-quality-standards-n3615976

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite the existence of a large flow of imports from the PRC to Paraguay, there are conditions for certain products to be exported to the PRC.

1. https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica_edicion_impresa/2019/12/06/china-extorsiona-y-falta-al-respeto-a-un-pais-soberano-como-paraguay/
2. https://www.lanacion.com.py/negocios_edicion_impresa/2019/09/20/exportadores-piden-establecer-relacion-comercial-con-china/
3. https://www.ultimahora.com/productores-piden-apertura-oficina-comercial-china-continental-n2855601.html
4. http://www.apachin.org/extorsion-de-china-al-paraguay/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most notably following the installation of the U.S. THAAD antimissile system in 2016 for 18 months (with some residual impact), South Korean tourism, entertainment, and South Korean retail companies in China, in particular, were targeted.

1. https://theasanforum.org/chinese-economic-coercion-during-the-thaad-dispute/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A prominent example is China’s temporary ban on the export of rare earth elements to Japan in 2010. The second article details threats as a result of the contents of maps included in in-flight magazines.

1. https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/23/business/global/23rare.html
2. https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/231277

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Numerous incidents of PRC using different pretexts to delay or block temporarily imports of goods, mostly perishable agricultural produces, at border gates. Incidents happened during the COVID pandemic can be said as a response to the pandemic and not an example of China’s coercion: Link But there are numerous incidents that happened before the COVID pandemic: see below links.

1. https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/thi-truong/500-xe-container-cho-nong-san-xuat-khau-sang-trung-quoc-tac-o-cua-khau-tan-thanh-578588.html
2. https://vietnamnet.vn/vn/kinh-doanh/thi-truong/trung-quoc-ap-dung-may-soi-nong-san-500-xe-container-thanh-long-tac-o-cua-khau-559954.html

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.aspi.org.au/report/chinese-communist-partys-coercive-diplomacy

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.ualberta.ca/china-institute/media-library/media-gallery/research/occasional-papers/canola2.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/ChanakyaCode/south-china-sea-dragons-deployment-of-coercive-economic-measures-to-prop-up-its-position/
2. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/philippines-protests-china-s-fishing-ban-in-south-china-sea
3. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-05-19/philippines-protests-china-s-fishing-ban-in-south-china-sea

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This happens even in the tender-awarding processes. The country is also flooded with Chinese-made goods, some of them which were a preserve of the Zambian manufacturers such as traditional clothing

Supplementary Notes

No. Initially, the participants speculated on the 2006 threat by Li Baodong to the MMD government that if the PF won that year's elections, then China would cut ties with Zambia, which was going to be devastating because China is one of Zambia's trade partners

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has been using economic statecraft and coercion against Lithuania on an increasingly regularized basis, with the currently ongoing full-scale economic pressure campaign being among the most notorious and peculiar examples worldwide. Not only does it target sectors with particular dependence on the Chinese market, such as laser industry, but its unannounced and unofficial so-called secondary sanctions have been targeting Lithuanian-made components in the global supply chains.

1. https://www.cfr.org/blog/analysis-chinas-economic-coercion-against-lithuania

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As the report "What Drives Chinese Arms Sales in Central Asia? The Chinese military technology industry is becoming a serious leader in Central Asia." shows, PRC put Turkmenistan on a military export blacklist as a retaliation of the country putting up higher prices of gas in 2018, Turkmenistan put up prices in fear of US sanction on the PRC. I wrote a bit on this here

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/09/what-drives-chinese-arms-sales-in-central-asia/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.seafoodsource.com/news/supply-trade/china-frees-up-imports-of-one-ecuadorian-shrimp-producer-two-more-expected-to-follow

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.rferl.org/a/china-vaccines-ukraine-xinjiang/31382099.html

Supplementary Notes

China threatened to cut supplies of the vaccines and restrict trade if Ukraine does not withdraw its signature from the declaration on human rights in the Xinjiang - however this was not public and China did not impose trade restrictions since Ukraine withdrew its signature

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no indication of any sanctions imposed towards Indonesia by the PRC. The ban of Indonesia selling fisheries product in late 2020 was due to COVID-19 virus traces, instead of retaliation of Indonesia's strong position against China's action in the South China Sea.

1. https://money.kompas.com/read/2020/09/20/090900226/ada-larangan-ekspor-ke-china-kadin-minta-eksportir-perikanan-tak-khawatir?page=all
2. https://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/171984/34/produk-seafood-indonesia-diboikot-china-kkp-temuan-covid-bukan-di-ikan-1600697342

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-38101345
2. https://www.todayonline.com/singapore/sporeans-naive-about-fake-news-threat-beijings-influence-operations-threaten-social
3. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/08SINGAPORE71_a.html
4. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/prime-minister-lee-hsien-loongs-national-day-rally-2004-english
5. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2004/07/Transcript-of-Questions-and-Answers-with-DPM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-on-His-Visit-to-Taiwan

Supplementary Notes

There were other forms coercion, such as threats and the detention of armored vehicles passing through Hong Kong but no direct economic coercion yet. Allegedly, much of the threats were passed to the Singapore state by way of Singapore businesses with interests in the PRC. However, there could be coercion behind the scenes that are less directly observable, given Singapore's opacity.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include.

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://qz.com/africa/883767/after-a-visit-from-chinas-foreign-minister-nigeria-has-ordered-taiwans-unofficial-embassy-to-move-out-of-its-capital/

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin and Farida Adamu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this.

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of PRC economic coercion.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no record of economic coercion like sanctions related to China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of direct economic coercion from the PRC government against Chilean products or services. A recent situation involving Chilean cherries, with is one of the most successful agricultural Chilean products sold in the Chinese market, does not account to a direct coercion from Chinese authorities. Chilean authorities are careful to comply with Chinese diplomatic bases to avoid any economic conflict or coercion from China’s side. Nevertheless, there have been internal accusations of threats to do so, but they have stayed merely as uncomfortable conversations.

1. https://dialogochino.net/en/agriculture/40247-pandemic-puts-a-dampener-on-chiles-cherry-sales-to-china/
2. https://www.pauta.cl/economia/bloomberg/demanda-china-de-salmon-chileno-es-practicamente-cero

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no instance of economic coercion by China in the form of trade or investment sanctions targeted at Colombia, Colombian entities, or Colombian products.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

No existe ningún tipo de evidencia sobre acciones coercitivas de China en contra de México en el ámbito económico descrito en la pregunta. Al contrario, ambos países mantienen una excelente relación en este aspecto.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. http://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1870-46542014000100007
2. https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-que-impacto-tendria-el-peru-mayor-escalada-guerra-comercial-751427.aspx

Supplementary Notes

During the commercial war between PRC and USA, Peruvian export declines because PRC didn’t buy minerals to Peru

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Aun cuando no ha existido una coerción de China en contra de Venezuela, entre otras razones porque la relación entre los dos Estados ha sido cordial, sí podemos llegar a decir que ha existido cierto tipo de condicionalidad económica impuesta por parte de China al momento de hacer negocios con este país suramericano.

1. https://repository.urosario.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10336/11405/CardonaRomero-Ana-2015.pdf?sequence=1
2. https://dusselpeters.com/CECHIMEX/CuadernosdelCechimex20131.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Broad Confidence, Coercive Advances, Complicated Regional Responses Link

1. http://cc.pacforum.org/2019/09/broad-confidence-coercive-advances-complicated-regional-responses/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not in the given time-frame or recent years.

Supplementary Notes

yes to first half and no to second half of the sentence. After Dalai lama’s visit in 2011 dairy products access to CN market was denied, but the sector was no way dependent from CN market as the share of dairy exports to China never reached more than 0,88% of the total dairy exports coming from Estonia at the time.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Threats of sanctions were made both in 2019 and 2020, but none were actually initiated, at least publicly.

1. https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/milos-zeman-huawei-ppf-skoda-tyden-s-prezidentem-odveta.A190110_203154_domaci_onkr

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of any sanctions or economic coercion on the part of PRC targeted at Bosnia and Herzegovina or business entities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such evidence publicly available.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Sanctions on British individuals have not been matched by formal sanctions on British products. However, the Chinese Chamber of Commerce has warned that there could be “a consumer backlash against British companies such as Jaguar Land Rover and Burberry” if the UK doesn’t “reverses its hostility to China”.

1. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/block-us-and-britain-will-suffer-warns-china-jzvkmkwnd

Answered by Martin Thorley, and has been reviewed by Sam Hogg

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I found no evidence of such section but the other way around where PRC companies have been sanctioned in India.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No direct evidence found: Link

1. https://china-cee.eu/2021/12/01/latvia-economy-briefing-latvian-chinese-relations-in-view-of-the-2021-china-international-import-expo/

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Insufficient data evidence

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

there's no data to support this indicator

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government officials show no evidence of any economic coercion exerted on Tanzania by PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with staff of ministry of Finance and staff of Office of the president.

Supplementary Notes

Additional information was sourced with staff of Chamber of Commerce.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No data found supporting the question.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Up until now no acts of economic coercion have been registered.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for this claim.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC does not impose any economic coercion on Afghanistan, it is unable to do so due to prevailed political uncertainty.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

La relación comercial entre Costa Rica y China no ha implicado, hasta el momento, ningún tipo de sanciones; más bien, se firmó en el 2010 un tratado de libre comercio entre ambos Estados.

1. http://fta.mofcom.gov.cn/english/index.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Las exportaciones panameñas a China han ido en aumento y no existen reportes de coerción.

1. https://bit.ly/3GBQFsi

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no such cases of coercion regarding Romania

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no documented cases of the PRC employing economic coercion against Moldova. There has no been no situation where such measures would make sense

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaip2152.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.dw.com/en/chinese-sanctions-threaten-eu-investment-pact/a-56995389
2. https://ecfr.eu/article/chinese-sanctions-how-to-confront-coercion-and-avoid-a-squeeze-on-europe/

Supplementary Notes

The only relevant information deals with the Chinese-European investment deal being iced over the sanctions put on government officials. No specific stories deal with the Netherlands

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence vound.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicaly known evidence available of PRC's coercion

1. No publicaly known evidence available of PRC's coercion

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.