Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/EtvX3

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/qTh23
2. https://archive.ph/wip/d4CQn
3. https://archive.ph/wip/Oriq1

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

under the BRI Indonesia-PRC has joint various infrastructure projects. However only some infrastructure will be co-owned with the PRC such as the Jakarta-Bandung highspeed rail link that will be owned 40% by PRC

1. https://oxfordbusinessgroup.com/analysis/linking-investment-china-set-make-sizeable-portion-infrastructure-spending

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC firms are investing in telecommunications, cloud, and logistics services in Singapore, but are not in key physical infrastructure like ports and airports.

1. https://www.straitstimes.com/tech/tech-news/huawei-opens-53-million-regional-centre-in-singapore
2. https://www.huawei.com/en/news/2019/2/huawei-cloud-unveil-in-singapore
3. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/china-invest-5g-huawei-tencent-network-development-technology-11748338
4. https://vulcanpost.com/730233/tencent-holdings-singapore-plans/
5. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tencent-singapore-idUSKBN266097
6. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/technology/tencent-picks-singapore-as-asia-hub-after-india-us-bans
7. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/tencent-singapore-new-office-south-east-asia-13111558
8. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/alibaba-investment--3-billion-grab-gojek-jack-ma-singapore-13133668
9. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/companies-markets/alibaba-in-talks-to-invest-us3-billion-in-grab
10. https://www.scmp.com/tech/e-commerce/article/1835051/chinas-alibaba-expands-global-logistics-reach-upping-investment
11. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/09/11/bytedance-to-invest-billions-recruit-hundreds-in-singapore.html
12. https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/garage/news/tiktok-owner-bytedance-moving-to-bigger-singapore-office
13. https://www.theregister.com/2021/08/25/china_singapore_net_link/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Currently, CEFC China is the owner of 75% of shares in the Poti Free Industrial Zone. It is also important to note that Irakli Gharibashvili, former PM and current MOD, was on their payroll (according to his asset declaration) as an advisor of the CEFC managerial board responsible for managing regional projects. Another important factor, according to the CEFC bankruptcy case file, one of the largest creditors they have above mentioned Russian VTB Bank, that might easily claim all Poti Free Industrial Zone assets as collateral. The Georgian government, despite our multiple attempts, refuses to respond to the case. Link

1. https://www.europeanvalues.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MAPPING_RESEARCH_COMPARING_FOREIGN_INFLUENCE_IN_GEORGIA.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The government chose the Chinese TBEA company for the thermal powerplant project and did not consider other options which offered to do the same work more cheaply. Former Prime Minister Isakov argued that the choice of TBEA was the official position from Bejing and they could not change it.

1. https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/scandals-in-kyrgyzstan-highlight-dubious-chinese-business-practices/

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The FPRK (the Trade Union Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan) submitted a list of 204 Chinese companies, operating in Kazakhstan, of which 24 have local trade unions that are member organisations of sectoral federations affiliated to the FPRK. Trade unions are under great pressure in the oil and gas industry where there are many joint ventures with Chinese shareholders. Link

1. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia.pdf

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

SinoHydro, the company tasked with building three sections of the North-South Highway, has been tied to human rights abuses and shady business agreements across the world. Meanwhile, the Chinese consulting firm which published the feasibility study for the railway link to Iran is at the center of its own controversy. With the North-South Highway already dramatically over budget, it remains yet unclear how Yerevan intends to pay up. A study by the Centre for Global Development warned that Armenia may be at risk of falling into China’s debt-trap, which owns over $340 million of the country’s public debt.

1. https://armenianweekly.com/2019/01/03/is-armenia-playing-a-dangerous-game-with-china/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2009, the Tajik government and Chinese company TBEA agreed to construct a 200 MW coal power station in Dushanbe. Funding conflicts in the first phase of construction and possible political pressure from President Xi on the Export-Import Bank of China led to the bank providing Tajikistan directly with $331 million to finance the second phase of construction. When construction on the plant was completed in 2018, Tajikistan was left with a $331 million concessional loan to Eximbank and granted TBEA full mining licenses for two gold mines to cover the costs of construction. This will likely force Tajikistan into further economic reliance on China and disrupt the legitimacy of its own economic sovereignty. Link China appears to have the money and staying power to remain involved in Tajikistan and Central Asia as a whole for the long term. It is Tajikistan’s main trading partner, its largest creditor, and a major investor in Tajikistan’s energy sector (mainly oil and gas exploration) and mining sector (gold). Chinese companies have won tenders to build roads, tunnels, and other transportation links, as well as to work in the Tajik construction sector. China’s largest investment in the country is Line D of the Central Asia–China gas pipeline, which will connect China with Turkmenistan’s gas fields through Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Link Link

1. https://www.caspianpolicy.org/tajikistan-and-china-discuss-improving-bilateral-economic-relations/
2. https://carnegieendowment.org/2016/02/01/tajikistan-at-twenty-five-rahmon-consolidates-power-pub-62630
3. https://tj.sputniknews.ru/20200128/tajikistan-tonnelj-gazoprovod-turkmenistan-china-1030620577.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ethiotelecom has a Huawei data centre in Addis Ababa Link Chinese company owns a 23.5% stake in the Port of Djibouti, which serves Ethiopia Link

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.globalconstructionreview.com/news/kenya-take-over-chinese-operated-rail-line-five-ye/
2. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201706/02/WS5a291f76a310fcb6fafd3bf2.html

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Between 2007 and 2020 Chinese development banks provided $23bn for African infrastructure.

1. https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/how-chinese-firms-have-dominated-african-infrastructure/21807721

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/fra/wjdt/gb/202112/t20211202_10461196.html
2. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/senegal/05267.pdf

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2018, the terminal operator China Merchants Port (CMPort) purchased the Port of Paranaguá and is expected to operate and control 90% of the container terminal. In 2017, the São Simão Hydroelectric Power Plant was auctioned by SPIC Pacific Energy. Since then, the plant has been operated by the Chinese company.

1. https://www12.senado.leg.br/noticias/materias/2018/02/22/parceria-com-empresa-chinesa-para-controle-de-porto-e-firmada-no-congresso
2. http://www.aneel.gov.br/home?p_p_id=101&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&_101_struts_action=%2Fasset_publisher%2Fview_content&_101_returnToFullPageURL=%2F&_101_assetEntryId=15767152&_101_type=content&_101_groupId=656877&_101_urlTitle=hidreletrica-sao-simao-e-arrematada-pela-chinesa-spic-pacific-energy&inheritRedirect=true
3. https://www.gov.br/mme/pt-br/assuntos/noticias/leilao-concede-todas-as-quatro-usinas-com-bonus-de-r-12-13-bi

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Chinese group Xinjiang TBEA Group-Baocheng owns 49% the stated-owned company Yacimientos de Litio Bolivianos Corporación (YLB) that explores lithium in Bolivia. Additionally, other PRC-related entities operates in different sensitive sectors [Link]

1. https://eldeber.com.bo/economia/china-busca-retomar-negociaciones-con-bolivia-para-acelerar-la-industrializacion-del-litio_237755

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Power china Webpage, Argentina (reference 1). X-ray of Chinese investments in Argentine energy (reference 2). Some of the sectors with Chinese investments are: mining in San Juan Province, the Solar Park in Cauchari (Jujuy Province), lithium project in Jujuy province, wind parks in Chubut Province and Miramar, 50 km of gas pipeline in Entre Ríos province and two Hydroelectric plants in Santa Cruz province.

1. https://www.powerchina.com.ar/proyectos.html
2. https://www.ambito.com/energia/china/radiografia-las-inversiones-s-argentina-n5130844

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chile’s power sector is highly controlled by Chinese public companies, members of SASAC. Huawei also has a data center in Chile. Also, Tianqi has invested and owns a significant part of Soquimich, a company that is focused on Lithium mining, but is facing severe financial problems.

1. https://www.fne.gob.cl/en/fne-aprueba-sin-condiciones-la-compra-de-cge-por-parte-de-state-grid/
2. https://www.bnamericas.com/es/noticias/china-intensifica-presencia-en-segmento-chileno-de-distribucion
3. https://www.df.cl/noticias/df-mas/por-dentro/tianqi-el-aliado-chino-de-julio-ponce-en-problemas-puso-en-prenda-sus/2020-10-23/180820.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.redalc-china.org/monitor/informacion-por-pais/busqueda-por-pais/20-mexico
2. https://hutchisonportslct.com/conoce-lctpc/grupo-hph/

Supplementary Notes

Desde el año 2000 en adelante, la RPC ha venido haciendo una serie de inversiones directas (tanto proyectos nuevos como fusiones y adquisiciones) en territorio mexicano, lo cual le ha llevado a tener control accionario o incluso operar algunos puertos del país, así como también una serie de empresas que prestan servicios eléctricos en el este país lationamericano. La base de datos de la Red China- América Latina específica estas transacciones.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1.The PRC is building the first port in Latinamerica in Chancay with a budget of 3,000 millions USD. 2.Yangtze Power bought LUZ DEL SUR energy company for US$ 3,590 millions

1. https://www.unav.edu/web/global-affairs/detalle/-/blogs/el-primer-puerto-de-china-en-latinoamerica-se-construye-en-peru
2. https://andina.pe/agencia/noticia-empresa-china-adquiere-luz-del-sur-pagando-3590-millones-794441.aspx#:~:text=Cabe%20destacar%20que%20a%20fines,.%2C%20Limited%20(CYP)

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

several Chinese state-owned companies have a series of joint ventures with the Venezuelan government. The most important ones are in the oil and telecommunications sectors.

1. https://dusselpeters.com/CECHIMEX/Revista_Cchmx_1_2019.pdf
2. https://dusselpeters.com/144.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The below link has multiple entries for data centers in the United States

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/03/05/business/business-top/dti-to-china-firms-invest-more-in-ph/847494/
2. https://www.manilatimes.net/2021/03/05/business/business-top/dti-to-china-firms-invest-more-in-ph/847494/
3. https://www.rappler.com/business/dito-telecommunity-services-available-metro-manila-may-17-2021
4. https://www.lightreading.com/asia/china-backed-incomer-dito-starts-service-in-philippines/d/d-id/767969
5. http://www.peza.gov.ph/index.php/press-release/128-peza-board-approves-26-new-investments-in-ph-worth-p13-1-billion-amid-covid-crisis

Supplementary Notes

PRC’s owns the new telecom party in the Philippines which is DITO Telecom. It is now operating in many parts of the country including the capital region which is the NCR - Metro Manila. There are many articles and website that discussed infrastructure and business investment and ownership of China in the Philippines. They are also one of the top investors of PEZA (A government owned and controlled corporations) that provides incentives to foreign investors in the creation of Economic zones in the country.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

SF Holding company is the biggest shareholder of Kerry Express which is the major logistics company in Thailand. Link Thailand has 3 BRI infrastructure projects with a 0.37 million $ investment.

1. https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2066163/sf-holding-to-buy-kln-stake
2. https://www.boi.go.th/index.php?page=seaports

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• … The United States has imposed sanctions on a state-owned Chinese company that it said was involved in corrupt activities and seized land in Cambodia to build a development project that could be used to host military assets • Chinese firm plans $11 bln rail, port, steel projects in Cambodia: …Two Chinese companies have reached a deal to build a 400-km (250-mile) rail line, a steel plant and a sea port in Cambodia worth a combined $11.2 billion in what would be by far the impoverished country’s biggest-ever investments. Link • China plays key role in Cambodia's energy development, says minister: …"The Royal Government of Cambodia strongly welcomes all kinds of investments from Chinese companies, and we are currently aiming to improve our governance procedure to create more favorable environment and conditions for investors," the minister said. China, ranked top among foreign investors in Cambodia, has various investments in Cambodia's backboned sectors such as special economic zones, transport infrastructure, energy, agriculture, telecommunications, and tourism among others. Link • "There are credible reports that the coastal development project at Dara Sakor could be used to host PRC military assets… Link • China has achieved nearly pervasive economic influence in Cambodia. These activities range from large infrastructure projects undertaken as part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) to personal connections between Chinese business leaders and prominent Cambodian tycoons and government officials, including Hun Sen. Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/cambodia-china-investment-idUSL4N0A71JL20130102
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/27/c_137284199.htm
3. https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/us-slaps-sanctions-on-chinese-company-for-corruption-in-cambodia-120091600107_1.html
4. https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/chinese_malign_influence_report.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Malaysia, Chinese SOEs were granted major infrastructure deals at significantly inflated costs, in return for Chinese assistance in bailing out a troubled government investment firm then-Prime Minister Najib Razak reportedly used as his personal piggy bank. .. Most notably, China allegedly bailed out a Malaysian state investment fund, 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), from which Najib had stolen billions to augment his personal fortune and reward allies. In return, Chinese companies were granted favorable terms to complete major Malaysian infrastructure projects at inflated costs… Link …Mahathir terminated the East Coast Rail Link project and scrapped another costly infrastructure development venture — the $100 billion Forest City scheme in Johor — and began to strengthen economic ties with Japan as a counterweight to China… Link

1. https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/chinese_malign_influence_report.pdf
2. https://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/chinese_malign_influence_report.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is a widespread phenomenon.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“The acquisition includes Linx's 470 kilometer submarine fiber network in the Baltic Sea, and its network operations centers (NOCs) in Moscow and Tallinn, Estonia. The acquisition also includes Linx's data center in Tallinn, which serves as Estonia's largest Internet Exchange (TLL-IX).”

1. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/news/citic-telecom-cpc-completes-linx-100000155.html

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, some digital infrastructure for state and state-owned structures is operated or provided by Huawei.

1. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-domov/huawei-kauza-vyrobky-cinska-firma-varovani-nukib-analyza-audit-riziko_1901250600_kno

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“A new contract has recently been initiated and signed between the Egyptian government and China Gezhouba Group company. As part of this collaboration, the Chinese company will build several wind power plants in Egypt, with a total capacity of 500 MW. The deal was made public on January 3, 2020 by the holding company, China energy engeneering coorporation. It will run for a period of three years for an amount of 261.3 million euros. The contract covers the design, construction, equipment procurement, installation, commissioning and maintenance of all the solar power plants that will be built as part of the deal.” Link "In March of 2019, Chinese PV manufacturer and system integrator TBEA Sunoasis completed construction of three solar power stations at the Benban Solar Energy Park in the southern governorate of Aswan.[21] The same year, Yingli Solar forged an alliance with Misr Asset Management (MAM) aimed at establishing a solar plant to sell electricity to the Building Materials Industries Company (BMIC).[22] In January of 2020, China Gezhouba Group (CGGC), a subsidiary of the state-owned energy conglomerate China Energy Engineering Corporation (CEEC), secured a contract to build distributed solar power generation facilities across the country with a combined capacity of 500MW.[23] Looking to extend cooperation in this field, the two countries have established a a joint renewable energy research facility." Link “Early last month, the Egyptian government signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Hutchison Ports – a subsidiary of CK Hutchison, the Hong Kong‑listed port operator / developer – with regard to the construction of a container terminal at the port of Abu Qir on the country's Mediterranean coast.” Link

1. https://www.afrik21.africa/en/egypt-china-gezhouba-group-to-build-500-mw-of-solar-power-plants/
2. https://www.mei.edu/publications/towering-ambitions-egypt-and-china-building-future
3. https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/MzIwNjQxMDU4

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"At the 2015 China-Arab Expo, Jordan and China announced the signing of US$7 billion in investment agreements in what has been referred to as King Abdullah’s “Pivot to Asia”. Energy and transportation projects ruled the day, with the total package of agreements including a US$2.7 billion contract for the construction of a 900 MW shale-fired power plant and 1,000-megawatt renewable energy power plant, as well as a US$2.8 billion contract for a national railway network." Link "Attarat Power Company (“APCO”) announced that it has reached financial close for the USD 2.1 billion project to construct the first oil shale fired power station and open cast mine in Jordan...APCO is now owned 45% by YTL Power International of Malaysia, 45% by Guangdong Yudean Group Co. Limited of China and 10% by Eesti Energia. The shareholders have committed to provide base shareholder funding of up to USD 528 million to fund the project." Link "A Chinese company invested in the Arab Potash Corporation and became the largest shareholder. The company achieved record growth in potash fertilizer production and sales in 2020 despite the impact of the pandemic." Link

1. https://www.policyforum.net/jordans-pivot-to-china/
2. https://www.energia.ee/en/uudised/avaleht/-/newsv2/2017/03/20/attarat-power-company-viis-lopule-jordaania-polevkivielektrijaama-rahastamise
3. http://jo.chineseembassy.org/eng/dtxw/202110/t20211025_10438737.htm

Supplementary Notes

“SDIC Mining Investment of China is the biggest shareholder in Jordan’s Arab Potash Company, which had been a major state-owned entity until 2003.” Link

1. https://www.mei.edu/publications/jordans-strategy-2022-bend-dont-break

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.bloomberght.com/haberler/haber/1825679-cinden-turkiyeye-dev-yatirim
2. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2021/ekonomi/ucuncu-koprude-satis-bilmecesi-suruyor-cinli-grup-cekildi-6607486/
3. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/dunyadaki-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/2199351
4. https://www.iklimhaber.org/yeni-calisma-tum-dunyada-yeni-komur-projelerinin-tek-alicisi-cin/
5. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/cinliler-1-2-milyar-dolarlik-termik-santral-ihalesi-aldi-20679533

Supplementary Notes

PRC-related entities own several ports including a 1 billion US dollar investment in the Kumport project, coal mines and coal-fired power plants in Turkey including a 1.2 billion US dollar investment in Adana Turfanbeyli Coal Plant. China Merchants Group also got the tender for the management of Istanbul’s third bridge and northern motorway project for nearly 700 million US dollars but later in 2021 the company declared its plans to leave the project.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.infokg.rs/info/pusten-u-rad-gradski-data-centar-foto.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Geo-Jade Petroleum purchased in 2016 and still owns Banker Petroleum Albania ltd., which operates Patos-Marinza Oilfield, the largest onshore oilfield in Europe. Through Bankers Albania get 75% of country wide royalties. See: Link , and: Link

1. https://seenews.com/news/chinas-geo-jade-closes-purchase-of-albania-focused-bankers-petroleum-541529
2. https://euronews.al/en/albania/2021/05/28/bankers-petroleum-extracts-over-160-000-tons-from-january-to-march-2021-in-patos-marinza-oilfield/

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://thepeoplesmap.net/project/bar-boljare-highway/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/may/17/sierra-leone-sells-rainforest-for-chinese-fishmeal-plant

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chambishi Copper Mine is owned by the Non-Ferrous Company–Africa (NFCA), and is the biggest Chinese-owned mining company in Zambia. Historically, South Africa, Canadian and European companies have dominated copper mining in Zambia. We now see China as an ambitious new player on the market, involved in copper and other minerals and sectors, including agriculture

1. https://www.hrw.org/news/2011/11/03/zambia-workers-detail-abuse-chinese-owned-mines

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Port and airports: Toulouse Airport was acquired and resold in 2019 by Casil with benefice (see URL 1), but there is a significant and growing participation in Le Havre port operations by China Merchants. (see URL 2) Cosco is present in Marseille.

1. https://www.francetvinfo.fr/economie/commerce/investissements-chinois-en-france/toulouse-les-chinois-revendent-laeroport-a-eiffage-benefices-a-la-clef_3765849.html
2. https://lemarin.ouest-france.fr/articles/detail/items/china-merchants-reprend-49-de-terminal-link-la-filiale-terminaux-portuaires-de-cma-cgm.html

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since 2013, one of Lithuania's biggest electric facility engineering companies, Energy Network Institute, has been majority-owned by the North China Power Engineering. Although not exactly a piece of the country's critical infrastructure itself, this company is indeed a significant actor in the country's sensitive energy sector.

1. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1125801/chinese-money-connects-lithuania-to-belarus-nuclear-plant-lrt-investigation

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An ownership analysis using the Orbis Europe Database seems to indicate of Austrian companies with controlling Chinese shareholders seems to indicate that in recent years there have been a few investment by PRC companies in Austria’s critical infrastructure or sensitive sectors. The definition of critical infrastructure used in this analysis was based upon the European Proposal for a directive on the resilience of critical entities. For example, in 2017 the Austrian aircraft producer Diamond Aircraft was taken over by Wanfeng Auto Holding Group 万丰奥特控股集团有限公司. Prior to that Diamon Aircraft entered a comprehensive technical cooperation with CETC Wuhu Diamond Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (referred to below as CETC Wuhu) 中电科芜湖钻石飞机制造有限公司. In 2019 CETC Wuhu announced the completion of the first flight of its TA-20 basic military trainer aircraft – “[…] a joint venture between CETC and the Wuhu Municipal Government, which builds aircraft under licence from Austria’s Diamond Aircraft Industries.” - Nevertheless, the influence is LIMITED, and Diamond Aircraft is a Chinese company. Moreover, in 2018 SIPWISE GMBH - Unified Communications-Plattform provider - was aquired by Alcatel Lucent Enterprises China Co., Ltd, which is itself owned by China Huaxin Post and Telecom Technologies Co., Ltd. 中国华信邮电科技有限公司. On ist side, China Huaxin is owned by the China Poly Group 中国保利集团有限公司, which under the control of the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission of the State Council.

1. https://www.presseportal.de/pm/155575/5040905
2. https://www.keymilitary.com/article/diamond-dart-450-reborn-chinas-ta-20
3. http://www.cetcd.com/en/index.php/about/intro.html
4. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/12/20/strengthening-eu-resilience-council-adopts-negotiating-mandate-on-the-resilience-of-critical-entities/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

For example the latest port terminal of Stockholm seaport

1. https://thesis.eur.nl/pub/43980/Sipman-AB-383261-BA-thesis.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Chinese state-owned enterprise, COSCO, owns 67% of the stock of the Piraeus Port Authority (see URL1 below). In addition, State Grid, another Chinese state-owned giant, holds a 24% stake in the operator of the high-voltage electricity grid of Greece (see URL2 below). Chinese companies are also involved in power generation - specifically wind - and rolling out fast internet provision.

1. https://www.porttechnology.org/news/cosco-increases-piraeus-stake-to-67/
2. https://www.naftemporiki.gr/printStory/1175365
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/greece-shenhua-group-copelouzos-idAFL8N1N83BE
4. http://kpzg.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2017/0516/c404389-29279229.html
5. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-southeastern-central-and-eastern-europe-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85415

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, as shown in the report "Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China" and the document "Country (region) guide for foreign investment and cooperation Turkmenistan", sensitive and only lucrative sector of Turkmenistan, gas.

1. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/dl/gbdqzn/upload/tukumansitan.pdf
2. https://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/centralasiachinagasp/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://elfaro.net/es/202106/columnas/25552/Pese-a-EE-UU-China-ha-aumentado-su-presencia-en-Centroam%C3%A9rica.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://splash247.com/trieste-silk-road-return-or-how-china-called-italys-bluff/
2. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaip2117.pdf
3. https://thepeoplesmap.net/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are many and relevant cases.

1. https://www.bakermckenzie.com/en/newsroom/2022/01/chinese-outbound-fdi-held-steady-in-2021
2. https://merics.org/en/report/chinese-fdi-europe-2021-update
3. https://hutchisonports.com/ports/spain/
4. https://www.elperiodico.com/es/economia/20211222/hutchison-ports-best-invierte-60-13018347
5. https://economia3.com/2022/04/07/476293-la-geopolitica-china-a-la-conquista-de-los-principales-puertos-espanoles/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese trade and industrial concerns are operating throughout the country, with joint and wholly-owned interests in textile factories, cement plants, power producers, steel mills, housing projects and telecommunication concerns, the Pakistan-China Joint Chamber of Commerce and Industry’s (PCJCCI) website shows. Examples: Gwadar Sea Port and Thar Coal power project

1. https://www.dw.com/en/china-pakistan-investment-ties/a-58734281
2. https://asiatimes.com/2021/02/chinas-pakistan-investments-a-double-edged-sword/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr Ammar Malik

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Art.8 in Measures Governing Investment Permit to the People of Mainland Area, the investment by Chinese citizens or organizations on monopoly; political, social and cultural sensitive or impactful on national security; unfavorable to economic development or financial stability, would be prohibited. Since Taiwan is not a main target on Belt and Road Initiative, and the infrastructures are quite intact, there is not much chance for the Chinese government to control the critical infrastructures or sensitive sectors. However, it is possible that the Chinese corporations getting involved with the critical industries through legal loopholes. The case of Tatung, a well-known brand which has managed many sensitive information security bids of government, is an obvious case to see the illegal interference of Chinese investment.

1. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0040015
2. https://www.storm.mg/article/426316?mode=whole
3. https://newtalk.tw/news/view/2020-10-13/478765

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chiang Min-yen

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The answer is no, but China has granted loans to build some infrastructure, but they don't own, operate or control critical infrastructure.

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Data Centers, Ports, energy and sensitive sectors are dominated by national companies or foreign companies (but not Chinese).

1. https://datacentercatalog.com/uruguay

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/economia/2019/08/24/empresas-chinas-en-asuncion/
2. https://www.eby.gov.py/
3. https://www.itaipu.gov.py/

Supplementary Notes

Representatives from China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd (CHEC) visited Paraguay in 2019 to study investment opportunities in infrastructure. Other companies have also shown interest in participating in different infrastructure projects. One of the hydroelectric plants that operate in Paraguay is entirely owned by the Paraguayan state. There are also two plants jointly owned with Argentina and Brazil.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been Chinese financing for an important electricity generation project, though it has been very limited, with not even mildly significant control. In the past, major Chinese SOE’s have expressed interest in participating in more strategic projects, like the dredging of the Magdalena River, though these expressions of interest have not translated into actual projects.

1. https://www.larepublica.co/economia/powerchina-demuestra-su-interes-en-dragado-a-cormagdalena-2475141
2. https://lacuartavia.com/china-detras-de-hidroituango-es-posible-que-lleguen-a-salvar-el-proyecto-imposible/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

These key infrastructure are domestically controlled

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While PRC-related entities are part of many infrastructure project in B&H, they do not own any of the infrastructure. Moreover, it should be noted that the majority of those projects are still in progress. Radio Free Europe, in June 2019, wrote about all the critical infrastructure projects in B&H in which PRC-related entities took part in. The private thermal power plant close to the city of Doboj in Republika Srpska (the majority Serb entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina) was the only infrastructure project that was completed at the time. 70 % of the funds (around 350 million EUR) came via the China Development Bank loan. The only critical infrastructure which may eventually fall under full control by a PRC-related entity is related to a lignite mine close to the city of Doboj. Namely, The Chinese Development Bank can take over full concession over this mine in case the current business group, owned by a Serbian businessman Vuk Hamović, cannot make the loan payments. PRC-related entities have a number of contracts signed with the authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding upcoming infrastructure projects. There is a 297 million Euro worth contract signed in 2018 with the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina regarding the building of a 40 kilometer stretch of highway between Banja Luka and Prijedor. The other major infrastructure project, the building of “Blok 7” of the Tuzla power plant, is in major danger of falling through due to the inability of the PRC-controlled entity to fulfill the obligations from the contract it signed with the government of the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The reason for their inability to fulfill the stipulations from the contract stems from General Electric’s pulling out of the project.

1. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/bih-china-interest-investments/30023757.html

Supplementary Notes

Since the question asks regarding the potential ownership of critical infrastructure by PRC-related entities, I think the appropriate answer is “NO” as there is no evidence of existing direct ownership of critical infrastructure. While PRC-related entities are involved in numerous infrastructure projects, there is no evidence that they own any of those. Nonetheless, if the “operate” part of the question should include their participation in ongoing infrastructure projects as companies conducting the construction work, then the answer should be changed to “YES” since there is plentiful evidence of them being involved in major infrastructure projects. Moreover, the contract signed regarding the building of 40 kilometers of highway is based on the understanding that the PRC-related entity would operate it for a period of time once it is completed. However, my judgment here was that since the project has not been completed yet, it should be treated as an infrastructure project that is substantially controlled or operated by a PRC-related entity. In case I have misunderstood the wording of the indicator, I would be willing to change the influence measure if it is supposed to include unfinished and future projects (or projects where PRC-related entities are taking part in as contractors).

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly available information suggesting any such operation.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is a borderline answer but we conclude that “No” is the most appropriate answer at present. State-owned China General Nuclear (CGN) will be a junior partner (with French EDF) in the Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power megaproject. If a CGN-led Bradwell nuclear power station is built then that would constitute a “Yes” in this instance, but this outcome appears increasingly unlikely. The UK’s busiest port, Felixstowe in Suffolk, is owned by Hutchison Port Holdings, a subsidiary of Hong Kong-based CK Hutchison, run by Chinese-born magnate and billionaire Li Ka-shing. Also of note in terms of water supply, China Investment Corporation owns a 9% stake in Thames Water, which provides and manages the water supply for 15 million people in and around London. None of these examples meet the criteria set in the question.

1. http://en.cgnpc.com.cn/encgn/c100083/2015-10/21/content_8ded47dfc8674339be826ce20114d836.shtml
2. https://news.sky.com/story/investing-in-britain-what-does-china-own-10345588

Answered by Martin Thorley, and has been reviewed by Sam Hogg

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not yet as china is being more involved in public infrastructure. Nevertheless "China has shown its willingness, as the Chinese Ambassador to Lebanon Qian Minjian stated to contribute to the reconstruction of Beirut Port after the destruction it suffered in the August 4, 2020 bombing, and that Chinese companies are ready to study expansion and development projects for Lebanese ports. They are also ready to implement other projects In the fields of energy and transportation.” Link Also, in 2017, China has participated to widen and deepen the port of Tripoli, the closest to Syria, supplying various types of equipment, fund may be also deployed in the near future either via facilitated loans or other means. Link

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most critical infrastructure in India are state owned and some are public-private partnerships and there is no evidence that PRC-related entities control such infrastructures.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such evidence is indicated, additionally, a representative of the Development Agency from China stated that Chinese will invest in Latvia when they begin to trust them - Link

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Page 6 indicates some Chinese investment in the manufacturing sector in Ghana which is not in the critical or sensitive category. No Chinese affiliated data center was found

1. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/utils/getfile/collection/p15738coll2/id/131119/filename/131330.pdf
2. https://www.songhaiadvisory.com/blog/2021/9/1/ghanas-digital-economy-amp-the-impact-of-data-centres

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

interview with government (Ministry) officials show no evidence of PRC-related entities operating or substantially control critical infrastructure.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with media officer, the Gambian Ministry of Trade as well as the director of investment at the Gambian investment agency

Supplementary Notes

Further information was sourced with staff of Ministry of Trade

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.metalbulletin.com/Article/3733036/Chinas-Hesteel-stalls-negotiations-for-US-Steel-Kosice-takeover-local-media-say.html

Supplementary Notes

Though until August 2021, CITIC owned a minority indirect share in Swan, private company that operates governmental communication network.

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Bangladesh, PRC-related entities do not (100%) own, operate or substantially control critical infrastructure.

1. https://thepeoplesmap.net/
2. https://icsin.org/blogs/2020/08/21/chinas-infrastructure-development-projects-in-bangladesh/
3. https://docs.aiddata.org/ad4/pdfs/Banking_on_the_Belt_and_Road__Insights_from_a_new_global_dataset_of_13427_Chinese_development_projects.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China does not operate/control critical infrastructure industries. It should be noted, however, that in 2019 the China Machinery Engineering Corporation (CMEC) signed a €120 million contract with the joint-stock company Logistic CenterVarna for the joint development of port infrastructure in Varna.

1. https://ceias.eu/chinese-corrosive-capital-bulgaria-romania/

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not yet - but with the 5G development it might change.

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not according the two links provided. However, according to the report "European seaports and Chinese strategic influence" (see below URL1) and the artical "La Chine s'est emparée de près 90% du terminal de conteneurs de Zeebrugge. " (see below URL2), both of these descriptions show that "in Zeebrugge, COSCO owns 90 per cent of the only terminal operator, COSCO Shipping Ports Zeebrugge Terminal".

1. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2019-12/Report_European_ports_and_Chinese_influence_December_2019.pdf
2. https://www.lalibre.be/economie/entreprises-startup/2019/12/26/la-chine-sest-emparee-de-pres-90-du-terminal-de-conteneurs-de-zeebrugge-FTZYBBFPYFH4LHOKYTXTHFKCCI/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC has expressed interests and have stakes in mining sector of Afghanistan but these deals never materialised/ started due to instability. Given local context, it's extremely unclear what "ownership" here means due to absence of normal business environment, because even if there was an agreement, it's already ineffective because it was likely signed with individuals from the Afghan Republic. And if the Afghan side is the Taliban, this also poses serious question.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Actualmente, la única relación entre el país y una empresa de la RPC es la ampliación de la ruta 32 hacia la provincia caribeña de Limón, que está a cargo de la empresa China Harbour Engineering Company (CHEC), que ha tenido importantes atrasos y polémicas. Esa ampliación está financiada por el Eximbank, de la RPC.

1. https://bit.ly/3Q6jPDU

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.aiddata.org/publications/banking-on-the-belt-and-road
2. https://thepeoplesmap.net/

Supplementary Notes

A pesar de créditos y construcción del servicio integrado de seguridad Ecu911, el manejo del centro y de la información es del Estado ecuatoriano (ver link 1). En el caso de la planta eléctrica Coca Codo (y otras de menor envergadura), también es vía crédito, pero el control y operación la tiene el estado ecuatoriano.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.zf.ro/zf-24/chinezii-de-la-cofco-au-cumparat-integral-traderul-de-cereale-nidera-15600788

Supplementary Notes

Except for Huawei, whose equipment is present in 3G and 4G networks, the only PRC company with a connection to what might be defined as a Romanian piece of infrastructure is COFCO, which owns a grain terminal in the Port of Constanta, which it acquired though its takeover of Dutch company Nidera. However this is just a trading installation in a competitive business, and it is not clear to what extent it qualifies as "critical infrastructure".

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://anticoruptie.md/ro/stiri/investitie-chineza-la-criuleni-un-parc-fotovoltaic-de-patru-milioane-euro-ce-va-genera-venituri-anuale-de-cinci-milioane-lei

Supplementary Notes

The PRC has invested in some projects, such as a small photovoltaic farm in Moldova, but the scale of these investments is insignificant. There was discussion at some point about larger infrastructure projects, but several governments have changed in Moldova since then and the projects nothing materialized

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC owns certain assets in Ukraine's infrastructure, however they are not critical or strategic. Aside from the Mykolaiv port PRC also owns some large cereals companies, other agrobusiness firms etc. However, none of these are critical at this point, they cannot buy land (but just lease it) and found their assets trapped in the war zones of Eastern Ukraine. If PRC would have controlled Motor Sych factory, which was a transactions discussed for a number of years, then this would have been a company with significant industrial profile, but the deal was not approved by the Ukrainian government. This is a sign of the limited Chinese influence in 2022 in spite of the high volume of purely commercial trade in 2021.

1. https://www.wikiwand.com/zh-tw/%E4%B8%AD%E7%B2%AE%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A2
2. https://thepeoplesmap.net

Supplementary Notes

China does not own any strategic critical infrastructure

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/2016_etnc_report.pdf
2. https://www.iai.it/it/pubblicazioni/constraints-engagement-china-dutch-ports-and-bri
3. https://www.rijkswaterstaat.nl/nieuws/archief/2019/12/nieuwe-editie-lichtkogel-de-invloed-van-china-op-onze-infrastructuur

Supplementary Notes

A government infrastructure magazine discussed this topic in 2019. The Netherlans is an important trade partner of China and the infrastructure of airport Schiphol and, most importantly, the port of Rotterdam are important elements in the trade of the Belt and Road initiative, but China does not own them. Vulnerability to Chinese investment is a topic discussed in the media. A think tank report argues China doesn't consider NL a priority

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No direct evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

"China’s contributions so far to Azerbaijan’s infrastructure projects is substantial. Grants worth $70 million and equipment worth an additional $2 million for the $545 million new port project in Azerbaijan is a testament to Beijing’s ambitions in the Caspian." (see below URL) Link

1. https://caspiannews.com/news-detail/china-pushes-for-stronger-ties-with-azerbaijan-2019-9-25-0/

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.