Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Chinese firms take advantage of Armenia’s lax environmental regulations to invest some $500 million in at least three Armenian mining operations. Link A major Chinese energy company pledged on Wednesday to invest about $500 million in developing and expanding three Armenian iron mines in which it purchased a significant stake last month Link"

1. https://armenianweekly.com/2019/01/03/is-armenia-playing-a-dangerous-game-with-china/
2. https://news.am/eng/news/717324.html

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The main areas of investment are processing and manufacturing (26%), real estate (10.4%), mineral extraction (10.2%), warehousing and logistics (7.2%), trade (3.8%), and education (2.8%). Link A Chinese conglomerate, Jinsheng Group, invested in a textile factory in Uzbekistan that became operational in 2017. With an annual output of 22,000 metric tons of cotton yarn, 95% of this factory’s products are exported, and half of them are sold to China. Foshan-based Xin Zhong Yuan Ceramics began a $150 million ceramics production line in Uzbekistan in 2017 due to cheap raw ceramic materials, low energy costs, and a large local consumer market. Link's%20share%20in,the%20country's%20total%20foreign%20debt.

1. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-uzbekistan-bilateral-trade-and-future-outlook/
2. https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/economic-cooperation-between-uzbekistan-and-china/#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20China's%20share%20in,the%20country's%20total%20foreign%20debt

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Mongolia is one of the largest countries in Asia by land area, and it contains extensive mineral deposits, including copper, coal, fluorspar, gold, iron, petroleum, tungsten, uranium, and zinc. Minerals account for nearly 90% of its exports, and given the country’s geographic location, limited capital, and lack of infrastructure, almost all exported minerals are sold directly to China after minimal domestic processing. Link

1. https://www.nbr.org/publication/mongolias-development-of-critical-minerals-opportunities-and-challenges/

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Copper mining is Panama's main extractive industry, with at least 60% being exported to China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/empresas/Panama-autoriza-a-First-Quantum-reabir-terminal-portuaria-para-exportacion-de-cobre-20230313-0101.html

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

70.8% of the total copper exported by Peru is destined for China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.rumbominero.com/peru/noticias/mineria/83-cobre-peru-asia-china/

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chile's exports to China are mostly copper (more than 50%) and agrrucultural products (around 5%). According to the Observatory of economic complexity, Chile's economy has become less sofisticated since 2002. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.subrei.gob.cl/docs/default-source/estudios-y-documentos/fichas/china-anual.pdf?sfvrsn=13b15170_1
2. https://www.df.cl/economia-y-politica/comercio-exterior/intercambio-comercial-entre-chile-y-china-crece-casi-40-en-2021-de-la
3. https://oec.world/es/profile/country/chl

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Among significant Chinese investments in Algeria is the exploitation of the Gara Djebilet mine, which aims to extract two million metric tons of iron ore annually by 2026. The annual extraction capacity is expected to increase to 50 million tons by 2040. Source2: "China overtakes France in Algeria": a group of executives from Sonatrach, Asmidal and Algérie Mines, visited China from 15 to 18 May to conclude new agreements with China. Algeria and China have signed a memorandum of understanding to exploit the largest iron ore mine in the country. 2021

1. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202402/07/WS65c2cccba3104efcbdaea0dc.html#:~:text=Among%20significant%20Chinese%20investments%20in,50%20million%20tons%20by%202040.
2. https://www.atalayar.com/en/articulo/economy-and-business/china-overtakes-france-in-algeria/20230523170647185180.html
3. http://www.chinaarabcf.org/ara/zagx/wshz/202103/t20210331_9156819.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is Turkey's top customer in extractive industries. Turkey's mineral export was 6.5 billion US dollars in 2022 and China was the top buyer with 1.4 billion US dollars. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/maden-sektorunden-2022de-6-5-milyar-dolarlik-ihracat/2781125
2. https://www.egedesonsoz.com/haber/Turk-dogal-tas-sektorunun-hedefi-Cin/1146267
3. https://imib.org.tr/veri-merkezi/ihracat-istatistikleri/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/background/2019/27/international-trade-in-gas-in-the-netherlands

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC-linked entities have invested heavily in copper and gold mines in Balochistan province & Coal in the desert region of Thar in Sindh province.

1. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/cash-strapped-pakistan-says-china-agreed-to-rollover-4-2-billion-debt/articleshow/90405622.cms?from=mdr

Supplementary Notes

Link

1. https://thechinaproject.com/2023/03/16/inside-chinas-lead-and-zinc-mine-in-balochistan-pakistan/

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Gas exports from Turkmenistan to the PRC have experienced consistent growth since operations began in 2012, starting at 21.3 bcm, which accounted for 51.4% of China's total gas imports. The figures gradually increased to 31.7 bcm in 2017, 37.3 bcm in 2020, and 34 bcm in 2021. The situation for 2022 is detailed in the "BP Statistical Review of World Energy" 2022 edition, while the report "January-November: China Imports Turkmen Gas For $8.82 Billion" provides insights into the circumstances of 2023.

1. https://business.com.tm/post/11190/januarynovember-china-imports-turkmen-gas-for-882-billion
2. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Africa’s top exports are Gems, precious metals: US$26.9 billion (21.8% of total exports), Mineral fuels including oil: $16.9 billion (13.7%), Ores, slag, ash: $16.4 billion (13.3%). China is the main destination for South African gold (1), diamonds (2), and iron ore (3), but not platinum or coal. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an “Yes” response.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/gold/reporter/zaf
2. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/diamonds/reporter/zaf
3. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/iron-ore/reporter/zaf
4. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/platinum/reporter/zaf
5. https://www.africanews.com/2022/08/16/south-africa-eu-imports-of-coal-surge-eight-fold-replacing-russian-fossil-fuels/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to The World Bank, China is the top export destination for Kenya's minerals. In 2021, Kenya exported minerals worth USD 150 million to China. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/KEN/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/Export/Partner/by-country/Product/25-26_Minerals

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is the main destination for Brazilian exports of iron ore and oil.

1. https://valor.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2020/08/14/china-e-maior-mercado-de-7-dos-10-principais-itens-exportados-pelo-brasil.ghtml
2. http://comexstat.mdic.gov.br/pt/comex-vis

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Regarding crude oil, PRC is still the top exporter for Vietnam. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://thanhnien.vn/gia-giam-xuat-khau-dau-tho-sang-trung-quoc-tang-dot-bien-185851726.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, after PM Prachanda's China visit, he urged more Chinese investment in hydropower, manufacturing, infrastructure development, tourism, agriculture and mining and minerals. Besides Chinese investments in energy-based industries, mining-related industries, construction-based industries, forest-based industries among others, have also started to see a hike in Chinese investment.

1. https://kathmandupost.com/money/2023/03/14/prime-minister-dahal-urges-china-to-invest-in-nepal
2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202303/1286473.shtml
3. https://www.ibanet.org/article/081e7cfa-bebf-4f75-bd27-933d3ba2beaf
4. https://news.mongabay.com/2021/12/chinas-building-spree-in-nepal-casts-shadow-over-himalayan-ecosystem/

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Ambassador Vijay Kant Karna

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is one of Russia's largest partners. For example, China has been the largest buyer of Russian oil since 2017. In 2021, China purchased 70.1 million tons of oil from Russia (30.6% of Russia's total oil exports) for $34.9 billion. When it comes to specific countries buying Russian non-resource products, the UK ($20.2 billion) and China ($16.3 billion) are the leaders.

1. https://rg.ru/2021/08/20/chto-prodaet-rossiia-krome-nefti-i-gaza.html
2. https://tass.ru/info/14008857

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

for wood (mostly logs - 44 on the graph creator) $701 million goes to the PRC, as does wood pulp (47 on the graph creator) - if you count forestry as an extractive industry, then the answer t this queston is yes. The URL provided is a link to an app based on government statisitics, individualised graphs do not have separate URLs

1. https://statisticsnz.shinyapps.io/trade_dashboard/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China's is DRC main destination for its copper and cobalt and other mining products

1. https://chinaglobalsouth.com/cobalt/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indeed, PRC is the main exporter of Malaysia's local raw materials, especially the palm oil. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://www.reuters.com/markets/asia/malaysia-secures-555-mln-potential-exports-during-pms-china-visit-2023-04-05/#:~:text=China%20is%20Malaysia%27s%20largest%20trading,months%20of%202023%2C%20MATRADE%20said.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Leste is the PRC and the top exports are Crude Petroleum ($210M), Petroleum Gas ($58.8M), Coffee ($16.3M), Scrap Iron ($1.67M), and Insulated Wire ($1.36M).

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/tls

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of January 2023, the Philippines is China's top nickel supplier, having imported 33.23 million tonnes of nickel ore and concentrate from Manila last year, according to its 2022 Customs data. In June 2023, the Philippine Statistics Authority said China is also the top destination of the Philippines' copper concentrates. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/infographics/June-2023-IMTS%20Infographics.pdf
2. https://www.cnnphilippines.com/business/2023/8/16/trade-chief-nickel-ore-exports-china.html
3. https://www.reuters.com/article/philippines-mining-nickel-idUKL1N34G0F7

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Myanmar sold 1.43 USD billion worth of gas to China. And it is reported that most of Myanmar’s rare earth minerals are exported to China. Morever, most of the copper exported to China also comes from Myanmar.

1. https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/oil-and-gas/myanmar-junta-sold-usd-1-43-billion-rakhine-natural-gas-to-china-in-2022/97522891?redirect=1.
2. https://resourcetrade.earth/?year=2020&exporter=104&importer=156&units=value&autozoom=1
3. https://www.voanews.com/a/chinese-companies-reportedly-halt-rare-earth-mining-in-myanmar-after-protests/7056236.html
4. https://tradingeconomics.com/china/imports/myanmar/copper

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Angola is a major exporter of crude oil, the vast majority of which is exported to China (over 70% in 2023).

1. https://forumchinaplp.org.mo/en/economic_trade/view/248

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most of China's supply of nickel ore is imported from Indonesia, which means that Indonesia is Beijing's largest nickel supplier.

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-trade-nickel-idUSL4N2JP36N

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

South Korea's extractive industry is mostly in the refining sector (refining imported crude oil and exporting refined product and byporducts), therefore it is not necessarily what consider PRC natural resource imports. Nonetheless, PRC remains the largest user of refined products.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/kor/#yearly-exports.

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the first 10 months of 2022, China’s Saudi oil imports reached 1.77 million barrels per day, valued at $55.5 billion, according to Chinese customs data.

1. https://www.arabnews.com/node/2213231/business-economy

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and QatarEnergy have signed a liquefied natural gas (LNG) supply agreement where CNPC will purchase 4 million tonnes of LNG per year from Qatar for the next 27 years starting in 2023. Previously China was also an LNG customer from Qatar.

1. https://www.energypolicy.columbia.edu/unpacking-the-recent-china-qatar-lng-deals/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is Australia's largest export destination for iron ore, with an export value of around AU$116 billion. China also accounts for 28% of Australia's natural gas exports, making it the second-largest market.

1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1149300/australia-leading-iron-ore-export-destinations/#:~:text=Leading%20markets%20for%20iron%20ore%20exports%20from%20Australia%20FY%202022&text=In%20financial%20year%202022%2C%20the,terms%20of%20value%20this%20year
2. https://www.energyquest.com.au/australian-2022-lng-export-revenue-over-a90-billion/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2022 goods were exported from Latvia to 199 countries worldwide. The five largest export partners were Lithuania, Estonia, Germany, the Russian Federation and Sweden. Link. China isn't indicated in the report: Link

1. https://eng.lsm.lv/article/economy/economy/latvias-exports-and-imports-reached-record-levels-in-2022.a496914/#:~:text=Last%20year%2C%20main%20commodities%20in,distillation%3B%20electrical%20machinery%20and%20equipment.
2. https://rmis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/legislation/MINLEX_CountryReport_LV_2019update.pdf

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Europe is a top customer for Azerbaijan's extractive industries. Link In 2020, Azerbaijan ranked ninth in China’s oil imports Link. The list of the next largest buyers of Azerbaijani oil is as follows: Croatia 544 thousand 666 tons, Czech Republic 600 thousand 565 tons, Portugal 607 thousand 944 tons, Spain 560 thousand 69 tons, Tunisia 433 thousand 282 tons, Ukraine 506 thousand 359 tons. Link

1. https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/AZE
2. https://crudeaccountability.org/beyond-oil-examining-chinas-influence-in-azerbaijan/#:~:text=Today%2C%20over%20125%20Chinese%20companies,education%2C%20culture%2C%20and%20tourism
3. https://banker.az/az%C9%99rbaycandan-%C9%99n-cox-neft-alan-olk%C9%99l%C9%99r-siyahi/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Russia is the top customer, according to this website: Link

1. https://tajtrade.tj/menu/28?l=ru

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Conflicts in the mining sector.

1. https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/scandals-in-kyrgyzstan-highlight-dubious-chinese-business-practices/

Supplementary Notes

Kyrgyzstan is preparing to develop a long-contested mineral deposit, dismissing environmental and economic concerns about a project that activists say is designed with China in mind. Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/kyrgyzstan-preps-mining-project-with-china-in-mind

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link In 2021, Jordan exported $486M to China. The main products exported from Jordan to China were Phenol Derivatives ($157M), Potassic Fertilizers ($142M), and Other Inorganic Acids ($71.5M).

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/jor/partner/chn

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link The main destinations of Crude Petroleum exports from Egypt are India ($1.34B), Greece ($1.24B), Italy ($297M), Spain ($288M), and Germany ($188M). Link Exports The top exports of Egypt are Refined Petroleum ($4.77B), Crude Petroleum ($3.69B), Petroleum Gas ($3.5B), Nitrogenous Fertilizers ($1.7B), and Gold ($1.16B), exporting mostly to United States ($3.7B), Turkey ($3.09B), Greece ($2.97B), Italy ($2.58B), and India ($2.51B).

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/crude-petroleum/reporter/egy
2. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/egy

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

trade data: Link

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/blr/partner/chn

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/es/profile/product/mineral-products#:~:text=Acerca%20de%20Productos%20Minerales&text=En%202022%2C%20los%20principales%20destinos,B%C3%A9lgica%20(US%24260M%20)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://shorturl.at/tGHR9
2. https://shorturl.at/cMPT4

Supplementary Notes

The oil extractive industry is outside Costa Rica's economic matrix. On the other hand, the Promotora de Comercio Exterior (Procomer) shows some gold exports, but none to China. The United States buys 100% of the raw gold.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The main customer in 2023 for Venezuela´s extractive industries is the United States. Therefore, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.bloomberglinea.com/latinoamerica/venezuela/exportaciones-petroleras-a-eeuu-desde-venezuela-crecieron-1224-durante-primer-semestre/
2. https://www.venamcham.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Intercambio-Comercial-entre-Venezuela-y-Estados-Unido-1er-Semestre-2023.pdf
3. https://elpais.com/internacional/2022-11-26/estados-unidos-autoriza-a-chevron-a-operar-en-venezuela-ante-el-dialogo-de-maduro-con-la-oposicion.html
4. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/petrochina-aims-resume-venezuelan-oil-imports-after-4-year-pause-2023-11-02/

Supplementary Notes

The main extractive industry in Venezuela is the oil industry. In this sense, it is important to note Venezuela have been increasing its oil exports to the US after the Biden´s Administration eased oil sanctions against this country. So, from the end of 2022 to now its possible to confirm an important grow in american´s purchases of venezuelan oil. At the same time, the US government lifted- in october 2023- restrictions to foreing companies to invest in the Venezuelan oil sector. This could permit chinese company CNPC start new investments or oil purchases (CNPC did not buy venezuelan oil during 2023). Then I confirm the US is the top customer for Venezuela´s extractive industries.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is not the main customer for Ecuador's extractive industries according to the Banco Central del Ecuador's figures.

1. https://www.bce.fin.ec/informacioneconomica

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://oec.world/es/profile/bilateral-product/crude-petroleum/reporter/col
2. https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/exportaciones/boletin_exportaciones_dic22.pdf

Supplementary Notes

"China is not the principal export market of any of Colombia’s extractive industry products. In crude petroleum, it is second to the United States. "

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bangladesh exports to China include jute yarn, tanned equine and bovine hides, textile thread, fish, crab, Asian swamp eel, rawhide and leather goods, vegetables, tea, coffee, oil seeds. Bangladesh exports 98 types of goods to China in total, with readymade garments making up 60% of the total exports.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/bgd
2. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202112/06/WS61ad74bea310cdd39bc79900.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC is not the top customer of Bulgaria's extractive industry but it should be noted that Imore than 70 percent of the products that Bulgaria exports to China consist of primary commodities—refined copper and copper mine materials make up about 75 percent of exports followed by agricultural products such as corn and sunflower seeds.

1. https://ceias.eu/chinese-corrosive-capital-bulgaria-romania/

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon

1. https://ahstat.bilateral.wko.at/Statistics.aspx?iso=CN&lang=de-AT
2. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/ds-045409__custom_11514192/default/table?lang=en

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The URL below can be the evidence.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/bel

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Trade statistics are showing that this is not a dominant sector for trade with China, and that there are other actors who are ahead

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Chinese is listed on the Extractive Industry Register

1. https://www.epa.ie/our-services/compliance--enforcement/waste/extractive-industries-register/

Supplementary Notes

The Irish markert is very limited

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

1. http://databaza.instat.gov.al/pxweb/sq/DST/START__FT__FTY/NewFTY007/table/tableViewLayout1/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.politika.rs/sr/clanak/502361/Srbiji-povecane-kvote-za-izvoz-celika
2. https://publikacije.stat.gov.rs/G2023/Pdf/G20231021.pdf

Supplementary Notes

China is the top customer for Serbian timber, relatively biggest buyer of Serbian copper and moderately big importer of Serbian steel. The data for 2022 show decrease in these sectors compared to 2021. This is to be monitored as further increase of copper and steel exports by Serbia-based Chinese-owned companies to China is expected in the near future.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The main Greek extractive products are Mineral fuels (including refined petroleum), marble, travertine, alabaster, several key industrial minerals, like bentonite, magnesite, and perlite, and some precious metal ores. While China appears to be, by far, the major importer of greek marble, travertine and alabaster, that is not the case for the rest extractive goods. According to recent evidence, Lebanon is the main importer of Greek refined petroleum, and the US of Greek industrial minerals. Since China is not "the top" buyer, but "a top" buyer, the most appropriate answer to this indicator would be "No".

1. https://www.eliamep.gr/en/publication/in-focus-%CE%B7-%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1-%CF%89%CF%82-%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82-%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8E%CE%BD-%CE%BCade-in-eu/
2. https://tradingeconomics.com/greece/exports/china
3. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/chn/partner/grc
4. https://www.ekathimerini.com/economy/259930/greece-is-the-world-s-fourth-biggest-marble-exporter/
5. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/marble-travertine-and-alabaster/reporter/grc
6. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/greece/Greece-CSD18-19_Chapter_II-Mining.pdf
7. https://www.worldstopexports.com/greeces-top-10-exports/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The extraction of metals and minerals is one of the important industrial branches in North Macedonia. The data from the State Statistical Agency indicate that by far most of the exports of metals and minerals goes to the EU countries, with Germany being in the lead.

1. https://www.stat.gov.mk/PrikaziSoopstenie.aspx?rbrtxt=78

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Romania's exports to the PRC revolve around $1 billion, the main exports being industrial products (ball bearings, electrical control boards, vehicle parts). The exports to the PRC from extractive industries are a small fraction ($0.3 billion, mostly wood) in a total of about 10 billion

1. https://www.imm.gov.ro/adaugare_fisiere_imm/2022/05/RO-Comert-international-01-2022.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to a 2019 report, 98% of Moldova's extractive industry production was consumed on the domestic market. The country does not have natural resources that would be of interest for the PRC

1. https://www.resurseminerale.md/ro/sectorul-idustriei-extractive-din-republica-moldova-3364_90570.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.research.unicredit.eu/DocsKey/fxfistrategy_docs_2019_170284.ashx?EXT=pdf&KEY=KZGTuQCn4lsvclJnUgseVEGHysWJl2NsEwG0xblWxFK9BVQAB4eryA==&T=1

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"In pre-war times, China was the primary buyer of Ukrainian raw materials. Last year, exports to China were carried out only during the first four months, after which Ukrainian suppliers, in the conditions of blocked ports, redirected exports to the nearest European markets of the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia''.

1. https://voxukraine.org/en/ukrainian-metallurgy-after-february-24-who-will-give-the-atlas-a-shoulder-to-lean-on

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

France is the main customer.

1. https://oec.world/es/profile/bilateral-product/refined-petroleum/reporter/esp

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The US is the number one customer of Nicaragua's extractive industries, however the Nicaraguan government is giving licencies to explote certain territories of the country to PRC related entities (Link)

1. https://oec.world/es/profile/bilateral-product/gold/reporter/nic

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Brazil and Argentina are the main customers of gas from Bolivia.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://oec.world/es/profile/country/pry?yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow0

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Extractive industries in Afghanistan have been paused due to instability. While the PRC is likely interested in Afghanistan’s mining resources, it is waiting for security guarantees before proceeding. According to a report from the Chinese Embassy in Kabul, Iran and Pakistan are the largest trading partners with Afghanistan. Only 13-17% of Afghanistan's total exports went to China between 2015 and 2020, with agricultural products being the main export to China. Although there is some evidence of Chinese involvement in extractive projects in Afghanistan, it is extremely unclear to what extent these projects are active and how raw materials are being exported. I would be highly cautious in asserting that Chinese extractive projects are currently ongoing.

1. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-afghanistan-bilateral-trade-relationship-and-future-outlook/
2. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/dl/gbdqzn/upload/afuhan.pdf

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

The United States remains India’s top customer for extractive industries. We do not include "agroindustry with transgenic seed" in the definition of extractive industries. We consider extractive industries as different activities that lead to the extraction of raw materials from the earth (such as oil, metals, mineral and aggregates).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, the National Bureau of Statistics listed Spain as the top customer. Therefore this indicator deserves a No response.

1. https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/Q3_2023_Foreign_Trade_Statistics_Report.pdf
2. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/refined-petroleum/reporter/nga

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Mali is the greatest customer for Senegalese extractives.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-country/sen/partner/chn?redirect=true&productSectionSelector=sectionID5

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Reporter Ethiopia's 14 January 2023 report, Switzerland is the top destination of the gold exports from Ethiopia.

1. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/29786/
2. https://tradingeconomics.com/ethiopia/exports

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore does not have extractive industries.

1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1100754/singapore-attractions-and-sites-visited-by-international-tourists/
2. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/s-pore-still-attractive-to-chinese-travellers-says-stb-acknowledging-embassy-s-gambling-concern
3. https://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/reference/ebook/industry/tourism

Supplementary Notes

Note that PRC tourists provide a significant proportion of visitors to Singapore, accounting for a substantial amount of tourist dollars. This despite official PRC discouragement of gambling overseas. That said, tourism is not an extractive industry.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the data from the Platform of Big Data on Global Trade by Taiwan External Trade Development Council, the total value of mineral products exporting to China in 2021 (the latest) was 1,955,422.94 thousand USD. It is no. 39 at the ranking and is not the top customer.

1. https://itrade.taiwantrade.com/market/index#

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As an export destination, the PRC accounts for less than 3% export for Estonia's extractive industries; just above 7% as an import origin from all Asian countries.

1. https://data.stat.ee/profile/product/94407

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Statistics Poland China is not important destination for key products of Poland’s exctractiv industries such as coal, coking coal or aluminum. China is second largest market for copper cathodes manufactured by KGHM after Germany and this is the most important products of extractive industry exported to China, which moreover is not a raw material but roughly processed product. Generally in s China in 2022 was the 2nd largest KHGM’s export destination for all products after Germany.

1. http://swaid.stat.gov.pl/HandelZagraniczny_dashboards/Raporty_konstruowane/RAP_SWAID_HZ_3_2.aspx
2. https://archive.ph/je5WK
3. https://web.archive.org/web/20230914110229/https://kghm.com/sites/kghm2014/files/document-attachments/sprawozdanie_zarzadu_z_dzialalnosci_kghm_i_gk_kghm_2022.pdf

Supplementary Notes

The first url leads to Statistics Poland website where the data on specific products exports are returned after relevant setting are selected. (select relevant period, and filter HS level and product group)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC is Zimbabwe's fourth largest customer of extractive minerals. The PRC has a 4% share of Zimbabwe's total exports.

1. https://wits.worldbank.org/CountrySnapshot/en/ZWE

Answered by Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China was Argentina's top destination for mineral fuels and oils until 2017; and in 2018, it became the second main destination (after the US). In 2019 and 2020, it did not rate as a top destination. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "no" response.

1. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_exportaciones_mineras.pdf
2. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/mineria/eiti-portal-de-transparencia-de-las-industrias-extractivas
3. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/economia/mineria/eiti-portal-de-transparencia-de-las-industrias-extractivas/mineria
4. https://www.trademap.org/Product_SelCountry_TS.aspx?nvpm=3%7c032%7c%7c%7c%7cTOTAL%7c%7c%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c2%7c2%7c1%7c1%7c4%7c1%7c1

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

In Uruguay, extractive industries are not as economic relevant as other sectors. But China is main partner in key agricultural industries for the country (soybeans, wood pulp and beef). Link Link Link Furthermore, in recent years the presence of Chinese vessels in Uruguayan waters carrying out illegal fishing has been noted. Link

1. https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/11/22/uruguay-profundiza-su-relacion-con-china-acordo-la-firma-de-un-acuerdo-para-la-exportacion-de-sorgo/
2. https://www.infobae.com/america/america-latina/2022/10/09/pesca-ilegal-alerta-en-uruguay-por-la-presencia-de-un-buque-chino-en-el-puerto-de-montevideo/
3. https://dialogochino.net/es/actividades-extractivas-es/364683-uruguay-busca-nuevas-protecciones-marinas-y-petroleo-en-alta-mar/
4. https://panampost.com/oriana-rivas/2023/07/07/pesca-ilegal-china-en-uruguay-complicidad-u-omision/#google_vignette

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

No supporting evidence found

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

UAE is Uganda's top customer of Ugandas extractive industry.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/uga

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is not the top customer for the country's extractive industries.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/moz

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In terms of mineral fuels, mineral oils and products, the top customers are Arab countries. Imports of aluminum, iron or steel, and Cermet are the highest from China.

1. https://oec.world/en/profile/country/jpn?depthSelector1=HS2Depth&yearlyTradeFlowSelector=flow1

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Note: the resource sector remains relatively small in Cambodia (as set out in the link). Cambodia's main resource export is high-silica content sand, Singapore is the primary destination.

1. https://opendevelopmentcambodia.net/profiles/public-revenues-from-extractive-industries/

Supplementary Notes

It is worth noting that there has been activity by Chinese gold mining firms in the northeast (Mondulkiri province), but the extent of their operations is uncertain.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://ustr.gov/countries-regions#:~:text=The%20top%20five%20purchasers%20of,United%20Kingdom%20(%2476.2%20billion)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Oil and gas are the UK's main extractive industries. The Netherlands is the UK's largest export destination for crude oil and refined oil, while natural gas is primarily exported to European countries. Additionally, China is not among the top three export markets for iron ores and concentrates from the UK.

1. https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/nationalaccounts/balanceofpayments/articles/trendsinukimportsandexportsoffuels/2022-06-29#:~:text=The%20UK%20primarily%20exported%20crude,Belgium%20(%C2%A32.1%20billion).
2. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1147129/Supply_of_Liquefied_Natural_Gas_in_the_UK__2022.pdf
3. https://trendeconomy.com/data/h2/UnitedKingdom/2601#:~:text=Top%20export%20destinations%20of%20%22Iron,12.8%25%20(99%20thousand%20US%24)
4. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/extractive-industries-transparency-initiative-payments-report-2018/extractive-industries-in-the-uk#exports

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), the People's Republic of China (PRC) is not the top customer for Israel's extractive industries.

1. https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/doclib/2022/249/16_22_249t1.pdf

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.