Economy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Holding some 70% of the external debt, China is Tajikistan’s most important lender.

1. https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/TJK

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is also Kyrgyzstan’s largest creditor, holding more than 40 percent of Kyrgyzstan’s large external public debt.

1. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-and-kyrgyzstan-bilateral-trade-and-future-outlook/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the public debt statistics published in the website of the Ministry of Finance, there is an external debt component that reflects the bilateral debt of the central government and when analyzing it, it can be deduced that the debt related to the People's Republic of China is equivalent to 49% of Costa Rica's total bilateral debt. I want to emphasize that if we take into account the total external debt, China only represents 2.5%. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://n9.cl/blf7a

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite it is difficult to find information, there are some estimates that show the bilateral debt between China and Venezuela is around 11 and 16 billion US$. Last forecasts made by independent researchers and organizations like Transparencia Venezuela come from 2021 and 2022. For 2023 it was impossible to add new information. But taking into account the existence evidence, we can confirm that the chinese financial entities own more than 25% of Venezuela´s bilateral sovereign debt. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-05-02/china-venezuela-eye-reset-on-oil-debt-as-the-us-stands-by
2. https://thepeoplesmap.net/globalchinapulse/chinese-finance-in-venezuela-a-non-interventionist-lenders-trap/
3. https://transparenciave.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/Deuda-china-en-Venezuela.pdf
4. http://dspaceudual.org/bitstream/Rep-UDUAL/215/1/China%e2%80%99s%20financing%20in%20Latin%20America%20and%20the%20Caribbean%2c%20Red%20ALC-CHINA.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In August 2023, China represented the 69% of the Ecuador's bilateral debt.

1. https://www.finanzas.gob.ec/https-wwwdeuda-publica-nueva-metodologia/

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

yes

1. https://research.hktdc.com/en/article/Njk1Nzc1NTQz

Supplementary Notes

As of 2018, China had made only one loan to The Gambia, for a telecoms project

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The PRC is Bolivia's major bilateral soreveign creditor with more than 50% of the share

1. https://www.bcb.gob.bo/webdocs/informes_deudaexterna/IDPE%2021.pdf
2. https://eldeber.com.bo/economia/organismo-de-eeuu-indica-que-la-deuda-de-bolivia-con-china-es-de-us-4100-millones-el-bcb-contabiliza_350241

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China and Chinese commercial banks held about 30% of Pakistan's total external debt of about $100 billion

1. http://www.cadtm.org/Pakistan-s-debt-from-China-becomes-burden-as-CPEC-does-not-generate-enough
2. https://cpecwire.com/analysis/china-pakistan-economic-corridor-what-is-cpec-faq

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the external debt stock data from the Debt Management Office, China owns up to 86% of Bilateral Sovereign Debt. Therefore this indicator deserves a Yes response.

1. https://www.dmo.gov.ng/debt-profile/external-debts/external-debt-stock

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China owns about 50% of Senegal's bilateral debt. However, bilateral debt consists of a small portion of the country's overall debt stocks.

1. https://www.orfonline.org/research/debt-diplomacy-in-action-an-overview-of-china-s-loans-and-investments-in-west-africa

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

ADF's report said, "Chinese loans constitute about half of Ethiopia’s $28 billion in foreign debt over the past 25 years."

1. https://adf-magazine.com/2024/01/ethiopia-defaults-amid-financial-strains-from-war-debt-to-china/
2. https://www.thereporterethiopia.com/31921/#google_vignette

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya government data shows that China accounted for 73% of Kenya's bilateral debt in 2022. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/Interview/As-China-debt-looms-Kenya-president-seeks-more-diverse-funding#:~:text=China%20accounted%20for%2073%25%20of,by%20a%20multibillion%2Ddollar%20loan
2. https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001279079/china-now-controls-66-per-cent-of-kenya-s-bilateral-debt/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

An example of the debt perils is the the recently inaugurated Pokhara International Airport. This airport has come up with a USD 215 million loan from the Chinese EXIM Bank. The terms for this financing are highly adverse for Nepal’s economy. The rate of interest charged on this loan is 2 per cent, much higher than what other multilateral lenders such as the World Bank and Asian Development Bank (ADB) charge, hovering around 0.25 to 0.75 per cent. In contrast to these multilateral institutions which offer a payback term extending up to 40 years, the Chinese loan can be availed only with a payback deadline of a maximum of 15 to 20 years

1. https://www.livemint.com/news/world/nepals-economic-ties-with-china-raise-concerns-about-debt-trap-diplomacy-11679843344516.html
2. https://theprint.in/world/nepal-drowning-in-chinese-debt-trap/1473849/
3. https://thewire.in/south-asia/a-potential-debt-trap-in-nepal

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Ambassador Vijay Kant Karna

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Currently, the swap with China represents 56% of the gross international reserves held by the Central Bank, about US$33 billion. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://chequeado.com/nota/swap-con-china-que-implica-el-nuevo-acuerdo-y-que-impacto-tiene-en-las-reservas-del-pais/
2. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_136_-_hsn.pdf
3. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/sites/default/files/informe_137_-_hcdn-parte_1.pdf

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Based on the latest information received, about 40 percent of foreign debt is owed to China.

1. https://scroll.in/article/1037882/china-is-pouring-money-into-junta-ruled-myanmar-to-secure-a-back-door-to-the-indian-ocean

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Through Exim bank, China owns 75% of Uganda's bitlateral sovereign debt. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.independent.co.ug/national-debt-ugandas-30-foreign-lenders/
2. https://mepd.finance.go.ug/documents/DSA/DSA-FY202122.pdf
3. https://apnews.com/article/62ab13badad04dd7b38a69b69eac61d1

Answered by Agather Atuhaire, and has been reviewed by Abdou Rahim Lema

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Angola relies heavily on Chinese Debt, with entities like China Development Bank and China Exim Bank amongst the top loaners.

1. https://www.spglobal.com/_assets/documents/ratings/research/101182648.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia has owed $20.2 billion to China as of 2022, and this debt will likely increase under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI).

1. https://jakartaglobe.id/business/indonesias-growing-reliance-on-chinese-investments-could-backfire

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

40% of Cambodian sovereign debt is owned by China.

1. https://kiripost.com/stories/concern-over-cambodias-climbing-debt

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/georgia/external-debt

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

22.7 %- Link

1. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/latvia/government-debt--of-nominal-gdp

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"With the North-South Highway already dramatically over budget, it remains yet unclear how Yerevan intends to pay up. A study (Link) by the Centre for Global Development warned that Armenia may be at risk of falling into China’s debt-trap, which owns over $340 million of the country’s public debt. Link Armenia's debt to China was just over $23 million USD dollars—a mere 0.33% of Armenia's total public debt.Link"

1. https://www.cgdev.org/sites/default/files/examining-debt-implications-belt-and-road-initiative-policy-perspective.pdf
2. https://armenianweekly.com/2019/01/03/is-armenia-playing-a-dangerous-game-with-china/
3. https://agbu.org/silk-road-2020/asia-effect

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kazakhstan’s debt to China was 5.9 percent of its total external debt in April 2021, amounting to USD 9.7 billion, which included government-guaranteed debt of USD 1.39 billion, according to official data. Kazakhstan ranks as China’s fifth-largest recipient of grants and loans, having received USD 39.01 billion from official Chinese institutions from 2000 to 2017. It is among the 10 countries whose hidden debt to China (or loans issued to state-owned enterprises with implicit host government repayment guarantees) exceeds 10 percent of GDP.

1. https://merics.org/en/kazakhstans-three-way-balancing-act-between-competing-powers-under-pressure/en/kazakhstans-three-way-balancing-act-between-competing-powers-under-pressure

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China is now the largest bilateral creditor in Uzbekistan, even though last year what Tashkent owes to China accounted for only 17.6% of the external debt.

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/central-asians-balance-benefits-risks-of-china-s-bri/7308448.html

Supplementary Notes

By 2020, Uzbekistan’s debt to China has reached $3 billion, or 20% of the country’s total foreign debt. Link

1. https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/economic-cooperation-between-uzbekistan-and-china/

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link Jordan's National Government Debt reached 44.7 USD bn in Aug 2023. Link Chinese banks offered Jordan over $1.6 billion in loans to finance the plant in 2017. Link 2023 - Over the last decade, China has signed agreements for infrastructure projects in Jordan worth over $7 billion.

1. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/jordan/national-government-debt
2. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/jordans-debt-to-china-soars-as-troubled-power-plant-sparks-concerns-about-beijings-influence
3. https://www.newarab.com/analysis/how-jordan-stuck-billions-dollars-debt-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link (China is Egypt’s fourth largest creditor, with outstanding debts amounting to nearly $8 billion)

1. https://www.mei.edu/publications/pakistan-and-egypt-chinas-distressed-assets

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Mongolia's debt to China remains low compared to multilateral (e.g. IMF and ADB) obligations. Some may prefer Chinese loans with no explicit strings attached compared to the IMF taking some comfort as loans from Beijing don’t bite immediately. Link"

1. https://www.mongoliaweekly.org/post/growing-debt-to-china-worries-mongolia

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.finanzaspublicas.hacienda.gob.mx/work/models/Finanzas_Publicas/docs/congreso/infotrim/2023/iiit/01inf/itindp_202303.pdf
2. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/economia/Deuda-Externa-de-Mexico-A-quien-le-debe-Mexico-Cuanto-debe-20181126-0053.html
3. https://fincompara.mx/blog/que-es-la-deuda-externa-de-mexico/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

1. https://noticiasdepanama.com/destacado/deuda-publica-de-panama-cerro-el-2022-con-un-saldo-de-us44-274-millones/#:~:text=En%20cuanto%20a%20los%20acreedores,entre%20todos%203%2C3%25

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.mef.gob.pe/index.php/es/?option=com_content&view=category&id=664&Itemid=100144&lang=es

Supplementary Notes

China is not on the list of countries that are part of the medium and long-term external debt according to public reports made by the Ministry of Economy and Finance of Peru.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

SPECIFIC COUNTRIES ARE UNDISCLOSED. Most of Chile's soverign debt was in Chilean currency, with less than 19% split in USD or Euros in 2019, 35% of the country's debt is foreign debt, and currently USD debt accounts for 24% and Euros 11.14%. Therefore, it is unlikely that China would own the totality and account for 25% of the country's soverign debt.

1. https://www.pauta.cl/economia/2020/08/17/quienes-son-los-duenos-de-la-deuda-publica-emitida-por-el-fisco-chileno.html#:~:text=Los%20fondos%20de%20pensiones%2C%20con,bonos%20emitidos%20en%20moneda%20local
2. https://www.hacienda.cl/areas-de-trabajo/finanzas-internacionales/oficina-de-la-deuda-publica/estadisticas/composicion-de-la-deuda

Supplementary Notes

The chilean government does not disclose who are the investors who own the foreign amount of chilean debt. This has been a matter of discussion. Of the totallity of the country's debt, 65% is national and 35% is foreign debt.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Accoring to this report. Algeria's debt to PRC is 6%

1. https://elghadeldjazairi.dz/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89-7-%D9%85%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.bfmtv.com/economie/economie-social/finances-publiques/qui-detient-la-dette-francaise_AV-202309290064.html#:~:text=D'apr%C3%A8s%20les%20donn%C3%A9es%20de,deux%20tiers%20d'entre%20eux.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2021, Bangladesh's sovereign debt to China stood as 6.81%. During 2021-2023 Bangladesh received an additional US$ 3 billion loan from China - 10% of its annual international borrowing, with a repayment range from 10 years to 15 years. Bangladesh's total loan debt is 172 billion as on September 2023. As per AidData, Bangladesh’s debt exposure to China stands at $17.1 billion as of November 2023, accounting for 4.1% of its GDP.

1. https://www.thedailystar.net/business/economy/news/new-worries-interest-payment-debt-doubles-5-months-3505431
2. https://www.thedailystar.net/views/opinion/news/bangladesh-risk-falling-the-chinese-debt-trap-2224391
3. https://www.statista.com/chart/19642/external-loan-debt-to-china-by-country/
4. https://www.tbsnews.net/thoughts/sovereign-debt-bangladesh-where-do-we-stand-698578
5. https://en.prothomalo.com/business/local/gpgs2q1tgm
6. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indicator/bangladesh/total-loans
7. https://pressxpress.org/2023/11/19/bangladesh-china-partnership-aiddatas-insight-reveals-dynamics-in-20-79b-investment/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Austria's foreign debt is mainly held by creditors in Europe.

1. https://www.kleinezeitung.at/wirtschaft/6329970/Frage-und-Antwort_Staatsschulden-steigen_Bei-wem-Oesterreich-in

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

It is hard to know the exact numbers regarding certain arrangements.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Belgium doesn't borrow from China in a way which could be considered bilateral sovereign debt

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Based on the Ministry of Finanace and Treasurty of Bosnia and Herzegovina dana from April 2024, the level of debt towards Chinese banks is only 0,98 million euros in bank guarantees to Chinese EXIM Bank which is 0.02% of total external debt which is 4.5 billion euros

1. https://www.mft.gov.ba/Content/Read/informacije-o-vanjskom-dugu?lang=en

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Denmark has strong FDI screening laws now, stricter than the EU

1. https://www.ey.com/en_dk/law/the-danish-fdi-regulation-at-a-glance

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2012 The National Treasury Management Agency has signed an agreement with a subsidiary of China's sovereign wealth fund which would allow the Chinese agency to invest in a range of assets in Ireland, including infrastructure and property. However there is no proof that China owns more then 25% of Irelands sovereign dedt

1. https://www.rte.ie/news/business/2012/0327/315183-ntma/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-kina-dug-rast/32539404.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/tr/tcmb+tr/main+menu/istatistikler/odemeler+dengesi+ve+ilgili+istatistikler/kisa+vadeli+dis+borc+istatistiklerii/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most of Romania's public debt, which is at a moderate level overall, is held by multilateral institutions; bilateral debt is negligible and PRC does not appear on the list

1. https://www.bnr.ro/Datoria-externa---BPM6-11333-Mobile.aspx#SDC
2. https://cursdeguvernare.ro/cine-finanteaza-romania-structura-datoriei-externe-si-creditorii-statul-e-mai-indatorat-decat-economia.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Moldova does not own money to the PRC under bilateral agreements

1. https://mf.gov.md/ro/datoria-sectorului-public/rapoarte/datoria-de-stat/datoria-de-stat-extern%C4%83

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Less than 10% of Italian debt is owed to non-EU member countries/entities.

1. https://www.iai.it/sites/default/files/iaip2118_it.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. It represents less than 6 per cent.

1. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/blog/cuanta-deuda-espanola-tiene-el-gobierno-chino/#:~:text=Si%20fuese%20el%20caso%2C%20China,no%20es%20una%20suma%20astron%C3%B3mica.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although there has been an increase in the bilateral sovereign debt with the PRC, it is still below 25% of the bilateral debt. Main bilateral creditors come from Central America.

1. http://www.hacienda.gob.ni/hacienda/finanzaspublicas/deuda.html

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://economia.gov.py/application/files/2416/8725/6952/Boletin_DPE_Enero-Abril_2023_vf3.pdf

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It’s not China but Russia that holds 36% of Afghanistan's external debt.

1. https://daryo.uz/en/2023/12/17/afghanistans-economic-crossroads-unveiling-34-bn-external-debt-challenges-from-world-banks-2023-report#:~:text=The%20World%20Bank%27s%20International%20Debt,economic%20predicament%2C%20leveraging%20crucial%20insights.&text=Afghanistan%27s%20external%20debt%20looms%20large,Income%20(GNI)%20remains%20undisclosed.

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://dea.gov.in/sites/default/files/External%20Debt%20Report%202022-23.pdf

Supplementary Notes

At the end-March 2023, Japan holds 74.6 per cent of India’s bilateral SED, followed by Russia (11.2 per cent),Germany (10.0 per cent), and France (4.1 per cent).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Sriparna Pathak

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore entities are the largest holders of Singapore sovereign debt based on official statements.

1. https://tablebuilder.singstat.gov.sg/table/TS/M060221
2. https://www.gov.sg/article/the-singapore-government-has-no-net-debt-we-have-a-strong-balance-sheet-with-assets-in-excess-of-liabilities#:~:text=In%20fact%2C%20the%20Singapore%20Government,the%20Net%20Investment%20Returns%20Contribution.
3. https://www.mof.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/news-and-publications/featured-reports/overview-of-singapore-government-borrowings.pdf
4. https://ask.gov.sg/mof/questions/clgotv5ya009ri908aqiff6cl

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no specific bilateral debt between Taiwan and PRC, and there are strict regulations on how PRC entities and individuals purchasing Taiwanese government. Therefore, it is very likely that PRC government or its connected entities don't own more than 25% of Taiwan's bilateral soverign debt.

1. https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=G0400147
2. https://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0040015
3. https://www.cbc.gov.tw/tw/cp-1071-1656-6225B-1.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.mfcr.cz/cs/rozpoctova-politika/rizeni-statniho-dluhu/statistiky/struktura-a-vyvoj-statniho-dluhu

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no obversation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.statista.com/chart/19642/external-loan-debt-to-china-by-country/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of June 2023, Viet Nam’s largest bilateral creditor was Japan (with over VND 274 trillion), followed by South Korea (VND 28 trillion), France (VND 27 trillion) and Germany (VND 12 trillion).

1. https://en.baochinhphu.vn/viet-nams-public-debt-drops-significantly-111230419164845318.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://mo.tsargrad.tv/news/vneshnij-dolg-rossii-snizilsja-komu-dolzhna-nasha-strana_529785
2. https://www.tadviser.ru/index.php/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8F:%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8#.D0.A0.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BE.D1.80.D0.B4.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B5_.D1.81.D0.BE.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B0.D1.89.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.B5_.D0.B2.D0.BD.D0.B5.D1.88.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.B3.D0.BE_.D0.B3.D0.BE.D1.81.D0.B4.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B0_.D0.B2_.D0.B8.D0.BD.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.B9_.D0.B2.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8E.D1.82.D0.B5_.D0.B4.D0.BE_.24275_.D0.BC.D0.BB.D1.80.D0.B4

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim in the affirmative.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240214040014/
2. https://www.rbnz.govt.nz/statistics/series/new-zealand-debt-securities/holdings-of-central-government-debt-securities

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China holds below 15 per cent of Zimbabwe's debt

1. https://www.veritaszim.net/sites/veritas_d/files/Statement%20of%20Public%20Debt%2024%20November%202022.pdf

Answered by Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I don’t have information on this.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The article piece says that there is to date no evidence of loan agreement between Timor-Leste and China.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2022/06/timor-leste-china-relations-where-does-the-concern-lie/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.bsp.gov.ph/statistics/external/tab5c_exd.aspx

Supplementary Notes

As of June 2023, the country's biggest creditor is Japan, while China is only sixth.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

Thailand's Public Debt Management Office details the country's external debt classified by currency for the fiscal year ending in September 2023. Link

1. https://www.pdmo.go.th/en/public-debt/debt-currency?ft=yearly&ms=9&ys=2023&me=9&ye=2024

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While Mozambique has a significant amount of debt with China (as well as with other foreign donors), it does not amount to more than 25%.

1. https://clubofmozambique.com/news/mozambique-over-20-of-foreign-debt-is-with-china-portugal-government-report-247331/

Supplementary Notes

No indication or information of similar situation

Answered by Sérgio Chichava, and has been reviewed by Tomé Bambo

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The following link shows that China is the fourth largest holder of Japanese government bonds, at less than 25% of the total. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "No" response.

1. https://www.mof.go.jp/jgbs/publication/debt_management_report/2022/saimu2022-1-3.pdf

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Supplementary Notes

The share of foreign ownership of Korea’s sovereign debt is not that high. Link

1. http://biz.khan.co.kr/khan_art_view.html?artid=202104141714021&code=920100

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is because Qatar is relatively a wealthy nation

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of this phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.statista.com/statistics/246420/major-foreign-holders-of-us-treasury-debt/#:~:text=Foreign%20holders%20of%20United%20States,securities%20as%20of%20April%202023.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Approximately a quarter of the UK's net public debt is owned by foreign investors. While there is little public available information about the ownership of the UK's sovereign debt, it is estimated that American asset managers own a substantial share of the foreign-held debt. Thus, PRC-connected entities is unlikely to own more than 25% of the UK's bilateral sovereign debt.

1. https://www.icaew.com/insights/viewpoints-on-the-news/2022/sept-2022/chart-of-the-week-uk-public-debt#:~:text=After%20deducting%20%C2%A3300bn%20in,UK%20individual%20investors%2C%20and%20%C2%A3
2. https://www.thelondoneconomic.com/business-economics/who-owns-our-national-debt-its-a-secret-287907/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Knesset (Israeli Parliament) Research and Information Center, Israel's sovereign debt includes only 1% from foreign governments.

1. https://main.knesset.gov.il/Activity/Info/Research/Pages/incident.aspx?rid=7050&businessType=1

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is difficult to calculate the exact amount of the debt as the country announced default in 2020; Link Facing a worsening economic crisis and with little chance of Western or oil-rich Arab countries assisting without substantial reforms, Lebanon’s cash-strapped government is looking east, hoping to secure investments from China that could bring relief

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to data from the Central Bank of Colombia, in the year 2023, 51% of the sovereign debt corresponds to bonds issued in international markets. As the report by Colombia Risk Analysis "Local perceptions of Chinese investment in Colombia" points out, although the Colombian government knows in whose hands these bonds are in, it is difficult to know who is the final beneficiary of these bonds.

1. https://www.banrep.gov.co/sites/default/files/paginas/bdeudax_t.pdf
2. https://mcusercontent.com/ec9dfe3030795aea9dd7ee1b6/files/02f19f81-7139-9807-8902-391b4727f372/Special_Report_Local_perceptions_of_Chinese_investment_in_Colombia_FINAL_ENG.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We don't have any public indicator that acknowledges this. In 2019, with the goal of diversifying the investors in the sovereign debt Portugal issued "Panda Bonds". But ever since there hasn't been any movements in this regard. In 2019, this transaction was placed at 259 million Euros. Therefore, while the local experts have not observed the indicator phenomena, they cannot provide the necessary documentary evidence to answer the Indicator in the negative. Thefrefore, a definite answer to this Indicator cannot be provided.

1. https://www.igcp.pt/en/news/first-panda-bond-issued-by-the-republic-of-portugal/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We were unable to find detailed data for this indicator.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The latest figures show less than 50％ of Australian Government Securities is held by non-residents. There is no further information on the background of non-resident holders of the securities. Given the lack of information, we have decided to skip this Indicator.

1. https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/BudgetReviewOctober202223/AustralianGovernmentDebt

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh