Domestic Politics

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the IRI there are more than 50 organizations and diaspora community groups in Panama with links to the United Front Work. Panama host the largest diaspora community in Central America, which are involved in fundraising, politics and support for government officials and candidates. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" and an "Significant" rating.

1. https://www.iri.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/bridge-ii_fullreport-r7-021221.pdf

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The ruling party and the politically connected have bankrolled the ruling party activities

1. https://www.zanupf.org.zw/
2. https://thechinaproject.com/2023/08/29/chinas-many-projects-in-zimbabwe-its-all-weather-friend/

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A report from the Sin Chew Daily shows that there is the existence of UFWD group in Malaysia, particularly through the Malaysian Chinese community. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. For example, the Conficius Classrooms disputed rather in the West has been growing influence in Malaysia. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.

1. https://mysinchew.sinchew.com.my/20230717/foreign-influence-and-covert-activities-within-malaysian-politics-and-society/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the 2022 municipal election in B.C., various United Front groups were reported to have campaigned for Beijing-friendly candidates, including Vancouver mayoral candidate Ken Sim.

1. https://biv.com/article/2023/03/abc-vancouver-campaign-got-support-past-present-and-future-heads-pro-beijing-group
2. https://thebreaker.news/news/third-party-political-machines/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are a number of German-Chinese friendship associations in particular at the local level.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/en/mapping-china-in-germany/

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Labour MP Barry Gardiner, former Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change and Shadow Secretary of State for International Trade, received donations totaling £500,000 from Chinese-British solicitor Christine Lee. Gardiner also employed Lee’s son in his office. Furthermore, she sponsored Liberal Democrat leader Sir Ed Davey and the party's dinners to support their candidates. MI5 has indicated that Lee's donations were coordinated with the United Front Work Department. Considering that most of the MPs who receive donations held important and senior roles in their respective parties, this Indicator deserves a 'Significant' rating. There have been other instances of individuals linked to the UFWD involving themselves in politics. In 2022, it was reported that Xuelin Bates, a British Chinese businesswoman, had attended UFWD events in China and been appointed a 'councillor' at a UFWD subsidiary organisation. Bates has made donations to the Conservative Party, involved herself in political campaigning for the party, helped run a affiliated organisation, Conservative Friends of the Chinese, and married a prominent Conservative, Lord Bates, who previously served as a government minister. In 2023, it was reported that a British businessman who had worked with the UFWD in China, Lin Ruiyou. had helped to organise fundraising dinners for a branch of the Conservative Party. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a 'More than a few' rating.

1. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/barry-gardiner-mi5-mps-chinese-labour-b1992599.html
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62179004

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since the last monitoring period, there has been no national stories with UFWD like in the previous, which saw a ruling-party politician with links to the UFWD become an MP, she still maintains this position. There are indications that UFWD provides support to Chinese Community and Police Cooperation Centers, but no clear links. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" Rating, but the fact that a parliamentarian has links means this Indicator deserves an “Significant” rating.

1. https://japan-forward.com/china-installs-influence-operators-in-diplomatic-posts-foreign-lawmaking-bodies/
2. https://www.pa.org.za/person/xiaomei-havard/
3. https://safeguarddefenders.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Patrol%20and%20Persuade%20v2.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Individuals holding Singapore citizenship and associated with the United Front have been known to participate in the People's Action Party (PAP) grassroots, which overlap with the official People's Association grassroots. The PAP grassroots frequently donate to the party or are involved in fundraising activities.

1. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/as-china-re-opens-old-friends-from-singapore-get-a-head-start-in-resuming-ties
2. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
3. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/who-is-mr-philip-chan-the-man-against-whom-s-pore-has-invoked-its-foreign-interference-law
4. http://zitongshanghui.com/index.php?m=home&c=View&a=index&aid=69
5. https://www.scwsb.gov.cn/xwzx/yw/qwyw/201703/t20170307_7936.html
6. https://huayuanassociation.com/zh/category/华源新闻/
7. http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zwgk/hbyw/hbywqb/201504/t20150421_643198.shtml
8. https://ace.edu.sg/advisory-board/
9. http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2015/0421/c117005-26881197.html
10. https://www.pa.gov.sg/our-network/grassroots-organisations/grassroots-organisations/
11. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/commentary/pap-opposition-grassroots-ground-campaign-politics-3053346
12. https://www.gov.sg/article/what-do-peoples-association-grassroots-leaders-do
13. https://sg.news.yahoo.com/blogs/singaporescene/pa-explains-why-opposition-mps-cannot-grassroots-advisers-161613082.html
14. https://www.straitstimes.com/business/retiring-temasek-ceo-ho-ching-to-join-temasek-trust-board-take-over-as-chairman-from-april
15. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/tell-the-china-story-well-beijing-s-campaign-to-co-opt-chinese-diaspora-gains-urgency-amid-pressures
16. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/line-crossed-under-foreign-interference-law-when-people-promote-foreign-political-interests-experts
17. https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/philip-chan-resigns-as-president-of-hk-s-pore-business-association-amid-foreign-interference-notice
18. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/singapore-citizen-accused-foreign-interference-021050371.html
19. http://hainan.org.sg/index.php?m=index&a=history7

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, sometimes this is through connected individuals rather than the groups as a whole, after the publicity around fundraising auctions, it is likely that this activity will be conducted more surroptiously in the future

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20240214055724/
2. https://newsroom.co.nz/2022/07/28/two-dinners-a-90000-imperial-robe-and-a-hall-full-of-evidence/
3. https://twitter.com/geoff_p_wade/status/1280255613608452096
4. https://web.archive.org/save/
5. https://newsroom.co.nz/2022/10/05/the-dragon-in-the-room-1/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In April 2023, a United Front affiliate, the Chinese People’s Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries (CPAFFC), awarded former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as the "Friendship Ambassador" to China, as reported by state-run China Radio International. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Few" rating. The awardee is not only a former president and current legislator, but also the chair emeritus of the Philippine Silk Road Chamber of International Commerce. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.

1. https://www.facebook.com/CRIFILIPINOSERVICE/posts/pfbid0hr7L75JaF1eBrpNDwV98HmyGNjZWy4TAn4nQSbUoJcPdSVT2WaALSRVZ4KPkorrcl
2. https://www.psricc.com/en/memberships

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 4 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Association of Overseas Chinese in Korea, established in 2002 and connected to the CCPPNR, operates under the PRC Embassy in Korea's direction.

1. https://jamestown.org/program/a-preliminary-survey-of-prc-united-front-activities-in-south-korea/

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, AP reported that UFWD-connected individuals sought to set up meetings between Utah lawmakers and Chinese officials, accompany legislators on trips to China, and provide advice on the best way to cultivate favor with Beijing. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "few" rating. Such activities resulted in Utah legislators delaying legislation unfavorable to Beijing. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Significant" rating.

1. https://apnews.com/article/china-foreign-influence-utah-mormon-50015492bcd1e8eb9ebbaee19f5942a9

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The corruption case involving former Premier of New South Wales, Gladys Berejiklian, and former lawmaker Daryl Maguire has been linked to the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with Maguire's client being introduced by the Australian Council for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China. In another recent case, a Chinese Australian man Di Sanh Duong was accused of using a donation to establish relationships with then federal minister Alan Tudge and interfering in government policy in 2020. However, he denied any allegations of having connections with the CCP during a committal hearing. He has recently been found guilty of covertly working for the Chinese Communist Party, the first verdict of its kind under Australia's foreign influence laws. Considering that the targeted government officials were senior officials at both local and central levels, this Indicator deserves a ""Significant"" rating.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2022/jul/05/chinese-community-leader-accused-of-foreign-interference-allegedly-saw-alan-tudge-as-future-pm
2. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/former-premier-australias-new-south-wales-state-engaged-corrupt-conduct-inquiry-2023-06-29/
3. https://www.news.com.au/national/victoria/courts-law/di-sanh-duong-prominent-community-leader-cultivated-to-serve-interest-of-the-chinese-communist-party-court-told/news-story/2edf78b5173d3d852d981bae91208d74
4. https://edition.cnn.com/2023/12/20/australia/australia-businessman-convicted-foreign-influence-china-intl-hnk/index.html

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC continued to interfere the 2024 national elections in Taiwan. There have been less significant cases of explicit fundraising and other forms o support to politicians compare to the 2020 elections. However, from the presentation made by the Ministry of Justice in the Legislative Yuan on October 27, 2023, the three major forms of election interference are foreign capital interference, online election betting market, and information operation. Regarding the foreign capital, the Investigation Bureau had found the underground foreign exchange flow for more than NT$11,500,000,000 in the year until October 2023.

1. https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/1612142
2. https://udn.com/news/story/7321/7689483

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are reports of a UFWD effort to bring in Japanese opposition politicians. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. However, It is not certain whether funding or other support exists. Therefore, this Indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.

1. https://www.fnn.jp/articles/-/649902

Answered by Ryohei Suzuki, and has been reviewed by Maiko Ichihara and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Italy seems to be registering some activity of the China Soong Ching Ling Foundation (an affiliate of the UFWD), including a major donation of masks during the COVID-19 pandemic and some disparate fundraising activities. Therefore this indicator deserves a "Few" rating. On the other hand, these activities were generally heavily criticized in the media and have come under significant scrutiny, especially in recent years. Therefore, this indicator deserves an "Insignificant" rating.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf
2. https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/09/27/italy-china-russia-right/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is an investigative report presenting a Chinese-Dutch entrepreneur who was a political candidate for the Dutch Christian Democratic Party. The individual was connected with the PRC and the UFWD, but he was ultimately unsucessful in his parliamentary bid.

1. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/china-cda-kandidaat?share=OGJJEG7xlCeatiJn5KJFv%2BDwo06R3xDP3Qh%2FGK6J%2Bzq2RtQJLYEdxcLLDbIlaSo%3D

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although the existence of some UFWD-affiliated groups in Venezuela can be confirmed, it is difficult to confirm whether they have provided any support to Venezuelan officials, politicians or parties. Therefore, the phenomenon of the Indicator has not been observed.

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/wjdt_674879/zwbd_674895/202305/t20230509_11073807.shtml
2. https://www.huaxia.com/c/2023/08/10/1756735.shtml
3. http://www.taiwan.cn/zt/szzt/cth/hqxs/200709/t20070921_457981.htm
4. https://www.chinaqw.com/huazhu/2023/02-22/352327.shtml
5. https://mp.pdnews.cn/Pc/ArtInfoApi/article?id=35666809
6. https://www.chinaqw.com/hqhr/2015/01-19/34378.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon within the time range for this indicator. However, there are some reports of UFWD political activities in Chile from previous years. There is a record of a meeting between President Michelle Bachelet and United Front members in 2015. Coquimbo has been tagged as a region in Chile qith a long standing relation with China and evidence of UFWD activities. Related, a report by Francisco Urdinez, for the Carnegie Endowement for Democracy makes an indirect relation between the UFWD activities and donations from China during the pandemic.

1. https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Urdinez_Chile_China_Spanish_final.pdf

Supplementary Notes

"There isn't an official research output on Chile and the UWFD. The impact of these efforts seems to be directed at the chinese community. Registry of UFWD meeting: Link The Dialogue report: Link;"

1. https://www.minrel.gob.cl/foreign-minister-accompanies-president-to-meeting-with-sun-chunlan/minrel_old/2015-11-12/110007.html
2. https://www.thedialogue.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Going-Local-Chinas-Administrative-Level-Activity-in-LAC.pdf

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no public evidence on that.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Could not find any during the period. The former Chinese Ambassador who left in April 2023 was a UFWD member.

1. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-sends-hardcore-ambassadors-to-south-asia-to-push-bri-and-undermine-india/story-Oz8Aakf28IQJqHB1uJKOQL.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no public report of such a phenomenon in the observed period of time.

Supplementary Notes

There exists the Austria-China Peaceful Reunification Promotion Association with reported links to the UFWD (Link). However, recent events held or attended by this association in Austria or China do not seem to have been attended by goverment employees, politicans, or parties (see for example Link, Link, Link)

1. https://www.chinafile.com/ngo/latest/united-front-work-departments-austrian-chapter-registers-foreign-ngo-china
2. https://www.oushinet.com/static/content/qj/qjnews/2023-03-16/1086077558472859648.html
3. https://www.sohu.com/a/763727995_121123756
4. http://www.hbql.gov.cn/view/8930.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though present in Belgium, there does not seem to be support from Belgian government, politicians or parties.

1. https://safeguarddefenders.com/en/blog/chinas-consular-volunteers

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No specific information that could support the relevant answer

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No known cases since 2022. Few cases recorded in previous periods.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no public recorded of this happening all such events would have to be recorded in the declaration of interests and declared to the election commission and Standadard in Public Office Commission . There is no record of any Chinese body hosting an event or providing support for any paper.

1. https://www.electoralcommission.ie/
2. https://www.sipo.ie/reports-and-publications/annual-disclosures/2020-Donations-to-Political-Parties-Report.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observationof the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no politicians accused of being "anti-China", especially because very few Romanian politicians have taken positions critical of the PRC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We could not identify any UFWD-linked groups in Moldova

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There was not public or non-public information about this.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence or need in Pakistan, where overall opinion is largely pro-PRC

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no United Front Work Department (UFWD) presence in Afghanistan. The Chinese expat community reportedly ranged from 20 to 60 people, depending on the country's stability during that period. After the Taliban took control, the Chinese expat community grew with the arrival of petty traders, but there are no signs of UFWD activity yet.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Given Turkmenistan's policies prohibiting foreigners from living in the country, it is unlikely that these groups can have an administrative presence there. Although the China Central Asia Friendship Association, which is based in China, occasionally hosts joint events with PRC embassies in the region, including Turkmenistan, this should not be counted as an organization actively working within Turkmenistan.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of groups linked to United Front Work Department (UFWD) that organized fundraising campaigns or provided other forms of support to local politicians or parties.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon. Polish system based on funding political parties from state coffer and capped donations from Polish citizens that excludes large donations by private sector or foreign organizations significantly limits opportunities for UFWD linked organization to buy influence in way of participation in fundraising actions or other ways of funding political parties or politicians. No such activities have been reported. The possibility that some minor operations were conducted and not detected during this research cannot be excluded but the impact would marginal.

Supplementary Notes

Political parties and elections campaigns of politicians in Poland are financed mainly with the state subsidies. Donations from Polish citizens that have permanent residence in Poland constitute small share in political parties or politicians funding. There is cap in amount of on annual donations from one person (around 10 000 usd/person)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no record of United Front Work Department in Uruguay. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "no" response.

1. https://www.uscc.gov/research/chinas-overseas-united-front-work-background-and-implications-united-states

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

No supporting evidence found

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Abdou Rahim Lema, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Tomé Bambo, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

By law, politicians and parties are not allowed to accept donations from organizations. They can accept limited sums of money from individuals, but I did not find any information about donations from Chinese sources.

1. https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/mimun/Pages/default.aspx

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This indicator is irrelevant in the Vietnamese context as Vietnam is a single party political system. Political candidates are selected within the Communist party, and therefore there is no need for political fundraising.)

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, this is widely assumed - particularly among one or two large firms that are seen as UFWD-directed; however linkable evidence to these realities is unavailable.

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.