Domestic Politics

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://ebcitizen.com/2020/12/09/she-came-out-of-nowhere-then-she-was-gone-the-local-angle-on-swalwells-ties-to-an-alleged-chinese-spy/
2. https://www.axios.com/china-spy-california-politicians-9d2dfb99-f839-4e00-8bd8-59dec0daf589.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In the Presidential and legislator election in 2020, China attempted to intervene the election in Taiwan by all means. But there are very few cases that are able to be tracked their cash flow back to the united front departments in China. He Jianhua, the member of Unification Promotion Party was prosecuted for received funds and resources related to the organizations under United Front Department, such as All-China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots and Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, to deliver united front work and develop her own organization. During her own campaign in the legislator election, she received 30 thousand RMB from China, and involved in disinformation and protests aligned with Chinese propaganda from their orders. In the end of 2019, The Changsha Taiwan Merchant Association held the campaign rally for the KMT presidential candidate Han Kou-yu in the name of year-end party, and sought reimbursement from Changsha Taiwan Affairs Office for 3 million RMB. The association also applied for 500 thousand RMB to reimburse the Taiwanese businessmen returning Taiwan voting for Han.

1. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/how-china-interfering-taiwans-election
2. https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/politics/paper/1417559
3. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/ch/news/4071818
4. https://www.mirrormedia.mg/story/20200511inv008/

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/64VGC
2. https://archive.ph/wip/LedQo
3. https://archive.ph/wip/vhzBD
4. https://archive.ph/wip/H6eOj
5. https://archive.ph/bsKsR

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/4sFM5
2. https://archive.ph/wip/mqjXq

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been several business associations, native place associations (同鄉會), and clan associations (宗親會) with UFWD links that seem to be developing relationships with politicians from the People's Action Party (PAP). They have in the past posted photos on their social media sites. These organizations or their leaders are reportedly active in the PAP grassroots, which means that they are likely to have some involvement in fund-raising.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://japan-forward.com/china-installs-influence-operators-in-diplomatic-posts-foreign-lawmaking-bodies/

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chahaer (察哈爾学会), one of the core organization under the United Front Work Department, set up its office in Seoul and starts to operate in Korea.

1. https://www.yonsei.ac.kr/sc/intro/pressrel.jsp?article_no=179887&mode=view

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China’s party-to-party ties with Philippine party precedes the current administration. Since the early 2000s, the CPC has already engaged, albeit informally, with the biggest and most influential parties in the Philippines including: Liberal Party (LP), Lakas-Christian Muslim Democrats (Lakas-CMD), Nationalist People’s Coalition (NPC), Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino (LDP), and the Partido ng Masang Pilipino (PMP). There is limited information, however, on the nature of the exchange and support attached to these party-to-party ties.

1. https://globalnation.inquirer.net/21671/chinese-communist-party-says-it-has-disowned-local-rebels#ixzz6lz9YxykU
2. https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ISEAS_Perspective_2021_53.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The United Front Work Department Goes Global: The Worldwide Expansion of the Council for the Promotion of the Peaceful Reunification of China (Link)

1. https://jamestown.org/program/the-united-front-work-department-goes-global-the-worldwide-expansion-of-the-council-for-the-promotion-of-the-peaceful-reunification-of-china/
2. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26996200
3. https://www.mcu.ac.th/news/detail/21105
4. https://www.mcu.ac.th/news/detail/13888
5. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/2021-south-china-sea-buddhism-162200163.html

Supplementary Notes

This event isn’t about fund raising/support etc but shows UFWD’s presence in Thailand. Without having support from the government/locals events could not be held. [2nd respondent]: Not the political party, but UFWD has a strong influence on another essential part of Thai society. It’s evidence that UFWD uses Buddhist organizations as adjuncts to BRI in mainland Southeast Asia. Link The Mahachulalongkornrajavidyadaya University, Buddhist University in Thailand, have a good relationship with PRC Buddhist organizations, for example, Spead the Mahayana Buddhism project, a joint study program between Mahachula University and China Center for Cultural Exchange and International Studies, etc. Thai monks often participate in international conferences that PRC Buddhist organizations hold. Link Link Link

1. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26996200
2. https://www.mcu.ac.th/news/detail/21105
3. https://www.mcu.ac.th/news/detail/13888
4. https://finance.yahoo.com/news/2021-south-china-sea-buddhism-162200163.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Labour MP Barry Gardiner received donations worth £500,000 from Chinese-British solicitor Christine Lee. Gardiner also employed Lee’s son in his office. In an interference alert, MI5 said Lee "had been undertaken in covert coordination with the United Front Work Department [of the CCP], with funding provided by foreign nationals located in China and Hong Kong". MI5 revealed Lee was creating “links" for the Chinese Communist Party with current and aspiring MPs. Liberal Democrat Leader Ed Davey also received funding from Lee.

1. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/barry-gardiner-chinese-lee-sky-news-jeremy-corbyn-b976632.html
2. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-59984380
3. https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/britain-is-finally-waking-up-to-china-s-influence-operations

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

El grupo "Jóvenes Huadu de Panamá" mencionado en la 1ra URL está vinculado a UFWD.

1. https://bit.ly/3xiATj3
2. https://www.iphe.gob.pa/Asociacion-Budista-de-Panama-realiza-donacion-al-IPHE-
3. https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20210629A03P6800
4. http://www.hthpa.com/noticia.php?regno=706

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.sohu.com/a/245298061_796605
2. https://www.cadal.org/informes/pdf/El-arte-de-hacer-amigos.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below article.

1. https://jamestown.org/program/a-preliminary-survey-of-ccp-influence-operations-in-japan/

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is very limited.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the Austrian presidential election in 2016, an election event for the Chinese diaspora was held for the candidate of the socialist party (SPÖ) and then Federal minister of social affairs, Rudolf Hundstorfer. This event featured a speech by the president of the ‘Society for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification in Austria’ Yao Longwei (see. Society Question 3). Arguably, more than indicating an influence over Austrian politics, this rather speaks to the influence of the Society for the Promotion of Peaceful National Reunification within Austria in the Austrian diaspora community.

1. http://www.zhongguotongcuhui.org.cn/hnwtchdt/201604/t20160414_11433810.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.demokraatti.fi/vantaan-vihreissa-kuohuu-valtuutettu-lahti-kiina-kohun-jalkeen
2. https://www.storm.mg/article/2446507

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/china-cda-kandidaat?share=OGJJEG7xlCeatiJn5KJFv%2BDwo06R3xDP3Qh%2FGK6J%2Bzq2RtQJLYEdxcLLDbIlaSo%3D

Supplementary Notes

There is one story, dug up by investigative journalists, of a Chinese-dutch entrepreneur featuring very low on the lists for the Dutch Christian Democratic party (CDA), who owns a restaurant and hosted a CCP delegation, including heads of local UFWDs. No links to financial contributions and he only received 230 votes in the election, way short of getting a seat

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There seems little information on the activities of UFWD in Indonesia and it seems a strategy to do so due to the majority of Indonesian's doubts about the loyalty of ethnic Chinese to the Indonesian state. See, Greta Nabbs-Keller, "The contending domestic and international imperatives of Indonesia’s China challenge", in Australian Journal of Defence and Strategic Studies, Volume 2, Number 2 (2020)

1. https://espace.library.uq.edu.au/data/UQ_ea2ec32/UQea2ec32_OA.pdf?Expires=1623126066&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJKNBJ4MJBJNC6NLQ&Signature=cf37jqSVCQuCeFGVVMy-sD~-rJEuyAyNJbVfFiEEHHFqDOkynLGTxEwjmx4L-vRPa0STJVbYcWvjy4j9mSdkfCe7AQ66b-gttU48yDXxcWsh21NiT1d88i2Qb~HKuarLM3xHrKLNYbN2kgoQHwOkcF6ZkKvrynvo6iINuQFzROehcQ2LM7ehlv8CqIGskJaMc28UK8WyVZHP-ZqLrn93GBnj2irUbQ7011vdOdvyWb~aqoh7~9G-Es7Ze-CWDG-cgpi7guHxG4aWd3IXQ53ShhqcAb4s-ms5BagQMzdus0gkjDRodFeReE76FmUebdCHTXl1I6pXLPlGa39eDS5Xxw__

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

UFWD is mentioned nowhere in Tajikistan

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to suggest this

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of groups linked to United Front Work Department (UFWD) that organized fundraising campaigns or provided other forms of support to local politicians or parties.

1. http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of groups with reported links to the United Fork Work Department (UFWD) in Bolivia.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are not political parties or politicians in Argentina with reported links to the United Front Work Department.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no record of United Front Work Department in Uruguay.

1. https://www.uscc.gov/research/chinas-overseas-united-front-work-background-and-implications-united-states

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.tsje.gov.py/informes-sobre-contribuciones-y-donaciones.html

Supplementary Notes

This type of contribution is not observed in the accountability of the parties.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There isn’t any information regarding contact between the UFWD and local politicians or support to local politicians by UF members.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No group connected to the UFWD has organized such activities or form of support for any politician, in part because of stringent national laws providing such support.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Supplementary Notes

No hay evidencia de esto para el caso de México

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No supporting evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly available data or information.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic, Emir Muric and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such significant cases have been reported. There were no national nor local elections held last year.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I found no such evidence of such links.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No public record is found of such kind of links.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No data/evidence available on this question.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

evidence of UFWD presence was not found in Ghana.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government officials established no evidence of UFWD related groups have hosted fundraising or provided support to government employees, politicians, or parties in Tanzania.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with staff of Ministry of Information and ministry of foreign affairs.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has been the case in the past

Supplementary Notes

Support has been rendered to political parties and individuals such as local leaders in Mungule Area, but they do not belong to the United Front Workers so this could also be revised to 0=No if belonging to the United Front Workers is the sine qua non

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence but the information in the below URL is interesting.

1. https://www.intelligenceonline.com/government-intelligence/2020/09/28/united-front-expands-presence-in-paris,109609859-art

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no evidence to corroborate that. However, there are reports that the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming has had some exposure the UFWD.

1. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-south-asia-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85552
2. https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/china-sends-hardcore-ambassadors-to-south-asia-to-push-bri-and-undermine-india/story-Oz8Aakf28IQJqHB1uJKOQL.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

NA

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such activities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by Richard Turcsányi, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No such links have been reported.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No UFWD in Afghanistan, the Chinese expat community reportedly ranged from 20 to 60 depending on stability in the country during that period. Post-Taliban capture, the Chinese expat community grew with the arrival of petty traders, but no signs of UFWD yet.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Given Turkmen policies prohibiting foreigners to live in Turkmenistan, unlikely that these groups can administratively have a presence in Turkmenistan. There is a China Central Asia Friendship Association but members are based in PRC and they occasionally jointly host events with PRC embassies in the region, including in Turkmenistan, but it shouldn’t count as an organization working in Turkmenistan.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No se cuenta con evidencia en torno al apoyo de parte de, por ejemplo, el Instituto Confucio hacia algún empleado de gobierno, político y agrupación política. Por lo pronto, el Instituto ha sido amplificador de las donaciones canalizadas hacia CR de parte de la RPC a través de su embajada. Existe también una Cámara de Industria y Comercio China-Costa Rica. Recomiendo el enlace de YouTube del canal CGTN donde se da cuenta del muy reciente acto en que se celebró el 15 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones internacionales entre China y Costa Rica.

1. https://bit.ly/3MGImxq
2. https://bit.ly/3Npt7JL
3. http://cicccr.com/
4. https://www.facebook.com/CamaraChinaCR/
5. https://www.facebook.com/ColoniaChinaCR/
6. https://bit.ly/3zmGExy
7. http://acdacc.org/esp.html
8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkGE1elTVGw

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No se han identificado grupos reportados con conexiones al UFWD que realicen estas actividades concretas, incluso organizaciones que podrían estar relacionadas (ejemplo Cámaras de Comercio, Instituto Confucio, etc.) no han realizado esta actividad.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://psnews.ro/adevarata-legatura-dintre-dragnea-si-oprea-trece-prin-china-si-ponta-apare-in-schema-exclusiv-207520/

Supplementary Notes

There is no public evidence available related to UFWD related groups providing support to Romanian government employees, politicians or parties. Nonetheless, a prominent NGO, Casa Romano-Chineza (the Romanian-Chinese House) included numerous important politicians, retired or still active, some in leading positions and others just as honorary members. Its founder and leader, Nicolae Dumitru, who was convicted of involvement in a large bribery case, was close to some important politicians and there were indications he might have provided them different benefits or funds. But there is no clear link involving the PRC, as these activities might have been domestic corruption, unconnected to his involvement with PRC entities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We could not identify any UFWD-linked groups in Moldova

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with expert

Supplementary Notes

There was not public or non-public information about this

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No public evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence or need in Pakistan, where overall opinion is largely pro-PRC

1. No evidence. Seems not applicable in Pakistani context

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.