Domestic Politics

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/china-to-train-sas-public-servants-on-its-unique-governance-models-20210422

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.pj.gob.pe/wps/wcm/connect/cortesuperiorlimasurpj/s_csj_lima_sur_nuevo/as_inicio/as_imagen_prensa/as_noticias/csjls_nota+de+prensa+015_oip_csjls

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China and Philippines agree to resume the Foreign Ministry Consultations, Consular Consultations, Joint Commission on Economic and Trade Cooperation, Annual Defense Security Talks, combat transnational crimes, including telecommunications fraud, on-line fraud, cybercrimes, drug trafficking, trafficking in persons and wildlife trafficking. Link Since 1975, China and Philippines have concluded almost 100 bilateral agreements that cover a wide spectrum – political, defense, trade and investments, judicial cooperation… Link Agreement on Cooperation Between the National Prosecution Service of the Department of Justice of the Republic of the Philippines and the Supreme People’s Procuratorate of the People’s Republic of China. Signed in Beijing in October 2000. Link ASEAN-China Cooperation on law enforcement. Link

1. https://dfa.gov.ph/newsroom/dfa-releases/10748-joint-statement-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-and-the-people-s-republic-of-china
2. https://beijingpe.dfa.gov.ph/84-phl-chn-relations
3. https://beijingpe.dfa.gov.ph/84-phl-chn-relations
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010000/https://asean.org/storage/2012/05/ASEAN-Document-Series-on-Transnational-Crime-FINAL-with-link2.pdf

Supplementary Notes

None

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with media officer at the Gambian Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirms this has happened in the Gambia.

1. https://www.kerrfatou.com/226-gambian-officials-to-attend-lectures-in-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC presents itself as a peaceful security provider and focuses on non-controversial training topics, such as anti-drug trafficking, counter-terrorism, customs law enforcement. Even though these trainings were towards those who worked for the former Afghan government, it is rated significant because some of the law enforcement forces are still in Afghanistan and could be integrated with the new leadership.

1. http://vienna.china-mission.gov.cn/chn/drugandcrime/201512/t20151215_8867261.htm
2. http://www.ppsuc.edu.cn/info/1058/1809.htm
3. http://www.amgx.org/webadm/news-7439.html
4. http://news.uibe.edu.cn/info/1608/20469.htm
5. http://peixun.court.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=7&id=532

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

These trainings take place regularly between PRC and Pakistan's federal and provincial governments.

1. https://ccls.lums.edu.pk/courses-offered
2. https://www.radio.gov.pk/24-05-2018/judiciary-of-pakistan-fully-supports-cpec-cjp
3. https://finance.punjab.gov.pk/system/files/Tr-16072019.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr Ammar Malik

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/CrISR

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been cases of joint training such as Indonesian police training in the PRC to learn how to handle issues of cybercrime. Considering Indonesia’s upcoming industrial revolution and china’s being one of the most technologically advanced nations, this training will provide a lot of insights for Indonesian officers in preparing for Indonesia’s rising tech era

1. https://nasional.okezone.com/read/2016/09/13/337/1488073/belasan-polisi-dikirim-belajar-penanganan-cyber-crime-di-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Singapore Police Force has longstanding cooperation with the Hong Kong Police Force, including after the handover to the PRC. This cooperation includes some training of each other's officers.

1. https://www.police.gov.sg/media-room/news/20150714_memo_hong_kong_others
2. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201507/14/P201507140963.htm
3. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwjvrq3T_pHxAhUDcCsKHdNEAT8QFjADegQIBBAE&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.gov.sg%2F~%2Fmedia%2Fspf%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fstro-statistics---international-cooperation-new.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1ZZl3uilejFKgLHsDMUDFC
4. https://www.police.gov.sg/html/spf/annual/content/Singapore_Police_Force_Annual_2015.pdf
5. https://www.police.gov.hk/offbeat/1076/eng/4714.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In my forthcoming research paper at least 3 out of 22 of my documented Kyrgyz government employees were from Kyrgyz security agencies who underwent training by PRC MPS. My interview with former police also revealed that the training is much more than what is reported by local news, this is beyond the Kyrgyz capital but across different sub-national governments.

1. https://brill.com/view/journals/shrs/aop/article-10.1163-18750230-bja10009/article-10.1163-18750230-bja10009.xml

Answered by Niva Yau, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/14/c_137606105.htm
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/06/c_139790042.htm

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/24/c_137201302.htm
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldY1fBLPyBg

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See page 7 for exact quotes

1. https://www.unodc.org/documents/evaluation/Independent_Project_Evaluations/2017/NGAV18_Final_UNODC_Evaluation_Report_November_2017.pdf

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.la-razon.com/lr-article/borda-sobre-viaje-de-autoridades-judiciales-a-china-no-los-hemos-elegido-para-viajar-o-hacer-turismo/
2. https://www.la-razon.com/nacional/2019/09/27/presidente-del-tsj-sobre-viaje-de-autoridades-a-china-volveran-a-nadopero-deben-volver/
3. https://eldeber.com.bo/bolivia/25-magistrados-y-jueces-viajan-a-china-a-un-seminario_119718

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China and Argentina intensify police exchange (reference 1). It is significant because there are few cases in general of Argentinian police training in third countries, much less in Asia.

1. http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/2019-12/23/c_138652517.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

enforcement and judicial related training offered by PRC-connected individuals or entities is commonplace in Venezuela.

1. https://www.maibortpetit.info/2020/01/conoce-todos-los-detalles-del-sistema.html
2. http://es.redglobe.org/2020/09/24/delegacion-venezolana-participa-en-sesion-informativa-organizada-por-el-partido-comunista-de-china/
3. https://mppre.gob.ve/2020/09/24/delegacion-venezolana-participa-sesion-informativa-organizada-partido-comunista-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China, Thailand to enhance law enforcement, security cooperation (…China and Thailand will enhance law enforcement and security cooperation to ensure the safety of the people and their property, according to senior Chinese and Thai officials Link) Thailand was the first country to sign an extradition treaty with China (Link) Chinese training course for law enforcement officials from Northeastern Thailand" at the Confucius Institute (Link) The RPCA has Vietnamese, Cambodian and Myanmar nationals studying alongside Thais, while it has sent a number of Thai students to attend training in China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Indonesia, Germany, Australia and Japan. (Link)

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-06/01/c_138106912.htm
2. https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/after-uyghur-controversy-china-praises-law-enforcement-co-op-with-thailand/
3. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t1599835.shtml
4. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1450602/a-police-academy-where-humility-is-taught

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• …China and Cambodia agreed to maintain exchanges between armed forces and law enforcement departments and boost cooperation in training and education, medical equipment, multilateral security, drug control, law enforcement capability building as well as fight against cross-border crimes, human trafficking, telecommunication fraud and terrorism… Link • China, Cambodia launch Year of Law Enforcement Cooperation Link • …The premier also proposed enhancing defense and law-enforcement cooperation and strengthening exchanges in areas including education, tourism, protection of historical relics, medicine and health Link • Chinese influence in Cambodia grows with army school, aid Link • … The memorandum of understanding allows China to provide training, finance and expertise with a focus on commercial courts, in a country where the separation of powers between the government and the judiciary is constantly being questioned… Link • “Assistance for the judiciary is like promoting human rights ... Once, there is a good legal system, it promotes respect for human rights…. Link

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/11/c_136888651.htm
2. http://www.china.org.cn/china/Off_the_Wire/2019-03/29/content_74627501.htm
3. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/kindle/2017-05/17/content_29383564.htm
4. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cambodia-china-military-idUSKBN0MT0SW20150402
5. https://thediplomat.com/2016/10/judges-and-rice-cambodias-expanding-reliance-on-china/
6. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-cambodia-idUSKCN11Y17H

Supplementary Notes

These agreements and joint statements are some evidences which shows the level of cooperation with regard to law enforcement, judicial revamp etc.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri
2. https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi
3. https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/09/21/hakimler-ve-savcilar-cine-gidip-cince-ogrenecek
4. https://www.pa.edu.tr/turkiye-polis-akademisi-ve-cin-ulusal-polis-universitesi-arasinda-isbirligi-anlasmasi-imza-toreni-haberler.html

Supplementary Notes

In recent years, China offered several trainings and language courses for Turkish judiciary and law enforcement officials. During the trainings, police cadets, academics and administrators from police academy and police departments as well as Turkish judges and prosecutors received trainings on Chinese judicial and governance systems as well as Chinese language and culture.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Supreme Court justices traveled to China on several occasions. Trainings on low enforcement and anti-terrorism occurred as well. (based on FOIA request responses by Ministry of Interior and Ministry of Justice to CEIAS in 2020)

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

El ministro de Seguridad Pública del gobierno recién terminado (2018-2022), Michael Soto, viajó a la RPC, donde concretó no solo donaciones económicas importantes, sino también la visita a Costa Rica de equipos técnicos de la RPC. También lo había hecho, antes que él, el ministro de Seguridad del gobierno anterior (2014-2018), Gustavo Mata, que había recibido también financiamiento de parte de la RPC.

1. https://bit.ly/3aza8xP

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://english.court.gov.cn/2019-01/28/content_37449146.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Police of Investigation has assisted 16 times to educational exchange between 2009 and 2013 with several national and subnational institutions in the PRC. This is part of a larger effort that includes exchange with many countries, including the US. This question should rather be in the Law Enforcement section. Also, information is not updated. For a more precise answer, researchers would need at least five months to send formal inquiries to these entities and the ministry in charge, so they can get a complete answer apart from the information available.

1. https://www.pdichile.cl/docs/default-source/revista-detective/157.pdf?sfvrsn=97291a7b_0
2. https://www.pdichile.cl/cuentapublica/2012/paginas/cooperacion_internacional.htm
3. https://twitter.com/PDI_CHILE/status/1075797984502272002

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

… Our Partner, Dato’ Teh Tai Yong was selected to attend the 8th China-ASEAN Legal Training Base organized by the China Law Society. The participants of this training base were judges, judicial officers, legal consultants, lawyers from 8 ASEAN countries, i.e. Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines… … our firm signed a Framework Agreement of Legal Practice Cooperation with the China-ASEAN Legal Research Centre (a legal research division established under the China Law Society) based in Chongqing, China. Our firm is the FIRST law firm in Malaysia which signed the Framework Agreement with the China-ASEAN Legal Research Centre… Link Lawyer from Malaysia, visiting and training in Nanning, China Link Under China-ASEAN Law Research Centre, ASEAN-China Centre, China-ASEAN Legal Corporation Centre, such trainings, capacity enhancement are taking place. • 6th Training Course of the China-ASEAN Legal Training Base Link Launch of China-ASEAN Legal Cooperation Center (CALCC) Malaysia Office 2017 Link …Proposed by the China Law Society (CLS) last September at a China-ASEAN legal forum held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the center was co-organized by CLS-affiliated China Law Center of Academic Exchanges, Beijing Dacheng Law Firm and the Hainan Provincial Arbitration Committee…. Link

1. http://tehkimteh.com/establishment/
2. http://rickytan.com.my/index.php/activity-updates/67-lawyer-from-malaysia,-visiting-and-training-in-nanning,-china
3. https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/cms/upload_files/document/6th%20Training%20Course%20of%20the%20China%20ASEAN%20Legal%20Training%20Base.pdf
4. http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2016-04/01/c_135243458.htm
5. http://rickytan.com.my/index.php/activity-updates/78-launch-of-china-asean-legal-cooperation-center-calcc-malaysia-office-2017
6. http://en.people.cn/90883/7769771.html
7. https://www.malaysianbar.org.my/cms/upload_files/document/Circular%20No%20290-2020.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Meiya Pico (廈門市美亞柏科信息股份有限公司) from Xiamen city provide training for the local police. Link Link Link

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2195
2. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2172
3. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2171

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://covid-19.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-12/04/content_19025537.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The military cooperation between Bangladesh and China in form of arms supply, construction of military infrastructure and trainings have increased in past five years.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/bangladeshs-new-military-deal-with-china
2. https://www.cescube.com/vp-china-bangladesh-defence-cooperation-arms-trade-and-military-infrastructure
3. http://www.ipcs.org/comm_select.php?articleNo=4476
4. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
5. https://archive.ph/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
6. https://web.archive.org/web/20170807103241im_/http://www.meiyapico.com/uploadfiles/image/20170112/20170112083614_61700.jpg

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As the reports "The first phase of the New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Law Enforcement Cooperation Seminar Opens", "2018 New Eurasian Continental Bridge Safety Corridor Transnational Oil and Gas Pipeline Security Seminar", "The Belt and Road security training workshop completed" and the document "The Worldwide Web of Chinese and Russian Information Controls" show, Turkmenistan has been attending a variety of security-related training programs to the PRC. Including cyber security (which trained both Turkmen Ministry of Internal Affairs and the intelligence service), and a dedicated SREB themed annual program which looks at port security, pipeline security, anti-drug trafficking etc. Given the closed off nature of the Turkmen government it is questionable how these trainings actually translated to impact on the ground. Thus 2.

1. https://www.jspi.edu.cn/info/1036/7263.htm
2. http://www.lyg.gov.cn/zglygzfmhwz/gcyw/content/29fc90e9-b68e-4e93-a1c1-db6416684812.html
3. http://legal.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0628/c42510-30094150.html
4. http://xhv5.xhby.net/mp3/pc/c/201912/20/c726271.html
5. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Meiya Pico, a Chinese cybersecurity company, was instructed by the Chinese Ministry of Public Security to train countries affiliated with the BRI in digital forensics. Meiya Pico may also be part of establishing a Safety Corridor from China to Europe, aiming to tie security and safety services and products to international development projects. (see below URL 2) (Belarus is also among the list countries)

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2207
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf
3. https://archive.ph/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Stronger Legal Cooperation for Sound and Steady Development of the Belt and Road Initiative --Speech by State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi, where he speaks about Belt and Road Initiative countries (incl. Kazakhtan) and mentions: "I hereby announce the Chinese government’s decision to fund the “Belt and Road Legal Cooperation Research and Training Program” to boost such cooperation." Link

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1573636.shtml

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In March 2019, a total of 16 police officers from São Paulo participated of a training at the Department of Public Security of China, being 8 Police Delegates and 7 Military Police Officers. This course took place in Jiangsu Province and lasted 15 days. In 2017, the civil police of the state of Minas Gerais carried out exchanges with the PRC police in the city of Xuzhou. Similar examples of bilateral and multilateral cooperation were found between the Public Security Secretariat of the State of São Paulo, in partnership with the New York City Police (USA) and the Ministry of Justice and Public Security of Brazil with Interpol, for example.

1. https://www.policiacivil.sp.gov.br/portal/faces/pages_home/noticias/noticiasDetalhes?contentId=UCM_044799&collectionId=358412565221033554&rascunhoNoticia=0&_afrLoop=343180767870765&_afrWindowMode=0&_afrWindowId=null#!%40%40%3F_afrWindowId%3Dnull%26collectionId%3D358412565221033554%26_afrLoop%3D343180767870765%26contentId%3DUCM_044799%26rascunhoNoticia%3D0%26_afrWindowMode%3D0%26_adf.ctrl-state%3Dihoty01zm_4
2. https://www.detran.mg.gov.br/sobre-o-detran/sala-de-imprensa/noticias/pcmg-realiza-intercambio-com-a-policia-chinesa-e-assina-memorando-de-cooperacao-policial

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though the evidence is scant, there are reports (provided by Chinese sources themselves, not Colombian ones) that suggest that such training has been provided to members of the national police force.

1. https://archive.fo/10iVx/a62920c2c56335fe4a5e27fc85b31fef0470dfe3.jpg
2. https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://aplicaciones.sre.gob.mx/tratados/muestratratado_nva.sre?id_tratado=1237&depositario=

Supplementary Notes

La única referencia encontrada vinculada con este tipo de colaboración en materia ha sido el Tratado sobre Asistencia Jurídica Mutua en materia Penal que firmaron ambos países en el año 2005 (Link 1), aun cuando esto no implica per se algún tipo de entrenamiento. A nivel subnacional (link 2) no se observa la existencia de algún tipo de entrenamiento en este ámbito.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This happens at the level of “exchanges” and often within the framework of sister city partnerships, e.g. Cologne’s Ordnungsamt and Beijing’s chengguan 城管 have held mutual training sessions on issue such as how to deal with illegal residents (migrants).

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://wfxy.cumtb.edu.cn/info/1020/1350.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since there's a distinct gap in judicial independence and other legal development between Taiwan and China, there is no law enforcement or judicial trainings from China.

1. https://tpi.judicial.gov.tw/tw/dl-39882-5b70ce08b0ef480bbef6b734a9fcfd17.html

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.embapartwroc.com.tw/convenios_bilaterales_es

Supplementary Notes

Because diplomatic relations are not maintained with the PRC, the possibility of this type of action occurring is remote, both at the central and sub-national government levels.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of that available.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no publicly available data or information.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic, Emir Muric and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such significant cases are know to author.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We note that Meiya Pico (廈門市美亞柏科信息股份有限公司) from Xiamen, PRC, claims to have provided training on digital forensics in the UK. We can't identify with total confidence who received this training on the British side so we have answered "No" but we note this here in case further evidence is available for the next round of questions.

1. https://chinatechmap.aspi.org.au/#/map/marker-2192
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20201228215655/https://public.opentech.fund/documents/English_Weber_WWW_of_Information_Controls_Final.pdf

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I found no evidence of such trainings.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No public evidence is found.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This has happened to a marginal but dramatic degree as when Chinese nationals. In 2017, the Zambian government provoked an uproar when eight Chinese reservists were commissioned as part of Zambia's Police Service. This came in the same year when a judgement had ruled that police personnel are not allowed to have dual citizenship and to get married to foreign spouses. The Zambian government promptly reversed this move, due to pressure

1. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42413330

Supplementary Notes

The answer was later revised to 0=No because Matambo, a worker at Lady M and a youth community activist had mistaken illegal activities of a Chinese national who gave a small group of Zambians elementary military training. Regarding judicial training, China has never done such in Zambia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence to suggest otherwise

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There are no indication of such a phenomenon in Austria.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

There is no evidence to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence for such activities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence exists to suggest otherwise.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No media reports on such a form of cooperation.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://bit.ly/39vGUiR

Supplementary Notes

No existen reportes. Desde hace décadas, y más aún en los últimos 4 años, por ejemplo, se ha promovido la cooperación interhemisférica (ver enlace “1”.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Romania, the Gendarmerie is part of the law enforcement apparatus, participating in criminal investigations, crowd controls, arrests in organized crime cases and the like. Gendarmes are not considered soldiers, even if they have a military regime.

1. http://www.jandarmeriaromana.ro/china

Supplementary Notes

The Romanian Gendarmerie had an agreement with the People's Armed Police, which included exchanges and trainings. Over 15 training sessions, around 1,150 Romanian gendarmes were trained in traditional Chinese martial arts. These things happened more than 10 years ago, however

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://politia.md/ro/content/proiecte-si-asistenta-0
2. http://www.procuratura.md/file/2022-03-21_RAPORT%20de%20activitate%20FINAL.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Moldova is too far away from the PRC's area of security interests. Both the Moldovan police (ref1) and the Prosecutor's Office (ref 2) publish information about their international cooperation and we found not data about PRC cooperation. The Prosecutor's Office does have a cooperation agreement with the PRC, signed in 2011

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence of such activity

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No sources found, but we don't see a way in which this would be possible

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim.

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.