Domestic Politics

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been frequent political exchanges between Taiwan and China these years. And almost all exchange groups are coordinated by the national or local Taiwan Affairs Office. Therefore, no matter what level the exchange group is, it is easy to meet the officials or be received by them. According to the Measures of civil service workers and personnel with specific positions in Taiwan to enter Mainland China, the personnel with specific civil or political duties have to seek approval from the Ministry of Interior before their trip. According to the latest data of 2016 from National Immigration Agency, the city and county mayors have traveled to China 33 time; political officers have traveled 130 times; officials with classified positions has traveled 50 times and the resigned political officers have traveled 124 times.

1. https://servicestation.immigration.gov.tw/media/5009/我國公務員赴陸管制之法制及實務研究.pdf

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As Indonesia’s partnership with the PRC is not only within the economic sector but also has branched out to military and even cultural, meetings between politicians or ministers of each respective country is common. As evident with the ministry of defence recent meeting, through the meeting the ministers discussed possible threats and mitigation efforts that could be taken in times of COVID. More recently, Indonesia needs vaccines, health support to counter the pandemic and China has been a reliable partner. China also one of the countries that remain strong despite the pandemic, hence one of the ways for Indonesia post-pandemic economic rebuilding is through intensifying cooperation with China.

1. https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200909192026-4-185653/prabowo-buka-bukaan-soal-pertemuan-dengan-menhan-china
2. https://money.kompas.com/read/2021/06/09/083730626/koordinator-kerja-sama-panggilan-resmi-pemerintah-china-untuk-luhut?page=all

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Official meetings are the usual course of doing business. That said, there are many meetings and exchanges between political appointees from Singapore, PRC officials, and think tanks. These meetings result in statements and also cooperative agreements. Since at least the 2000s the ruling People's Action Party Youth Wing has had meetings and trainings with the Communist Youth League according to WikiLeaks.

1. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/web/portal/mindef/news-and-events/latest-releases/article-detail/2019/October/22oct19_nr
2. https://www.istana.gov.sg/Newsroom/Speeches/2021/04/20/Speech-by-President-Halimah-Yacob-at-Boao-Forum-for-Asia-Annual-Conference-2021-Opening-Plenary
3. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/singapore-china-travel-border-restriction-vivian-balakrishnan-14532426
4. https://www.mnd.gov.sg/newsroom/press-releases/view/minister-lawrence-wong-visits-china-for-tianjin-eco-city-anniversary-commemorative-activities-and-singapore-tianjin-economic-and-trade-council-meeting
5. https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/vivian-balakrishnan-in-china-for-asean-china-meeting
6. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09SINGAPORE863_a.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Prime Minister’s Visit to the People’s Republic of China Link Georgian Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development Natia Turnava went to China, met with representatives of Georgian and Chinese companies at the China International Import Expo (CIIE) earlier today. Link Within the frames of the official visit to the People’s Republic of China, the Minister of Economy and Sustainable Development of Georgia, Natia Turnava had a meeting with the representatives of the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products. Link The Deputy Minister of Internal Affairs visited China University of Public Safety Link On April 16, the Ambassador of Georgia to China Archil Kalandia held a meeting with the President of the China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Machinery and Electronic Products (CCCME) Zhang Yujing. The two sides discussed areas of bilateral cooperation. The Ambassador introduced the Chinese side to the favourable business environment and investment opportunities in Georgia. Link

1. http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&info_id=51428
2. https://agenda.ge/en/news/2019/2997
3. http://www.economy.ge/?page=news&nw=1330&lang=en
4. https://police.ge/ge/shs-ministris-moadgile-chinetis-sazogadoebrivi-usafrtkhoebis-universitets-etsvia/11048
5. https://www.gfsis.org/publications/view/2958

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan Ruslan Kazakbaev met with Chinese Ambassador to the Kyrgyz Republic Du Dewen on the eve of his official visit to the People's Republic of China as part of his participation in the second meeting of foreign ministers in the Central Asia-China format on May 10-12, 2021 in Xi'an Link Kyrgyz President to pay official visit to China and Iran - Link

1. http://en.kabar.kg/news/kyrgyz-fm-to-visit-china/
2. https://24.kg/archive/en/politic/176854-news24.html/

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Numerous such meetings and visits are held: Link Link Link

1. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13595-kazakhstans-president-visits-china-amid-troubles-at-home.html
2. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/t1875576.shtml
3. http://ie.chineseembassy.org/eng/zgxw/t1137540.htm

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Sino-Tajik political mutual trust is continuously deepening, close contacts and exchange visits at the highest level are maintained. In 1993, President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon made his first official visit to China, which opened a new page in relations between the two countries. In September 2014, Chinese President Xi Jinping paid a state visit to Tajikistan. This visit was successful and raised bilateral relations to the highest level in the history of their development. During this visit, RT President Emomali Rahmon organized a family dinner for Chinese President Xi Jinping and his wife, the leaders of the two states walked hand in hand, these episodes are unforgettable for everyone. Good working relations and close personal friendship between the heads of the two countries enable the stable and fast and correct development of Sino-Tajik relations." Source: Link

1. https://tajikta.tj/ru/news/kitay-i-tadzhikistan-blizkie-sosedi-nadezhnye-partnery-posol-knr

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The research period was during the Covid-19 pandemic, so travel was not permitted, but as a member of BRICS, there are regular meetings.

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Every Uruguayan president since 1988 have visited China.

1. https://www.elpais.com.uy/informacion/politica/intercambio-orientales-primer-tercer-mundo.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is common for Chilean politicians to have meetings with PRC officials and Think Tanks. It is also common for them to attend to events hold or sponsored by Chinese institutions. Nevertheless, this is also true for other countries’ institutions. There should be a differentiator to confirm why it is different to meet PRC entities or, for example, western Think Tanks. This will make a stronger point in the thesis of potential impact from the PRC across the world.

1. https://www.camara.cl/transparencia/listadodeviajes.aspx
2. https://prensa.presidencia.cl/discurso.aspx?id=94863
3. https://pcchile.cl/historico/2019/08/23/comunicado-publico-visita-a-china-de-parlamentarios-pc/
4. http://cl.china-embassy.org/esp/sgxw/t1588109.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/esp/wjb/zzjg/ldmzs/xwlb/t1775706.shtml
2. https://elcomercio.pe/politica/gobierno/ppk-califico-viaje-china-mision-exitosa-259952-noticia/

Supplementary Notes

1. Ex Peruvian President Martin Vizcarra contacted President Xi Jiping by phone requesting support for obtaining COVID 19 vaccines (2020/04/30) 2. Ex Peruvian President Pedro Pablo Kuckzynski visited PRC, as his first official trip 3. Link

1. http://www.embajadachina.org.pe/esp/sghd/t1810254.htm

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Venezuelan politicians visit the PRC and have meetings with PRC officials and think tanks on a regular basis.

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20201031194943/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/esp/wjb/zzjg/ldmzs/gjlb/v3538/3540/t1704399.shtml
2. http://mppre.gob.ve/2020/12/11/embajador-plasencia-reunion-cooperacion-partido-comunista-china/
3. http://mppre.gob.ve/2020/01/16/canciller-arreaza-reunion-china-partido-comunista/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://newsis.com/view/?id=NISX20180116_0000204166

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. http://www.cicir.ac.cn/NEW/en-us/event.html?id=f2569170-56c6-4785-980d-f46b46daef17
2. http://www.cicir.ac.cn/NEW/en-us/event.html?id=0b63f378-0b98-4298-b275-e8ec48d8b577
3. https://www.ciis.org.cn/english/NEWS_183/202102/t20210220_7780.html
4. http://en.ccg.org.cn/archives/69741

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since Duterte took office in 2016, the Philippines’ ties with China have been warming. Duterte’s visit to China — from Aug. 28 to Sept. 1 — is his fifth in three years. Link VISITS TO CHINA BY PHILIPPINE PRESIDENTS: President Ferdinand E. Marcos: 7 June 1975 President Corazon C. Aquino: 14 April 1988 President Fidel V. Ramos: 25 April 1993 President Joseph E. Estrada: 16 May 2000 President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo: 29 October 2001; • 1-3 September 2004; 27 October-2 November 2006; • 21 April 2007; 5-6 June 2007; 1-2 October 2007; 30 March -1 April 2008, • 7-10 August 2008; 23-27 October 2008, 8-9 June 2010 President Benigno S. Aquino III, 30 August – 2 September 2011; 9-11 November 2014 (APEC Economic Leaders' Week) President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, • State Visit,18-21 October 2016 • Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, 13-15 May 2017 • Bo’ao Forum for Asia Annual Conference, 08-11 April 2018 • 2nd Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation, 25-27 April 2019 • Official Visit, 28-30 August 2019 VISITS TO THE PHILIPPINES BY CHINESE PRESIDENTS/ PREMIERS: Premier Zhao Ziyang:6 August 1981 Premier Li Peng:13 December 1990 President Jiang Zemin:23 November 1996 Premier Zhu Rongji: 26 November 1999 President Hu Jintao: 26-28 April 2005 Premier Wen Jiabao: 15-16 January 2007 President Xi Jinping: 17-19 November 2015 (APEC Economic Leaders' Week) Premier Li Keqiang: 15-16 November 2017 President Xi Jinping: 20-21 November 2018 Link

1. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/28/philippines-duterte-in-china-meets-xi-jinping-to-talk-south-china-sea.html

Supplementary Notes

None

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is a widespread phenomenon.

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

High-level Czech political circles have frequent contacts with PRC officials including with the International Liaison Department and other influence organs. Sinopsis report on ILD activities in the Czech Republic, forthcoming.

1. https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/1142743803-reporteri-ct/220452801240036/obsah/800730-drahe-sliby

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Links above show meetings that Bosnian and Hezegovinian politicians had with PRC officials. No official visits to the PRC happened in this period, but they were occurring regularly in previous years which following links prove. - Link pg.29 - Link - Link

1. http://www.mcp.gov.ba/publication/read/ministrica-civilnih-poslova-bih-ankica-gudeljevic-sa-veleposlanikom-kine-u-bih-ji-pingom?pageId=97&lang=hr
2. https://www.sarajevo.ba/hr/article/12170/karic-ping-sarajevo-i-tianjin-ove-godine-obiljezavaju-40-godina-pobratimskih-veza
3. https://komorabih.ba/b2b-susreti-u-okviru-6-sastanka-poslovnog-vijeca-zemalja-kina-ceec/
4. https://hayat.ba/susret-dzaferovica-i-pinga-dobri-odnosi-bih-i-nr-kine/249585/
5. http://www.kina-danas.com/kineski-ambasador-u-bih-ji-ping-i-milorad-dodik-razgovarali-o-summitu-inicijative-nr-kine-i-17-evropskih-zemalja/
6. https://www.parlament.ba/Publication/Read/17664?title=clanovi-grupe-prijateljstva-parlamentarne-skupstine-bih-za-aziju-razgovarali-sa-parlamentarcima-svekineskog-narodnog-kongresa&pageId=238

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic, Emir Muric and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Prior to the Coronavirus pandemic, the APPG on China ran annual visits to China which brought along MPs to meet Chinese officials. In 2014, the APPGC visited Xinjiang, and MPs included Caroline Dinenage MP, Brian Donohoe MP, Mark Garnier MP, Stephen McCabe MP, Roger Godsiff MP and Richard Graham MP. They met “with the Director of the Standing Committee of the Xinjiang People’s Congress and had an extensive discussion with members of the congress on the general situation in Xinjiang, relations between Han Chinese and ethnic minorities, and the freedoms of religion for members of different faith groups. Following this meeting members also saw the Vice Chairman and key members of the Xinjiang Islamic Association, before travelling to meet Deputy Director General Chen Zongrong at the State Administration for Religious Affairs, and Vice Minister Wang Chao at the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs.” There were three more visits between 2015 and 2016. In 2015, Andrea Jenkyns MP, Robert Jenrick MP, Conor Burns MP, Jamie Reed MP, Daniel Zeichner MP, and Roger Godsiff MP travelled to Beijing. In 2016, a delegation of MPs including Graham Brady MP, Henry Smith MP, Karl McCartney MP, Jonathan Reynolds MP, Jeff Smith MP, Joan Ryan MP, Roberta Blackman Woods MP, Michelle Donelan MP, Andrew Stephenson MP, and Sharon Hodgson MP travelled to Hong Kong and met senior officials including Chief Secretary Carrie Lam.

1. https://appcg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014-2015-Annual-Report.pdf
2. https://appcg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015-2016-Annual-Report.pdf
3. https://appcg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015-2016-Annual-Report.pdf

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.iletisim.gov.tr/turkce/stratejik_iletisim_calismalari/detaylar/cumhurbaskanligi-iletisim-baskanligi-cinde-turkiye-paneli-duzenledi
2. https://www.mfa.gov.tr/no_-12_-sayin-bakanimizin-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-ni-ziyareti-hk.tr.mfa
3. https://twitter.com/adalet_bakanlik/status/1062628642923130880
4. https://www.hsk.gov.tr/cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-2018-yili-turk-h-kimler-semineri

Supplementary Notes

Many Turkish state and government officials visited the PRC for meetings with PRC officials and institutes. Several joint panels, trainings and conferences were also organised.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/vucic-poceo-posetu-kini/
2. https://www.rts.rs/page/stories/sr/story/9/politika/4688919/aleksandar-vucic-rts-intervju-kina-poseta-ugovor-o-slobodnoj-trgovini.html
3. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30250857.html
4. https://rs.n1info.com/biznis/a479526-sinisa-mali-o-poseti-kini/
5. https://www.blic.rs/vesti/vojvodina/igor-mirovic-u-radnoj-poseti-kini/5lcfb2z
6. https://www.danas.rs/vesti/politika/dacic-u-zvanicnoj-poseti-kini-od-26-do-28-februara/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Xinhua news agency published an article on the participation of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev in the opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in Beijing on 4-5 February. Thanks to the personal relationship between the leaders of the two countries, favorable conditions have been created for promoting multifaceted long-term cooperation between Uzbekistan and China, the material emphasizes. Link Chinese President Xi Jinping and his Uzbek counterpart Islam Karimov shake hands during a June 22 meeting. In his speech to the Uzbek parliament on the same day, Karimov said that he had heard the truth that extended a hand in difficult times, although he did not specify which meetings in Beijing would help each point. - Link Notice on Press Coverage for Prime Minister of The Republic of Uzbekistan Abdulla Aripov's Visit to China-Link

1. https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/71332
2. https://russian.eurasianet.org/node/63196
3. http://ipc.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gdxw/201908/t20190821_736994.htm

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A lot of politicians or government employees visit the PRC and meeting with PRC officials and think tanks.

1. http://www.news.cn/english/2021-12/07/c_1310355430.htm
2. https://slconcordtimes.com/30-staff-from-finance-ministry-off-to-china-for-seminar-on-economic-planning/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgbelfast/eng/zgxw_1/t1568876.htm
2. https://www.africanews.com/2017/12/23/gambia-s-barrow-visits-china-to-strengthen-ties-and-development-cooperation/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is a very usual occurence. Even Michael Sata, Zambia's fifth president who was not known for constant travel was invited for a week to visit China. Usually, government officials meet a variety of Chinese players in both the public service and the private sector.

1. http://sydney.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202203/t20220320_10653587.htm
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-02/23/c_139759645.htm
3. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cezm/eng/sgzxdthxx/t1026791.htm

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been several official Austrian delegations visiting the PRC in recent years (see. notably Question 3). These official visits, as well as associated meetings have substantially shaped the bilateral relation between both countries both on a national and subnational level, as well as in different policy fields. For instance, the official visit to Shanghai and Zhejiang by the governor of Lower-Austria in 2019 witnessed the signing of an MoU between the University for Continuing Education Krems (Donau-Universität Krems) and East China Normal University.

1. https://www.ecoplus.at/newsroom/wirtschaftsdelegation-nach-china

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PM Orbán visited China with delegations in 2017 and 2018, since 2020 delegations have stopped as a result of the pandemic, therefore it is difficult to assess since.

1. https://hirado.hu/2017/05/12/szeretik-a-magyar-termekeket-kinaban/
2. https://www.origo.hu/itthon/20181103-orban-viktor-sanghaji-expo.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.government.se/press-releases/2015/03/prime-minister-stefan-lofven-to-visit-china-on-2728-march/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both the members of Taliban and Afghan government have visited PRC for meetings. Including younger members. Chinese officials/experts have been going since before 9/11. Various stages to the engagement. Pre-9/11, then silence for a while, then low level contacts throughout 2005 onwards, surge in 2012, flatlining again after 2014, then gradual pick up over the past few years. Worth noting the Chinese engaged with the former Republic government a lot as well. Ghani came to power pushing heavily for the relationship with China.

1. http://www.china.com.cn/opinion2020/2021-08/03/content_77669426.shtml
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cejo//chn/zgyw/t1079269.htm
3. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/simp/china/2016/07/160730_taliban_china
4. https://www.fltrp.com/c/2018-09-25/492016.shtml
5. https://www.daily-sun.com/post/571980/China-intends-to-increase-its-political-influence-in-Afghanistan:-Dissident

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As a country which claims neutrality status, Turkmenistan has close ties to the PRC and it is reflected through many of these visits which discusses deepening of cooperation, as you may see in the reports below: "Meeting with Turkmenistan Ministry of Textile Industry, Minister of Trade and Consumer Cooperation and President of Food Industry Association in Guangzhou", Vice Minister of Agriculture Niu Dun meets with Deputy Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Miadyev and his delegation", "Vice Minister Ding Wei Meets with Deputy Minister of Culture of Turkmenistan Shamurradov", "Du Zhanyuan meets with Turkmenistan Minister of Education Agmeradov", "Tan Tieniu Meets with Minister of Education of Turkmenistan", "Xi Jinping Meets with President Shcherdar Berdymukhamedov of Turkmenistan", "Wang Yi Meets with Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Meledov".

1. http://www.mofcom.gov.cn/article/ae/ai/200707/20070704902638.shtml
2. http://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/gjjl/201401/t20140116_3741233.htm
3. https://www.mct.gov.cn/whzx/tpxw/201409/t20140930_829572.htm
4. http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/moe_1485/201612/t20161216_292246.html
5. https://www.cas.cn/sygz/201612/t20161219_4585218.shtml
6. http://czt.gxzf.gov.cn/xwdt/gwy/t3258154.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were not so many, probably due to COVID restrictions in China, but they were relevant in terms of virtual communications.

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-03/27/c_139840786.htm
2. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/202107/t20210715_146454.html
3. https://www.mundodeportivo.com/juegos-olimpicos/juegos-olimpicos-invierno/20220205/1001746563/espana-china-ratifican-interes-acelerar-colaboracion-deportes.html

Supplementary Notes

Previous to the pandemic, meetings of this sort took place fluently: Link

1. https://www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/todos-nuestros-servicios/informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/el-pais/relaciones-bilaterales/index.html?idPais=CN

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

All the time. Summits and bilateral visits.

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/zxxx_662805/202205/t20220523_10691130.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/s4ZMl

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/cCVsi
2. https://archive.ph/wip/prAEY
3. https://archive.ph/wip/CgfRE

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://qz.com/africa/1119447/china-is-training-africas-next-generation-of-leaders/

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://youtu.be/4N8m3e37DLg

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/140206-nigeria-china-to-discuss-bilateral-cooperation-during-jonathans-visit.html
2. http://ng.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zt/buharivisit/

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin and Farida Adamu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There was no evidence of a meeting of Brazilian politicians who visited the PRC and had meetings with PRC officials and also with think tanks. However, considering only a visit to China with a meeting with PRC officials, in 2019 there was a trip by a group of senators (already informed in the previous indicator), paid for by the PRC. According to a report on the Uol portal, the senators also met with representatives of the Chinese Communist Party. There was also the visit of vice president Hamilton Mourão in May 2019, with the meeting of the Brazilian vice president with the president of the PRC, Xi Jinping. Also in 2019, in October, the president of Brazil, Jair Bolsonaro, was in China and also met with Xi Jinping.

1. https://economia.uol.com.br/noticias/bloomberg/2019/10/08/viagem-a-china-com-tudo-pago-impressiona-parlamentares.htm
2. https://www.gov.br/planalto/pt-br/conheca-a-vice-presidencia/agenda-vice-presidente/2019-05-24
3. https://agenciabrasil.ebc.com.br/politica/noticia/2019-10/bolsonaro-se-encontra-com-presidente-chines-para-assinatura-de-acordos

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although the trips are from 2018 and 2019, they are quite significant for represent presidential and high rank official visits.

1. https://www.cancilleria.gob.bo/webmre/noticia/3284
2. https://www.cancilleria.gob.bo/webmre/noticia/3281
3. https://www.lostiempos.com/actualidad/economia/20180619/china-convierte-bolivia-socio-estrategico-se-abre-mercado-quinua-cafe

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Political delegation visit China (reference 1). PRO tour in Beijing (reference 2). Politians from the two major political parties, Peronism and PRO, have visit the PRC in the last years.

1. https://echin.cancilleria.gob.ar/es/delegaci%C3%B3n-pol%C3%ADtica-visita-china
2. https://dangdai.com.ar/2018/07/17/el-pro-en-beijing/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/polevnsky-se-reune-en-beijing-con-miembros-del-partido-comunista-de-china/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://president.jp/articles/-/41480?page=2
2. https://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2019/04/post-12054.php

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Representative of the Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences attended the 11th China and ASEAN Think Tank Strategic Dialogue Forum and worked with the Guangxi Institute of Social Sciences, China. See the first link. Representative of Vietnam Institute for Economic and Policy Research participate China – ASEAN Think Tank Forum (Hainan). See the second link.

1. https://gass.edu.vn/SitePages/News_Detail.aspx?categoryId=68&itemId=44635
2. http://vepr.org.vn/dai-dien-vepr-tham-du-dien-dan-mang-luoi-think-tank-trung-quoc-hai-nam-asean-lan-thu-ba-tai-trung-quoc.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• … Sam Ol said the CPPCC has similar roles to Cambodia's SCCR, which was established in September last year. He said the SCCR is a bi-annual consultation forum between the Cambodian government and political parties. It is made up of 30 leaders or representatives of 16 political parties taking part in the July general election. • Cambodian parliament chief hails excellent ties with China Link • China, Cambodia agree to strengthen party exchanges Link • Song Tao Meets with Young Politicians of Cambodia People’s Party Link • Song Tao Meets with CPP Vice President and President of the Senate of Cambodia Link • CPP President and Prime Minister of Cambodia Meets with Song Tao Link • Wang Yajun Meets with FUNCINPEC Party Cadre Study Group of Cambodia Link • CPP President and Prime Minister of Cambodia Meets with CPC Delegation Link • China, Cambodia vow to promote comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership in new era Link • He added that the SCCR has duties to provide opinions on government policies, give feedback on draft laws, and report on inaction or violations by government officials… Link

1. http://www.asean-china-center.org/english/2013-10/29/c_132841698.htm
2. http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/majorevents/t525681.htm
3. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201603/t20160328_81549.html
4. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201810/t20181030_98180.html
5. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201901/t20190123_99285.html
6. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201904/t20190412_100021.html
7. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201905/t20190529_100507.html
8. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/11/c_136888651.htm
9. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-03/04/c_137868401.htm

Supplementary Notes

As opposition parties are banned and are often silenced, a few visits give significant impact.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chen Zhou Holds a Video Call With Tiong King Sing, Chairman of Progressive Democratic Party of Malaysia and Special Envoy of the Malaysian Prime Minister to China Link CPC, UMNO vow to promote China-Malaysia ties Link Guo Yezhou Exchanges Views with Dato Seri Tiong King Sing, President of Progressive Democratic Party of Malaysia and Prime Minister’s Special Envoy to China, via Videolink Link Guo Yezhou Meets with Malaysia’s Special Envoy to China and National Chairman of the Democratic Action Party Link Song Tao Meets with Adviser to the PKR of Malaysia and Deputy Prime Minister Link Song Tao Meets with DAP Delegation of Malaysia Link Song Tao Meets with Former Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia Link Wang Chen Meets with Study Group of Parliament Members of Malaysia’s Ruling Coalition Link Wang Yi Talks about the Eight-point Consensus of China and Malaysia Link

1. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/202105/t20210512_145869.html
2. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201512/t20151211_79886.html
3. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/202009/t20200909_139694.html
4. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201904/t20190430_100316.html
5. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201907/t20190712_100908.html
6. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201808/t20180829_97588.html
7. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201810/t20181030_98179.html
8. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201909/t20190910_101269.html
9. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1824141.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The International Liaison Department has established relations with all the major parties in Estonia and interacts with their representatives.

1. https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/ICDS_EFPI_Brief_Chinas_Influence_Activities_in_Estonia_Frank_Juris_September_2020.pdf

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is natural for politicians to visit the countries, with which Poland maintains diplomatic relations and to meet the relevant officials. Meetings do not indicate the scale and type of PRC influence. In 2020, due to pandemic, meetings were limited and replaced with online calls. Examples of such meetings are provided.

1. https://www.prezydent.pl/aktualnosci/wydarzenia/art,1717,rozmowa--prezydentem-chinskiej-republiki-ludowej-.html
2. https://www.sejm.gov.pl/sejm9.nsf/interpelacjaTresc.xsp?documentId=0F64AB0695B51466C12586C6004BC9F3&view=S
3. https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/rozmowa-ministra-jacka-czaputowicza-z-ambasadorem-chrl-w-warszawie

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2013 – “In early September, Manar M. Dabbas, Director of the Political Affairs Directorate at the Royal Court, and Samer I. Asfour, Director of Economic and Social Department at the Royal Court, visited China to make preparations for King Abdullah II's visit. To implement the agreement reached by leaders of the two countries on developing bilateral relations, Vice Commerce Minister Li Jinzao led a government trade delegation to Jordan in November. In December, Minister of Foreign Affairs and Expatriate Affairs Joudeh led a delegation to China… Jordanian Tourism Minister Ibrahim Saif and the president of a Jordanian journalist association Tarek Muhammad, among others, visited or attended conferences in China.” Link 2013 – “King Abdullah II touring the Huawei research center, Shanghai’s Jinqiao economic zone, and the first China-Arab States Expo in Ningxia.” Link

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/gjlb_663594/2833_663656/
2. https://www.theatlantic.com/china/archive/2013/09/jordan-chinas-gateway-to-the-middle-east/279988/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Interview with government (Ministry) officials affirmed that government employees and politicians (from CCM) visited and had official meetings with their Chinese counterparts

1. http://hk.ocmfa.gov.cn/eng/jbwzlm/xwdt/wsyw/201402/t20140220_7785094.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are regular visits of Belgian politicians in China, inter alia, the high-level visit of King Philippe in 2015. The Prime Ministers also travel regularly to China to meet their counterparts. During the COVID-19 pandemics, online meetings were hold.

1. https://www.premier.be/en/video-call-li-keqiang-prime-minister-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Greek and Chinese officials have signed two three-year Action Plans (2017-2019 and 2020-2022), the Chinese counterpart being NDRC. These plans have not made any difference and appear to be more of a political statement. The Greek coordinator for the implementation of these plans is a deputy minister of foreign affairs, with the title Deputy Minister for Economic Diplomacy and Openness In addition, in March 2022 Greece and China signed an Action Plan for cooperation in the area of tourism over a three-year period (2022-24).

1. https://news.gtp.gr/2022/03/15/greece-china-agree-tourism-action-plan-2022-2024-period/
2. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202203/15/WS62300190a310cdd39bc8ca92.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

El primer enlace corresponde al viaje de siete diputados del periodo legislativo recién concluido, invitados por la Asamblea Popular Nacional de la RPC, donde sostuvieron reuniones de alto nivel con representantes del gobierno chino y de la Asamblea Nacional del Pueblo. En julio del 2013, viajó el entonces presidente de la Asamblea Legislativa Costarricense, y antes del viaje del entonces presidente del Congreso, también habían ido otros diputados y representantes del Partido Liberación Nacional, a la RPC.

1. https://bit.ly/3wEFElj
2. https://bit.ly/38Bsxti

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.eluniverso.com/noticias/politica/presidente-guillermo-lasso-viajara-a-china-con-una-comitiva-de-diez-personas-nota/
2. https://www.elcomercio.com/actualidad/viaje-lasso-china-ecuador-deuda-jueos-olimpicos.html

Supplementary Notes

La visita oficial realizado por el presidente Lasso y su comitiva se reporta haber la principal en 2021-2022 (enlace 1). No se reportan más visitas significativas, pero esta es de alto nivel e incluso orientada a TLC y renegociación plazo de deuda. (enlace 2).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/38xoX3f
2. https://bit.ly/3wUHyOY

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://socialistii.md/vlad-batrincea-china-este-un-prieten-si-partener-sincer/
2. https://tribuna.md/2019/09/09/vizita-istorica-dupa-11-ani-o-delegatie-a-parlamentului-in-china/

Supplementary Notes

The last significant visit was in 2019, before the start of the pandemic. Since then, members of the Moldovan Socialist Party (pro-Kremlin) have attended online events, but did not physically travel to the PRC

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Li Zhanshu, chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee, holds talks with Natalia Kochanova, chairwoman of the Council of the Republic of the National Assembly of Belarus, and Vladimir Andreichenko, chairman of the House of Representatives of the National Assembly of Belarus, via video link at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing, capital of China, June 8, 2021. (see below URL)

1. http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/c23934/202106/bc2aaa4931ed45e28d67c44dc71d23f3.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

They are few so far due to restrictions during COVID but they are significant in importance.

1. https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AXrCn16ANFKgJ%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.el19digital.com%2Farticulos%2Fver%2Ftitulo%3A123667-delegacion-de-nicaragua-que-visita-china-sostiene-encuentro-virtual-con-wang-yi+&cd=1&hl=es-419&ct=clnk&gl=es

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/trudeau-china-1.4436779
2. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/china-canada-delegation-cooper-1.4965012

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Princess Sririndhon and Princess Chulaporn often visit PRC officials, research centres, and think tanks. Link Link Thai senior and influential diplomat, Don Pramudwinai, support the strong ties of Sino-Thai relationship. He refused in meeting with Western diplomats in recent years. Link Guo Yezhou Meets with Deputy Head of Democratic Party and Deputy Minister of Interior of Thailand (Link) CPC official eyes closer ties with Thailand (Link) official visit to the People's Republic of China as a guest of the National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China of Mr. Chai Chidchob, the President of the National Assembly and the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the Thai National Assembly. Between 1 - 16 January 2010 Link

1. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/202009/t20200917_139856.html
2. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/202104/t20210430_145794.html
3. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201911/t20191111_101792.html
4. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201503/t20150302_73520.html
5. https://www.idcpc.org.cn/english/news/201411/t20141118_73518.html
6. https://dl.parliament.go.th/handle/lirt/426995
7. http://www.oir.pku.edu.cn/info/1162/3225.htm
8. https://www2.cri.or.th/announcement/president/2009_news/2009_02_27_china
9. https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2020/08/21/mfa-welcomes-chinas-initiative-in-tackling-mekong-issues/

Supplementary Notes

Many meeting with CPC in PRC is an indication of other obvious meeting with think tanks and officials.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Since President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi took office as president in 2014, he has visited China six times and met with President Xi Jinping seven times. His first trip took place in December 2014, when he signed twenty-five bilateral agreements, mainly on energy and transport issues. He also pledged to cooperate on what has come to be known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s sweeping strategy to build a new Silk Road by investing in roads, rail, energy production, transit, and other infrastructure projects across some sixty countries." Link

1. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypt-takes-another-step-toward-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“Major political parties of Lebanon sent delegations to China. Some Lebanese political parties sent their key members to China for training programs or workshops.” Link “On July 10, 2018, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi met in Beijing with Minister of Economy and Trade Raed Khoury of Lebanon who was in China for the 8th Ministerial Meeting of the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum.” Link

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zzjg_663340/xybfs_663590/gjlb_663594/2843_663676/
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgchiangmai/eng/zgyw/t1576559.htm

Supplementary Notes

Lebanese Communist Party members attended summit organized by China "For the happiness of the people: Responsibility of political parties" and posted on their social media Link

1. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2050153871803157&id=117413761743854&m_entstream_source=permalink

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

With the recent border issues, even though there are many visits but the impact has been significantly reduced.

1. https://www.thehindu.com/brandhub/70-years-of-diplomatic-relations-between-china-and-india-1950-2020/article31219737.ece
2. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bjp-delegation-in-beijing-for-a-week-long-tour-of-china/articleshow/70851381.cms?from=mdr

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The visits mostly have taken place in the years between 2012-2017, among them is the visit of the Chinese President Xi Jinping with his Latvian counterpart Raimonds Vejonis in Beijing Link

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceee/eng/zgyw/t1597111.htm

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%EF%BC%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%90%E5%85%8B%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/buontan0.pdf

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, politicians, particularly from the Socialist Party and GERB (Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria) have tended to visit China.

1. https://bntnews.bg/bg/a/160462-vizita-na-plamen-oresharski-v-kitaj
2. https://www.dnevnik.bg/bulgaria/2016/06/07/2773415_delegaciia_na_gerb_e_na_vizita_v_kitai_po_pokana_na/

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.eduskunta.fi/FI/tiedotteet/Sivut/Vehviläinen-korosti-avointa-ja-ratkaisuhenkista-vuoropuhelua-tavatessaan-Kiinan-kansankongressin-puhemiehen-09122021.aspx

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.aa.com.tr/mk/%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0-%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8-%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0/1508703
2. https://www.mkd.mk/makedonija/politika/kineskite-mediumi-udarno-izvestuvaat-za-posetata-na-ivanov-na-kina
3. https://www.slobodnaevropa.mk/a/24423739.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.cdep.ro/interpel/2022/r4669A.pdf
2. https://carnegieendowment.org/2021/10/13/china-s-influence-in-southeastern-central-and-eastern-europe-vulnerabilities-and-resilience-in-four-countries-pub-85415

Supplementary Notes

In the past, especially before 2015, many Romanian officials and politicians used to meet with PRC officials or visit the PRC. But after 2019 very few have done so, not just because of the pandemic, but because of deteriorating relations between Romania and the PRC. The officials and politicians who meet with PRC representatives tend to be low level today

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Memorandum of Understanding signed between AIR Center and China Institute of Contemporary International Relations (CICIR) (see below URL 1) Memorandum of Understanding signed between International Relations Analysis Center and China Brain Center (see below URL 2)

1. https://aircenter.az/en/single/bmtm-ve-cin-muasir-beynelxalq-munasibetler-institutu-cicir-emekdasliga-dair-anlasma-memorandumu-imzalayib-543
2. https://az.trend.az/azerbaijan/politics/3174141.html

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Nikol Pashinyan’s Workng Visit to People’s Republic of China. PM Attends Official Reception on China National Day.

1. https://www.primeminister.am/en/foreign-visits/item/2019/05/14/visit-to-Chine/
2. https://www.gov.am/en/news/item/8112/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.pambazuka.org/fr/governance/s%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal-visite-du-ministre-des-affaires-%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res-en-chine

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Similar to the above, some Colombian politicians have visited China, but the impact of these visits appears to be low. Other than the visits by some congressmen and women, a notable visit was that done by the President of Colombia and his team in 2019. This visit included meetings with PRC officials and think tanks. Outside of the scope of this visit, there have been a few other visits, at the vice-ministerial and mayoral level, but not by others (ministers, governors).

1. https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/newsroom/news/presidente-duque-presento-shanghai-iniciativa-colombia-china-fortalecer-lazos
2. https://china.embajada.gov.co/node/news/16969/embajada-colombia-acompana-la-viceministra-comercio-exterior-laura-valdivieso-quien
3. https://www.alertatolima.com/noticias/tolima/ibague/alcalde-jaramillo-viaja-la-china-y-se-ausenta-de-la-ciudad-por-10-dias

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC has several agreements with Albania and Government officials visit PRC on official tours, however this occurs quite rarely. In the period January 2020-March 2022, there is no occurrence retrieved, however before 2020 a few visits have occurred: Link and: Link , and: Linkë-takim-delegacionin-zyrtar-nga-qyteti-kinez-i-ningbo

1. https://arsimi.gov.al/vizita-ne-kine-nga-delegacioni-shqiptar-i-nivelit-te-larte-arsimor-i-kryesuar-nga-sekretari-i-pergjithshem-i-ministrise-se-arsimit-sportit-dhe-rinise-me-qellim-krijimin-e-bashkepunimeve-te-reja-dypal/
2. https://kohajone.com/deputete-shqiptare-vizite-ne-kine/
3. https://www.durres.gov.al/bashkia/zyra-e-shtypit/540-kryebashkiaku-vangjush-dako-pret-në-takim-delegacionin-zyrtar-nga-qyteti-kinez-i-ningbo

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://fosmedia.me/arhiva/infos/drustvo/crnogorska-delegacija-u-kini-projekti-za-odrzivu-buducnost-podgorice

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is an area of partnership that will witness increased engagement in the next 5-10 years

1. https://mfa.gov.gh/index.php/the-minister-for-foreign-affairs-and-regional-integration-hon-shirley-ayorkor-botchwey-pays-official-visit-to-china/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been a few reports on this. However, during the pandemic some meetings were virtual as travel stopped.

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-06/14/c_1310007165.htm
2. https://www.benarnews.org/english/news/bengali/china-mou-03212019171549.html
3. https://www.tbsnews.net/worldbiz/china/china-respects-and-protects-human-rights-including-xinjiang-people-chinese-ambassador

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.geopolitica.info/china-ukraine/

Supplementary Notes

A number of Ukrainian politicians attended (July 6, 2021) a forum organised by the Chinese Communist Party in Beijing.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.agroberichtenbuitenland.nl/actueel/nieuws/2022/03/24/virtuele-handelsmissie-china-met-minister-schreinemacher
2. https://www.nu.nl/buitenland/6180868/china-expert-nederlandse-boycot-van-winterspelen-heeft-weinig-zin.html

Supplementary Notes

The Netherlands did not send representatives to the Beijing Winter Olympics, but the government emphasized that it was not a 'boycott'. In May 2022, the minister of trade conducted a 'digital trade mission' to China

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no public data on such visits since the start of the pandemic and the Sino-Lithuanian bilateral relationship crisis.

1. https://www.eesc.lt/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/RESC.-Lithuanias-decoupling-from-China_2021_EN.pdf

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supplementary Notes

The local expert stated that there is no evidence that Paraguayan politicians have visited PRC, but it cannot be ruled out that meetings may have taken place. Mainly because a Paraguayan political party received donations directly from the PRC Consulate in Sao Paulo (Brazil).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.