Domestic Politics

Answer

Supporting Evidence

as the PRC is one of Indonesia’s major economic partner. Both Chinese government as well as state owned enterprise has begun major development projects in various regions in Indonesia

1. https://www.borneonews.co.id/berita/149277-bumn-china-investasi-rp-120-triliun-di-kek-palu
2. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter-Gammeltoft/publication/264837979_Chinese_foreign_direct_investment_in_Indonesia_Trends_drivers_and_impacts/links/5756c8f808ae05c1ec168f43/Chinese-foreign-direct-investment-in-Indonesia-Trends-drivers-and-impacts.pdf?origin=publication_detail+

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

July 1, 2019 – On May 20, Batumi Sea Port Ltd hosted a delegation from China’s Lianyungang port, and the two ports signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU). The signing ceremony was attended by representatives of the mayor’s office headed by the mayor of Lianyungang city and by the Chairman of the Board of Lianyungang Port Holdings Group Company Limited. Link Memorandum of cooperation between the Batumi Botanical Garden and Kunming Institute of Botany Link Minister of Agriculture of Adjara Tite Aroshidze, Deputy Minister Ruslan Koridze and Deputy Minister of Environment and Agriculture of Georgia Khatia Tsilosani paid an official visit to Beijing, China. Within the framework of the visit, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed between the Ministry of Agriculture of the Autonomous Republic of Adjara and the Chinese company "Georgian Tobacco Ltd.", in the field of cooperation in the field of tobacco sector development. Signed by the Minister of Agriculture of Adjara Tite Aroshidze and the Director of the Georgian Tobacco Company "Georgian Tobacco" Ben Juan. Link

1. https://www.portseurope.com/batumi-sea-port-ltd-and-chinas-lianyungang-port-sign-a-memorandum-of-understanding/
2. http://bbg.ge/en/news/news/memorandum-of-cooperation-between-the-batumi-botanical-garden-and-kunming-institute-of-botany/290
3. http://adjara.gov.ge/description.aspx?gtid=841324#.YNWMxRMzZo4

Supplementary Notes

Here it is said that Batumi Port is one of the sub-divisions of Batumi Regional Center (Tax Inspection) within the Georgian state (particularly under the subordination of the Ministry of Finance) Link Batumi Botanical Garden is an object subordinated to Batumi City Hall. Link It is officially state-owned Link

1. https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/75634?publication=0
2. https://batumelebi.netgazeti.ge/news/59224/
3. http://br.geostat.ge/register_geo/index.php?action=History&lang=ka&Stat_ID=16307114

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kashgar Xinyi Dadi Mining Investment signed a 20-year contract in June 2018 to develop the Yakdzhilva silver fields in the eastern Murghab region. The contract provides the possibility of extending this period by agreement of the parties. During the first seven years of its development activities, the Chinese company will be exempt from taxes on its income and from any customs duties on equipment it imported into Tajikistan. All private investments require government approval. According to the Tajik government, Chinese companies are being selected as partners in the mining sector because they are beneficial. At the same time, many observers are of the opinion that investment laws are being applied inconsistently. In October 2019, there were reports of several examples of tax exemptions granted by the Tajik parliament to Chinese firms investing in the country. Source: Link From 2000 to 2017, there were a total of 722 official visits by Chinese government representatives at both a provincial and national level to the countries of Central Asia, and vice versa. Link

1. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia_ru.pdf
2. https://carnegie.ru/commentary/81402

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://ke.china-embassy.org/eng/zfgx/t1222394.htm
2. http://ke.china-embassy.org/eng/zkgx/t1614327.htm
3. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/22/c_137624677.htm
4. https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/news/counties/china-investors-sh16bn-tiles-plant-in-kisumu-3408070
5. http://en.brnn.com/n3/2019/0423/c414872-9570791.html
6. https://www.kenyachamber.or.ke/2020/12/03/boost-for-kenya-china-trade-as-chinese-firms-pitch-in-nairobi
7. https://youtu.be/4N8m3e37DLg

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Letter of intent on the cooperation in the works of the road and the tunnel of the "black water passage" (reference 1). Act of commitment of agreements for the construction of the cauchari solar renewable energy plant in the province of Jujuy of the Argentine Republic (reference 2). Explain the scope of the hydrocarbon exploitation agreement between REFSA and the Chinese group (reference 3). Several provinces in Argentina have signed agreements with the PRC central government, with Chinese regions and with state owned enterprises. These references are some of the most representative cases, such as the case of Jujuy.

1. https://1dc85a5a-66e5-428b-bcba-1cc407d33aad.filesusr.com/ugd/ba0473_360f38b2169745ce8226a79ea4f98a2c.pdf
2. https://1dc85a5a-66e5-428b-bcba-1cc407d33aad.filesusr.com/ugd/ba0473_09608ba64ef147ea9556825d088105b8.pdf
3. https://www.formosa.gob.ar/noticia/17169/52/explican_alcances_del_acuerdo_de_explotacion_de_hidrocarburos_entre_refsa_y_grupo_chino

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.eleconomista.com.mx/estados/Tres-empresas-chinas-confirman-inversiones-en-NL-20191210-0126.html
2. https://coordinacionpolitica.sre.gob.mx/index.php/entidades/145-hidalgo
3. http://www.redalc-china.org/monitor/informacion-por-pais/busqueda-por-pais/20-mexico

Supplementary Notes

A pesar de que los acuerdos en materia comercial deben ser firmados por la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México y no por los gobernadores, existe información que permite saber de las inversiones de empresas chinas en México, las cuales han sido realizadas a partir de acuerdos de cooperación realizados entre las entidades subnacionales y sus contrapartes chinas, así como también las empresas de este país.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://ciarglobal.com/tras-incumplimiento-de-laudo-de-empresa-china-se-cobrara-la-fianza-en-beneficio-de-iquitos/
2. https://comprasestatales.org/loreto-gobierno-regional-logra-nuevo-triunfo-legal-ante-empresa-china-por-la-ptar-alcantarillado/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below links.

1. https://www.yna.co.kr/view/RPR20200806001300353

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://news.gov.bc.ca/releases/2016PREM0053-000742

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A case of illicit investments is the illegal extraction and smuggling of minerals. In the Philippines, these investments funded artisanal small-scale mining (ASM) infrastructures because of the South China Sea dispute and the weak regulatory capacity of Philippine institutions. In broad terms, other foreign investors and Chinese entities can have illicit capital ventures in logging, agriculture, and many other sectors. It is still possible to infer that illicit capital proliferated because local governments were given the power to oversee ASM licensing and safeguarding. Link

1. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-017-0033-0

Supplementary Notes

None

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Siam Cement Group (SCG), the company's major shareholder is King Vajiralongkorn, cooperating with BYD auto industry signed a Memorandum of Understanding on “Education and Business Development of Electric Vehicles”. Link SCG established a partnership with Chinese Academy of Sciences: CAS. Link At ‘Thailand-China Business Forum 2018: Comprehensive Strategic Partnership through the Belt and Road Initiative and the EEC ’, Thai government encourages cooperation projects between Thai-Chinese business partners. Thai government also supports Chinese investment in Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), the new special economic zone of Thailand. Link Last year, EEC and GBA working together to intensify Thailand-Guangdong Cooperation. Link

1. https://techsauce.co/news/scg-byd-mou-electric-vehicle
2. https://www.beartai.com/news/it-thai-news/376714
3. https://thainews.prd.go.th/th/news/detail/WNECO6108240010024
4. https://www.eeco.or.th/en/news/370

Supplementary Notes

(I went through websites of Phuket City Municipality, Chiang Mai Province office, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration etc. but did not find their bilateral agreement or any MoU with PRC. It seems to me that all the agreements on behalf of town, township, province is done through the central government. (Link)

1. https://www.mfa.go.th/en/content/5d5bcfe715e39c306001c3cd?page=5f29237ab10cf72f1d4a6547&menu=5d5bd3dd15e39c306002ab1d

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is quite common in Germany, and can be projects of national significance, e.g. the Wilhelmshaven port deal giving China Logistics (owned by SASAC SOE Chengtong Holdings)

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"In 2014 Egypt and China signed a “comprehensive strategic partnership” agreement." Link

1. https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/

Supplementary Notes

August 5, 2019 - "Egypt signed a memorandum of understanding with the Chinese company Hutchison Ports to establish a Mediterranean container terminal in Abu Qir. President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi himself attended the signing ceremony, where he praised the company’s global reputation in the field and emphasized the importance of executing the project in accordance with the highest international standards… Since President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi took office as president in 2014, he has visited China six times and met with President Xi Jinping seven times. His first trip took place in December 2014, when he signed twenty-five bilateral agreements, mainly on energy and transport issues. He also pledged to cooperate on what has come to be known as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China’s sweeping strategy to build a new Silk Road by investing in roads, rail, energy production, transit, and other infrastructure projects across some sixty countries." Link

1. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/egypt-takes-another-step-toward-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The link provides information about a number of agreements (including on the sub-national level) signed between the Jordanian government and the PRC state-owned entities. Link "A study conducted by the Chinese Railway Engineering Corporation for the Greater Amman Municipality (GAM) has confirmed that the topography of the city allows the implementation of the Amman Metro, according to a GAM official" Link

1. https://www.ammonnews.net/article/242520
2. http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/amman-suitable-metro-project-%E2%80%94-field-study

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
2. http://www.kayseri.gov.tr/cin-ile-turkiye-arasinda-e-ticaret-anlasmasi-kayseride-imzalandi
3. https://ticaret.gov.tr/haberler/bakan-pekcandan-cinli-firmalara-turkiyede-yatirim-cagrisi
4. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cgtur/tur/xwdt/t1652364.htm
5. https://www.emlakhaberi.com/emlak-ekonomi/6-cinli-sirket-kopru-ve-otoyolun-yuzde-51ini-satin-aliyor-h55346.html
6. https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/turkiye-cin-iliskilerinde-izmir-donemi/40850/156
7. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/ziraat-bankasi-cin-exim-banktan-400-milyon-dolarlik-kredi-temin-etti/2193820
8. https://diabgm.adalet.gov.tr/Home/SayfaDetay/bakanligimiz-ile-cin-halk-cumhuriyeti-adalet-bakanligi-arasinda-isbirligine-dair-mutabakat-zapti-imzalandi

Supplementary Notes

Many Chinese and Turkish delegations often visit each other. These include governor offices, municipalities, chambers, ministerial departments, public banks and other similar state and government institutions for signing cooperation agreements. Turkish top states people also called on PRC government and state-owned enterprises to invest in Turkey.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://balkangreenenergynews.com/rs/gradonacelnik-beograda-potpisao-ugovore-sa-kineskim-firmama-za-izgradnju-toplovoda-pogona-za-otpadne-vode/
2. https://www.zrenjaninski.com/grad/potpisan-ugovor-o-otudjenju-zemljista-kinezi-u-ecki-grade-oko-300-stanova/
3. http://region.vojvodina.gov.rs/potpisan-sporazumo-saradnji-sa-hajnanom/?lang=rs
4. http://region.vojvodina.gov.rs/potpisan-sporazum-izmedju-vojvodine-i-provincije-fudjien/?lang=rs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.epcg.com/media-centar/saopstenja-za-javnost/potpisan-ugovor-za-ekolosku-rekonstrukciju-te-pljevlja
2. https://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/ekonomija/491089/rekonstruisace-most-na-djurdjevica-tari-nurkovic-i-paraca-potpisali-ugovor-sa-kineskim-savjetnikom-za-ekonomiju
3. https://mina.news/crnagora/crnoj-gori-150-hiljada-doza-kineske-vakcine/
4. https://kccg.me/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Ugovor-o-donaciji-Ambasada-Narodne-Republike-Kine-u-crnoj-Gori.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Sierra Leonean government has several agreements with the PRC.

1. https://mofaic.gov.sl/sierra-leone-signs-economic-and-technical-cooperation-agreements-with-china/
2. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/05/19/china-deal-to-build-a-fishing-harbor-in-sierra-leone-meets-resistance.html
3. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/africa/2021-05/15/c_139948096.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://allafrica.com/stories/202103180736.html
2. https://news.cgtn.com/news/2021-01-08/Wang-Yi-hails-the-four-important-consensuses-reached-with-Tanzania-WTlqxkNmhO/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.cdep.ro/interpel/2022/r4669A.pdf
2. https://www.mae.ro/bilateral-relations/3121
3. https://www.pmb.ro/interes-public/menu-page/acorduri-cooperare-colaborare-Municipiul%20Bucure%C8%99ti

Supplementary Notes

Over 30 partnerships between Romanian cities and counties and regional entities in the PRC have been concluded, including cities such as Bucharest, Cluj, Iasi or Constanta. Their real impact is not clear, however

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan has four provinces. They have constitutional autonomy over health, education, policing, mineral wealth, energy, etc. These provincial governments have routinely wooed Chinese govt/investors and signed several bilateral deals.

1. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/964797-mou-signed-on-setting-up-culture-education-exchange-centre
2. http://en.ce.cn/Insight/202206/28/t20220628_37811579.shtml
3. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2022/06/13/first-batch-of-chinas-vocational-college-on-electric-engineering-inaugurated-in-sindh/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Victoria Belt and Road Initiative - Framework Agreement has been nullified by the Federal government (Link)

1. https://archive.ph/Waarj

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/mlm5Z
2. https://archive.ph/wip/kZY0W
3. https://archive.ph/wip/tlg6u
4. https://archive.ph/wip/6PVJd

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.cta.int/en/article/nigeria-cross-river-signs-trade-agreement-with-china-sid033c4e953-e2d6-43d7-80b4-0653b36275d2
2. https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/446873-lagos-govt-chinese-firm-sign-agreement-to-produce-brand-new-cars.html

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The national airline, SAA, announced direct flights between SA and China in partnership with China Air: Link

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The contract between the government of Paraná and the Chinese state-owned pharmaceutical company Sinopharm took place amidst the race for immunization against Covid-19, which demonstrates the relevance of the approximation. The contract between the Chinese consortium, which has a state-owned company China Communications Construction Company, and the government of the state of Bahia for the construction of a bridge with an estimated cost of R$7.7 billion. The contract between the state of São Paulo and SinoVac laboratory was not considered, as it is a private Chinese company.

1. http://www.seti.pr.gov.br/Noticia/Governo-assina-termo-para-producao-de-vacina-contra-Covid
2. https://www.pge.ba.gov.br/procurador-geral-acompanha-assinatura-do-contrato-para-construcao-da-ponte-salvador-itaparica/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.noticiasfides.com/la-paz/33-nuevos-buses-pumakatari-parten-de-china-rumbo-a-la-paz-390270
2. https://eldeber.com.bo/santa-cruz/gobernacion-sella-acuerdo-de-cooperacion-con-sichuan_68842
3. https://eldeber.com.bo/bolivia/asi-es-el-chikititi-el-bus-que-la-paz-suma-a-su-transporte-municipal_134568
4. https://eldeber.com.bo/santa-cruz/san-carlos-aprobara-extraccion-de-aridos-a-cambio-de-un-baden_11660

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most of the mayors of Uruguayan provinces have visited China and signed cooperation agreements.

1. http://www.ci.gub.uy/index.php/2013-06-18-12-04-25/2013-06-18-12-04-50/885-falero-y-la-evaluacion-de-su-presencia-en-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A few agreements are being signed, though their impact varies. On the one hand, there have been a few sister city and sister departmental/provincial agreements, though these have been more symbolic than substantive. During the pandemic, some of these agreements were activated to provide facemasks from the Chinese side to the Colombian side, but no other substantive results have come out of them. On the other hand, recently, there has been an increasing number of infrastructure agreements with SOE’s, though they are not signed exclusively by sub-national governments, in that the central government also plays a major role in them. Regardless, these agreements have the potential to shape the very way life is lived in the city/department.

1. https://china.embajada.gov.co/node/news/21270/marco-del-proyecto-hermanamientos-entre-colombia-y-china-la-embajada-colombia
2. https://www.mintransporte.gov.co/publicaciones/8669/con-apoyo-de-la-nacion-regiotram-de-occidente-en-cundinamarca-firma-acta-de-inicio-para-sus-obras-de-construccion/
3. https://www.lafm.com.co/colombia/china-dona-20000-tapabocas-para-personas-de-escasos-recursos-en-ibague

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Es importante destacar que entre los años 2000 y 2006, se firmaron hasta ocho Acuerdos, Memorandos de Entendimiento y/o Cartas de Intención, entre una serie de gobiernos subnacionales de Venezuela y Provincias Chinas. Esta información se encuentre en el link número 1 de esta respuesta. Sin embargo, es difícil descifrar cuales de ellos aún se encuentran vigentes y cuales no. En segundo lugar, cabe destacar la visita del Gobernador del Estado Miranda de Venezuela, Héctor Rodríguez a China en el año 2018. De acuerdo con las declaraciones oficiales se firmaron una serie de acuerdos entre esta provincia venezolana y una serie de empresas de la Provincia de Guandong en China.

1. https://www.academia.edu/7624453/ACUERD_SUSCRITOS_ENTRE_LA_REPUBLICA_BOLIVARIANA_DE_VENEZUELA_Y_LA_REPUBLICA_POPULAR_CHINA_REGISTRADOS_POR_LA_EMBAJADA_EN_BEIJING_AL_25_DE_MARZO_2010
2. http://www.miranda.gob.ve/index.php/miranda-acordo-negocios-por-132-millones-de-petros-con-paises-euroasiaticos/
3. http://www.miranda.gob.ve/index.php/empresarios-chinos-visitaran-empresas-mirandinas/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

I work focus on energy sector and I follow carefully the Chinese oversea investment to coal fired projects in Vietnam. China is one of 3 big countries invest in coal project in Vietnam beside Korea and Japan. While Korea and Japan announced to stop funding for coal power oversea due to pressure of government commit on net zero emission. China is expected to be the biggest investors on coal project in Vietnam. Therefore, there are some MoU on finance mobilization between investors and Chinese partners have been made. The Article above show that Cong Thanh Group was sign MoU with Central South Electricity Design Institute of PRC on capital arrangement for Cong Thanh coal-fired power project with the participation of local provincial leaders. Cong Thanh Group is not state own company but they got support from local authorities of Thanh Hoa province to sign this MoU, where the project located.

1. https://baothanhhoa.vn/kinh-te/ky-ket-thu-xep-von-cho-du-an-nang-luong-sach-nhiet-dien-than-1x600mw-cong-thanh/136321.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the Golden Era, Manchester was targeted by then-Chancellor George Osborne as a place to direct Chinese investment, as part of his wider campaign to bring Chinese investment into the Northern Powerhouse. The launch of the Manchester China Forum was part of this and facilitated £6bn in the region. Notable projects include the Far East Consortium investment into the £1bn Northern Gateway project and the £1bn Airport City development involving Beijing Construction and Engineering Group as a major equity partner. During his 2015 speech in Chengdu, Osborne brought with him Richard Leese, the leader of Manchester, Sean Anstee, the leader of Trafford, Joe Anderson, the Mayor of Liverpool, Julie Dore, the leader of Sheffield, Michael Jones from Cheshire, Judith Blake from Leeds, Nick Forbes from Newcastle. All were council leaders.

1. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/chancellor-speech-in-chengdu-china-on-building-a-northern-powerhouse
2. https://www.investinmanchester.com/about-us/the-manchester-china-forum

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“China’s Xinhua news agency reports a Chinese engineering company has been working to rehabilitate one of Lebanon’s other ports, Tripoli, creating a berth to accommodate Chinese cranes capable of moving about 700 containers per day.” Link China Harbor Engineering Company Ltd is a subsidiary of China Communications Construction Company (CCCC) controlled by the Chinese government. Link The port of Tripoli in Lebanon - Chinese cranes and equipment are expected to boost the port's capacity (Photo) Link “The cost of this phase of the project stood at $51.7 million. The construction works were carried out by Chinese contracting firm, China Harbor Engineering Company (CHEC). Dar Al Handasah (Shair and Partners sal) were the project's consultants. CHEC signed a contract with the Authority of the Port of Tripoli in 2009. The firm had initially won the bid to undertake the project back in 2004, but works were delayed. So far the project has cost around $80 million… Officials expect the new infrastructural enhancements to drive the port’s activity up to unprecedented levels.” (Bids are announced by Ministry of Public Works and Transportation) Link

1. https://www.voanews.com/a/middle-east_rebuilding-beirut-port-could-prove-controversial-analysts-say/6194386.html
2. https://www.portseurope.com/port-of-tripoli-must-replace-destroyed-beirut-as-entry-gate-to-lebanon/
3. https://www.ft.com/content/386b3fd2-01db-11e9-99df-6183d3002ee1
4. http://www.businessnews.com.lb/cms/Story/StoryDetails/1411/Tripoli-harbor-improved

Supplementary Notes

“In the past two years, Chinese delegations have visited Lebanon more than nine times to deliver messages from 10 Chinese companies that were willing to invest $12.5 billion in massive infrastructure projects in the country. These projects include railway infrastructure, solar power, cleaning the Litani River, and were proposed to a heavyweight Lebanese official, the expert revealed. Dr. Massoud Daher, head of the Chinese-Lebanese Friendship and Cooperation Committee, echoed this assertion when he told Arab News that China “is forbidden from entering Lebanon in such ways.” This explains why the numerous Chinese offers to Lebanon over the past years, particularly those in the electricity sector, have not yielded any results.” Link

1. https://www.the961.com/china-invest-lebanon-electricity/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is an example of agreements signed when Xi Jinping visited India in 2014. It has changed after 2017 and in any case it was only State to State agreements and not at the sub-national level.

1. https://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/24012/List+of+Documents+signed+during+the+State+Visit+of+Chinese+President+Xi+Jinping+to+India

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are evidences of partnership agreements at subnational level between Ghanaian entities and PRC's

1. https://newsghana.com.gh/ghana-signs-sister-city-deal-with-china/
2. https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/ama-secures-750-million-chinese-grant-for-projects.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both larger and smaller cities in Bulgaria have signed agreements with official Chinese institutions, including Beijing's Embassy in Sofia, Confucius Institute, regional authorities in China for cooperation in the area of culture, economics, infrastructure.

1. https://www.sofia.bg/news-culture-01/-/asset_publisher/Tf6r0MlO2bPu/content/v-sofia-otkriha-p-rvia-za-centralna-i-iztocna-evropa-kulturen-cent-r-na-kitaj?inheritRedirect=false
2. https://www.plovdiv.bg/%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0/
3. https://www.mediapool.bg/kitai-shte-stroi-krai-sofiya-parviya-umen-grad-v-evropa-news267548.html
4. https://money.bg/economics/kitayski-investitor-stroi-zavod-v-obshtina-maritsa.html
5. https://www.troyan.bg/bg/posts/view/24882/

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Several local politicians signed agreements with the PRC. For instance, Styria notably signed a Memorandum with Jiangsu in 2011 and with Shanghai in 2017. Similarly, Lower Austria signed a MoU with Zhejiang in 2019. However, the agreements in themselves seem to have not had a significant impact on bilateral relations nor do they appear to lend PRC governments or state-owned enterprises a significant of influence in China. On the other hand, the government of Carinthia entered in 2016 a digital partnership with ZTE. The following years saw the implementation of several projects, notably installation of smart lighting in Pörtschach am Wörthersee, as well as more recently in 2019 the roll out of 5G technology. In contrast to the agreements between sub-national governments, this agreement between Carinthia and ZTE appears to have made a significant impact.

1. https://www.europa.steiermark.at/cms/ziel/162077018/DE/
2. https://www.noen.at/niederoesterreich/wirtschaft/noe-wirtschaft-will-in-china-staerker-werden-niederoesterreich-wirtschaft-china-144698964
3. https://www.tourismuspresse.at/presseaussendung/TPT_20190813_TPT0009/drei-zte-und-land-kaernten-starten-mit-dem-5g-echtbetrieb-in-der-digitalen-vorzeigeregion-woerthersee

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are city-company agreements/cooperations in cities where big Chinese MNEs invested (e.g. Miskolc, Komarom, Cegléd).

1. https://lefteast.org/chinese-capital-hungarian-accumulation-regime/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Chinese company COSCO Shipping signed a concession agreement with the Port of Zeebrugge in Belgium in 2018. The event was chaired by Kris Peeters (Deputy Prime Minister Minister for Work, Economic Affairs and Consumer Affairs, responsible for Foreign Trade), Carl Decaluwé (Governor, Province of West Flanders) and Renaat Landuyt (Mayor of the City of Bruges). In January 2022, Cosco obtained an extension of its concession for another 15 years, until December 31, 2055. The West Flanders Governor Carl Decaluwé has been collaborating with the Chinese province of Zhejiang for several decades. Both the Federal and the Flemish government signed cooperation agreements with Chinese ministries. Wallonia-Bruxelles has also a few agreements with provincial counterparts. "

1. https://www.made-in.be/west-vlaanderen/haven-zeebrugge-en-chinese-cosco-verlengen-hun-relatie-tot-en-met-2055/
2. https://en.coscoshipping.com/art/2018/1/23/art_6923_72178.html
3. https://www.fdfa.be/en/treaties-and-mous?f%5B0%5D=treaties-and-mous-countries-and-regions%3Achina-1&sort_by=paddle_publication_date&sort_order=DESC
4. http://be.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sghd/202206/t20220629_10711565.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://kinacentrum.se/publikationer/lokal-frost-i-relationerna/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://spanish.xinhuanet.com/chinaiber/2016-06/30/c_135479063.htm
2. https://www.nicoya.go.cr/noticia/93/municipalidad-de-nicoya-firma-con-china-un-programa-para-instalar-camaras-de-seguridad-en-el-canton

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://chisinau.md/tabview.php?l=ro&idc=526&id=2564

Supplementary Notes

The Moldovan capital Chisinau has cooperation agreements with Xi'an, Beijing, Qingdao and Chongqing. The latter is the most recent agreement, signed in 2013, so nothing is very actual or practical

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Azerbaijan’s Baku International Sea Trade Port in Alat, which China has supported with equipment on the basis of an intergovernmental grant agreement signed between Beijing and Baku. (see below URL)

1. https://www.cacianalyst.org/publications/analytical-articles/item/13604-chinas-soft-power-in-the-south-caucasus.html

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

BEIJING, 29 September (BelTA) – Belarus and China have signed a package of agreements and memorandums on cooperation in various fields. These documents were signed in the presence of the two heads of state in Beijing on 29 September, BelTA has learned. (see below URL)

1. https://eng.belta.by/politics/view/belarus-china-sign-package-of-cooperation-agreements-in-various-fields-94932-2016/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Art.5-1 of Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, any authorities or institution at each local government level of the Taiwan Area shall not negotiate or execute any agreement in any form with any individual, juristic person, organization, or other authorities or institution of the Mainland Area unless authorized by the Mainland Affairs Council, Executive Yuan. The term "agreement" means any written document involving the exercise of governmental powers or any matter of political issues, and executed between the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area.(Art. 4-2) According to Art. 33-1, unless permitted by each competent authorities concerned, no individual, juristic person, organization, or other institution of Taiwan can engage in almost all kinds of cooperative activities with the political parties, the military, the administration or of any political nature. And in Art. 33-2, any authorities, institutions or legislative organs at any local government level of Taiwan shall not form any coalition with any local authorities of China, unless it's approved by the related departments of the central government. Therefore, all contracts signed between the local governments in Taiwan and the government or state-owned corporations in China have to be non-political and seek approval from the Ministry of Interior. The legal contract and cooperation are mostly limited in tourism and export of products. The recent contracts signed between Taiwanese local governments and China are: MOU of development in tourism between Penghu and Shanghai, and the contracts and MOUs signed during the tour of former Kaohsiung mayor Han Kuo-yu to Hong Kong and China in March 2019. It's worth noted that, although the representatives on the signing ceremonies are usually the city mayors, but the actual entities in the contracts are usually the farmers' and fishermen's associations, corporations, organizations and foundations. From the beginning of 2019, there were also rumors of local Chinese governments signing agreements with the Taiwanese local representatives in order to rope them in. But the Mainland Affairs Council announced that the heads of villages or neighborhood has no public power to sign any contract, and the behavior is against the Art.33-1 of Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area, which will be fined NT$500 thousand the highest.

1. https://www.mac.gov.tw/News_Content.aspx?n=BBE4598927D42942&sms=C230CDCD5903512F&s=55DD4A8BF544FE0B
2. https://law.moj.gov.tw/ENG/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?pcode=Q0010001
3. http://www.taiwan.cn/local/dfkx/201905/t20190517_12165807.htm
4. https://cissearch.kcc.gov.tw/Upload/Attachment/ProjectReport/92/636df6e7-6eee-47e1-a08f-377d7b642805.pdf
5. https://news.pts.org.tw/article/428841

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Chen Yu-jie

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Many municipalities have signed cooperation agreements and use Chinese-provided services or products. Nevertheless, some of these agreements have not gotten any public attention. Moreover, some of these agreements are signed but haven’t been driven to practical outcomes. Maybe it would be good to mark a difference between the existence of an agreement and how it manifests during execution.

1. https://www.munistgo.cl/municipio-de-santiago-y-autoridades-chinas-firman-convenio-de-cooperacion/
2. https://www.sanantonio.cl/municipalidad/noticias/item/7834-delegacion-china-de-dezhou-realizan-visita-a-san-antonio.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

These deals are often fringe and lead to nowhere, especially for the given time-frame.

1. https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/1142743803-reporteri-ct/220452801240036/obsah/800730-drahe-sliby
2. https://sinopsis.cz/citic-vede-cesko-do-nove-ery-cinskeho-vlivu-vstric-velkemu-skoku-vzad-a-exportu-leninskeho-autoritarstvi/
3. https://sinopsis.cz/jak-hamacek-s-tvrdikem-zachranovali-cesko/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The answer for this question is 2 as the rating was made in the context of the whole country. The number of the signed agreements on the regional level (województwa) is large. Around 20% of 100 largest cities maintain some relations with PRC partners. However, the agreements themselves do not have in many cases any direct practical impact on the dynamics and nature of mutual relations, where according to author’s own unpublished research there have been only a few significant cases of cooperation. Therefore the answer is marked as 2 but actually it is more than 2. Another issue is that answering this question could lead to a distorted image of the situation. In several cases local authorities signed cooperation agreements with PRC SOEs as a result of a public tender process for infrastructural projects. If the Chinese offer (at least formally) fits best the criteria, the local authorities are obliged to sign the contract. Such situation does not mean that Chinese SOEs has some influence or relations with local authorities. It is simply a legal process.

1. https://wydawnictwo.uni.lodz.pl/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/KAMINSKI_The-role-of-Regions-in-EU-.pdf
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20210829155613/https://repozytorium.uni.lodz.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11089/30037/The%20Subnational%20Dimension%20of%20the%20EU-China%20Relations.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION AND THE PREVENTION OF FISCAL EVASION WITH RESPECT TO TAXES ON lNCOME- Link President Xi Jinping and his Uzbek counterpart, Islam Karimov, signed agreements worth US$15 billion in key sectors, including the exploitation of oil, gas and uranium fields in the Central Asian state.- Link Currently, Uzbekistan and China are in the most-favored-nation treatment, which facilitates higher mutual trade. According to the Goskomstat of the Republic, the volume of Uzbekistan-China trade turnover in 2019 amounted to $ 7.6 billion, or 18.1% of Uzbekistan’s total foreign trade, and in the first quarter of 2020 reached 1 billion 364 million 300 thousand dollars, of which Uzbekistan’s exports to China amounted to 400.8 million dollars, while imports from China totaled 963.5 million dollars- Link 1994, March 27- Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Encouragement and Reciprocal Protection of Investments ; 2011- Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Promotion and Protection of Investments Link Following talks, the two heads of state jointly signed the Treaty between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Uzbekistan on Friendly Cooperative Partnership and attended the signing ceremony of over 10 documents including China-Uzbekistan Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement and China-Uzbekistan Mutual Help on Customs Agreement- Link

1. http://www.chinatax.gov.cn/n810341/n810770/c1153533/5027037/files/c97a6134e42846119a8bcef885816ba9.pdf
2. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1307127/china-uzbekistan-sign-agreements-worth-us15-billion
3. https://cabar.asia/en/uzbekistan-china-relations-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
4. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/ceee//eng/dtxw/t197953.htm

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.amo.cz/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Mapinfluence-policy-paper-SK.pdf
2. https://ceias.eu/under-the-radar/

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are more than a few instances where politicians or government employees at the sub-national level are signing agreements with the PRC government or state owned enterprises.

1. https://www.newagebd.net/article/72279/onelink.to/article/35972
2. https://thedailynewnation.com/news/131913/Water-logging-to-be-resolved--very-shortly-:-CCC-Mayor
3. https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/rajshahi-city-signs-friendship-loi-with-chinas-yiyang-city-1540196640

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://www.bitola.gov.mk/sorabotkabitolaningbo/
2. https://mia.mk/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80-%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF/
3. https://javnaadministracija.mk/2022/05/03/vinitsa-sorabotka-so-narodna-republika-kina/
4. http://mk.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/brns/201608/t20160818_2574290.htm
5. https://javnaadministracija.mk/2022/06/26/kratovo-potpishana-spogodba-za-zbratimuvane-so-dhincheng-nr-kina/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bit.ly/38RUqNP
2. https://bit.ly/3z8bt98

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://expertforum.ro/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/China-Watch-Chinese-communities-in-Romania-Bulgaria-and-Ukraine.pdf.pdf

Supplementary Notes

Many regional authorties signed cooperation agreements with authortitiesin PRC and chinese companies.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20200310091132/https://henryjacksonsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/HJS-Sharp-Power-Report-FINAL.pdf
2. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/it0.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.ftm.nl/artikelen/steden-en-provinciebanden-met-chinese-tegenhangers-2?share=q7it7OA7KDmWcHxWXIIY2Q876cHhwxGRfd1GKRN5W6cE6jmZ5wK%2FtOsmfwuU8TY%3D
2. https://www.clingendael.org/sites/default/files/2022-01/vriendschap-winnen.pdf

Supplementary Notes

In the last years there were 14 agreements between Dutch and Chinese provinces, roughly half are dormant or inactive

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been two cases of politicians signing agreements with PRC government or state owned enterprises, but both these agreements were signed before the period this index addresses. However, activities that were defined by them are still rolling out. First agreement was signed in November 2018 between Minister of Communications and Transport, Ismir Jusko, and Vice President of Associations of companies from Central and Eastern Europe and the Nordic countries, Tian Hua, on cooperation in the field of innovation and technology between China and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The second agreement was signed in June 2019 between the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Srpska, Natalija Trivić, and the Ambassador of China to BiH, Ji Ping. That agreement regulates providing Chinese language teachers for five schools in which Chinese is taught as an elective course.

1. https://banjaluka.net/potpisan-sporazum-kina-obezbjedjuje-nastavnike-za-kineski-jezik/
2. https://ba.n1info.com/vijesti/a296093-zavrsen-treci-forum-inovacija-sarajevo-unlimited/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since January 2020 there have been no bilateral agreements between PRC government/SOE and Albanian sub-national level entities. The only retrieved exchanges have been some activities based on former agreements/memorandums, such as the “cities twinning” agreement between Tirana and Beijing (2008). Before January 2020 there have been various activities and agreements between the parties. In 2008 Tirana was city twinned with Beijing (See: Link ) In 2013 Tirana Municipality signed a memorandum of cooperation in the field of economic cooperation with China State Construction Engineering Ltd (Link ) , and Durres Municipality also in 2014 signed a cooperation agreement with Ningbo Municipality. (See: Linkë-takim-delegacionin-zyrtar-nga-qyteti-kinez-i-ningbo ); In 2019 Tirana Municipality hosted the 17+1 forum. (See: Link

1. http://www.panorama.com.al/projektet-strategjike-bashkia-e-tiranes-memorandum-me-kinen/
2. https://www.durres.gov.al/bashkia/zyra-e-shtypit/540-kryebashkiaku-vangjush-dako-pret-në-takim-delegacionin-zyrtar-nga-qyteti-kinez-i-ningbo
3. https://tirana.al/artikull/mblidhet-ne-tirane-forumi-17-1-ne-nivel-kryetare-bashkish

Supplementary Notes

Other activities at the sub-national level included reception of Chinese community living in Tirana (See: Link), donations in celebration of particular dates (See: Link ) ; or donation of medical equipment: Link and Link ) However agreements are not of significant importance, and their nature is rather symbolic.

1. https://tirana.al/artikull/bashkia-e-tiranes-dhe-ambasada-kineze-pritje-per-komunitetin-kinez-qe-jeton-ne-kryeqytet
2. http://al.chineseembassy.org/eng/zagx/zajw/202009/t20200929_2533359.htm
3. http://al.chineseembassy.org/eng/zagx/zajw/202007/t20200701_2533350.htm
4. http://al.chineseembassy.org/eng/zagx/zajw/202002/t20200217_2533340.htm

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During the tenure of the PF, this was prevalent during the reign of the Patriotic Front. We are yet to see whether the current officials will be doing the same

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-02/10/c_136044806.htm
2. https://www.lusakatimes.com/2017/07/29/twinning-lusaka-province-sichuan-province-transform-livelihoods-veep/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://belt.china.org.cn/2017-11/15/content_41894135.htm?f=pad&a=false

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.primicias.ec/noticias/sociedad/solucion-vial-guayasamin-quito-crbc-municipio/

Supplementary Notes

Desde el 2020 (e incluso desde 2017), se firmaron muy pocos acuerdos en los niveles subnacionales del Ecuador, por ejemplo (enlace 1), incluso en el caso del municipio de Quito, tras la salida del alcalde, no ha quedado claro si continuarán esta y otras negociaciones.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Local politicians in Singapore have no authority to sign agreements with foreign entities.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Direct Evidence Found.

Supplementary Notes

Since the Chinese are present in these provinces, they might have close ties and agreements with the local government. The presence of trade unions in Chinese oil and gas companies differs a lot depending on the region. A trade union is present in all four Chinese companies in Mangystau province, in 6 of 9 companies in Kyzyl-Orda province, 9 of 15 companies in Aktobe province, but only in 1 of 15 Chinese enterprises in Atyrau province. Link In Kazakhstan, together with foreign investors, they plan to launch five projects worth $ 127 million, "including a project worth $ 26 million in the Almaty region with the participation of Chinese capital". Link

1. https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/belt_and_road_initiative_in_central_asia.pdf
2. https://russian.eurasianet.org/%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9-%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA-%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F-%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85-%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.cm.gov.py/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/constitucion-nacional-PARA-INCISO-C.pdf
2. https://archive.ph/MgJM6
3. https://archive.ph/cWJc9
4. https://www.taiwanembassy.org/py_es/post/14554.html

Supplementary Notes

There are no reports on such agreements. Although municipalities and governorates have a certain level of autonomy, it would be very strange for them to be related to a country with which the central government has no formal relation. There is evidence of the relationship of organisations linked to Taiwan with sub-national governments.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Went through Kadan, Mondulkiri, Ratanakiri provinces search but did not find any supporting evidence.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No supporting evidence found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence available.

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No public record exists to state that politicians or government employees in Latvia are signing agreements with the PRC government or state-owned enterprises.

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

My interactions with staff of the Banjul city council and Ministry of Foreign Affairs suggest to the contrary that this has happened in the Gambia.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Only for twin city agreements. (see below URL)

1. https://www.orleans-metropole.fr/decouvrir-la-metropole-orleanaise/relations-internationales/les-villes-amies/yangzhou-chine

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

One reservation regarding this question is that twinning agreements are not always reported and their content often remains obscure.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence found.

1. https://www.sodercan.es/la-provincia-china-de-fujian-dona-a-cantabria-5-000-mascarillas-quirurgicas-kn95-y-10-000-mascarillas-quirurgicas-desechables/

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such incident occurred. Nicaragua is a centralized country where most decisions are made by its president. Being a unitary country, local governments have very little power and independence.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is unknown, but 75% certain that the agreements exist.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team