Academia

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Once there was a riot at the Faculty of Humanities of Hanyang University in Seongdong-gu, Seoul, between students from China and students who support democracy in Hong Kong.

1. https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2019/11/14/2019111400228.html

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

With nearly 300,000 Chinese students enrolled in American universities, Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs) are highly active on US college campuses, and often speak out against perceived anti-China slights or demonstrations. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "More than a few" rating. The prevalence of these organizations has resulted self-censorship and censorship among Chinese students. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Singnificant" rating.

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/student-associations-georgetown-09282023111042.html
2. https://reason.com/2022/11/11/a-pretty-scary-moment-dissident-chinese-students-say-george-washington-university-is-failing-them/
3. https://www.axios.com/2023/05/08/chinese-students-us-education
4. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/china/human-rights-04272023140531.html
5. https://www.axios.com/2023/05/08/chinese-students-us-education
6. https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/07/13/testimony-us-house-committee-education-and-workforce

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Most universities in the UK with PRC students have CSSAs. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a 'More than a few' rating. Reports suggest that the majority of UK CSSAs have close ties and interests with the PRC embassy, operating numerous private WeChat groups and occasionally call on members to attend specific events to defend the PRC government's positions. Additionally, CSSAs and certain Chinese students are actively involved in monitoring and censoring other Chinese and Hong Kong students, including harassment during in-person events and disseminating threatening speech online. In 2022, the British intelligence agency MI5 publicly stated that the country is facing the espionage threat conducted by the CCP through students. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a 'Significant' rating.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/jul/06/50-chinese-students-leave-uk-in-three-years-after-spy-chiefs-warning
2. https://nationalpost.com/news/world/how-beijing-made-its-way-into-the-heart-of-british-academia
3. https://medium.com/dfrlab/how-cssas-reinforce-official-narratives-to-expat-chinese-students-on-wechat-fec88c85f2b

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Publicly reported after event hosting Uyghur activist.

1. https://www.irishtimes.com/ireland/2024/05/23/ireland-has-acute-national-security-problem-conference-hears/
2. https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLevFRmM0fXcSqv3zJBF4OKIa5WhzByw8U
3. https://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/commentanalysis/arid-41394388.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yin Jie, member of Baltic Chinese Students and Scholars Association, was reported to harass Hong Kong students from Tartu University, Estonia's national university. Therefore, this indicator deserves a 'Significant' rating.

1. https://sinopsis.cz/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/ccpestonia0.pdf
2. https://4jaleht.postimees.ee/7032595/tartu-ulikooli-hongkongi-tudengid-langesid-tagakiusu-ohvriks
3. https://www.facebook.com/tartuuniversity/posts/our-two-students-from-hong-kong-litman-huang-and-aubrey-yung-write-about-the-ong/10157541118151472/
4. https://baltic-china.webs.com/&-27874;&-32599;&-30340;&-28023;&-20013;&-22269;&-23398;&-29983;&-23398;&-32773;&-32852;&-21512;&-20250;&-31456;&-31243;.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There were few cases made public, e.g. when students at the Berlin Technology University solidarized with the Hong Kong democracy movement and received threats from China in 2019, or when the university of Duisburg-Essen cancelled a book event on Xi Jinping due to pressure from China in 2021. There is an ongoing debate on whether to terminate university cooperation with China due to suspicions of espionage and exertion of influence.

1. https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/asta-der-tu-berlin-erhalt-morddrohungen-6869929.html
2. https://www.handelsblatt.com/politik/international/china-politik-berlin-draengt-auf-aus-fuer-uni-kooperationen-mit-chinas-konfuzius-instituten/29224482.html
3. https://www.dw.com/de/bundesregierung-will-chinas-einfluss-an-unis-stoppen/a-66137173

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Reports have identified CSSA censorship and intimidation in Australian campuses. One CSSA member has admitted to reporting dissident Chinese student movements to the Chinese embassy. In the Chinese student community, the impact of such censorship is generally considered to be significant, as reported in think tank reports and by dissident students. Most of the high-profile cases occurred during the 2019 Hong Kong protests, when it was alleged that CSSAs coordinated Chinese students to engage in counterprotests against pro-democracy protests. While these cases fall outside of the reporting period, the record of censorship and intimidation continues to create an atmosphere of fear among Chinese and Hong Kong students.

1. https://thepienews.com/news/foreign-interference-australia/
2. https://apo.org.au/node/317126
3. https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/06/30/they-dont-understand-fear-we-have/how-chinas-long-reach-repression-undermines
4. https://www.aspi.org.au/report/party-speaks-you?ref=quillette.com
5. https://thepienews.com/news/australia-report/
6. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-30/china-international-students-australia-human-rights-watch-report/100253852

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China has nearly 50,000 students in France

1. https://www.lemonde.fr/education/article/2021/10/05/47-500-etudiants-chinois-en-france-un-fer-de-lance-pour-pekin_6097227_1473685.html#:~:text=Car%20selon%20Campus%20France%2C%20il,%2C%20indique%2Dt%2Dil.
2. https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/editorial/la-chine-dans-les-universites-francaises-un-pouvoir-pas-tres-soft-20210726_KIC5J36ZJVBNXHPMCHNMONGWWQ/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been accusations in this direction, but they have generally been resisted well by the academic staff and students and brought to public debate. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "More than a few" and "Insignificant" rating.

1. https://nos.nl/artikel/2369102-studenten-in-nederland-vrezen-china-sommigen-durven-hun-mond-niet-open-te-doen
2. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/25/dutch-university-gives-up-chinese-funding-due-to-impartiality-concerns
3. https://leidenasiacentre.nl/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Frank-Pieke-Chinese-influence-and-interference-LeidenAsiaCentre-Rapport.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A Chinese Scholar and Student Association (CSSA) operates in Singapore. Compared to similar organizations overseas, it is relatively low-key. Informal reports suggest that the CSSA and/or its affiliates have harassed faculty and others through formal complaint mechanisms at universities. This allegedly occurs when faculty address sensitive issues such as Taiwan, Xinjiang, Tibet, and the South China Sea. In 2019, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) circulated a memo to faculty and staff, instructing them not to refer to Taiwan and Hong Kong in ways that could be construed as recognizing them as countries. No other university in Singapore has issued a similar directive. It is suspected that the change was the result of internal pressure. NTU has yet to rescind or supersede the directive. To err on the side of caution, given the lack of direct evidence, I code this measure as 'Yes (More than a few, insignificant).

1. https://www.sgcssa.org
2. https://www1.hhlink.com/link/www.sgcssa.org/Chinese-Scholars-and-Students-Association
3. https://www.linkedin.com/company/chinese-scholars-and-students-association-in-singapore/about/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Some Chinese students associations are said to be under the direct control of the Chinese embassies and are mobilized for intelligence purposes. However, it is hard to tell the extent to which they are mobilized.

1. https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/706499

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by Ryohei Suzuki and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been accusations in this direction, but they have generally been resisted well by the academic staff and students and brought to public debate. Greater fears exist about informal pressure or self-censorship of staff and student organizations. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Few" and "Insignificant" rating. To the best of my understanding, the CSSUI (Link) is one of the venues that has been used to share content that could be considered harassing or censoring on issues of human rights abuses in the PRC.

1. https://www.asianews.it/notizie-it/Politecnico-di-Milano,-docente-cinese-a-studente-di-Taipei:-Taiwan-%C3%A8-Cina-55458.html
2. https://www.cssui.org/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are scholars invited to take trips to have academic meetings, conferences or scholarly discussions. Those are interested to pursue higher degree are also offered scholarships to study in China. There are quite a number of scholarships provided by PRC government for Indonesians. As most Indonesian students would need financial assistance to study abroad, scholarships granted by the PRC government are attracting Indonesian students, making them flock to China. However, the scholarship provided by PRC government not yet publicly translated directly to positive attitude toward China.

1. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-persuaded-one-muslim-nation-to-keep-silent-on-xinjiang-camps-11576090976

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No evidence was found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found.

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Supplementary Notes

No new evidence was found.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no information available on the involvement of organized student groups connected to the People's Republic of China (PRC), such as Chinese Student and Academic Associations (CSSAs), in attempts to censor staff or students

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2018, only 78 students in the Chilean education system were reported to come from China (compated with 1766 US students). A significant proportion of said international students are allocated within the universities and institutions that also host the confucious institutes. Tha Chinese embassy in Chile has visited these groups of Chinese students in person. There isn't public information of attempts to censor staff or open complains that have been registerred.

1. https://www.emol.com/noticias/Nacional/2018/01/05/890004/Estudiantes-de-intercambio-Quienes-son-los-extranjeros-que-vienen-a-estudiar-a-Chile-.html
2. http://cl.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxw/201806/t20180615_4309162.htm

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no records for this aspect. Therefore, there is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no CSSA’s or CSSA-like entities in Colombian universities or in Colombian society, most likely given extremely low numbers of Chinese students and scholars in Colombia. Therefore no evidence can be found to support this claim.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

no

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no evidence of that in Algeria

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Coud'nt find

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No known cases of that widely available to the public (e.g. through media).

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been no public report of such a phenomenon in the observed period of time.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No recorded examples.

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Supplementary Notes

Very little public news sources on this though.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been some media reports about how Chinese PhD students sign "loyalty contracts" before coming to Denmark to study: Link

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are Albanian students who have graduated from PRC Universities, and they might be in touch with alumni groups, but there is no public statement in support of the statement.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2014/08/06/accounts-confucius-institute-ordered-censorship-chinese-studies-conference

Supplementary Notes

There was an incident in 2014 involving the organisation of the European Association for Chinese Studies Conference in Braga. One of the sponsors was a Taiwanese entity and its inclusion in the programme was contested and slashed by the Chinese official who was a visitor to this conferenceand demanded that the sponsored page be removed. EACS was adamant that this was a violation of its freedom and, therefore, condemned the incident. It seems to have been an isolated case and, therefore, no need to change the negative answer to this Indicator.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no such cases made public. The number of students present in Romania is low, in the dozens

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are no PRC-connected student groups at all, since the number of Chinese students in Moldova is insignificant

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Ukraine there has never been much public discussion about this.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No such observation available.

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. NO LINK

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There are likely no Chinese students studying in Turkmenistan, as the country has strict rules prohibiting foreigners from living there. According to a 2014 article titled "Professor Minavar Abibra of the Department of Uyghur Language and Literature was awarded the Makhtoum Kuri Feilager Award by the President of Turkmenistan," the PRC only has one expert on the Turkmen language.

1. NO LINK

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

PRC government has suspended the enrollment process of Chinese students to Taiwanese universities since April 2020 and all Chinese bachelor students will be graduated by August 2024. As the number of students decreases, there hasn't been wellknown cases of harassment or censorship conducted by Chinese student groups.

1. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/ahel/202304100026.aspx
2. https://money.udn.com/money/story/5603/7704135

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

However, there was a case when a Czech Academy of Science fellow of PRC nationality physically attacked his colleagues for talking about Tibet and Dalai Lama during a public event aimed at children.

1. https://zpravy.aktualne.cz/domaci/cinsky-vyzkumnik-av-napadl-kolegy/r~b57ecf9ee64711eca3c0ac1f6b220ee8/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Chinese Students Association in Poland was less active in 2022-2023 compared to the preceding periods. There were rumors about single cases of Chinese student’s that commented on the Taiwan position during lectures but they were not organized CSSA and information on those few cases is not publicly available (at least basing on the reporters knowledge)

1. https://archive.ph/StfB8

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Censorship and self-censorship among academic staff and students is not uncommon on the domestic level and human rights protests of any kind are rarely allowed. Moreover, Vietnam adheres to one-China policy and does not recognize Taiwan as a separate state.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No publicly available evidence to support this claim. In the past this may have happened when Hong Kong students have been harassed bu there is no publicly available evidence to suggest it was orgchestrated by CSSA

1. https://web.archive.org/web/20231202124509/
2. https://newsroom.co.nz/2019/08/15/university-wraps-up-investigation-into-hong-kong-protest/

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula, Alfred Bulakali and Christian Rumu

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I have heard of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not that I know of.

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Argentina there are no PRC connected student groups operating in universities or academic institutions developing any kind of public activism. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "no" response.

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no record of Chinese students associations in Uruguay. There were only a few Chinese students who were in Uruguay for short periods. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "no" response.

Supplementary Notes

Link

1. https://www.ort.edu.uy/71747/32/desde-china-10-meses-para-conocer-y-aprender.html

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon.

1. https://www.facebook.com/p/Chinese-Students-and-Scholars-Association-in-the-PhilippinesCSSAPInc-100080420080638/?paipv=0&eav=AfY0a0Vq_hTOn6CcoQ6i5xDC7QBVik0ULnPPXjED7SONiMQkVUxNxuAAYI_ubF6H5YM&_rdr

Supplementary Notes

While there are several CSSAs in the country, there have been no reports that they have been involved in censoring staff or students over PRC-related content.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no indicator of the said phenomenon.

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There have been no observations of the formation and active engagement of organized PRC-connected student groups, such as Chinese Students and Scholars Associations (CSSAs), in Myanmar. However, there are groups of students studying Burmese studies at the University of Yangon and Mandalay. It is possible that they may form informal friendship groups for information sharing purposes.

Supplementary Notes

There is no reported association called CSSAs in the country.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Agather Atuhaire

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sérgio Chichava

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are unable to find any source which indicates it

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of CSSAs in Canada censoring students in Canadian universities critical of PRC in 2022. There were cases under this category in the past but there were no cases reported in 2022.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The number of Chinese students in Israel is negligible. There are no known cases of such involvement.

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.