Foreign Policy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Singapore seems somewhat ambivalent. Top officials have voiced a need to exercise care. A working-level official has voiced support and this has been published in both the PRC and international media. Singapore officials and diplomats in particular are subject to significant discipline and internal scrutiny. Usually much more so than other states. Statements on highly sensitive issues such as Xinjiang are very likely to require higher level approvals, even if it is issued by a consul-general.

1. http://wap.xjdaily.com/xjrb/20210629/177030.html
2. https://www.economist.com/china/2021/08/07/chinas-efforts-to-lift-xinjiangs-economy-may-smother-it
3. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-at-the-Aspen-Security-Forum

Supplementary Notes

Singapore Prime Minister at Aspen Security Forum, August 3, 2021: I think it is a very delicate matter for China. They have a very challenging situation to deal with in Xinjiang because it is one of those situations where you are not sure whether which way to go. If you take it very stringently and tightly, that may result in a pushback. If you ease up too much, that may result in situation bursting forth elsewhere. And from an external point of view, if you take a view that you want to express moral approval or disapproval, then you have to try and make a calculation whether that will make a difference to your objective, and will that make things better or worse in China? It is always delicate for a country to be publicly expressed disapproval of and to accept that and say yes, I will learn and do better. I think no country in the world does that. So the question is how you are able to continue to operate with them and yet at the same time, you have your views, they have their views, and without compromising your position, you maintain your dignity but you do the business, which is necessary. You have had to do that in many countries on many occasions; your diplomats understand this problem. Link Singapore Consul-General in Shanghai, 許瑋芝, 新疆日報, June 26, 2021: 新加坡驻上海总领馆政务领事许玮芝说，一路走来，我们看到政府花了大力气来改善当地人民生活。更为可贵的是，各项措施不断提高居民生活质量，同时做到“修旧如旧”，充分体现了新疆重视保护少数民族文化的事实。 Link Singapore Consul-General in Shanghai, 許瑋芝, The Economist, August 7, 2021: “We have seen the great effort by the government to improve the lives of local people,” gushed the consul-general of Singapore, according to Xinjiang Daily, a state-run newspaper. Link

1. https://www.pmo.gov.sg/Newsroom/PM-Lee-Hsien-Loong-at-the-Aspen-Security-Forum
2. http://wap.xjdaily.com/xjrb/20210629/177030.html
3. https://amp.economist.com/china/2021/08/07/chinas-efforts-to-lift-xinjiangs-economy-may-smother-it?__twitter_impression=true

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2019, "at the UN meeting, the Kyrgyz side openly supported the Chinese side, highly appreciating the effective measures taken by the Chinese side to protect the tradition and religion of the Xinjiang national minorities and ensure security and stability in Xinjiang." Source: Link

1. http://kg.china-embassy.org/rus/ggwj/t1790710.htm

Answered by Bakytbek Satybekov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In these articles, China thanks Kazakhstan for its support for putting pressure on Xinjiang. Link Link Central Asia is also a crucial juncture in China’s national security strategy. Prominent scholars like Wang Jisi at Peking University argue that China must “march west” and pay attention to this region to maintain stability in its restive frontier regions of Tibet and Xinjiang. Collectively, Kazakhstan and neighboring Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan share a 2,050-mile border with Xinjiang. Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-kazakhstan-idUSKCN1RA01A
2. https://www.arabnews.com/node/1474461/world
3. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/16/why-are-there-anti-china-protests-central-asia/

Supplementary Notes

FYI In Xinjiang, Kazakh citizens are actively protected by the Kazakh government. Kazakhstan made its strongest and most public comment on the issue with a statement from the Foreign Ministry commenting that in mid-May during the latest “Kazakhstan-Chinese consultations on consular matters” the two sides discussed the “protection of the rights and interests of the citizens of the two countries, and also the mutual trips of residents of Kazakhstan and China.” Link

1. https://thediplomat.com/2018/06/carefully-kazakhstan-confronts-china-about-kazakhs-in-xinjiang-re-education-camps/

Answered by Tatiana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Tajikistan supports China's stance regarding Uyghurs as it also arrests them on its territory. Uyghurs Held in Tajikistan! Three Uyghur businessmen with Turkish citizenship have been detained by authorities in Tajikistan, sparking fears that the men may have been held due to pressure from China, according to Uyghur groups. Tajik officials are tight-lipped about the case and the circumstances that provoked the detentions remain unclear. Link In July 2019, Tajikistan was one of 50 countries that backed China's policies in Xinjiang, signing a joint letter to the UNHRC commending China's "remarkable achievements in the field of human rights", claiming "Now safety and security has returned to Xinjiang and the fundamental human rights of people of all ethnic groups there are safeguarded. Link Link In November 2019, Tajikistan was one of 54 countries that signed a joint statement supporting China's Xinjiang policies. Link

1. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/tajikistan-01242011150501.html
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations
3. https://www.economist.com/sites/default/files/images/print-edition/20190727_CNM997.png
4. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201910/31/WS5db9ce19a310cf3e3557486d.html

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://qz.com/africa/1667141/african-leaders-defend-china-arrests-of-uyghur-muslims-in-xinjiang/

Answered by Christian Ngnie, and has been reviewed by Fadel Thior

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/coalition-countries-calls-access-uyghur-internment-camps-xinjiang-region
2. https://www.telesurtv.net/news/portavoz-de-china-en-venezuela-fija-postura-sobre-xinjiang-20190808-0029.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On Friday a diverse group of states — including Russia, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria, Algeria and North Korea -- replied on Beijing's behalf. "We commend China's remarkable achievements in the field of human rights," said the letter, also signed by Myanmar, the Philippines, Zimbabwe and others. Echoing China's defense of the camps, Friday's letter described them as "vocational education and training centers." Link

1. https://news.abs-cbn.com/overseas/07/13/19/philippines-36-other-countries-defend-china-over-xinjiang-in-un-letter

Supplementary Notes

While Filipino social media users, academics and civil organization has shown negative stance against China’s treatment of Uyghurs, the PH government signing the letter shows a substantial evidence supporting China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

… “Do you want us to keep them for ages until they have children for three generations?” asked Prayuth Chan-ocha, Thailand’s military-backed Prime Minister. Prayuth’s question, however, elided a key consideration: Thailand needs China’s support, and China wanted the Uighurs back. (Link) Thailand condemned for repatriation of 109 Uighurs to China (Link) Thailand was not a party of a letter which was signed by 35 countries to defend China re letter submitted to UNHRC..( Link)

1. https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2015/07/thailand-china-uighur-refugees/398318/
2. https://apnews.com/article/299f00fdcd734a028f40c13d504efa33
3. https://www.dw.com/en/rights-groups-slam-thailands-uighur-repatriation/a-18573559
4. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
5. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-uighurs-china-idUSKCN0PJ0E120150709

Supplementary Notes

Though these acts by the government represent their stance, it is understood that they are accepting PRC’s request irrespective of various HR regulations etc. Since the Thai government has not spoken on this issue formally, these acts of repatriation may reflect their support in PRC’s will. -- Thailand doesn’t directly express her voice in supporting PRC’s stance. However, Thai government sent back 100 more Uyghur immigrants to China in 2015. Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-thailand-uighurs-china-idUSKCN0PJ0E120150709

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• …Cambodia was one of the countries with other 49 states that signed a July 12, 2019 letter to the U.N. Human Rights Council, which expressed support for PRC policies in Xinjiang…. Link • …Deputy Prime Minister Sar Kheng reportedly said to UN officials later that the government was then in a “difficult position due to pressure from outside forces”, according to British journalist Bill Hayton, who wrote about the incident in his 2014 book “South China Sea.”… .. The day after the Uyghurs were deported, then-Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping made a short visit to Cambodia with a pledge of $1.2 billion in aid to Prime Minister Hun Sen’s government… … Cambodia was among 37 states joining a petition in July last year, at the United Nations’ Human Rights Council in Geneva, in support of China’s policies in Xinjiang province, where a large number of Uyghurs live…. Link

1. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
2. https://www.voacambodia.com/a/icc-prosecutor-says-cambodia-uyghur-deportation-insufficient-to-initiate-investigation/5703104.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There was the case of Uyghur Muslim-Chinese students arrested and deported from Egypt to China. “Uyghur students in Egypt face arrest, deportation to China” Link "For its part, Cairo has helped identify and detain Uighur Chinese citizens in Egypt for interrogation and repatriation to China, where they may face enrollment into brutal “re-education” facilities likened to concentration camps. Egypt has allowed Chinese officials to interrogate Uighurs in Egyptian prisons, a rare exception to usual Egyptian practice." Link

1. https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2019/09/egypt-china-uighur-students-detained-trade-relations-ethnic.html
2. https://www.power3point0.org/2020/02/20/egypt-and-chinas-telecoms-a-concerning-courtship/
3. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/arab-states-give-china-pass-uyghur-crackdown

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/srbija-kina-deklaracija-ujguri-ljudska-prava/30745090.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. http://pt.china-embassy.org/pot/xbwz/zgyw/202101/t20210112_3063844.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://qz.com/africa/1667141/african-leaders-defend-china-arrests-of-uyghur-muslims-in-xinjiang/
2. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/ce/cegv/eng/dbdt/t1886467.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Both Taliban and Afghan government supported PRC claims on PRC’s policy in Xinjiang.

1. https://mil.news.sina.com.cn/2021-07-10/doc-ikqciyzk4706700.shtml
2. https://www.bbc.com/zhongwen/trad/world/2014/10/141028_china_afghanistan

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As the report "Who are the 37 countries that support China's position on Xinjiang? The list is coming" reveals, amongst 37 countries that signed the letter to United Nation Human Rights Council supporting PRC’s policy in Xinjiang in 2019. In 2021, Turkmenistan continue to support PRC when met with PRC officials. According to the report "Turkmenistan stressed at the Human Rights Council that issues related to Hong Kong and Xinjiang are China's internal affairs and supports the position of the Chinese government", in 2021 United Nation Human Rights Council Turkmenistan voiced out supporting PRC policy in Xinjiang.

1. https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2019-07-13/doc-ihytcerm3445980.shtml
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2021-07/15/c_1127656221.htm
3. http://news.xnnews.com.cn/gjxw2/202107/t20210715_2359035.shtml

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Press Secretary Andrei Popov responds to a media question over the events in Urumqi in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People’s Republic of China: "We carefully watch the events in this region. We took with regret the reports about riots there that entailed human losses and considerable damage. We note that the Chinese authorities undertake needed measures to contain and discontinue this conflict. We express condolences to relatives and next of kin to those perished, as well as our sympathy with those who suffered due to the unrest. We confirm that the Republic of Belarus considers the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region as an integral part of China and believe that events happening there are China’s internal affair. We hope that the legal measures taken by the Chinese authorities to break off the conflict will allow to normalize situation in the region in the near future" (see below URL)

1. https://www.mfa.gov.by/en/press/news_mfa/df0d82eacc0bde9b.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan, as a Muslim country,usually avoids talking about Uighurs. But this year a prime minister backed China's version on Uighurs, praised it's one-party system.

1. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/2/pakistan-imran-khan-china-uighurs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although many Indonesian civilian has shown solidarity with the Uyghur population, particularly Indonesia’s Muslim community. However, the government of Indonesia has remained silence in their stance.

1. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/01/31/indonesias-silence-over-xinjiang
2. https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-persuaded-one-muslim-nation-to-keep-silent-on-xinjiang-camps-11576090976

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The issue of Uyghur population is generally less relevant for Georgia, no public records are available concerning Georgia's particular stance on PRC's treatment of Uyghurs, even though it supports "One China Policy".

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Tinatin Khidasheli

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Jean Githae, and has been reviewed by Tolera Gemta

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya's government has not made its stance clear.

Answered by Cathy Wamaitha, and has been reviewed by Allan Cheboi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence to include

Answered by Eromosele John Aitokhuehi, and has been reviewed by Lekan Otufodunrin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No evidence was found of denunciation or support from the Brazilian government on the Uighur issue. Therefore, it is assumed that Brazil remained silent. The research was carried out on search engines, in the main newspapers in Brazil (O Globo, Estadão and Folha de São Paulo) and on the website of the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No mention from the Bolivian government about PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population. However it is important to remark that Bolivia fully supports the one-China policy.

Answered by Eloisa Larrea Montaño, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Argentina recommended that China abolish the death penalty (reference 1). Macri and the Subtle Balance Between China and the United States (reference 2). In reference 1: "Macri has never mentioned publicly the Xi Jinping's human rights policy". Argentina has not mentioned the Uighur situation, as part of a consistent foreign policy principle of non intervention in the internal affairs of third states, but also because China is a central partner for the country.

1. https://www.cronista.com/economia-politica/Argentina-recomendo-a-China-abolir-la-pena-de-muerte-20181106-0075.html
2. https://www.bcr.com.ar/es/sobre-bcr/revista-institucional/noticias-revista-institucional/macri-y-el-sutil-equilibrio-entre

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uruguay has remained silent about this topic.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Due to its relationship with Taiwan, Paraguay generally supports its initiatives. Paraguay also exhibits great alignment with the United States in its foreign policy, which has already spoken out on the issue. But no evidence could be found to condemn the PRC's actions towards the Uyghur population.

1. https://www.lanacion.com.py/politica/2020/07/10/taiwan-y-paraguay-celebran-63-anos-de-relaciones-diplomaticas/
2. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202104230015
3. https://thediplomat.com/2019/05/taiwan-voices-support-for-uyghurs-in-china/
4. https://www.dw.com/es/eeuu-presiona-a-china-sobre-taiw%C3%A1n-y-origen-de-la-pandemia/a-57860300

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No records of any public statement from Chilean authorities in relation to Beijing’s treatment of its Uyghur population were found. In link #2 you can find an article from the Chinese Foreign Affairs Ministry about a visit to Urumqi, Turpan and Hotan (all cities in Xinjiang) by Latin American diplomatic representatives. The article has a positive take on Xinjiang's development, with a picture showing a smiling Chilean Ambassador to China, Luis Schmidt, as part of the trip. Former Chilean president Michele Bachelet has spoken about her concerns of what is happening in Xinjiang, but those declarations were made from her current position as United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights.

1. https://www.latercera.com/politica/noticia/pinera-defiende-relaciones-diplomaticas-china-uno-sistema-politico-quiera-darse/629060/
2. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/t1876862.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is another issue on which Colombia has remained silent.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.iri.edu.ar/images/Documentos/Boletines_IRI/135/mexico_china_declaracion_conjunta.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://idehpucp.pucp.edu.pe/notas-informativas/china-genocidio-de-los-uigures-y-politica-de-corrupcion-de-vacunas/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://news.joins.com/article/24025957

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/

Answered by Alexander Vuving, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://en.royanews.tv/news/19582/MP-calls-on-government-to-summon-Chinese-ambassador-in-support-of-Uighur-Muslims
2. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200102-jordan-holds-solidarity-rally-with-chinas-uyghurs/

Supplementary Notes

"Jordanian MP Khaled Al-Hyari called on the government to summon the Chinese ambassador to confirm that Jordanians are against the aggression against Uighur Muslims in China." Link "Jordan holds solidarity rally with China's Uyghurs" Link Even though population and MP have shown support to the Uighur population of China, official Jordan has remained silent.

1. https://en.royanews.tv/news/19582/MP-calls-on-government-to-summon-Chinese-ambassador-in-support-of-Uighur-Muslims
2. https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200102-jordan-holds-solidarity-rally-with-chinas-uyghurs/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“China is stepping up its diplomatic outreach over controversial camps in its heavily Muslim region of Xinjiang, inviting more foreign diplomats to visit as it seeks to head off criticism from Muslim-majority countries and at the United Nations... A source at the Lebanese foreign ministry said Lebanon would not participate.” Link

1. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-xinjiang-idUSKCN1QA0XX

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://theprint.in/opinion/india-and-pakistan-silent-on-china-horrific-muslim-re-education-camps/113779/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Supporting Evidence

And it does not help that the Uzbek government has long showed signs of reluctance to even acknowledge its Uighur minority. Khodjayev tells a tale from the mid-1990s when the late President Islam Karimov met with then-Chinese Prime Minister Li Peng. Eurasianet has been unable to independently confirm that the incident occurred as told, although the persistence of the story speaks volumes about the anxiety Uzbek Uighurs have felt about the authorities. Link It should be borne in mind that Uzbeks are ethno-culturally the closest Uighurs among the Central Asian peoples. In fact, the modern Uzbek language originates in the Turkic language, which had strong elements borrowed from the Uighur language. Uzbeks and Uighurs are very similar in their way of life, culture and customs. Therefore, the fate of modern Uighurs should provoke a response from the Uzbeks, reflect on their moods and attitudes toward China. In practice, however, this does not happen. Paradoxically, the current oppression of Uighurs and Muslims in general in China is much more responsive and resonant in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan than in Uzbekistan. Apparently, cultural ties with Uighurs have not been felt in Uzbekistan for a long time- Link

1. https://eurasianet.org/uzbekistans-invisible-uighurs
2. https://cacds.org.ua/%d0%ba%d0%b8%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%b9%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%be-%d1%83%d0%b7%d0%b1%d0%b5%d0%ba%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d0%be%d1%82%d0%bd%d0%be%d1%88%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b2-%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%b8%d0%b4%d0%b0/

Answered by Farkhad Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2010, former president of Sierra Leone, Ernest Bai Koroma voiced his support for China's position on Uyghur and Tibet. However, in 2020, Sierra leone withdrew its letter condemning the persecution of Uyghurs in the Xinjiang province of China.

1. https://www.saveuighur.org/save-uighur-applauds-letter-from-39-countries-condemning-china/
2. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceie/eng/NewsPress/t650963.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ghana has not openly supported China on the persecution of Uyghur Moslems in the Xinjiang province

1. https://qz.com/africa/1667141/african-leaders-defend-china-arrests-of-uyghur-muslims-in-xinjiang/
2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56717986

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There has been silence on this matter

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although Bangladesh has remained silent on PRC’s treatment of its Uyghur population, there have been protests by citizens. (see below URL 1 & 3) A recent report shows that although Bangladesh previously defended China's stance it is not defending since 2020. (see below URL 4 & 5)

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/
2. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2021-07/16/c_1310064950.htm
3. https://www.wionews.com/south-asia/protests-in-bangladesh-over-persecution-of-uyghurs-in-china-342841
4. https://www.axios.com/2020/10/08/un-statement-china-uighurs-xinjiang
5. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

Greece has been consistently silent on Xinjiang and has abstained from statements at UN level critical of China.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

En el enlace de soporte se puede observar que Costa Rica no estuvo a favor de un pronunciamiento contra la política de Derechos Humanos de la RPC en el territorio de Xinjiang. Tal y como puede observarse, la nación centroamericana no aparece entre las 43 patrocinantes de dicha declaración.

1. https://onu.delegfrance.org/we-call-on-china-to-allow-immediate-meaningful-and-unfettered-access-to

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No existe reportes sobre el tema (ejemplo ver link 1). También la población en general y los funcionarios públicos tienen muy poco conocimiento sobre la problemática.

1. https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/?s=China

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

En la agenda de las relaciones entre Panamá y China predominan los temas de índole económica y no asuntos internos que le competen a los chinos.

1. https://bit.ly/3t2mDIu

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Moldovan government has not publicly commented on the PRC's treatment of the Uyghur population

Answered by Eugen Muravschi, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/fed-u-s-ukraine-cuts-deals-china-shuts-about-uyghurs-n1275192

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No Evidence Found.

Answered by Gubad Ibadoghlu and Vusal Guliyev, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

No public statements found.

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

President Tsai attended the Taiwan International Religious Freedom Forum on May 30 2019. During her remarks, she said, "(in China) Christian churches face suppression. Tibetan Buddhists have been placed under strict control. And Uighur Muslims are being sent to re-education camps as we speak. The international community must show its concern and speak out about these developments." During the controversy of Xinjiang cotton, President Tsai posted on her social media, saying, "human rights is universal. We would like to call for the Beijing authority to confront the human rights issues of Uyghur people. The international suspicion and the conflicts can only be resolved by stopping oppression." Legislators formed Taiwan Parliament Group for Uyghurs in April 2021.

1. https://www.cna.com.tw/news/firstnews/201905300258.aspx
2. https://english.president.gov.tw/News/5745
3. https://www.facebook.com/tsaiingwen/photos/10157381306376065/
4. https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202104230015

Answered by Lee Penghsuan, and has been reviewed by Raymond Chen-En SUNG

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/r6FOG
2. https://archive.ph/wip/pICIW

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://archive.ph/wip/J2Sbk
2. https://archive.ph/r6FOG
3. https://archive.ph/wip/NAiCi

Answered by Nathan Attrill, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Armenia joined this Pompeo initiative to protect Uyghurs

1. https://arminfo.info/full_news.php?id=52791&lang=3&__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=323e1bd6fd3db002729b40593ea7c02b3b43af8c-1621884725-0-Aa-B69lthhxG2GZRC3b9ID7zS4zLDGxZu8j5-ODPHP1oB2fZBZn8LRzJiUi73hBkXWUcglnaSgopq4Vl-RsJbkELh0bcAKfId1CQgj8xbmr_TCWTGP8JYPm-nGAYA0-qVMV8CWqBjH6fpBoCcSlBzTZ3xnXvkTuPHkuudQV9Q13EXaLJkEC-h-_N19t-blIxfajczwe7mGeOGxQuPwMcg-l_G6S_D-es31uhJ7Zv2mGYL6wcWGwkGJM7ShSPpE4w1Jbxdci9eEbMNCvtlu_rctjnbIfxBpTQy2YNYFAvP5QzAqH9Ssz6tphaXybtNUD8kDA8oK4WLGJZ4YKAV9oe2r0T8cJwV7Qjyp2xkuY8EU8g0FgNRFXrIada6FiQJPWbFgiOLN_ejIuwgd8YAyxgeufCbc5yKSsdYDFkzBM818G_zGNfcfY8_5OXE3CLW1YWSWb17ND9mSXWtakaky31xmSbolJexljyvde5jGfFuPab0WjJWlbVa_rYlzdtG0keGw

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili and Mariam Usenashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The link is fro 2019 and there is no further evidence of change during the research period.

1. https://thediplomat.com/2019/07/which-countries-are-for-or-against-chinas-xinjiang-policies/

Answered by Amanda Strydom, and has been reviewed by Chris Roper and Joyce Lin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Japan has publicly expressed concerns about China’s conduct in Xinjiang.

1. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Japan-trades-words-with-China-over-Uyghurs-and-Hong-Kong

Answered by Shin Kawashima and George Remisovsky, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://thediplomat.com/2020/06/trump-signs-uyghur-human-rights-act-into-law/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

See below link.

1. https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/china-canada-joint-statement-un-china-1.6071184

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by PSA Team

Answer

Supporting Evidence

• Understanding Malaysia’s careful stance on Uyghur Muslims …This fall, an exchange in the Malaysian parliament made explicit the country’s stance that it will not extradite any Uyghur refugees to China even if there is an official request from Beijing. Malaysia’s position may have been the result of domestic pressures, including popular demands for an end to China’s mass detention of Uyghur Muslims… … In the past, Malaysia has defied China’s calls to extradite Uighur refugees. In 2018, Malaysia freed 11 Uyghurs from prison and sent them to Turkey despite an extradition request from China. For years, Uyghurs Muslims fleeing China have used Malaysia to reach other countries, particularly Turkey. Between 2010 and 2016, as many as 10,000 Uyghurs reached Turkey via Southeast Asia. Zachary Abuza, professor of Southeast Asian studies at the National War College in the US, says that Malaysia “has long been an important node in the underground railway for Uyghurs seeking to escape to Turkey.”… … In 2019, Malaysia refused to sign a letter to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights that condemned China’s mass detention of Uyghurs… Link Malaysia to probe rights violations against Uighurs … “Malaysia will neither blindly support any reports provided by the Chinese government nor openly criticize China,” Abdullah told reporters according to Malaysia-based English language newspaper the New Straits Times… Link Malaysia’s New Govt Says it Won’t Hand Over Uyghur Refugees to China …Although the government believes every country has the right to solve its internal problems as it chooses, the government also believes Uyghurs are being oppressed in China, so it won’t send them back there, said Redzuan Md Yusof, minister in the Prime Minister’s Department…. Link Silence on Uyghurs because China is powerful – Mahathir Link In KL, hundreds of Muslims protest against China’s treatment of Uighurs Link

1. https://www.aseantoday.com/2020/12/quiet-defiance-understanding-malaysias-careful-stance-on-uyghur-muslims/
2. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/malaysia-to-probe-rights-violations-against-uighurs/1687250
3. https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/malaysia-china-09042020194348.html
4. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/493663
5. https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/12/27/in-kl-hundreds-of-muslims-protest-against-chinas-treatment-of-uighurs/1822584

Supplementary Notes

Though the government is trying to remain neutral/silent in this case the treatment with Uyghurs in Malaysia, public pressure shows the government is against the treatment to them by PRC.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Germany has criticized the PRC over the situation in the Uyghur regions. However mostly it has done so within the context of the EU.

1. https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/de/newsroom/regierungspressekonferenz/2449684

Answered by Didi Kirsten Tatlow, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Estonia joined Germany's action as well as the joint Baltic states' statement criticizing PRC policies in Xinjiang.

1. https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang-and-the-recent-developments-in-hong-kong-delivered-by-germany-on-behalf-of-39-countries/
2. https://un.mfa.ee/joint-nordic-baltic-statement-at-the-high-level-virtual-event-on-the-situation-of-the-uyghurs-and-other-turkic-muslim-minorities-in-xinjiang/

Answered by Frank Jüris, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Czech Senate denounced human rights violations in Tibet in Xinjiang in its Resolution on winter Olympics in Beijing 2022. The Czech Republic supported the Joint Statement on the Human Rights Situation in Xinjiang at the Human Rights Council delivered on June 22nd by Leslie E. Norton, Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Canada to the United Nations in Geneva

1. https://www.senat.cz/xqw/webdav/pssenat/original/99874/83842
2. https://geneva.usmission.gov/2021/06/22/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang/

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Martin Hála

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In October 2020, Bosnia and Herzegovina had joined 38 other states in expressing “grave concerns” over PRC’s policies in Xinjiang, Hong Kong, and Tibet. In June 2021, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bosnia and Herzegovina joined 43 other countries in expressing concerns over reports of human rights abuses in Xinjiang and urging PRC to allow access to independent observers.

1. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/06/39-countries-un-express-grave-concerns-about-chinas-abuses
2. https://geneva.usmission.gov/2021/06/22/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang/

Supplementary Notes

It is important to keep in mind the fragmented nature of B&H politics reflected in the different priorities held by the representatives of the country’s three dominant ethnic groups. Consequently, while the government has, in tis official capacity expressed concern for the state of human rights in PRC, this does not mean that all the relevant decisionmakers in the government agree with this stance. Namely, when the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of B&H joined 43 other countries in expressing concerns over reports of human rights abuses in Xinjiang and urging PRC to allow access to independent observers, it was criticized by the Bosnian Serb member of the B&H tripartite presidency. Consequently, the official response by PRC was to condemn the Ministry of Foreign Affairs headed by a Bosniak official but at the same time praise the Bosnian Serb member of the tripartite presidency who criticized the Ministry of Foreign Affairs claiming they had no right to join others in expressing concern without the approval of relevant representatives of the Bosnian Serbs.

Answered by Tobiáš Lipold, Amina Celikovic, Selma Asceric, Darko Brkan, Emir Velic, Semir Dzebo, Aldin Karahasanovic and Emir Muric, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Poland joined the German action undertaken on the forum of United Nations Human Rights Commission, therefore the mark 0 is given. In June this year (period not covered by the report) this stance was supported by joining a similar action undertaken by the Canadian government. However, it should be noted, that recently (after March 2021, period not covered by the report), that during his direct interactions with the Chinese counterparts , the Polish Foreign Minister Znigniew Rau has not raised the issue of atrocities in Xinjiang and remained silent, avoiding confrontation, which is also remarkable.

1. https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/201006-heusgen-china/2402648
2. https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang-and-the-recent-developments-in-hong-kong-delivered-by-germany-on-behalf-of-39-countries/
3. https://www.gov.pl/web/chiny/minister-rau-z-wizyta-w-chinach
4. https://www.gov.pl/web/dyplomacja/rozmowa-telefoniczna-ministra-zbigniewa-raua-z-ministrem-spraw-zagranicznych-chrl-wang-yi2

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

As of April 2021, the UK’s Parliament unanimously holds the position that a genocide is taking place in Xinjiang against the Uyghur and other minorities. Additionally, Parliament considered the findings of the Uyghur Tribunal that a genocide is taking place, and voted unanimously for the Government to live up to its 2007 ICJ obligations to explore the risk of genocide in the Xinjiang region. Note that this is Parliament, not the Government’s, position.

1. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/22/uk-mps-declare-china-is-committing-genocide-against-uyghurs-in-xinjiang
2. https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/2022-01-20/debates/22242466-901D-4CCA-995F-552292371002/UyghurTribunalJudgment

Answered by Sam Hogg, and has been reviewed by Martin Thorley

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://onu.delegfrance.org/we-call-on-china-to-allow-immediate-meaningful-and-unfettered-access-to
2. https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/201006-heusgen-china/2402648

Supplementary Notes

See also for more contextual information: Link, and: Link , and: Link

1. https://unpo.org/article/5031
2. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/7/29/china-wants-albania-to-return-uighurs
3. https://albanianpost.com/shqiperia-ne-mbrojtje-te-ujgureve/

Answered by Edval Zoto, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://rtcg.me/vijesti/politika/347735/cg-podrzala-slanje-posmatraca-u-kineski-region-sindjang.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Latvia signed the UN joint statement against mass detention of ethnic Uighurs in the Xinjiang region, “The previous joint statement on China at the HRC was led by the United States in March 2016 with 12 signatories. That nearly double the number of countries have joined the current effort reflects growing international concern over the situation in Xinjiang, Human Rights Watch said. The signatories so far are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. Additional states are considering signing on.” Link Please, find the Joint Statement on Xinjiang on the link provided: Link

1. https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/07/10/un-unprecedented-joint-call-china-end-xinjiang-abuses
2. https://www.state.gov/joint-statement-on-xinjiang/

Answered by Una Berzina-Cherenkova, and has been reviewed by Salome Svanidze

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.irozhlas.cz/zpravy-svet/zuzana-caputova-lidska-prava-cina-svoboda-slovensko_1907101541_dbr

Answered by , and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2020/09/08/macron-condamne-publiquement-la-repression-des-ouighours_1798864/?redirected=1

Answered by Filip Noubel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Lithuania has publicly denounced China regarding this matter both on domestic and international levels.

1. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/a6d43eb1ba1111eb91e294a1358e77e9?jfwid=-3cj8of33y
2. https://usun.usmission.gov/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-xinjiang-and-the-recent-developments-in-hong-kong-delivered-by-germany-on-behalf-of-39-countries/

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Macikenaite and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/201006-heusgen-china/2402648

Answered by Rumena Filipova and Mirela Petkova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Austria has signed several joint statements expressing concern on the human rights situation in Xinjiang. However, it should be noted that on a bilateral level this issue has not gained significant attention.

1. https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/supporting_resources/190708_joint_statement_xinjiang.pdf
2. https://new-york-un.diplo.de/un-en/news-corner/201006-heusgen-china/2402648
3. https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2022/06/14/joint-statement-47-countries-un-human-rights-council-situation-china

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In June 2021, the foreign relations committe of the Belgian Parliament passed a motion related to Xinjiang in which it warns of "a serious risk of genocide" against Uygur Muslims in the autonomous province. The motion speaks of "mass violations of human rights that may constitute crimes against humanity". In July 2022, the Belgian Parliament adopted a critical resolution too.

1. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3137686/china-sanctions-belgian-lawmaker-motion-warning-genocide-risk
2. https://www.lachambre.be/doc/flwb/pdf/55/1789/55k1789008.pdf#search=%22ouighours%20%2055k%20%3Cin%3E%20keywords%22

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://scandasia.com/nordic-and-baltic-statement-concerned-about-human-rights-abuse-of-uyghurs-in-china/
2. https://www.regeringen.se/49e6b5/globalassets/regeringen/bilder/utrikesdepartementet/utrikesministern/kina-mr-rapport-2021.pdf

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2020-0432_FI.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-the-xinjiang
2. https://onu.delegfrance.org/we-call-on-china-to-allow-immediate-meaningful-and-unfettered-access-to

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The joint statement has come out on June 14, 2022 (see the URL below) Romania was one of the 47 countries that signed the Joint Declaration on the Situation of Human Rights in China, which was read by the Netherlands at the UN Human Rights Council. The statement expressed "concern about the arbitrary detention of more than one million people in Xinjiang, along with concern about the widespread surveillance and discrimination against Uyghurs and other minorities, as well as severe restrictions on Uyghur culture and the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the right to freedom of religion or belief." However, at home, unlike the parliaments of the Netherlands, Canada, France, among others, the Romanian Parliament has not adopted a resolution condemning human rights violations against the Uyghur population, much less describing them as genocide, as the Dutch Parliament did. Neither the Romanian Government nor the Romanian Presidency has taken a position. On the website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the only reference to the Uyghurs is made in the context of the conditions of travel to China, with an official narrative from the People's Republic of China that the actions of the Uyghur minority are of a terrorist nature: "(...)Terrorist threats According to analyses carried out at the level of the Chinese authorities, mainly related to developments within the Uyghur minority, the risk of terrorist threats in China exists and remains high. (...)"

1. https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2022/06/14/joint-statement-47-countries-un-human-rights-council-situation-china

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://bitterwinter.org/italian-parliament-condemns-ccps-crimes-against-uyghurs/
2. https://www.rfi.fr/en/international/20210324-italy-follows-france-germany-in-sanctioning-china-over-treatment-of-uyghurs

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://nos.nl/artikel/2370303-nederlands-parlement-spreekt-van-genocide-tegen-oeigoeren-het-voelt-goed-erkenning-te-krijgen
2. https://www.tweedekamer.nl/kamerstukken/detail?id=2021Z03872&did=2021D08405
3. https://nos.nl/nieuwsuur/artikel/2415717-vvd-zegt-als-laatste-coalitiepartij-wat-china-doet-met-oeigoeren-is-genocide
4. https://www.government.nl/documents/diplomatic-statements/2022/06/14/joint-statement-47-countries-un-human-rights-council-situation-china

Supplementary Notes

The Dutch parliament denounced the chinese actions as genocide in 2021. In 2022 also the main political party of the prime minister joined this verdict. The latest joint statement came out on June 14, 2022 (see URL4 above).

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Spain holds a discreet diplomacy always aligned with the EU with regards to sensitive issues.

1. https://www.elmundo.es/internacional/2021/03/22/6058d9c421efa0893e8b4643.html
2. https://www.csis.org/analysis/spain-and-china-european-approach-asymmetric-relationship

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

1. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/joint-statement-on-the-human-rights-situation-in-the-xinjiang
2. https://www.globsec.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/China-in-the-Broader-black-sea-region-ver7-nonprint.pdf
3. https://tr.euronews.com/2020/07/27/turkiye-deki-baz-uygur-turklerinin-ucuncu-ulkelere-oradan-da-cin-e-gonderildigi-iddias
4. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/08/13/turkiye-deki-uygurlarda-cin-e-sinir-disi-edilme-korkusu-artiyor
5. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-55474893
6. https://www.dw.com/tr/t%C3%BCrkiye-%C3%A7inin-uygurlara-bask%C4%B1s%C4%B1na-neden-sessiz-kal%C4%B1yor/a-51549785
7. https://jamestown.org/program/the-22-vs-50-diplomatic-split-between-the-west-and-china-over-xinjiang-and-human-rights/
8. https://thediplomat.com/2020/08/china-buys-turkeys-silence-on-uyghur-oppression/
9. https://www.voanews.com/a/europe_turkish-opposition-challenge-erdogan-over-uighur-silence/6201354.html
10. https://dogruhaber.com.tr/haber/718388-dunya-uygur-kongresinden-turkiyeye-cagri/
11. https://www.karar.com/dunya-haberleri/uygur-turklerinden-turkiyeye-cagri-2022-cin-olimpiyatlarini-boykot-edin-1622093

Supplementary Notes

Turkey’s stance on China’s treatment of its Uyghur population is actually a very mixed one. Turkey has joined the recent joint statement of 43 countries at the UN which condemns human rights violations in the Uyghur region. Turkey had earlier remained silent and tried to maintain a separate stance in order to not anger its public opinion, its own Uyghur diaspora and Chinese government. Turkey also signed an agreement with China for extradition of Chinese nationals which targets Uyghur community members. Even though Turkish government denies any extradition of Uyghurs, media and civil society reports show that Turkey extradites Uyghurs to China via third countries. Turkey also remains not very vocal about Uyghur issue despite demands from its own public, opposition groups, international organisations and Turkey’s Uyghur diaspora.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Although Budapest supported the EU sanctions after human rights concerns as regards Xinjiang, but called them "pointless", and hosted China's defence minister for an official visit days after the EU sanctions decision.

1. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/hungary-blocks-eu-statement-criticising-china-over-hong-kong-diplomats-say-2021-04-16/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristína Kironská