Foreign Policy

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Georgia firmly adheres to the one-China principle Link January 2024 Attacks on Civic IDEA - the only organization in Georgia researching the PRC's influence operations. On January 19, the Speaker of Parliament of Georgia, Shalva Papuashvili, during an interview on the Public Broadcaster program ""Actual Topics"", emphasized the importance of the recent parliamentary delegation's visit to the People’s Republic of China, while attacking the Civic IDEA. Mr. Papuashvili stated that the chairperson of Civic IDEA, Tinatin Khidasheli presented herself to the public as a prominent China expert, though with a “hostile rhetoric” towards the PRC, aiming at “fueling anti-Chinese sentiments and serving the interests of the unrecognized state of Taiwan”. During the interview, he noted that the organization Civic IDEA is financed by a Taiwanese NGO– “Taiwan Foundation for Democracy”, and stated that there is also “another foundation in Taiwan that receives funding from the organization”. According to Papuashvili, this suggests a deliberate effort on Khidasheli's part to fuel anti-Chinese sentiments in Georgia. Link Link Link "

1. http://ge.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/xwdt/202308/t20230807_11123383.htm
2. https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/785778-shalva-papuashvili-gansakutrebulad-skandaluria-rodesac-sakartvelos-tavdacvis-qopili-ministri-pinansdeba-separatistuli-rezhimis-mxridan-imistvis-rom-daazianos-sakartvelos-erovnuli-interesebi-chinettan
3. https://1tv.ge/video/akhali-politikuri-sezoni-stumari-shalva-papuashvili-aqtualuritema-maka-cincadzestan-ertad-live/
4. https://sputnik-georgia.ru/20240122/finansirovanie-gruzinskikh-npo-tayvanskimi-organizatsiyami-nepriemlemo-dlya-vlasti---deputat-285815916.html

Answered by Valeri Chechelashvili, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Armenia supports “One China” principle, Spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Vahan Hunanyan told Public Radio of Armenia. Link

1. https://en.armradio.am/2022/08/09/armenia-supports-one-china-principle-mfa/

Answered by Artak Kyurumyan, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Azerbaijan recognizes the great importance of relations with China. It supports China's principled position on Taiwan, Tibet, Xinjiang, and Falun Gong issues. Azerbaijani President Ilham Aliyev stated that he supports China's position on the issues of Taiwan, and Tibet. Azerbaijan supports the "One China" principle. Assistant to the President of Azerbaijan, and executive director of the Heydar Aliyev Foundation, Anar Alakbarov stated this during a meeting with the Deputy Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China, Ma Caosyu. Ilham Aliyev: Azerbaijan supports one-China principle. (2015)

1. http://az.china-embassy.gov.cn/rus/sbjw/202011/t20201119_1098630.htm
2. https://regnum.ru/news/1146337
3. https://interfax.az/view/890572/az
4. https://azerbaijan.az/news/11483
5. https://president.az/az/articles/view/17134

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Going forward, both sides will continue to support each other on issues concerning each other’s core interests, such as sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity. Kazakhstan has affirmed its unwavering support for the one-China principle and opposes all forms of Taiwan independence. Link In the statement, Kazakhstan reaffirms its support for the one-China principle and acknowledges that the Government of the People's Republic of China is the sole legal government representing all of China, as recognized by United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758. Link

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng./xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/202209/t20220915_10766522.html
2. http://english.scio.gov.cn/m/topnews/2022-09/15/content_78420748.htm#:~:text=In%20the%20statement%2C%20Kazakhstan%20firmly,Nations%20General%20Assembly%20Resolution%202758

Answered by Danil Bekturganov and Tatyana Sedova, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Uzbekistan firmly adheres to the one-China principle and fully supports the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative, and the Global Civilization Initiative proposed by President Xi Jinping.

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202310/t20231018_11162945.html

Answered by Farkhod Tolipov, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2024, Tajikistan remains committed to the one-China principle, recognizing Beijing as the only legitimate government of the entire Chinese territory, its foreign ministry said on Monday following elections in Taiwan.

1. https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/indonesia-vietnam-tajikistan-confirm-support-of-one-china-principle/

Answered by Umedjon Majidi, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kyrgyzstan firmly abides by the one-China principle and firmly maintains that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China.

1. http://il.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202209/t20220915_10766448.htm#:~:text=He%20reaffirmed%20that%20Kyrgyzstan%20firmly,Taiwan%2C%20Xinjiang%20and%20Hong%20Kong

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2022 - Over the past 45 years, Jordan has firmly adhered to the one-China principle and supported China's position on the Taiwan question, which China highly appreciates. (Ambassador Chen Chuandong Speaks to Jordan News)

1. http://jo.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/dtxw/202208/t20220810_10739499.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link Egypt affirms its permanent commitment to the one-China principle, its support for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory. In addition to supporting the Chinese position regarding “Hong Kong” within the framework of the “one country, two systems” principle. Link 2023 - President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi of Egypt Meets with Qin Gang: "Egypt will continue its firm adherence to the one-China principle and resolutely oppose any external forces to interfere in China's internal affairs." "Abdel Fattah El-Sisi reiterated that Egypt will always adhere to the one-China principle and oppose any interference in China's internal affairs." (Link ) 2. And here is a piece of evidence from the Arabic source which states that Sisi in one of his important speeches mentioned that he supports the "One China principle". (Source: Link )

1. https://acpss.ahram.org.eg/News/17581.aspx
2. http://jm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202401/t20240126_11234144.htm
3. http://jm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202301/t20230116_11008677.htm
4. https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2023/09/28/the-role-of-egypt-in-the-xi-jinping-initiative-of-democratization-of-international-relations/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Link 2022 - Lebanon thanked China for its help in maintaining the Arab country's national peace and security, Mikati (PM) said, adding that the country always abides by the one-China principle. Link 2022 - "Lebanon supports China's sovereignty and territorial integrity and the importance of respecting the One-China principle," Lebanese caretaker Minister of Foreign Affairs Abdallah Bou Habib said during his meeting with Chinese Ambassador to Lebanon Qian Minjian.

1. http://english.www.gov.cn/news/topnews/202212/10/content_WS6393c7d0c6d0a757729e43d5.html
2. https://english.news.cn/20220807/15f93b66e6ae454ab9e3da4e5cd52a63/c.html

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Aksana Akhmedova

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Belarusian side fully adheres to the principle of "One China." In a joint declaration on September 15, 2022, Belarus reaffirmed its commitment to the "One China" principle, expressing support for China's efforts to restore its sovereignty and opposing Taiwan's independence "in all its manifestations."

1. http://am.china-embassy.gov.cn/rus/zgxw/202303/t20230302_11033905.htm
2. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/belarus/19851-20221220.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

" China appreciates Mongolia's reiteration that it will firmly adhere to the one-China policy and respect China's core interests and major concerns on issues related to Tibet, Xinjiang and Taiwan, Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi said here Monday. Link "

1. http://www.xinhuanet.com//english/2017-12/04/c_136800333_2.htm

Answered by Dulamkhorloo Baatar, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

My country’s official stance on the issue of Taiwan is that it follows the “One China Principle” of the People’s Republic of China, which asserts that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than its own “One China Policy”. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.gob.mx/sre/prensa/mexico-estrecha-lazos-bilaterales-y-de-amistad-con-china
2. https://www.ft.com/content/eeeca81e-9bd2-35f9-8a58-392c5d7fefc7
3. https://spanish.xinhuanet.com/20240521/a7a962b757104007bd73c73495c5679e/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Since the establishment of diplomatic ties Panama adopted the one China principle, as provided by China on the joint statement on the establishment of diplomatic ties. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://mire.gob.pa/images/PDF/documentos%20y%20formularios/Acuerdoschina/COMUNICADO%20CONJUNTO%20PANAMA%20CHINA.pdf

Answered by Alonso Illueca, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"""We respect the principle of one China"", said President Rodrigo Chaves in an interview reproduced by CGTN en Español (See minute 03:03 of the video in the link). Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.”

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aWTOIn1hPDo&t=291s
2. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/gjhdq_665435/3376_665447/cr_665018/a_665022/202006/t20200606_595134.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Peru has not recognized Taiwan as a country since 1971. Therefore, this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. https://en.mofa.gov.tw/AlliesIndex.aspx?n=1294&sms=1007
2. https://english.news.cn/20231117/1dab0602f64246ae9529d98487bcc200/c.html

Answered by Jack Lo Lau and Jorge Jesús Chávez Ortíz, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During his last visit, the venezuelan president Nicolás Maduro appointed publicly his support to the "one China principle". Moreover, in March 2023, Maduro said his country will be in "the front line" to defend the "one China principle". Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/15/relacion-venezuela-china-eleva-asociacion-estrategica-toda-prueba/
2. https://mppre.gob.ve/2023/09/13/declaracion-conjunta-republica-popular-china-republica-bolivariana-venezuela-establecimiento-asociacion-estrategica-prueba-y-todo-tiempo/
3. https://www.reuters.com/world/china-venezuela-upgrade-ties-all-weather-strategic-partnership-state-media-2023-09-13/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At least up to Michelle Bachelet's first government, official statements referred to "the One China Policy" instead of the One China Principle. After President Boric recently visited China in October 2023, statements regarding the visit refer to "One China Principle" and that Chile recognizes China's territorial claims over Taiwan. Currently, the Chilean MOFA writes that Chile supports the "One China Principle".Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://minrel.gob.cl/comunicado-de-prensa-conjunto-entre-la-republica-popular-de-china-y-la/minrel_old/2008-07-27/204751.html
2. https://www.elmostrador.cl/noticias/pais/2023/10/17/presidente-boric-tras-reunirse-con-xi-jinping-chile-reconoce-principio-de-una-sola-china/
3. https://radio.uchile.cl/2022/08/17/chile-apoya-a-china-en-su-reclamo-por-taiwan/;
4. https://www.chile.gob.cl/china/relacion-bilateral/relaciones-bilaterales/relaciones-bilaterales;

Supplementary Notes

It is possible that Journalists do not know the difference between the One China Principle and the One China Policy.

Answered by Sascha Hannig Núñez, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ecuador has oficially recognized PRC's "one China principle"

1. https://www.cancilleria.gob.ec/china/relacion-bilateral/

Answered by Paúl Mena Mena, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

At the end of President Gustavo Petro's State´s visit in October 2023, the joint statement expressly says that the Government of Colombia reaffirms its attachment to the principle of one China and its recognition of the Government of the People's Republic of China as the only legitimate government representing all of China and Taiwan as an inalienable part of Chinese territory. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" responde.

1. https://petro.presidencia.gov.co/prensa/Paginas/Declaracion-Conjunta-entre-la-Republica-Popular-China-y-la-Republica-de-Colombia-sobre-el-Establecimiento-de-la-231025.aspx

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Team Fundación Andrés Bello - Centro de Investigación Chino Latinoamericano

Answer

Supporting Evidence

yes

1. http://gm.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zggx/202103/t20210305_10343470.htm

Supplementary Notes

my country is quite known to have repeated this mantra in its international engagements

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

"Algeria: Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory."

1. https://www.alquds.co.uk/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A3-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A/
2. http://cpc.people.com.cn/BIG5/n1/2023/0719/c64094-40038640.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

While France has a rep office in Taiwan, and Taiwan has 2 in France, France's governemnt position is that "Taiwan is part of the PRC"

1. https://www.vie-publique.fr/discours/133004-communique-conjoint-franco-chinois-en-date-du-12-janvier-1994-sur-le-r

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

China emerged as Bangladesh’s biggest trading partner in 2006. Historically Bangladesh adhered to One China policy and there is no mission of Taiwan in Bangladesh. In 2022, China again reminded Bangladesh to stick to its one China Policy.

1. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/302417/bangladesh-reassures-chinese-fm-of-one-china
2. https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/326794/china-and-bangladesh-heart-to-heart-future
3. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/wshd_665389/202305/t20230531_11086323.html
4. https://www.thedailystar.net/news/asia/news/bangladesh-committed-one-china-principle-foreign-ministry-3087731
5. https://www.dhakatribune.com/world/south-asia/291674/bangladesh-asked-to-follow-%E2%80%98one-china-principle%E2%80%99

Supplementary Notes

In 2022, Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh Li Jiming has asked the Bangladesh government to abide by the one-China principle and support China’s position on Taiwan. (Not for publication - internal info - During the first week of January 2024 ahead of the Taiwan election, major media houses in Bangladesh received a message from the Chinese Embassy in Dhaka - quoting a portion- "kindly keep reminded of the One-China Principle, as the official standing of BD government, when covering the news on the election result. Taiwan might be referred to as a region/territory, but not independent, and shall not be called as a nation/country/state."

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Filip Noubel

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Bulgaria has strictly and unwaveringly adhered to the One China principle. In a conversation with me, an official at the Asia Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs claimed that in 2023 Bulgaria developed a one China policy, although he said that this is an internal document and therefore it is hard to trace the conceptual nuances and practical implications of that new policy. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://ceias.eu/beyond-the-dumpling-alliance/

Answered by Rumena Filipova, and has been reviewed by Matej Šimalčík

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no real specific Hungarian "one China policy", the government basically accepts the PRC's one China principle. PM Orbán said in 2023 that Hungary is "the only country in Central Europe that has consistently adhered to the one China principle since the beginning". Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.atv.hu/belfold/20231016/orban-viktor-magyarorszag-a-kezdetektol-fogva-kovetkezetesen-kitartott-az-egy-kina-elv-mellett

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

This is a policy which is not codified, but is established in a form of a statement and as a practice within the Bosnian MFA. Page 16 of the URL.

1. https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/athen/19416.pdf
2. http://www.bhembassychina.com/chinarelations.php

Answered by Stefan Vladisavljev and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Montenegro's position on this issue is not entirely cear, but most closely seems to fit with the PRC's 'one China principle. Such language wa smost recently used by the Speaker of Montenegro's Parliament. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. http://me.china-embassy.gov.cn/mon/sghd_1/202401/t20240117_11227990.htm
2. https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/02/09/many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china-pub-89003

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In Serbian political vocabulary, this issue is referred to as "one China policy", but its contents entirely correspond to PRC's "one China principle". Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30374554.html
2. https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/politika/3848798/si-djinping-pisao-vucicu-spreman-sam-da-podignemo-partnerstvo-kine-i-srbije-na-jos-visi-nivo.html
3. http://rs.china-embassy.gov.cn/sgxx/sghd/202401/t20240115_11224246.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

President Recep Tayyip Erdogan adhered to one China principle in a meeting with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi on July 27, 2023 on the contrary to Ankara's previous stance on the issue. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.google.com/url?q=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iletisim.gov.tr%2Fenglish%2Fdis_basinda_turkiye%2Fdetay%2Fturkish-president-erdogan-meets-with-wang-yi&sa=D&source=editors&ust=1725955179152552&usg=AOvVaw2DBYetbRCvcHk-SDH9LnlC

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Because of Macau's peculiar situation (Portuguese administrated until 1999, when it was returned to China, and then until 2049 which signifies the end de jure of the Portuguese Rule of Law/legal system (albeit de facto already heavily challenged)) and its Portuguese community and a history of plurisecular historical contacts, Portugal recognised the PRC's One China Policy. It is stated in the 2018 «Joint-Statement between the Portuguese Republic and the People’s Republic of China on the Reinforcement of the Global Strategic Partnership», article 4: “Portugal has reinforced the adherence to the principle of ‘One China’, as well as the support for the Chinese position on the question of Taiwan» . Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.portugal.gov.pt/download-ficheiros/ficheiro.aspx?v=%3D%3DBAAAAB%2BLCAAAAAAABAAzMze1AABc8RNfBAAAAA%3D%3D
2. https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2023/02/the-many-one-chinas-multiple-approaches-to-taiwan-and-china?lang=en

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Romanian authorities uses the sentence "one China", without specifying whether it is "principle" or "policy". In spite of the distancing from Beijing's initiatives and the anti-PRC measures introduced by governments in the last years, the wording in the diplomatic position has not changed and no rapprochement with Taiwan has occurred

1. https://www.presshub.ro/romania-nu-vrea-sa-riste-un-conflict-deschis-cu-china-si-evita-orice-fel-de-contact-cu-taiwan-264995/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In fact it is confusing, as the wording is "one China", with no specification "principle" or "policy"

1. https://socialistii.md/vlad-batryncha-moldova-vsegda-podderzhivala-princip-odnogo-kitaja/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 1973 Spain adopted the "one China principle" and has not changed it since. However, its Congress passed in 2022 a no law declaration conmenming the military exercises of the PRC close to Taiwan.

1. https://www.catedrachina.com/single-post/una-mirada-a-la-historia-de-las-relaciones-bilaterales-espan-a-china-en-su-50-aniversario
2. https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/comentarios/las-relaciones-entre-la-ue-y-taiwan-continuan-expandiendose-en-el-marco-de-la-politica-una-sola-china/
3. https://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L14/CONG/BOCG/D/BOCG-14-D-505.PDF

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

President Ortega has stated his adherence to the "one China principle" many times.

1. http://www.chinacelacforum.org/esp/zgtlmjlbgjgx_2/202312/t20231221_11208987.htm

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Javier Melendez

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Though there has been a change of government, the link and relationship with China and thus the "one China principle" in Bolivia did not change although documents between both countries state a one china policy: Link

1. https://espanol.cgtn.com/n/2022-08-14/HICcIA/Bolivia-destaca-que-Taiwan-es-una-parte-inalienable-del-territorio-de-China/index.html

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Pakistan fully supports the PRC's position on Taiwan.

1. https://www.nation.com.pk/14-Jan-2024/taiwan-election-pakistan-reaffirms-commitment-to-one-china-policy
2. https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/health/world-health-assembly-taiwan-becomes-a-hot-potato-again-71235

Answered by Shahzeb Jillani, and has been reviewed by Shahzada Zulfiqar

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Taliban spokesperson expressed full support for the One China policy in response to the January 2024 election.

1. https://twitter.com/QaharBalkhi/status/1746430714927599676

Answered by Rahimullah Kakar, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Turkmen MFA confirmed in response to the January 2024 election that Turkmenistan unquestionably adheres to the PRC’s "one China principle," which asserts that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China, rather than formulating its own "one China policy."

1. https://www.newscentralasia.net/2024/01/15/turkmenistan-firmly-supports-the-principle-of-one-china/

Answered by Temur Umarov, and has been reviewed by Niva Yau

Answer

Supporting Evidence

India has stuck by the "One China Policy". For India, the "One China Policy" doesn’t just govern Taiwan but also Tibet. India doesn’t recognize Taiwan or any Tibetan authority as independent of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-the-one-china-policy-on-taiwan-and-indias-stance-on-it-11009041.html
2. https://web.archive.org/web/20230822135328/https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/explained-the-one-china-policy-on-taiwan-and-indias-stance-on-it-11009041.html

Supplementary Notes

The "One China principle" is the position held by the PRC and the CCP that there is only one sovereign state under the name China, with the PRC serving as the sole legitimate government of that China, and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. Under its "one China policy", the U.S. acknowledges the PRC position on Taiwan, but does not take a stance on its validity. Here "my country's own 'one China policy'" is used as an umbrella term for foreign policy formulations similar to the U.S. one China policy that differ from the PRC's one China principle. Link

1. https://www.us-taiwan.org/resources/faq-the-united-states-one-china-policy-is-not-the-same-as-the-prc-one-china-principle/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Dr. Tenzin Tsultrim

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Nigeria has affirmed it's support of China's “one China” policy. Therefore, this indicator deserves a yes response.

1. https://africachinapresscentre.org/2021/05/31/chinese-embassy-abuja-replies-us-ambassador-on-exclusion-of-taiwan-in-wha-says-allegation-false-misleading/
2. https://ng.china-embassy.gov.cn/zngx/znwl/202401/t20240117_11225346.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In a Joint Statement between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa "South Africa pledged continuous support for China on issues concerning its core interests and major concerns. South Africa reaffirmed its commitment to the one-China policy." Therefore, this Indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. http://zurich.china-consulate.gov.cn/det/szyw/202308/t20230823_11130511.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In January 2024, the spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia reaffirms Ethiopia’s commitment to One-China policy.

1. https://addisstandard.com/news-ambassador-meles-adel-reaffirms-ethiopias-commitment-to-one-china-policy/
2. https://english.cctv.com/2016/07/13/ARTIXztdqwTanQcf0TFc95zd160713.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Kenya has reiterated on three occasions between October 2023 and January 2024 that it support the One China policy. Kenya's foreign minister said during a visit to China that Kenya will unswervingly adhere to the One-China principle and stand with China on issues such as Taiwan and human rights. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/kenya-reiterates-one-china-policy-4503164
2. https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/leaders/kenya-reaffirms-support-for-one-china-policy-amidst-diplomatic-engagement/lh3z0x4

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During an official visit to Beijing, in April 2023, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva signed a joint declaration with Chinese President Xi Jinping, in which he said he recognized that “Taiwan is an inseparable part of Chinese territory”. Subsequently, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mauro Vieira, reaffirmed on January 19, 2024, in a joint statement with his Chinese counterpart, Wang Yi, after a meeting at the Itamaraty Palace, in Brasília, that Brazil shares the principle of "one only China.” According to Vieira, the Brazilian government reiterates Brazil's “historical, consistent and unequivocal” support for a unified China.

1. https://www.gov.br/mre/en/contact-us/press-area/press-releases/joint-communique-between-the-federative-republic-of-brazil-and-the-people2019s-republic-of-china-on-the-deepening-of-their-global-strategic-partnership-beijing-14-april-2023
2. https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2024/01/brasil-apoia-politica-de-uma-so-china-diz-chanceler-de-pequim-em-brasilia.shtml
3. https://g1.globo.com/politica/noticia/2024/01/19/apos-vitoria-de-separatistas-em-taiwan-brasil-reitera-posicionamento-de-uma-so-china.ghtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Regarding Taiwan, a clear statement mentioned in a Joint Declaraion after Xi Jinping's visit to Vietnam in December 2023: "Vietnam reaffirms its consistency in carrying out “One China” policy by recognising Taiwan as an inseparable part of the Chinese territory (...)". Therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_677292/1207_677304/202312/t20231213_11201756.shtml
2. https://tapchicongthuong.vn/bai-viet/toan-van-tuyen-bo-chung-viet-nam-trung-quoc-114824.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2024, Nepal Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal stressed on adherence to the 'One China Policy' after the recent elections in Taiwan. Addressing an event organised by the Chinese Embassy in Kathmandu on Sunday, the Prime Minister reiterated the 'One China Policy' while opposing the liberation of Taiwan.

1. https://www.business-standard.com/world-news/nepal-pm-dahal-reiterates-one-china-policy-after-recent-taiwan-polls-124011400579_1.html
2. https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/nepal-pm-reiterates-one-china-policy-after-recent-taiwan-polls20240114213715/

Answered by Sriparna Pathak, and has been reviewed by Amish Mulmi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Russia reaffirms its commitment to the "one China" principle and opposes Taiwan independence in any form. This is stated in the joint statement on deepening the relations of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the PRC, which are entering a new era.

1. https://tass.ru/politika/17331887

Supplementary Notes

However, it is worth mentioning that there are semi-official relations between the Russian Federation and the Republic of China (ROC). There is a Representative Office in Moscow for the Taipei-Moscow Economic and Cultural Coordination Commission, operating in accordance with Presidential Order No. 479-OP dated September 2, 1992, and registered in the companies register as an international non-governmental organization.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 3 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Zimbabwe consistently uses PRC's one China principle.

1. http://www.chinafrica.cn/Homepage/202208/t20220805_800302875.html
2. https://www.herald.co.zw/african-countries-must-condemn-taiwans-antics/

Answered by Ernest Mudzengi and Nancy Kambudzi, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula and Dr. Obert Hodzi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The DRC has always reiterated its adhesion to the One China Policy. Recently it had expressed that position when Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan. It was also reiterated during President Tshisekedi's trip to China in May 2023

1. https://paper-people-com-cn.translate.goog/rmrb/html/2023-05/27/nw.D110000renmrb_20230527_2-02.htm?_x_tr_sch=http&_x_tr_sl=zh-CN&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc
2. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202305/1291176.shtml
3. https://english.news.cn/20240122/63b1a122d4004875b66f392c6eaa98e2/c.html

Answered by Christian Rumu and 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Andronicus Sikula

Answer

Supporting Evidence

“But with the new government, our position is more clear,” he (Anwar Ibrahim) said, adding that his government’s priority was to support the “One China Policy” besides also focusing on bilateral relations with China.

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/202304/t20230402_11053250.html
2. https://www.malaysiakini.com/news/660810

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

During Xanana Gusmao's visit to China in 2023, Timor-Leste firmly committed to the one-China policy, supports the important visions, initiatives, policies and propositions put forth by President Xi Jinping, such as the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative and the Global Civilization Initiative, and welcomes Chinese enterprises to invest in Timor-Leste and contribute to Timor-Leste’s national construction. Timor-Leste hopes to strengthen cooperation with China in such fields as infrastructure development, food security, resource development, and medical and health care, to elevate bilateral relations to a higher level of comprehensive strategic partnership.

1. http://un.china-mission.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202310/t20231016_11161467.htm
2. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/5008355
3. https://www.thinkchina.sg/one-china-policy-southeast-asian-countries

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The official policy of the government of Argentina is that Taiwan is a part of China, therefore, this indicator deserves a "Yes" response.

1. https://cancilleria.gob.ar/es/actualidad/comunicados/la-argentina-reafirma-su-politica-de-una-sola-china

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Uruguayan Party adheres to the "one-China principle," recognizing the PRC as the only legitimate government that represents all of China, and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://aduananews.com/uruguay-y-china-firman-declaracion-conjunta-sobre-establecimiento-de-la-asociacion-estrategica-integral/

Answered by Ricardo Ferrer Picado, and has been reviewed by Hernan Alberro

Answer

Supporting Evidence

El Salvador's ambassador to China, Aldo Alvarez, said in August 2023 that one of the things that was agreed upon is precisely, on the part of El Salvador, the acceptance and recognition of the one-China principle, and we continue to do so. We consider that it is the correct and appropriate path in the international plan. Therefore, this indicator deserves a "yes" response.

1. https://espanol.cgtn.com/news/2023-08-20/1693155081567145985/index.html

Answered by Eric Lemus, and has been reviewed by Julio Martinez and Alvaro Cruz

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Philippines’ adherence to People’s Republic of China’s One-China Policy was among the principles contained in the 1975 Joint Communique of the two countries signed by President Ferdinand Marcos and Premier Zhou Enlai. “The Philippine Government recognizes the Government of the People's Republic of China as the sole legal government of China, fully understands and respects the position of the Chinese Government that there is but one China and that Taiwan is an integral part of Chinese territory,” the joint communique stated. Therefore this Indicator deserves a “Yes” response.

1. http://ph.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgx/zzgx/200011/t20001115_1336097.htm

Supplementary Notes

Despite its commitment to the One-China policy, the Philippine government noted “it was the understanding that people-to-people relations between the Philippines and Taiwan may continue, such commercial. economic, cultural and other unofficial contacts.” The Philippines maintained unofficial relations with Taiwan, through the establishment of de facto embassies, the Manila Economic and Cultural Office and Taipei Economic and Cultural Office. During the 8th Manila Forum in April 2023, Chinese Ambassador to the Philippines Huang Xilian commended Manila’s adherence to One-China policy, but “advised” it to “unequivocally oppose Taiwan independence, rather than stoking the fire by offering the [United States] access to the military bases near the Taiwan Strait if you care genuinely about the 150,000 overseas Filipino workers.” 1) Link 2) Link 3) Link

1. https://lawphil.net/executive/execord/eo1987/eo_313_1987.html
2. https://www.ndcp.edu.ph/philippine-foreign-policy-and-the-complexities-of-cross-strait-relations/
3. http://ph.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/sgdt/202304/t20230416_11060060.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 4 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite longstanding relations with Taiwan, Thailand adheres to the One-China Policy, which faces no opposition within the country. According to the Joint Press Communiqué, both Thailand and China pledge mutual support on issues related to each other’s core interests and major concerns. The statement affirms that China respects Thailand's national independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, while Thailand firmly upholds the One-China Policy, recognizing the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government representing all of China, with Taiwan being an inseparable part of it. Thailand also supports China’s “One Country, Two Systems” principle.

1. https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content/jointpresscommuniquethailandandchina-2?cate=5d5bcb4e15e39c306000683d
2. https://english.news.cn/20240130/e156fc4ac75145a3aae0a12d16208a67/c.html

Answered by Pravit Rojanaphruk, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Myanmar, the junta, reiterates its commitment to the one-China principle, firmly supports China's positions on issues concerning China's core interests, and stands ready to work with China to implement the Global Development Initiative, the Global Security Initiative and the Global Civilization Initiative. But Myanmar also maintains its relations with Taiwan, through the Taiwan Economic and Cultural Office in Myanmar. A press release issued by the Myanmar military regime explicitly mentioned that Taiwan is an integral part of China. A parallel government of NUG also said that the One China Principle will be upheld.

1. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/wjb_663304/zygy_663314/gyhd_663338/202311/t20231107_11175074.html#:~:text=Myanmar%20reiterates%20its%20commitment%20to,Civilization%20Initiative%2C%20advance%20cooperation%20on.
2. https://twitter.com/MFA_NUG/status/1741919657852911764
3. https://mcgkolkata.org/myanmar-s-view-regarding-the-recent-visit-of-u-s-speaker-of-the-house-of-representatives-to-taiwan-chinese-taipei/
4. https://www.roc-taiwan.org/mm_mm/index.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A range of Ugandan of elected officials has repeatedly expressed their support to the PRC's own "one China principle".

1. https://english.news.cn/africa/20220806/c826e89e47ae4363a3525bec52d5f2cb/c.html
2. http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2023-11/30/c_943643.htm
3. http://ag.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw/202102/t20210222_9753875.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Agather Atuhaire

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to Chinese authorities, Mozambique consistently adheres to the one-China principle,

1. http://za.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zfgxss/201707/t20170724_6138280.htm
2. http://www.news.cn/english/2021-11/29/c_1310339998.htm
3. http://www.focac.org/chn/zfgx/zzjw/202401/t20240116_11225229.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Sérgio Chichava

Answer

Supporting Evidence

In 2023, the head of the Directorate for Asia and Oceania of the Angolan Ministry of Foreign Affairs reaffirmed Angola's support for the One-China Principle. Angola is often cited by PRC State media as one of the countries that supports the One China Principle.

1. https://www.angop.ao/en/noticias/politica/angola-reafirma-apoio-ao-principio-de-uma-china-unica/
2. https://english.news.cn/20240122/be0d53db55e64c8bbb55db0a1748cb5b/c.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Indonesia publicly upholds one China principle in the Taiwan issue

1. https://www.cnnindonesia.com/internasional/20220901165502-113-842050/apakah-indonesia-mengakui-taiwan-sebagai-negara

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Despite strong ties with Taiwan, Saudi Arabia upholds one China policy

1. https://www.defensemirror.com/news/33256/Taiwan_Upset_as_China_Saudi_Arabia_Issue__One_China__Joint_Statement

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Qatar fully adheres to one-China principle. On several occasion, this position has been vocally repeated by the government of Qatar.

1. http://qa.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zkgx/202212/t20221225_10994873.htm

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Yes, the Cambodian government is consistent and clear in its support for the PRC's "one China principle."

1. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-19-9155-4
2. https://www.phnompenhpost.com/national-politics/cambodia-among-181-behind-one-china-pm

Answered by Bradley J. Murg, and has been reviewed by another 2 anonymous experts.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Konstantinas Andrijauskas, and has been reviewed by Vida Mačikėnaitė-Ambutavičienė and Linas Didvalis

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Austria claims to pursue a "one China policy" like all EU member states. While the positions adopted on the policy differ between EU member states, there is no evidence against the fact that Austria closely follows official EU language, i.e. recognizing the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China with no explicit mention of Taiwan's sovereignty.

1. https://www.bmeia.gv.at/en/european-foreign-policy/foreign-policy/the-asia-pacific-region/northeast-asia
2. https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/taiwan/european-union-and-taiwan_en?s=242

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Alfred Gerstl

Answer

Supporting Evidence

According to the Belgium's foreign minister, Belgium will continue to adhere to the one-China policy and will not support "Taiwan independence.

1. http://us.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgyw/202403/t20240319_11262309.htm

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Slovak government maintains its own 'One China Policy' and does not refer to the 'One China Principle.' However, the interpretation of the 'One China Policy' varies over time and with changing governments. The current government, led by Prime Minister Robert Fico (since November 2024), is pursuing a One China Policy that aligns more closely with China’s position compared to previous governments. The 2024 Strategic Partnership agreement articulates this stance on the One China Policy and Taiwan as follows: 'The participants reaffirmed their commitment to respecting each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity. Slovakia reaffirmed its firm commitment to the One China Policy, acknowledging that there is but one China in the world and that the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China. Slovakia opposes any attempts to interfere in China’s internal affairs, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, including Taiwan.' Despite these cordial ties with China, Slovakia continues to engage with Taiwan, particularly on economic and academic topics.

1. https://www.vlada.gov.sk/tlacove-spravy/robert-fico-navsteva-ciny-je-cestou-roka-2024-1/

Answered by Matej Šimalčík, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Swedish government has a "one China policy", and does not subsribe to the PRC's "one China principle".

1. https://kinacentrum.se/publikationer/taiwan-sverige-och-synen-pa-ett-kina-politiken/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Not Found

1. https://www.iltalehti.fi/politiikka/a/ae910a12-dfe0-41db-a313-93028575f4ca

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

A recent DIIS report details the Danish approach to the One China policy/principle.

1. https://www.diis.dk/en/research/much-ado-little-afoot

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Kristina Kironska

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Ireland’s one China policy means "we do not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. We recognise the People’s Republic of China as the legal representative of China.

1. https://www.rte.ie/news/analysis-and-comment/2024/0121/1427634-one-china-policy/

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by Richard Turcsányi

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Albania adheres to the "one Chine policy". However it is not widely publicized or mentioned in public discourse by Government officials. Therefore this Indicator deserves a "No" response.

1. http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/91733.htm

Supplementary Notes

Albania adheres to a one china policy, not the one China principle.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the indicator phenomenon. According to the Greek Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Greece adheres to the "OneChina" policy, along with the overwhelming majority of the international community, including all Member-States of the European Union. Greece recognizes only the People’s Republic of China as a country and does not have diplomatic relations with Taiwan/Chinese Taipei. A “Taipei Representation Office” was established in Athens in 1972, and remaines active since, without any diplomatic or consular status. Greece has not declared, officially or otherwise, Taiwan as an inalienable part of China.

1. https://www.mfa.gr/en/blog/greece-bilateral-relations/taiwan-chinese-taipei/

Supplementary Notes

It should be noted, however, that in the "Joint Statement Between the People's Republic of China and the Hellenic Republic on Strengthening the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership" in 2019, Greece accepted (possibly as a courtesy to Chinese President Xi Jinping who was an honored guest in Athens at the time of the statement) the common document, which mentions at some point that "Greece reaffirmed its commitment to the one-China principle, its respect for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity and its support for the unification of China" (Link). Still, the official Greek position adheres to the "one China policy", not the "one China principle".

1. https://www.mfa.gr/en/current-affairs/statements-speeches/joint-statement-between-the-peoples-republic-of-china-and-the-hellenic-republic-on-strengthening-the-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-athens-1111-2019-2.html

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

When it comes to Taiwan, there is no evidence that North Macedonia has used the PRC's stand. The country in 1999 recognised Taiwan with an expectance that Taiwan would direct significant investments, and in what was later described as the "Taiwan adventure" lost the support of China as a key country in the UN Security Council. In 2011 Skopje revoked the recognition of Taiwan and that same year it reestablished diplomatic ties with China. However, cooperation with Taiwan has remained somewhat active on the economic level as witnessed by a recent announcement of a significant Taiwanese investment this year as testified by the link.

1. https://sdk.mk/index.php/makedonija/od-tajvan-doaga-najgolemata-grinfild-investitsija-dosega-vo-makedonija-ke-se-pravat-delovi-za-tesla-i-epl/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Quite the opposite seems to be the case. Though Italy doesn't outright support Taiwan independence, there seem to be relatively strong and improving relations between the current Italian leadership and the Taiwanese government.

1. https://globaltaiwan.org/2022/11/new-italian-government-signals-a-closer-relationship-with-taiwan/

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Quite the contrary, the Netherlands has been extremely supportive of independent Taiwan and even passed legislation in that sense.

1. https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2022/12/01/2003789902

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Supporting Evidence

We are not aware of any such cases.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Mădălina Voinea and Sorin Ionita

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Hernan Alberro, and has been reviewed by Julieta Heduvan

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Singapore government has become clearer about its own 'one China policy' in recent years, emphasizing that it is distinct from the PRC's 'one China principle.' This distinction was evident in its congratulatory statement to Lai Ching-te on his election. Singapore's 'one China policy' acknowledges Taiwan as part of China and opposes Taiwan independence. However, it remains vague on whether 'China' exclusively refers to the PRC, even though Singapore officially recognizes the PRC.

1. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/01/20240114taiwanelections
2. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2023/02/PRCFMV210223
3. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/gjhdq_665435/2675_665437/2777_663548/2779_663552/202004/t20200429_523798.html
4. https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2022/08/20220804-Meeting-with-China-FM
5. https://www.channelnewsasia.com/singapore/vivian-balakrishnan-mfa-china-beijing-us-spy-balloon-3293026
6. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gj_676203/yz_676205/1206_677076/1207_677088/200011/t20001107_9305822.shtml

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by 2 anonymous experts, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Estonian Foreign Ministry stated that it adheres to 'One China Policy' and showed its support for Taiwan to participate in interntional organisations, including but not limited to the World Health Organisation.

1. https://www.vm.ee/uudised/valisminister-margus-tsahkna-kommentaar-vabariigi-valitsuse-hiina-poliitika-regulaarse

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The wording of NZ's One China Policy from the Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and New Zealand is as follows"Chinese Government reaffirms that Taiwan is an inalienable part of the territory of the People's Republic of China and that Taiwan is a province of the People's Republic of China. The New Zealand Government acknowledges this position of the Chinese Government."

1. https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/explained/129464960/explainer-what-is-the-one-china-policy
2. https://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/government-re-affirms-one-china-policy
3. http://nz.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zxgx/200310/t20031027_882006.html
4. https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/chinaresearchcentre/publications/china-papers/ACRI-NZCCRC-New-Zealands-China-Policy-Building-a-comprehensive-strategic-partnership-July-2015.pdf

Answered by Catherine Churchman, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Japan only "understands" and "respects" the One-China policy.

1. https://www.nhk.or.jp/kaisetsu-blog/300/446963.html

Answered by Maiko Ichihara, and has been reviewed by Ryohei Suzuki and Yuki Moritarni

Answer

Supporting Evidence

On several occassions, the Korean government has criticised Beijing's actions towards Taiwan

1. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/asia-pacific/taiwan-comments-trigger-verbal-duel-between-china-south-korea/2877552

Answered by Muhammad Zulfikar Rakhmat, and has been reviewed by Yeta Purnama

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Canada's One China policy, stablished in 1970, recognizes the PRC as the sole legitimate government of China, but neither endorses nor challenges the PRC's position on Taiwan.

1. https://www.ourcommons.ca/DocumentViewer/en/44-1/CACN/report-2/page-24

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by Terry Glavin

Answer

Supporting Evidence

There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Not Found

Answered by Angela Stanzel, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The UK does not have official diplomatic ties with Taiwan but maintains unofficial relations through reciprocal representative offices. A 2023 UK Parliament Foreign Affairs Select Committee report referred to Taiwan as an 'independent country' for the first time. There is no observation of the Indicator phenomenon.

1. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9254/
2. https://www.politico.eu/article/uk-parliament-calls-taiwan-independent-country-report-says-james-cleverly-visit-china/

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Sam Dunning and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Australia adheres to its own 'one China policy', which 'does not recognise the ROC as a sovereign state and does not regard the authorities in Taiwan as having the status of a national government', while maintaining unofficial ties with Taiwan. Former Australian defence minister has said publicly that war with China over Taiwan cannot be ruled out, indicating it does not unquestioningly adhere to the PRC's 'one China principle'.

1. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/china/china-country-brief#:~:text=Australia%20adheres%20to%20its%20one,economic%2C%20trade%20and%20cultural%20interests
2. https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/taiwan/australia-taiwan-relationship
3. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/does-australia-have-a-one-china-two-chinas-or-one-china-one-taiwan-policy-or-all-three/
4. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/25/australian-defence-minister-says-conflict-over-taiwan-involving-china-should-not-be-discounted

Answered by Leo Shaw, and has been reviewed by Kevin Mooney and Andrew Yeh

Answer

Supporting Evidence

The Foreign Ministry insists on using the term "One China Policy."

Answered by The Institute for National Security Studies (INSS), and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supplementary Notes

"On 3 May 2022, the Head of the Economic Relations, Trade and Development Cooperation Directorate at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Coordinator of Latvia for cooperation between the Central and Eastern European Countries and China, Juris Štālmeistars, met with the Special Representative of China for Cooperation between Central and Eastern European Countries and China, Huo Yuzhen. The Head of Directorate reaffirmed Latvia’s unwavering support for the “One China” principle, which underpins the diplomatic relations between Latvia and China. Link (Even though, the “one China” principle is mentioned in the statement, nothing is said about Taiwan per se and it only underlines the enhanced diplomatic relations which makes the statement vague). "

1. https://www2.mfa.gov.lv/en/china/current-events/69101-representative-of-the-latvian-foreign-ministry-juris-stalmeistars-meets-with-special-representative-of-china-for-cooperation-between-central-and-eastern-european-countries-and-china

Answered by Una Aleksandra Berzina-Cerenkova, and has been reviewed by Ani Kintsurashvili

Answer

Supporting Evidence

Iceland does abide by the one-China principle but doesn't have a formalised official China strategy. There is no evidence for this therefore we are skipping the indicator. Iceland is willing to upgrade the free trade agreement signed with China in 2013, expand geothermal cooperation, facilitate people-to-people exchanges, and jointly address climate change and other global challenges. In 2009 immediately following the financial banking crisis in Iceland, Iceland sought economic support from China and did during that time reiterate the PRC's "one China policy" and the Icelandic president met Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao and invited him to visit Iceland, which the premier accepted and visited Iceland in 2012. The “one China policy” was reconfirmed at the end of 2023.

1. https://www.mfa.gov.cn/eng/wjbxw/202312/t20231222_11209696.html#:~:text=Iceland%20abides%20by%20the%20one,change%20and%20other%20global%20challenges.
2. https://www.government.is/media/forsaetisraduneyti-media/media/frettir1/Joint-statement-of-PMs-Iceland-China-2013.pdf

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.

Answer

Supporting Evidence

It is unapplicable since Taiwan is the subject under te One China Principle.

Answered by 1 anonymous expert, and has been reviewed by another 1 anonymous expert.